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Journal articles on the topic 'Submarine war'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Hutabarat, Dani, Udisubakti Cipto Mulyono, Ahmadi Ahmadi, and Priyadi Hartoko. "PRIORITY DETERMINATION OF SUBMARINE TYPE AS DEFENSE OF ARCHIPELAGIC WAR WITH FUZZY AHP METHOD AND BCR ANALYSIS." JOURNAL ASRO 12, no. 01 (January 18, 2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37875/asro.v12i01.381.

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This thesis describes the application of the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (Fuzzy AHP) approach and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) analysis in submarine selection. Submarines as Main Defenses System which are highly strategic in their procurement are directed at realizing a deterrence strategy and a strategy of balancing with state actors that have the potential to threaten the sovereignty of the Indonesian state. Apart from threats, the procurement of submarines also considers Indonesia's geographic constellation and the government's wishes, such as the interest of the minister of defense during working visits to countries that offer their submarines. The first step in procurement is to make an analysis in terms of selecting submarine alternatives, both analysis of information and identification of various important and interrelated requirements regarding data from submarine alternatives that will be selected later. Uncertainty from the government is a fuzzy'nes decision, so this condition can be resolved with the Fuzzy AHP approach and strengthened by BCR analysis, so that the results can provide a higher contribution. The results obtained from the Fuzzy AHP method are the priority order of selecting alternative submarines, namely Y-Class (0.398), W-Class (0.220), X-Class (0.191) and Z-Class (0.191). Where the results of the importance of the main criteria are sequential starting from the Strategic Requirement (Strareq) criteria of 0.409, Operation Requirement (Opsreq) of 0.318 and Technical Requirement (Techreq) of 0.273. Meanwhile, based on the BCR analysis, the Y-Class submarine was also selected with a BCR value of 1.512232936. Keywords: Fuzzy AHP method, BCR Analysis, Submarine Selection.

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2

Johnson, Ian Ona. "Strategy on the Wintry Sea: The Russo-British Submarine Flotilla in the Baltic, 1914–1918." International Journal of Military History and Historiography 40, no. 2 (October 22, 2021): 187–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24683302-bja10002.

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From 1914 to 1917, in severe weather conditions on the icy Baltic Sea, Russian and British submariners contested control of the sea lanes with the German Imperial Navy. Their accomplishments were largely forgotten after the war’s end. However, the Russo-British Baltic Submarine Flotilla played an important role in the war at sea in the First World War. Most significantly, in 1915 the Flotilla wreaked havoc on German naval planning and nearly cut Germany’s critical iron ore imports from Sweden. The results would lead to a strategic crisis in the German Imperial Admiralty Staff and delay Germany’s attempt to break the British blockade until 1916. Here, the significance of the Russo-British Baltic Submarine Flotilla to the broader strategy of the First World War – and its later impact on strategy in the Second World War – is re-examined.

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3

Behrens, Roy R. "The Role of Artists in Ship Camouflage During World War I." Leonardo 32, no. 1 (February 1999): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002409499553000.

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Experiments in ship camouflage during World War I were necessitated by the inordinate success of German submarines (called “U-boats”) in destroying Allied ships. Because it is impossible to make a ship invisible at sea, Norman Wilkinson, Everett L. Warner and other artists devised methods of course distortion in which high-contrast, unrelated shapes were painted on a ship's surface, thereby confusing the periscope view of the submarine gunner.

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4

Jacobsen, Maria, Vincent Y. Blouin, and William Shirley. "Does Erosion Corrosion Account for Intriguing Damage to the Civil War Submarine H.L. Hunley?1." Marine Technology Society Journal 46, no. 6 (November 1, 2012): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.46.6.2.

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AbstractExcavation of the Civil War submarine H.L. Hunley, raised from the seabed off Charleston, South Carolina, has revealed large hull breaches in the fore and aft sections of the vessel. Initially, the damage was thought to have occurred the night the pioneering submarine sank in 1864, but recent hull forensic studies indicate that the two largest breaches in the submarine’s ballast tanks occurred due to natural and site-specific seabed conditions and did not contribute to the submarine’s demise. To reconstruct and interpret these conditions, a new methodology has been developed that utilizes forensic data embedded in the marine concretion covering the iron hull. Results from an experiment conducted to test the theory further support the notion that the largest breaches were likely caused by the combined effects of erosion and corrosion of the iron hull in the marine environment.

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5

Bogdan, Szturomski, and Kiciński Radosław. "Material Properties of HY 80 Steel after 55 Years of Operation for FEM Applications." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 4213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154213.

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The paper presents the results of testing the properties of HY 80 steel from the hull of a Kobben class 207 submarine after 60 years of operation in extreme sea conditions. Steels from the HY family in the post-war period were used to build American and German submarines. For the obtained fragment of steel from the hull of the Polish submarine ORP Jastrząb (ORP-Boat of the Republic of Poland), static tensile tests were performed on an MTS testing machine. Dynamic tensile tests were carried out on a rotary hammer for the strain rate in the range of 500~2000 s−1. Results: Based on the obtained results, the Johnson–Cook model and the failure parameters of HY 80 steel in terms of the finite element method (FEM) were developed. Conclusion: This model can be used to simulate fast-changing processes such as resistance of structures to collisions, shelling, and the impact of pressure waves caused by explosions in water and air related to submarines.

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6

Dunley, Richard. "Anti-Submarine Warfare in the Pre-First World War Royal Navy: A Cultural Failure?" War in History 27, no. 4 (February 25, 2019): 617–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344518797150.

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In August 1914 the Royal Navy entered the First World War without a clear sense of how it was going to undertake anti-submarine warfare (ASW). In part this was a technical issue; fundamentally the requirements of ASW were at the very edge of what was then possible. This article will, however, argue that the problem ran deeper, and stemmed from cultural assumptions about what the role of the Royal Navy was, and how it should seek to address the challenge posed by submarines.

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7

Papadopoulos, Sarandis, and Peter Padfield. "War Beneath the Sea: Submarine Conflict During World War II." Journal of Military History 60, no. 4 (October 1996): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944688.

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8

AVALLONE, E. M. "SUBMARINE DEVELOPMENT PRIOR TO WORLD WAR I." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 72, no. 2 (March 18, 2009): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1960.tb01857.x.

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9

Avallone, Lieutenant E. M. "Submarine Development Prior to World War I." Naval Engineers Journal 112, no. 2 (March 2000): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.2000.tb03280.x.

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10

Hooker, Peter John. "In the shadow of the fleet: The development of Japan’s submarine force, 1917–1941." International Journal of Maritime History 30, no. 3 (August 2018): 458–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871418777381.

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This article examines the role of submarines within the strategy of the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1917 until 1941. It argues that the common characterisation of Japan’s naval strategy as outdated and erroneous in light of the First World War undervalues the development of Japan’s submarine fleet, which was critical to the development of the navy throughout the interwar period. Indeed, few scholarly works actually deal with this significant component in the Japanese Navy, leaving a legacy that is often under-contextualised and misunderstood.

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11

Warlick, Steven R. "Military Use of Nasopharyngeal Irradiation with Radium during World War II." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 115, no. 5 (November 1996): 391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989611500504.

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Published reports of the military use of nasopharyngeal irradiation during World War II include treatment of U.S. aviators in England, the aerotitis control program of the Army Air Forces, treatment of Navy submarine trainees at New London, Connecticut, and other miscellaneous reports. In England, Army aviators developed hyperplastic lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx. Radon applicators were used to treat 220 Army aviators from 1942 to 1944. The radium applicator provided a much more stable applicator and allowed much shorter exposure times, making it suitable for field use. From 1944 to 1945 the Army Air Forces had an aerotitis control program that was developed on the recommendations of an expert panel convened by the air surgeon. Nasopharyngeal radium was used to treat 6881 aviators. Hyperplastic lymphoid tissue was also a problem in submarine escape training at New London. Reports indicate that 732 Navy submariners were treated with nasopharyngeal radium. Other documented military use included 60 Navy aviators by Northington and 277 aviators in the Pacific theater. The total number of U.S. military personnel treated in World War II is 8170. After the war, there were no indications that the Army or Air Force continued to use nasopharyngeal radium, but it was used by the Navy at New London for some time. Precise numbers treated are unknown, and it is unclear when use of nasopharyngeal radium irradiation was stopped.

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12

Sturma, Michael. "Stress to the ultimate degree: Coping with danger on U.S. submarines during the Second World War." International Journal of Maritime History 32, no. 1 (February 2020): 88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871420904529.

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Despite the extreme stress faced by submariners on patrol during the Second World War, the incidence of mental breakdown appears to have been very low. Contemporary researchers identified a number of factors that contributed to the mental health of crew members, including their selection, training, rest between patrols and confidence in their leaders. Based largely on the reminiscences of submarine veterans, this article argues that men’s attitudes also played a significant role in coping with danger on patrols. Many submariners adopted a fatalistic attitude that allowed them to accept or deny the likelihood of their deaths. At the same time, they often practiced beliefs and rituals in an attempt to balance the odds of survival in their favour.

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13

Li, Hai Yan. "Research on Airborne Blue-Green Laser Anti-Submarine Technology." Key Engineering Materials 480-481 (June 2011): 590–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.480-481.590.

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Submarine is applied widely in naval war and this urges navy in every country develop anti-submarine equipments and weapons. The airborne blue-green laser anti-submarine becomes a new method. In this paper, the basic principle of airborne blue-green laser anti-marine technology and work process are introduced firstly, and then the system constituents are analyzed. The performance demand of laser transmitter, receiver and maximum depth and depth detection accuracy are discussed. The results proved that detecting submarine by laser is efficient, especially in the shallow sea which is only several decameters deep.

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14

Upton, Ben. "Scientists solve mystery of US Civil War submarine." Nature 548, no. 7669 (August 2017): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature.2017.22447.

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15

Hadley, Michael L. "Book Review: The German Submarine War, 1914–1918." International Journal of Maritime History 16, no. 1 (June 2004): 321–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387140401600192.

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16

Muir, Malcolm, Carl Boyd, and Akihiko Yoshida. "The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II." Journal of Military History 61, no. 4 (October 1997): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2954111.

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17

Novikova, Irina. "Sounds of the Cold War: gendered submarine narratives." NORMA 10, no. 3-4 (November 30, 2015): 250–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18902138.2015.1113677.

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18

Kang, Han K. "Feasibility of an Epidemiologic Study of Submariners Who Received Radium Irradiation Treatment." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 115, no. 5 (November 1996): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989611500513.

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Thousands of World War II veterans reportedly received nasopharyngeal irradiation with radium-tipped applicators for treatment of middle ear pressure problems known as aerotitis media. Because of concerns about adverse health effects of radiation exposure, including the increased risk of head and neck cancer, the feasibility of identification of a large number of veterans with documented exposure for an epidemiologic study was investigated. The irradiation treatments were found to have occurred at the New London Naval Medical Research Department, at several Naval Hospitals, and aboard ships during the period from 1945 to 1952. Documentation of the treatment on veterans' medical records was sparse and inconsistent. Only 8 of 668 records reviewed were found to have evidence of the radium treatment: 7 from 33 self-reported veterans and 1 from 635 names on submarine school class rosters and submarine muster rolls. There appears to be no practical way to identify from military service and medical records a large number of submariners who received the treatment.

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19

Muksin, Muksin, Udisubakti Ciptomulyono, Sutrisno Sutrisno, and Sunarta Sunarta. "THE OPERATIONAL READINESS FOR ANTI SUBMARINE INDONESIAN NAVAL BY USING ANTI SUBMARINE HELICOPTER." JOURNAL ASRO 12, no. 01 (January 18, 2021): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.37875/asro.v12i01.394.

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Some of the Indonesian naval effort to see and protect the Indonesian territory is by using Helicopter sea patrol. In the other side, submarines are the most strategic weapons in the world that can provide a deterrence effect which has a very significant impact on the maritime powers of the countries operating them in the era of generation 4.0 war. Operational readiness is very important, there are readiness in building operational readiness for naval defense through budget fulfillment, utilization of existing resources, procurement and naval modernization by paying attention to Life Cycle Cost, and interoperability while still paying attention to paradigm shifts in naval capability. So, the combat readiness is the condition of the Indonesian Navy's defense equipment and its constituent units, resources and personnel, weapon systems and other military technology equipment in a condition that is ready to carry out military operations in an unspecified time, or function consistent with the purpose for which the defense equipment is organized or designed, the management of resources and training personnel in preparation for combat in the face of the threat of modern warfare in a state of constant combat readiness. At this time, training in Anti-Submarine Warfare conducted by Indonesian Navy’s Helicopter is still limited to carrying out flight procedures, communication procedures with the KRI and the command line, because Helicopters have sensors, weapons and command that need to be upgraded and The personnel also have underwater warfare capabilities that need to be upgraded, so there needs to be an increase in the capability of the helicopter and human resources. Technometry will be used to calculate the Heli's current readiness level. Keywords: Submarine, Anti Submarine Helicopter and operational readiness

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20

Niestle, Axel. "Axis Submarine Successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Successes, 1939-1945." Journal of Military History 64, no. 1 (January 2000): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/120834.

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21

GRACZYK, Konrad. "LACONIA ORDER” AND THE RESPONSIBILITY OF ADMIRAL DÖNITZ BEFORE THE NUREMBERG MILITARY TRIBUNAL." Journal of Science of the Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military Academy of Land Forces 184, no. 2 (April 2, 2017): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.4894.

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The article concerns the theme related to the order of 17 September 1942 issued by Admiral Karl Dönitz, Commander-in Chief of the German submarine fleet during the World War II. In the German literature this order is known as the Laconia Befehl. It was issued in connection with the rescue operation after the sinking of the British ship ‘Laconia’, which was commenced by the crew of a German submarine. Not only weighty military and ethical, but also legal nature issues appear against the background, since in connection with the order issued Admiral Dönitz was charged before the Nuremberg Military Tribunal for war crimes.

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22

Abilleira Crespo, Yago. "Un submarino alemán hundido en Maspalomas (1943." Cliocanarias, no. 3 (2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53335/cliocanarias.2021.3.01.

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A brief history of the submarine U-167 which during the Second World War was bombed by British aircraft near the Canary Islands. Fearful local fishermen helped the shipwrecked; for them at sea there are no political ideologies when there are human lives to save. U-boat crew could return to their country and the submarine wreckage still gave a lot to talk about for some time.

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23

Shenoy, S. Kedarnath, and K. V. Sanilkumar. "Anti submarine Warfare Oceanography." Defence Science Journal 69, no. 2 (March 6, 2019): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.69.14216.

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Anti-submarine warfare (ASW) Oceanography has become an important and independent discipline, especially after World War II as the threat perceptions from hostile underwater platforms has been on a continuously rising trajectory worldwide. There is no doubt that till date, acoustic energy remains the only viable and most effective means to detect underwater objects. However, sound waves are highly susceptible to refraction, reflection, scattering, reverberation and absorption in the ocean medium. Among these, refraction is controlled by the 3D sound speed structure in the specific ocean region and reflection loss by the sea state and ocean bottom characteristics. Water quality parameters such as sediment concentration and suspended biological masses influence attenuation, scattering, reverberation and absorption. Oceanographic variability emerges from diurnal heating, seasonal changes, river discharges, etc. and are the most important environmental factors deciding the 3D sound speed structure in any given area in the ocean.

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24

Jang, Junseop. "A Study on the Submarine Air Independent Propulsion System: Focused on Submarines Currently in Operation." Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology 24, no. 4 (August 5, 2021): 418–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.9766/kimst.2021.24.4.418.

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Submarines are weapons systems that have been proven to be useful in battle since World War I and have continued to improve the efficiency of propulsion systems in order to be used efficiently on the battlefield. In particular, countries that unable to utilize nuclear propulsion systems make efforts to increase the efficiency of Air Independent Propulsion systems, and typical examples are fuel cells, Stirling engines and MESMA. It is also expected that the development of new propulsion systems such as hydrogen-reformer fuel cells, metal-air fuel cell and direct combustion propulsion systems will continue, so the characteristics of these will be examined and the performance based on the published data be checked in this thesis.

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25

Offer, Avner. "Economic interpretation of war: the German submarine campaign, 1915-18." Australian Economic History Review 29, no. 1 (January 1989): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aehr.291002.

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26

O'Connor, Raymond G., and Paul R. Schratz. "Submarine Commander: A Story of World War II and Korea." Journal of Military History 53, no. 3 (July 1989): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1985883.

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27

Wheeler, Gerald E., and Paul R. Schratz. "Submarine Commander: A Story of World War II and Korea." Journal of American History 76, no. 4 (March 1990): 1315. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2936696.

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28

Black, Jeremy. "Lawrence Sondhaus, German Submarine Warfare in World War I: The Onset of Total War at Sea." European History Quarterly 48, no. 4 (October 2018): 775–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691418805350ab.

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29

Postnikova, Yekaterina G., and Artyom E. Lyubetsky. "Fears of Submarine Sailors during the Great Patriotic War (with Reference to the Battlefield Diaries of Georgy I. Sennikov)." Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 22, no. 4 (202) (2020): 190–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2020.22.4.071.

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The purpose of this article is a historical and anthropological examination of the phenomenon of fear, the methods of its manifestation and overcoming in the shadow of war. The authors refer to battlefield and postwar diaries from 1943–1946 of G. I. Sennikov, a submarine sailor of the Northern Fleet, marine electrician of “М-107” and “М-119”. The authors use methods of historiographical and mythopoetic analysis, and the biographic method. In Sennikov’s battlefield diary, the authors observe the sailor’s analytical approach to the problem of fear: his story is not just a documentation and detailed description of the physical signs of horror, but also a classification of the types of fear, exploration of different aspects of a person’s fear at war, and an attempt to get an insight into the essence of this phenomenon. The research reveals that the young sailor perceived the war as a death-defying admission and initiation at the ultimate threshold and is described with the help of archetypical figures: a monster ship, a coffin boat, the sea, etc. The young man who found himself in the extremely harsh wartime conditions identifies such characteristic features of a submarine sailor’s psychology as sailor fatalism, a certain superstitious religiousness (belief in signs, dreams, “marked” spaces and taboos, amulets, and taboo systems). In his diaries, G. I. Sennikov does not only identify superstitious religiousness and ritual activities as the most efficient weapon against fear, but also creativity, laughter, games, and, most significantly, personal values, the authority of commanding officers, and conviction that Soviet submarine sailors fight for the right cause, on the side of the good, saving the world from the horrors of fascism.

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30

Headrick, Daniel R., and Pascal Griset. "Submarine Telegraph Cables: Business and Politics, 1838–1939." Business History Review 75, no. 3 (2001): 543–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116386.

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International telecommunication is not only a business but also a political enterprise, the subject of great-power rivalries. In the late nineteenth century, British firms held a near monopoly, because Britain had more advanced industry, a wealthier capital market, and a merchant marine and colonial empire that provided customers for the new service. After the 1880s, they encountered increasing competition on the North Atlantic from American, German, and French firms. Elsewhere, the British conglomerate Eastern and Associated retained its hegemony until the 1920s. Following World War I, radiotelegraphy threatened the dominance of cables. In the 1930s, cable companies were almost bankrupted by the Depression and by competition from shortwave radio.

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31

Boyd, Carl. "American Naval Intelligence of Japanese Submarine Operations Early in the Pacific War." Journal of Military History 53, no. 2 (April 1989): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1985747.

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32

Ponce, Javier. "Neutrality and submarine warfare: Germany and Spain during the First World War." War & Society 34, no. 4 (October 2, 2015): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2015.1128657.

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33

Wolters, Timothy S. "Book Review: Misadventures of a Civil War Submarine: Iron, Guns, and Pearls." International Journal of Maritime History 24, no. 2 (December 2012): 364–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387141202400258.

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34

Koch, James V. "Hellcats: The Epic Story of World War II's Most Daring Submarine Raid." Global War Studies 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5893/19498489.09.01.05.

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35

Connelly, Mark. "The submarine: a cultural history from the Great War to nuclear combat." Journal for Maritime Research 15, no. 2 (November 2013): 239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2013.852304.

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36

Heinrich, T. "32 in '44: Building the Portsmouth Submarine Fleet in World War II." Enterprise and Society 12, no. 4 (September 20, 2011): 929–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/khr021.

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37

Wu, Xiao Yong, and Wei Jun Zhong. "Research on Capability Deployment of ASW Systems." Advanced Materials Research 722 (July 2013): 566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.722.566.

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In anti-submarine war systems of system (ASW-SOS), each operational node has a variety of combat capabilities, which play different roles in anti-submarine actions, and these abilities have their own range. Therefore, after definition and description of ability of operational node, calculation of comprehensive ability index, and built of weighted voronoi diagram (WVD), the analysis approach of operational ability of ASW-SOS is formed. After generating various capabilities WVD, this paper analyzes impact of change brought by global dynamic deployment, and puts forward adaptive optimization solution. The simulation results show that, by using the technology of WVD, the ability of static distribution and dynamic change process can be demonstrated clearly and precisely, and this method has strong practicality

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38

MacKenzie, S. P. "Revisiting the U.S. Navy Submarine Service Psychological Casualty Rate in World War II." Armed Forces & Society 46, no. 4 (May 7, 2019): 735–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x19845422.

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Conclusions concerning how many World War II U.S. Navy submariners should be classified as psychiatric casualties have long been based on a pioneering study by two navy physicians, Commander Ivan Duff, MD, and Captain Charles Shilling, MD, that was first made public in the Journal of the American Psychiatric Association shortly after the war. This article seeks to show that, despite the longevity of the resulting published figures, there were serious problems in their approach and conclusions. The data set of the study was far from comprehensive, which, in turn, led to erroneous calculations generating a minuscule number—approximately two cases per 1,000 submariners—that in turn necessitated explanatory overreach. Reasons for the approach taken in the original work, and subsequent longevity of acceptance and celebration of the results produced, are then examined through the lens of confirmation bias.

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39

Ambrosius, Lloyd E. "WORLD WAR I AND THE PARADOX OF WILSONIANISM." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 17, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781417000548.

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One hundred years ago, on April 6, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson led the United States into the First World War. Four days earlier, in his war message to Congress, he gave his rationale for declaring war against Imperial Germany and for creating a new world order. He now viewed German submarine attacks against neutral as well as belligerent shipping as a threat to the whole world, not just the United States. “The present German submarine warfare against commerce is a warfare against mankind,” he claimed. “It is a war against all nations.” He now believed that Germany had violated the moral standards that “citizens of civilized states” should uphold. The president explained: “We are at the beginning of an age in which it will be insisted that the same standards of conduct and responsibility for wrong done shall be observed among nations and their governments that are observed among the individual citizens of civilized states.” He focused on protecting democracy against the German regime of Kaiser Wilhelm II. “A steadfast concert for peace,” he said, “can never be maintained except by a partnership of democratic nations. No autocratic government could be trusted to keep faith within it or observe its covenants.” Wilson called on Congress to vote for war not just because Imperial Germany had sunk three American ships, but for the larger purpose of a new world order. He affirmed: “We are glad, now that we see the facts with no veil of false pretense about them, to fight thus for the ultimate peace of the world and for the liberation of its peoples, the German peoples included: for the rights of nations great and small and the privilege of men everywhere to choose their way of life and of obedience. The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundation of political liberty.”

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40

Postnikova, Yekaterina G., Artyom E. Lyubetsky, and Ksenia G. Sennikova. "Battlefield diary as a source for war-anthropological research (based on the ego-documents of submarine sailor G.I. Sennikov)." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, Extra-D (July 10, 2021): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020217extra-d1072p.99-110.

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The research is relevant due to the fact that historical, anthropological and psychological study of new ego-documents provides a significant resource for understanding the present time and social forecasting. The purpose of the article is to study ego-documents written during the Great Patriotic War by G.I. Sennikov, the submarine sailor of the Northern Fleet, with the help of contemporary historical, anthropological and psychological approaches. The research of this source of private origin was proven to be productive in the context of principal directions and key issues of war-historical anthropology: psychology of combat and combatants, soldiers’ fatalism, the psychology of the interpersonal interactions of service members, psychology of the war-time daily routine, history of emotions. The biographical method allowed to reconstruct the life story of Georgiy Sennikov, his comrades-in-arms and commanding officers back, and moreover, to present the events of the Great Patriotic War as a defining moment of his life and creative work.

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41

Galpin, Timothy J. "Gannon McHale, Stealth Boat: Fighting the Cold War in a Fast-Attack Submarine." Journal of Cold War Studies 11, no. 4 (October 2009): 162–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2009.11.4.162.

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Koistinen, Paul A. C., and Gary E. Weir. "Forged in War: The Naval-Industrial Complex and American Submarine Construction, 1940-1961." Journal of American History 83, no. 3 (December 1996): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2945756.

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43

Agrell, Wilhelm. "Behind the Submarine Crisis: Evolution of the Swedish Defence Doctrine and Soviet War Planning." Cooperation and Conflict 21, no. 4 (November 1986): 197–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001083678602100401.

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44

McLean, Doug. "Book Review: The Submarine: A Cultural History from the Great War to Nuclear Combat." International Journal of Maritime History 22, no. 2 (December 2010): 464–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387141002200294.

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45

Joshi, Yogesh. "Sailing through the Cold War: Indian Navy's Quest for a Submarine Arm, 1947-67." India Review 17, no. 5 (October 20, 2018): 476–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14736489.2018.1538722.

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46

Kovačević, Ivan, and Vladimir Ribić. "“The Russians are coming, the Russians are coming” – an apology of detente." Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 9, no. 2 (February 26, 2016): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.21301/eap.v9i2.4.

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The 1966 film The Russians are coming, the Russians are coming is a film which promotes the politics of detente in America. After cold war era films in which the Soviets are exclusively portrayed as spies endangering America, this is the first film to portray them as positive characters, while ridiculing those who propagate war and confrontation. After the Cuban crisis and the process of stopping the spread of nuclear weapons it was necessary to show the American public the funny face of detente. In the comedy about sailors from a stranded Soviet submarine confrontation is always possible but us avoided through solidarity and communal efforts. This apology of detente, intended to calm the cold war situation and anti-war lobbies in America is one-sided, because there weren’t any such films on the other side. What happened over there during the detente period is evident by the following decade in which the largest number of military interventions by the Soviet and Cuban armies around the world occurred.

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Wixforth, Harald. "Handlungsspielräume in Umbruchszeiten." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 66, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 255–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zug-2021-0008.

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Abstract The Bremer Vulkan AG in Bremen-Vegesack was one of the large companies in Germany for which a high degree of continuity can be demonstrated from the Second World War to the early years of the young Federal Republic of Germany. This applies above all to the shipyard’s management personnel. Under the leadership of its go-getting general manager Robert Kabelac and his fellow board members, Bremer Vulkan became a crucial part of naval armament during the war, especially of submarine construction and thus of the German armaments industry. After the end of the Second World War, this constellation turned out to be by no means a burden for the future development of the company. Kabelac and his colleagues succeeded relatively quickly in having war damage repaired and in again acquiring large orders for the shipyard. This enabled the shipyard to resume its successful performance in the maritime industry during the war. If one compares this success story with the situation of many other prominent companies in the defense industry at the beginning of the 1950s, only a few examples can be found where this was achieved in a similarly impressive manner.

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Ban, Kil Joo. "Just War and Just Battle: North Korea’s Attack against the ROKS Cheonan and its Unexplored Discourse of an Unjustified Military Action." Central European Journal of International and Security Studies 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 4–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51870/cejiss.a150101.

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In March 2010, a North Korean submarine fired a torpedo against the South Korean ship Cheonan, which resulted in the deaths of 46 sailors. Is its surprise attack justified? The academic examination has rarely been made over whether North Korea’s use of military force is justified in this battle. As the just war theory to date has dealt mostly with major wars, it also can guide us to judge whether this limited warfare is just or not. The just war principles are composed of three axes: before, in and after wars. First, North Korea’s provocation had neither right cause nor right intension because it attacked the Cheonan preventively, not preemptively, and was intended to achieve its domestic objective, the stable succession of the Kim regime. Second, North Korea also did not observe in-war principles in the sense that it attacked and sank the Cheonan unproportionally to maximize the effectiveness of revenge. Third, North Korea was not interested in post-battle settlements but intended to aggravate tensions in the region, which is not compliant with post-war principles. The examination sheds some light on the need to expand the scope of just war principles from war to limited warfare and battles particularly in the sense that it helps restrain unethical warfare and maintain the rules-based international order. This expansion also will contribute to not only the richness of the just war theory but also further leading it to evolve into a grand theory of war.

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Wiltshire, John, Terry Kerby, and Algis Kalvaitis. "The Search, Discovery, and Survey of a World War II Japanese Type "A" Midget Submarine." Oceanography 15, no. 4 (2002): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2002.04.

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Till, G. "The Submarine: A Cultural History from the Great War to Nuclear Combat, by Duncan Redford." English Historical Review CXXVI, no. 523 (October 12, 2011): 1571–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cer281.

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