Relevant bibliographies by topics / Submerged Turbulent Jet

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Submerged Turbulent Jet'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Submerged Turbulent Jet"

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Zhao, Liqing, and Jianhong Sun. "Flow Characteristics of Flapping Motion of a Plane Water Jet Impinging onto Free Surface." Advances in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 5, no. 06 (2013): 846–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/aamm.2013.m132.

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AbstractA submerged turbulent plane jet in shallow water impinging vertically onto the free surface will produce a large-scale flapping motion when the jet exit velocity is larger than a critical one. The flapping phenomenon is verified in this paper through a large eddy simulation where the free surface is modeled by volume of fluid approach. The quantitative results for flapping jet are found to be in good agreement with available experimental data in terms of mean velocity, flapping-induced velocity and turbulence intensity. Results show that the flapping motion is a new flow pattern with characteristic flapping frequency for submerged turbulent plane jets, the mean centerline velocity decay is considerably faster than that of the stable impinging jet without flapping motion, and the flapping-induced velocities are as important as the turbulent fluctuations.
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DEY, SUBHASISH, TUSHAR K. NATH, and SUJIT K. BOSE. "Submerged wall jets subjected to injection and suction from the wall." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 653 (April 27, 2010): 57–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112010000182.

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This paper presents an experimental study on turbulent flow characteristics in submerged plane wall jets subjected to injection (upward seepage) and suction (downward seepage) from the wall. The vertical distributions of time-averaged velocity components, turbulence intensity components and Reynolds shear stress at different horizontal distances are presented. The horizontal distributions of wall shear stress determined from the Reynolds shear stress profiles are also furnished. The flow field exhibits a decay of the jet velocity over a horizontal distance. The wall shear stress and the rate of decay of the jet velocity increase in the presence of injection and decrease with suction. Based on the two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations of a steady turbulent flow, the velocity and Reynolds shear stress distributions in the fully developed zone subjected to no seepage, injection and suction are theoretically computed. The response of the turbulent flow characteristics to injection and suction is analysed from the point of view of similarity characteristics, growth of the length scale and decay of the velocity and turbulence characteristics scales. The significant observation is that the velocity, Reynolds shear stress and turbulence intensities in the fully developed zone are reasonably similar under both injection and suction on applying the appropriate scaling laws. An analysis of the third-order moments of velocity fluctuations reveals that the inner layer of the jet is associated with the arrival of low-speed fluid streaks causing an effect of retardation. On the other hand, the upper layer of the jet is associated with the arrival of high-speed fluid streaks causing an effect of acceleration. Injection influences the near-wall distributions of the third-order moments by increasing the upward turbulent advection of the streamwise Reynolds normal stress. In contrast, suction influences the near-wall distributions of the third-order moments by increasing the downward turbulent advection of the streamwise Reynolds normal stress. Also, injection and suction change the vertical turbulent flux of the vertical Reynolds normal stress in a similar way. The streamwise turbulent energy flux travels towards the jet origin within the jet layer, while it travels away from the origin within the inner layer of the circulatory flow. The turbulent energy budget suggests that the turbulent and pressure energy diffusions oppose each other, and the turbulent dissipation lags the turbulent production. The quadrant analysis of velocity fluctuations reveals that the inward and outward interactions are the primary contributions to the Reynolds shear stress production in the inner and outer layers of the jet, respectively. However, injection induces feeble ejections in the vicinity of the wall.
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SUN, JIAN-HONG, and CHIN-TSAU HSU. "FLOW VISUALIZATION OF SUBMERGED JETS IN NARROW CHANNELS." Modern Physics Letters B 23, no. 03 (2009): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984909018448.

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In order to study the effect of wall on the flow pattern of a submerged turbulent water jet in narrow channels, the flow field was visualized by a laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) system at different Reynolds numbers. Those images showed that flow motion in a narrow channel is different from that of a turbulent plane jet without narrow channels. There are three flow patterns in narrow channels: stable impinging, stable jet with recirculation vortices and flapping turbulent jet.
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Schneider, Wilhelm. "Decay of momentum flux in submerged jets." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 154 (May 1985): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112085001434.

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Slender laminar and turbulent, plane and axisymmetric jets emerging from orifices in plane or conical walls are studied at large distances from the orifices. The entrainment of momentum coupled with the entrainment of volume into a jet is determined, and its effect on the flow field is analysed by combining inner and outer expansions with a multiple scaling approach.In turbulent (plane or axisymmetric) jets, the axial velocity decreases more rapidly than predicted by classical boundary-layer solutions, and the momentum flux vanishes as the distance from the orifice tends to infinity. The analysis unveils a source of discrepancies in previous experimental data on turbulent jets.In a laminar plane jet, the momentum flux changes but little. In a laminar axisymmetric jet, the momentum flux changes slowly, yet considerably. When a critical distance from the orifice is approached, the momentum flux in the jet becomes very small, the jet diameter very large, and a toroidal viscous eddy is predicted. The structure of the flow field is briefly discussed.
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Lemanov, V. V., V. I. Terekhov, K. A. Sharov, and A. A. Shumeiko. "Turbulent pulsations in the axisymmetrical submerged jet." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1677 (December 7, 2020): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1677/1/012019.

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Siba, Erick A., M. Ganesa-Pillai, Kendall T. Harris, and A. Haji-Sheikh. "Heat Transfer in a High Turbulence Air Jet Impinging Over a Flat Circular Disk." Journal of Heat Transfer 125, no. 2 (2003): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1469523.

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This study concerns the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a turbulent submerged circular air jet impinging on a horizontal flat surface when free stream turbulence exceeds 20 percent. The turbulent fluctuations of the free stream velocity are the primary aerodynamics influencing heat transfer. Two regions with distinct flow characteristics are observed: the stagnation region, and the wall-jet region. According to the linear form of the energy equation, the surface heat flux may be decomposed into laminar and turbulent components. An inverse methodology can determine the turbulent component of the heat transfer coefficient in the stagnation region and in the wall-jet region as a function of the root mean square value of the fluctuating component of velocity in the bulk flow direction.
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Kukulka, Tobias. "Horizontal Transport of Buoyant Material by Turbulent Jets in the Upper Ocean." Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, no. 3 (2020): 827–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-19-0276.1.

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AbstractCurrents in the ocean surface boundary layer (OSBL) determine the horizontal transport of submerged buoyant material, such as pollutants, plankton, and bubbles. Commonly, the mean horizontal transport, that is, the transport that changes the horizontal position of the material’s center of mass, is assumed to be accomplished by horizontal mean currents. However, surface convergence zones due to OSBL turbulence organize both wind-driven horizontal currents and near-surface concentrated buoyant material. In such surface convergence zones, concentrations of buoyant material are enhanced (e.g., apparent as windrows) and collocate with increased horizontal turbulent currents, here referred to as turbulent jets. In turn, the correlation of turbulent jet flow and material concentrations leads to a net mean horizontal transport due to turbulent motion. To examine this turbulent jet transport, an idealized model is devised for a wind-driven flow that is perturbed by prescribed cellular flow structures with crosswind surface convergence zones. Model solutions of the jet flow and material concentrations reveal that turbulent jet transport is comparable to the transport by horizontal mean currents for sufficiently strong cellular flow and material buoyancy. To test this model, we also perform more realistic turbulence-resolving large-eddy simulations (LESs) of wind and wave-driven OSBL turbulence. LES results are consistent with many features of the idealized model and suggest that the commonly overlooked turbulent jet transport is about 20%–50% of the traditional transport by horizontal mean currents. Thus, turbulent jet transport should be taken into account for accurate transport models of buoyant material in the OSBL.
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Zhukov, M. F., V. P. Lukashov, and B. A. Pozdnyakov. "A turbulent electric arc in a submerged jet." Journal of Engineering Physics 57, no. 4 (1989): 1129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00871125.

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ZHAO, LI-QING, JIAN-HONG SUN, and PEI-PEI ZHOU. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION ON FLAPPING MOTION OF SUBMERGED PLANE WATER JETS." Modern Physics Letters B 23, no. 03 (2009): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984909018321.

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Based on volume of fluid (VOF) technique, the flapping motion of submerged turbulent plane jet in shallow water impinging vertically onto the free water surface was simulated. To study further on the flapping motion, the power spectrum density, the centerline velocity decay, as well as the mean velocity profiles of the jet were all investigated in this paper. The results are in great agreement with those of theoretical analyses, and the results show that the flapping motion is a new flow pattern of submerged turbulent plane jets.
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Habibzadeh, Alireza, Mark R. Loewen, and Nallamuthu Rajaratnam. "Turbulence measurements in submerged hydraulic jumps with baffle blocks." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 43, no. 6 (2016): 553–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2015-0480.

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Laboratory measurements of turbulence in submerged hydraulic jumps with blocks downstream of a sluice gate are presented. As observed previously two flow regimes were distinguished; the deflected surface jet (DSJ) and the reattaching wall jet (RWJ) regimes. In the DSJ regime considerable turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) was generated just downstream of the blocks and the rate of dissipation of TKE was found to be very high resulting in a rapid decay of TKE. In the RWJ flow regime the magnitude of both the TKE and the dissipation rate were considerably lower but because the TKE decayed more slowly higher levels of TKE persisted farther downstream. This study provides insights into the production and dissipation of turbulence in submerged flows and helps to explain why a submerged jump with blocks with a low submergence factor; i.e., the DSJ flow regime, is as effective as a free jump in dissipating energy.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Submerged Turbulent Jet"

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Bhansali, Anil P. "Heat transfer resulting from a turbulent, submerged jet impinging on a phase change material." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19568.

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Weidner, Katherine Lourene. "Evaluation of the Jet Test Method for determining the erosional properties of Cohesive Soils; A Numerical Approach." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/72983.

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Estimates of bank erosion typically require field measurements to determine the soil erodibility since soil characteristics are highly variable between sites, especially for cohesive soils. The submerged jet test device is an in situ method of determining the critical shear stress and soil erodibility of cohesive soils. A constant velocity jet, applied perpendicular to the soil surface, creates a scour hole which is measured at discrete time intervals. While the results of these tests are able to provide values of critical shear stress and soil erodibility, the results are often highly variable and do not consider certain aspects of scour phenomena found in cohesive soils. Jet test measurements taken on the lower Roanoke River showed that the results varied for samples from similar sites and bulk failures of large areas of soil were common on the clay banks.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can be used to determine the effect of scour hole shape changes on the applied shear stress. Previous calculation methods assumed that the depth of the scour hole was the only parameter that affected the applied shear stress. The analysis of the CFD models showed that depth did heavily influence the maximum shear stress applied to the soil boundary. However, the scour hole shape had an impact on the flow conditions near the jet centerline and within the scour hole. Wide, shallow holes yielded results that were similar to the flat plate, therefore it is recommended that field studies only use jet test results from wide, shallow holes to determine the coefficient of erodibility and the critical shear stress of cohesive soils.


Master of Science
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Drew, Brady Patterson. "Entrainment Characteristics of Turbulent Round Gas Jets Submerged in Water." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76852.

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The entrainment process in two-phase buoyant jets differs significantly from their singlephase counterparts, and is not well understood. Entrainment models developed for singlephase flow are often used in two-phase jetting simulations, albeit with limited success. In this work, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and shadowgraph flow visualization experiments have been conducted on submerged round gas jets of varying speeds and nozzle diameters with the goal of improving our understanding of the entrainment process in a two-phase (gas-liquid) jet. The total entrainment estimated using the PIV measurements is higher than the respective values suggested by a common empirical model developed for singlephase buoyant jets. A two-phase theoretical entrainment model used for comparison shows an overestimation of entrainment, but predicts the increase in the rate of entrainment with axial distance from the jet nozzle seen in the PIV results. This thesis also presents advances in PIV processing methodology that were developed concurrently with the entrainment research. The novel Spectral Phase Correlation (SPC) allows for particle displacement to be determined directly from phase information in the Fourier domain. Some of the potential benefits of the SPC explored here include (1) avoidance of errors introduced by spatial peak-finding routines; (2) use of a modal analysis that can be used to provide information such as correlation quality; and (3) introduction of a means of incorporating information from multiple image windows. At low image noise levels, the method performs as well as an advanced CC-based method. However, difficulties unwrapping the aliased phase information cause the SPC's performance to degrade at high noise levels.
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MOSIRIA, DICKSON-BWANA, and 狄克森. "A study of submerged laminar and semi-turbulent round jet flows." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27584579116772377977.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
機械工程系
103
This research studies the characteristics of laminar and semi-turbulent round jet flows in a stationary environment. The experiments are categorized as constant pressure head driven jet flows and pump driven jet flows. The constant pressure head driven jet flows with Reynolds numbers of 500, 670 and 835, and pump driven jet flows with Reynolds numbers ranging from 450 to 1,350, are investigated. Particle tracer flow visualization technique is used to observe the flow patterns qualitatively and flow velocity measurements are performed by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Flow visualization results show that the constant pressure head driven jet flows with Reynolds numbers as 500 and 670 are fully laminar, and the jet flow becomes semi-turbulent with Reynolds number as 835. The pump driven jet flow results show that the flows are fully laminar for Reynolds numbers as 450, 600 and 750, and semi-turbulent flows for Reynolds numbers as 1,050 and 1,350. The velocity profiles of the constant pressure head driven jet flows in the laminar regime fit well to the theoretical models. At a distance of 1d downstream from the pipe exit, the velocity profiles fit close to the parabolic model. The velocity profiles fit reasonably to the Schlichting model starting from a non-dimensional distance, xc = 0.018, and beyond at Reynolds numbers as 500 and 670 in the laminar regime. The vortex rings formation changes the flow characteristics quite significantly. The flow becomes turbulent after the vortex rings formation, when Reynolds number becomes 835. The mean center velocity decays faster and the jet flow half radius increases more dramatically in the axial direction than those in the laminar regime. The cross-sectional distribution of mean axial velocity changes from the laminar distribution to the turbulent distribution. The different magnitudes of cross-sectional turbulence intensities on the axial and radial velocities show the anisotropy of the flows. The pump driven jet flows have the wider range of Reynolds numbers. In the laminar regime, the velocity profiles show a slight tilt. The velocity profiles are close to the parabolic model at a distance of 1d from the pipe exit for Reynolds numbers as 450, 600 and 750. The velocity profiles fit close to the Schlichting’s model starting from xc = 0.016 and beyond for Reynolds number as 750 in the laminar regime. For Reynolds numbers as 450 and 600, the experimental results show a greater scatter in the outer region of the jet flow, compared with the parabolic and Schlichting’s models. Most of the quantitative analysis for the turbulent regime in this thesis are done for pump driven jet flows. The half radius spreading rate and velocity decay rate of the turbulent regime are compared with the values presented in previous research on fully turbulent jet flows. The mean axial velocity in the turbulent flow regime becomes self-similar and is well approximated by the Gaussian profile. The entrainment coefficient, α, of the turbulent flow regime at Reynolds number of 1,350 and 1,050 is 0.053 and 0.0655 respectively.
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Books on the topic "Submerged Turbulent Jet"

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Escudier, Marcel. Introduction to Engineering Fluid Mechanics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719878.001.0001.

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Turbojet and turbofan engines, rocket motors, road vehicles, aircraft, pumps, compressors, and turbines are examples of machines which require a knowledge of fluid mechanics for their design. The aim of this undergraduate-level textbook is to introduce the physical concepts and conservation laws which underlie the subject of fluid mechanics and show how they can be applied to practical engineering problems. The first ten chapters are concerned with fluid properties, dimensional analysis, the pressure variation in a fluid at rest (hydrostatics) and the associated forces on submerged surfaces, the relationship between pressure and velocity in the absence of viscosity, and fluid flow through straight pipes and bends. The examples used to illustrate the application of this introductory material include the calculation of rocket-motor thrust, jet-engine thrust, the reaction force required to restrain a pipe bend or junction, and the power generated by a hydraulic turbine. Compressible-gas flow is then dealt with, including flow through nozzles, normal and oblique shock waves, centred expansion fans, pipe flow with friction or wall heating, and flow through axial-flow turbomachinery blading. The fundamental Navier-Stokes equations are then derived from first principles, and examples given of their application to pipe and channel flows and to boundary layers. The final chapter is concerned with turbulent flow. Throughout the book the importance of dimensions and dimensional analysis is stressed. A historical perspective is provided by an appendix which gives brief biographical information about those engineers and scientists whose names are associated with key developments in fluid mechanics.
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Book chapters on the topic "Submerged Turbulent Jet"

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Angelidis, P. B., and N. E. Kotsovinos. "The Plane Submerged Horizontal Buoyant Jet." In Recent Research Advances in the Fluid Mechanics of Turbulent Jets and Plumes. Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0918-5_3.

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Hustad, J. E., and O. K. Sonju. "Heat Transfer to Pipes Submerged in Turbulent Jet Diffusion Flames." In Heat Transfer in Radiating and Combusting Systems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84637-3_30.

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Eidelman, A., T. Elperin, N. Kleeorin, et al. "Mixing at the External Boundary of a Submerged Turbulent Jet." In Springer Proceedings in Physics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02225-8_51.

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Goldshtik, M. A., V. N. Shtern, and E. M. Zhdanova. "Supercritical Regimes in Axisymmetric Submerged Jets." In Laminar-Turbulent Transition. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82462-3_51.

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"Theory of Free Turbulence for the Case of a Submerged Jet." In The Theory of Turbulent Jets. The MIT Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/6781.003.0003.

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Liriano, S. L., and R. A. Day. "Structure of turbulent flow in scour holes downstream of submerged jets." In Stochastic Hydraulics 2000. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003078630-22.

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Conference papers on the topic "Submerged Turbulent Jet"

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Berman, Neil S. "Dispersion measurements in a polymer solution turbulent submerged jet." In AIP Conference Proceedings Volume 137. AIP, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.35523.

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Drew, Brady, John Charonko, and Pavlos Vlachos. "Liquid Entrainment by Round Turbulent Gas Jets Submerged in Water." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2011 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajk2011-11015.

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Entrainment characteristics of two-phase flow (liquid-gas) buoyant jets differ significantly from their single-phase flow counterparts. Past studies have not adequately described the mechanisms that cause the gas jet to entrain liquid from its surroundings and expand. In this work, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and shadowgraph flow visualization experiments have been conducted on submerged round gas jets of varying speeds and nozzle diameters with the goal of improving our understanding of the processes of entrainment and expansion in a two-phase jet. We hypothesize that liquid is entrained into the gas column through (1) shear entrainment due to instabilities at the interface between the fast-moving gas jet and stagnant liquid, and (2) convective entrainment that occurs when the jet begins to pinch off and transform into a bubbly plume. The total entrainment estimated using the PIV measurements is higher than the respective values that single-phase buoyant jet theory suggests, especially at low jet speeds. This may be an effect of increased convective entrainment as the jet slows down. The shadowgraph flow visualization experiments provide valuable information pertaining to the structure of the jet and the interfacial dynamics.
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Weiland, Chris, and Pavlos Vlachos. "The Penetration of Submerged Round Turbulent Gas Jets in Water." In ASME 2010 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting collocated with 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-31029.

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Direct measurements of the interfacial behavior of submerged high speed gas jets with speeds ranging from subsonic to supersonic Mach numbers were performed using high speed digital photography and shadowgraphs. The results indicate that the jets preferentially pinch-off near the axial position which in previous experimental work has been shown to correspond to the location of the maximum streamwise velocity turbulence fluctuations. Using the optical method presented in this paper, the data indicates that the electroresistivity probe technique used by past researchers to quantify the jet penetration into the ambient fluid biases the measurement by up to 30 diameters as the probe cannot identify true jet continuity as opposed to advecting bubbles. We introduce a theoretical jet penetration distance based on a simple force balance of the jet cross-section which compares reasonably well with the measured data. This theoretical jet penetration distance scales with the square of the Froude number and requires an estimation of the jet centerline properties as they evolve downstream of the orifice to accurately predict the pinch-off point. An experimental jet penetration distance is introduced and is defined as the 98.5% contour of the orifice attached gas jet presence over the measurement time.
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Kravtsov, Z. D., L. M. Chikishev, and V. M. Dulin. "Acetone PLIF concentration measurements in a submerged round turbulent jet." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE METHODS OF AEROPHYSICAL RESEARCH (ICMAR 2016): Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on the Methods of Aerophysical Research. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4964087.

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Chougule, Nagesh K., Gajanan V. Parishwad, Sachin Pagnis, Prashant R. Gore, and Chandrashekhar M. Sewatkar. "Selection of CFD Turbulence Model for the Application of Submerged Multi-Air Jet Impingement." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64765.

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Most impinging jet industrial applications involve turbulent flow in the whole domain downstream of the nozzle, and modeling turbulent flow presents the greatest challenge in the effort to rapidly and accurately predict the behavior of turbulent jets. Numerical modeling of impinging jet flows and heat transfer is employed widely for prediction, sensitivity analysis, and device design. Finite volume computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models of impinging jets have succeeded in making good predictions of heat transfer coefficients and velocity fields. The difficulties in accurately predicting velocities and transfer coefficients stem primarily from modeling of turbulence and the interaction of the turbulent flow field with the wall. In present work, the flow and heat transfer characteristics of circular multi jet array (3×3) of 5mm diameter impinging on the Flat plate heat sink are numerically analyzed based on the CFD commercial code ANSYS CFX. The relative performance of four different turbulence models, including Standard k-ε, RNG k-ε, (Renormalization Group), Standard k-ω and SST (Shear-Stress Transport) k-ω models are done for the prediction of this type of flow and heat transfer is investigated by comparing the numerical results with experimental data. It is found that SST k-ω model gives better predictions with moderate computational cost. Using SST k-ω model, the effect of Reynolds number (Re) on the average Nusselt number (Nua) of target plate is examined at Z/d = 6 (Z/d is the gap between nozzle exit and target surface).
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Hammad, Khaled J., and Ivana M. Milanovic. "Effect of Asymmetric Jet Placement on Turbulent Flow Structure Inside a Jet-Stirred Reactor." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39738.

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Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was used to investigate the turbulent flow structure inside a jet-stirred cylindrical vessel. The submerged jet issued vertically downward from a long pipe ensuring fully developed turbulent flow conditions at the outlet. The Reynolds number based on jet mean exit velocity was 15,000. The effect of symmetric and asymmetric nozzle placement within the vessel on the resulting flow patterns was also studied. The measured turbulent velocity fields are presented using Reynolds decomposition into mean and fluctuating components, which, for the selected flow configuration, inflow and boundary conditions, allow for straightforward assessment of turbulence models and numerical schemes. The flow field was subdivided into three regions: the jet, the jet-wall interaction and bulk of vessel. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) analysis was applied to identify the most energetic coherent structures of the turbulent flow field in the bulk of tank region. The swirling strength vortex identification technique was used to detect the existence and strength of vortical structures in the jet region.
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Nwaiwu, Chidiebere F., Martin Agelin-Chaab, and Mark F. Tachie. "Nozzle Orientation Effects on the Turbulent Structure of Submerged Twin Jets." In ASME 2018 5th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2018-83269.

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Nozzle orientation effects on the turbulent structure of submerged twin jets were investigated experimentally. The twin jets were offset from the free surface by the ratio, h/d = 2, where h is the offset height displacement and d is the nozzle’s hydraulic diameter. The experiments were conducted using a pair of rectangular nozzles having an aspect ratio of 3, oriented in both the minor and major axes. The Reynolds number based on the jet exit velocity and nozzle hydraulic diameter was maintained at 4622. The results show a 74% increase in the attachment length for the nozzle oriented in the major axis relative to the minor. The streamwise velocity at the free surface accelerated at a 58% higher rate for the minor axis orientation compared to that of the major axis. The joint probability density function show a dominance of the fast streamwise fluctuation in the generation of the Reynolds shear stress.
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Arabnejad, H., A. Mansouri, S. A. Shirazi, and B. S. McLaury. "Calculation of Turbulent Boundary Layer for a Slot Jet Impingement on a Flat Surface." In ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-21677.

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The objective of this study is to characterize flow parameters for two-dimensional turbulent jets impinging on a flat surface. An integral form of the momentum equation has been used to obtain a hydrodynamic solution. The boundary layer was divided into three regions, stagnation zone, developing zone and fully developed zone for free-surface and free shear, and into two regions, stagnation and wall jet zone for submerged jet configurations. A nonlinear ordinary differential equation has been obtained for frictional velocity at each zone using a logarithmic velocity profile with Coles’s law of the wake and solved numerically to predict wall shear stress as well as boundary layer and momentum thicknesses. The proposed method is more straightforward and computationally less expensive in calculating the main flow parameters as compared to turbulent flow models such as RANS and LES. Predicted wall shear stresses for a submerged jet were compared to experimental data for different cases and showed agreement with experimental data.
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Haque, Z., V. Carrillo, and J. Petrie. "Numerical simulation of a submerged circular turbulent jet impinging on flat and eroded boundaries." In The International Conference On Fluvial Hydraulics (River Flow 2016). CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315644479-19.

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Milanovic, Ivana M., and Khaled J. Hammad. "PIV Study of the Near-Field Region of a Turbulent Round Jet." In ASME 2010 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting collocated with 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-31139.

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Abstract:
Turbulent jets have been extensively studied in the past due to their fundamental importance and wide spread usage in numerous industrial processes to enhance momentum, heat and mass transfer. Most previous work focused on the far-field or self-similar region of the flow. However, the initial development region, where the flow is dominated by streamwise and large-scale, Kelvin-Helmholtz-type, structures, received far less attention. In the current study, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was used to obtain reliable statistics in the near-field region of a turbulent submerged jet. The jet issued from an 84 diameter, D, long pipe which ensured fully-developed turbulent flow conditions at the outlet. The two-dimensional flow field in the plane containing the jet axis was measured in the initial 8D region, for three Reynolds numbers: 14,602, 19,135, and 24,685. The selected Reynolds numbers overlap with the previously identified critical Reynolds number range, 10,000–20,000, where flow characteristics of a jet undergo a dramatic transition to a much more chaotic and well-mixed state or fully developed turbulence.
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