Relevant bibliographies by topics / Subset Difference

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Subset Difference'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Subset Difference"

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Lee, Jae Hwan, and Jong Hwan Park. "2-Subset Difference Broadcast Encryption System Based on Secret Sharing Method." Journal of Broadcast Engineering 20, no. 4 (July 30, 2015): 580–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/jbe.2015.20.4.580.

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Lee, Jae Hwan, and Jong Hwan Park. "Broadcast Encryption System Using Secret Sharing and Subset Difference Methods." Journal of Broadcast Engineering 20, no. 1 (January 30, 2015): 92–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/jbe.2015.20.1.92.

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Lee, Jiwon, Seunghwa Lee, Jihye Kim, and Hyunok Oh. "Combinatorial Subset Difference—IoT-Friendly Subset Representation and Broadcast Encryption." Sensors 20, no. 11 (June 2, 2020): 3140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113140.

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In the Internet of Things (IoT) systems, it is often required to deliver a secure message to a group of devices. The public key broadcast encryption is an efficient primitive to handle IoT broadcasts, by allowing a user (or a device) to broadcast encrypted messages to a group of legitimate devices. This paper proposes an IoT-friendly subset representation called Combinatorial Subset Difference (CSD), which generalizes the existing subset difference (SD) method by allowing wildcards (*) in any position of the bitstring. Based on the CSD representation, we first propose an algorithm to construct the CSD subset, and a CSD-based public key broadcast encryption scheme. By providing the most general subset representation, the proposed CSD-based construction achieves a minimal header size among the existing broadcast encryption. The experimental result shows that our CSD saves the header size by 17% on average and more than 1000 times when assuming a specific IoT example of IP address with 20 wildcards and 2 20 total users, compared to the SD-based broadcast encryption. We prove the semantic security of CSD-based broadcast encryption under the standard l-BDHE assumption, and extend the construction to a chosen-ciphertext-attack (CCA)-secure version.
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Roh, E. H., Y. B. Jun, S. Y. Kim, and W. H. Shim. "On properties of nil subsets in difference algebras." Tamkang Journal of Mathematics 32, no. 3 (September 30, 2001): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5556/j.tkjm.32.2001.371.

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In this paper, we introduce the concept of nil subsets by using nilpotent elements, and investigate some related properties. We show that a nil subset on a subalgebra (resp. (closed) ideal) is a subalgebra (resp. (closed) ideal). We also prove that in a nil algebra every ideal is a subalgebra.
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Takata, Hiroshi, Takuya Naruto, and Masafumi Takiguchi. "Functional heterogeneity of human effector CD8+ T cells." Blood 119, no. 6 (February 9, 2012): 1390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-03-343251.

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AbstractEffector CD8+ T cells are believed to be terminally differentiated cells having cytotoxic activity and the ability to produce effector cytokines such as INF-γ and TNF-α. We investigated the difference between CXCR1+ and CXCR1− subsets of human effector CD27−CD28−CD8+ T cells. The subsets expressed cytolytic molecules similarly and exerted substantial cytolytic activity, whereas only the CXCR1− subset had IL-2 productivity and self-proliferative activity and was more resistant to cell death than the CXCR1+ subset. These differences were explained by the specific up-regulation of CAMK4, SPRY2, and IL-7R in the CXCR1− subset and that of pro-apoptotic death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) in the CXCR1+ subset. The IL-2 producers were more frequently found in the IL-7R+ subset of the CXCR1− effector CD8+ T cells than in the IL-7R− subset. IL-7/IL-7R signaling promoted cell survival only in the CXCR1− subset. The present study has highlighted a novel subset of effector CD8+ T cells producing IL-2 and suggests the importance of this subset in the homeostasis of effector CD8+ T cells.
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Xochelli, Aliki, Panagiotis Baliakas, Andreas Agathangelidis, Anastasia Hadzidimitriou, Lesley-Ann Sutton, Eva Minga, Eugen Tausch, et al. "CLL with Mutated IGHV4-34 Antigen Receptors Is Clinically Heterogeneous: Antigen Receptor Stereotypy Makes the Difference." Blood 126, no. 23 (December 3, 2015): 5263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.5263.5263.

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Abstract The IGHV4-34 gene is very frequent (~10%) in the B cell receptor immunoglobulin (BcR IG) gene repertoire of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Over 30% of IGHV4-34 CLL cases can be assigned to different subsets with stereotyped BcR IG. The largest is subset #4 which represents ~1% of all CLL and ~10% of IGHV4-34 CLL and is considered a prototype for indolent disease. The BcR IG of a great majority (~85%) of IGHV4-34 CLL cases carry a significant load of somatic hypermutation (SHM), often with distinctive SHM patterns. This holds especially true for stereotyped subsets and is suggestive of particular modes of interactions with the selecting antigen(s). In detail, subsets #4 and #16, both involving IgG-switched cases (IgG-CLL), exhibit the greatest sequence similarity in SHM profiles, whereas they differ in this respect from IgM/D subsets #29 and #201. Prompted by these observations, here we explored the extent that these subset-biased SHM profiles in different IGHV4-34 stereotyped subsets were reflected in distinct demographics, clinical presentation, genomic aberrations and outcomes. Within a multi-institutional series of 20,331 CLL patients, 1790 (8.8%) expressed IGHV4-34 BcR IG. Following established bioinformatics approaches for the identification of BcR IG stereotypy, 573/1790 IGHV4-34 CLL cases (32%) were assigned to stereotyped subsets; of these, 340 cases (19% of all IGHV4-34 CLL and 60% of stereotyped IGHV4-34 cases) belonged to subsets #4, #16, #29 and #201, all concerning IGHV-mutated CLL (M-CLL). Clinicobiological information was available for 275/340 patients: #4, n=150; #16, n=44; #29, n=39; and #201, n=42. Comparisons between subsets revealed no differences in gender and age distribution. Interestingly, however, 36-43% of each subset cases were young for CLL (defined as patients aged ≤55 years), which is higher compared to general CLL cohorts, where young patients generally account for ~25% of cases. In contrast, significant differences were identified between subsets regarding: (i) disease stage at diagnosis, with >90% of IgG subsets #4 and #16 diagnosed at Binet stage A versus 83% in subset #201 and 74% in subset #29 (p=0.029); (ii) CD38 expression, ranging from 1% in subset #4 to 10% in subset #201 (p=0.013); (iii) the distribution of del(13q), peaking at a remarkable 92% in subset #29 versus only 37% in subset #16 (p<0.0001). Regarding other genomic aberrations, they were either absent (NOTCH1 mutations) or rare (SF3B1 mutations, trisomy 12, del(11q), TP53 aberrations due to either del(17p) and/or TP53 mutations). The sole exception concerned a high frequency (14%) of TP53 aberrations in subset #29 (p<0.05 compared with the other subsets), which is notable for M-CLL cases in general. Time to first treatment (TTFT) could be analyzed in 228 cases. IgG subsets #4 and #16 had significantly (p=0.036) longer TTFT (median TTFT: not yet reached) compared to the IgM/D subsets #29 and #201 (median TTFT: 11 and 12 years, respectively). In conclusion, we have identified distinct clinicobiological profiles for different stereotyped IGHV4-34 M-CLL subsets, highlighting subsets #4 and #16 as particularly indolent, which is important for both medical and social reasons, especially considering that a significant proportion of patients in these subsets are diagnosed at younger ages. Our findings support the notion that BcR IG stereotypy refines prognostication in CLL, superseding the crude immunogenetic distinction based on SHM load only. Additionally, the observed heterogeneity suggests that not all M-CLL are equal, prompting further research into the underlying biological background with the ultimate aim of tailored patient management. Disclosures Tausch: Gilead: Other: Travel support. Shanafelt:Glaxo-Smith_Kline: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding; Polyphenon E Int'l: Research Funding; Hospira: Research Funding; Janssen: Research Funding; Pharmactckucs: Research Funding; Cephalon: Research Funding. Niemann:Gilead: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy; Roche: Consultancy; Novartis: Other: Travel grant. Langerak:InVivoScribe: Patents & Royalties: Licensing of IP and Patent on BIOMED-2-based methods for PCR-based Clonality Diagnostics.; DAKO: Patents & Royalties: Licensing of IP and Patent on Split-Signal FISH. Royalties for Dept. of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, NL; Roche: Other: Lab services in the field of MRD diagnostics provided by Dept of Immunology, Erasmus MC (Rotterdam). Hallek:Celgene: Honoraria, Other: Speakers Bureau and/or Advisory Boards, Research Funding; AbbVie: Honoraria, Other: Speakers Bureau and/or Advisory Boards, Research Funding; Roche: Honoraria, Other: Speakers Bureau and/or Advisory Boards, Research Funding; Boehringher Ingelheim: Honoraria, Other: Speakers Bureau and/or Advisory Boards; Pharmacyclics: Honoraria, Other: Speakers Bureau and/or Advisory Boards, Research Funding; Mundipharma: Honoraria, Other: Speakers Bureau and/or Advisory Boards, Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria, Other: Speakers Bureau and/or Advisory Boards, Research Funding; Gilead: Honoraria, Other: Speakers Bureau and/or Advisory Boards, Research Funding. Ghia:Janssen Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding.
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FUKUSHIMA, Kazuhide, Shinsaku KIYOMOTO, Toshiaki TANAKA, and Kouichi SAKURAI. "Improved Subset Difference Method with Ternary Tree." IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences E93-A, no. 11 (2010): 2034–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transfun.e93.a.2034.

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Wang, Shyh-Yih, Wu-Chuan Yang, and Ying-Jen Lin. "Balanced double subset difference broadcast encryption scheme." Security and Communication Networks 8, no. 8 (August 5, 2014): 1447–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sec.1093.

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Chen, Rong Rong, De Han Luo, Yu Sun, Yun Long Sun, and H. Gholam Hossini. "A Sensor Array Optimization Method Based on Variance Difference for Machine Olfaction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 618 (August 2014): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.618.523.

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In machine olfaction or electronic nose, sensor optimization is important to enhance pattern recognition efficiency and reduce redundant information. Highly correlated response of one sensor to two different odors implies less contribution of this sensor to the classification of these two odors. Variance difference is a significant index to measure the similarity of sensor responses. A sensor optimization method based on variance difference is proposed in this paper; both the average value of variance difference and cluster analysis of variance difference matrix were considered to identify several possible sensor subsets. Six Chinese herbal medicines and linear discrimination analysis (LDA) were applied to test the classification results in order to determine the best subset. LDA results indicated that the optimized sensor subset performed well in classification of the six Chinese medicines. The proposed sensor array optimization method could be applied to other kinds of odors classification as a novel method.
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Bhattacherjee, Sanjay, and Palash Sarkar. "Reducing Communication Overhead of the Subset Difference Scheme." IEEE Transactions on Computers 65, no. 8 (August 1, 2016): 2575–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tc.2015.2485231.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Subset Difference"

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Anderson, Kristin. "Tree Structures in Broadcast Encryption." Licentiate thesis, Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-4651.

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Hesselius, Tobias, and Tommy Savela. "A Java Framework for Broadcast Encryption Algorithms." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2504.

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Broadcast encryption is a fairly new area in cryptology. It was first addressed in 1992, and the research in this area has been large ever since. In short, broadcast encryption is used for efficient and secure broadcasting to an authorized group of users. This group can change dynamically, and in some cases only one-way communication between the sender and receivers is available. An example of this is digital TV transmissions via satellite, in which only the paying customers can decrypt and view the broadcast.

The purpose of this thesis is to develop a general Java framework for implementation and performance analysis of broadcast encryption algorithms. In addition to the actual framework a few of the most common broadcast encryption algorithms (Complete Subtree, Subset Difference, and the Logical Key Hierarchy scheme) have been implemented in the system.

This master’s thesis project was defined by and carried out at the Information Theory division at the Department of Electrical Engineering (ISY), Linköping Institute of Technology, during the first half of 2004.

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Stagoll, Clifford Scott. "Deleuze's becoming-subject : difference and the human individual." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1998. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4288/.

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This study argues that a theory of the distinctively human Individual lies latent within Deleuze's readings of Hume and Bergson and his two major metaphysical treatises. This evolving theory derives from efforts to re-think the concept of 'the subject' In terms of 'difference', 'becoming', 'repetition' and 'event'. Using critical exegesis, the study shows that Deleuze's model is precise and workable, capable of supplanting discredited accounts of the subject and nullifying charges that Deleuze is an 'anti-humanist'. Deleuze's subject is neither pre-existent nor stable, but always in the process of becoming-other, Individuated by Inherent differences. Chapter 1 argues that Deleuze's account (and several theoretical resources) can be traced to an early engagement with empiricism, where he uses Humean atomism to define a field of difference 'within which' associationist psychological tendencies define the subject as a 'fiction'. As Chapter 2 shows, weaknesses in this model lead Deleuze to Bergson. Having adopted Bergsonlan Intuition as his method, Deleuze seeks after the preconditions of the flow and temporality of consciousness. He determines that the subjects constitutive moment is the virtual point of intersection between the physicality of material objects and the 'inner life' of consciousness. Chapter 3 turns to questions of ontology and ethics, arguing that Deleuze's theory of internal difference accounts for the role of contingent circumstances In subject-formation whilst his theory of the event establishes each lived moment as unique. Deleuze Interprets Nietzsche's eternal return as an ontological device entailing the recurrence of difference in the lived time of the subject's 'becoming', and as the means for coherence between the moments of a life. This theory leads Deleuze to an 'ethics of the event' with the goal of transforming human thinking from a concentration on unity and identity towards a more creative and fulfilling life of becoming.
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Lings, Pamela Margaret. "Subject differences in applying knowledge to learn." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361382.

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Shantsila, Eduard. "Ethnic differences in endothelial function and monocyte subsets in heart failure." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3433/.

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Introduction and Aims: The progressive nature of heart failure (HF) is reflected by its complex pathophysiology, featured by imbalance of damaging and reparative factors. The overall aim was to assess the implication of endothelial (dys)function, monocyte subsets, different types of endothelial progenitors and plasma microparticles in subjects with HF. A special focus was an investigation of possible ethnic differences in these parameters. Methods: Parameters of vascular function, monocyte subsets, endothelial progenitors, and cellular microparticles were compared between South Asian subjects with systolic HF, and those with heart disease without HF and healthy controls. Ethnic differences in HF were assessed in three ethnic groups: South Asians, Whites, and African-Caribbeans. Additionally, leukocyte counts were compared between subjects with HF with reduced or preserved ejection fraction, whose outcome (mortality) was recorded during follow-up. Results: South Asian subjects with HF had significantly impaired micro- and macrovascular endothelial function, reduced levels of endothelial progenitors, and monocytes with reparative potential, but increased levels of microparticles. In HF patients, a high count of monocyte microparticles was associated with low ejection fraction. There were significant ethnic differences in characteristics of microvascular endothelial function, counts of CD14++CD16+ and CD14+CD16++ monocytes and monocyte-derived endothelial progenitors. On multivariate analysis, a high monocyte count was a significant predictor of death in HF with preserved ejection fraction unlike in those with systolic HF. Conclusions: Significant impairment of microvascular endothelial function is present in South Asian subjects with HF. High monocyte count is an independent predictor of death in HF with preserved ejection fraction. The value of the tested biological markers as therapeutic targets should be explored in future studies.
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Taylor, J. V. "Beyond difference : history, affect, and Djuna Barnes's New Modernist subject." Thesis, University of York, 2010. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/908/.

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This thesis examines the role of affect, subjectivity, and intertextuality in the major works of Djuna Barnes (1892-1982). I propose a theory of Barnes’s modernist textuality based on the traumatic structure of belated understanding; specifically, I consider how remembering trauma involves a re-enactment and witnessing of something that, paradoxically, did not exist prior to that re-enactment and witnessing. This structural logic provides a suggestive metaphor for Barnes’s performative re-iterations of literary history that have been diversely categorized as parody, pastiche, and satire. I suggest that Barnes is a modernist ‘witness’ whose performance of literary history enables us to see that history as if for the first time. This structure of witnessing, dependent on a notion of non-dichotomous difference, exceeds the affective dimensions of the traumatic scenario and can even, I argue, be used to describe Barnes’s understanding of happiness and the pleasure of the modernist reader. My thesis contributes to the critical understanding of how modernism may be conceived in terms other than a simple repudiation or continuation of literary history. Barnes’s witnessing includes literary history in its broadest sense, as she performs the histories often rejected by high modernists for their engagement with bodies and feelings and their association with a feminized mass culture, such as the sentimental novels of the nineteenth century. Chapter 1 examines traumatic testimony and witnessing in Barnes’s 1958 play, The Antiphon. I consider how Barnes engages ideas of theatricality, ritual, and ‘antiphony’ to capture the performative and affectively complex nature of traumatic memory. I consider how Barnes’s emphasis on the importance of the witness figure relates to her own ‘initiated’ readership of the literature of the past. In Chapter 2 I consider Barnes’s representation of the affective ambivalence of childhood trauma, and her equally ambivalent treatment of the figure of the abusive father, in her 1928 novel, Ryder. I also suggest that, through Ryder, Barnes ‘witnesses’ the sentimental tradition, allowing us to see its full complexity and richness. In Chapter 3 I discuss the ambivalent role of shame in Nightwood (1936), using Silvan Tomkins’s theory of the structural dependence of shame on initial positive affect. I observe the traces of pleasure within scenes of shame in the novel, consider the text’s embarrassing place in the modernist canon, and suggest that the novel might be regarded as a ‘guilty pleasure’ of modernism. In Chapter 4 I consider the radically ubiquitous happiness of Ladies Almanack (1928). I suggest that the Almanack challenges Roland Barthes’s theories in The Pleasure of the Text by suggesting that happiness does not depend on novelty but can be understood as a dynamic reiteration of the past in the present. I also argue that Barnes turns to the logic of commodity and fashion culture to find a language for the pleasures of modernist textuality.
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Yaghjyan, Lusine. "Determinants of Mammographic Breast Density in Different Subsets of Women." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1250096767.

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Claisse, J. R. "Vortex density motion in a cylindrical type II superconductor subject to a transverse applied magnetic field." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341540.

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Bailey, Zhanar Alpysbaevna. "North Caspian Basin: 2D elastic modeling for seismic imaging of salt and subsalt." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3064.

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The North Caspian Basin (NCB) contains a significant number of major oil fields, some of which are yet to be put into production. The reason why some of these fields are not yet put into production is the exploration challenge that the NCB poses. In particular, the complex geological structure of this region makes it quite difficult to image its oil fields with conventional seismic techniques. This thesis sheds more light on difficulties associated with acquiring and processing seismic data in the NCB. The two central tools for investigation of these imaging challenges were the construction of a geological model of the NCB and the use of an accurate elastic wave-propagation technique to analyze the capability of seismic to illuminate the geological structures of the NCB. Using all available regional and local studies and my knowledge gained with oil companies, where I worked on subsalt and suprasalt 2D and 3D seismic data from the North Caspian Basin, I constructed a 2D elastic isotropic 10-by-6 km geological model of a typical oil field located on the shelf of the Caspian Sea in the southeastern part of the North Caspian Basin, which has the largest oil fields. We have propagated seismic waves through this model. The technique we used to compute wave propagation is known as the Finite-Difference Modeling (FDM) technique. Generating 314 shot gathers with stationary multicomponent OBS receivers that were spread over 10 km took two weeks of CPU time using two parallel computers (8 CPU V880 Sun Microsystems and 24 CPU Sun Enterprise). We have made the data available to the public. The dataset can be uploaded at http://casp.tamu.edu in the SEGY format. The key conclusions of the analysis of these data are as follows: - Combined usage of P- and S-waves allows us to illuminate subsalt reef, clastics and complex salt structures despite the 4-km overburden. - Free-surface multiples and guided waves are one of the key processing challenges in NCB, despite relatively shallow (less than 15 m) shelf water.
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Lopes, Ana Paula Pinheiro. "Expression of CXCR3 in different T cells subsets in rheumatoid arthritis." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/15471.

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Mestrado em Bioquímica - Bioquímica Clínica
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammatory polyarthritis as consequence, at least in part, of a T cell-driven inflammation in the synovial membrane, frequently associated with the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, contributing for ongoing inflammation. CXCR3 have been implicated in RA, since it is known its ability to modulate migration and in addition an increased concentration of its ligands has been reported in RA. Hence in this study it was evaluated the frequency and absolute number of circulating CD4+, CD8+ and γδ T cells, as well as the distribution between naïve, effector, central memory and effector memory based on the CD27 and CD45RA expression. Furthermore minor T cells subsets were characterized according to the expression of CD62L and CD28 combined with CD27 and CD45RA; additionally the expression of CXCR3 was assessed in all the studied subsets. The frequency and absolute number of CD8+ and γδ T cells were significantly decreased in RA patients; moreover CD4+effector memory and CD8+ naïve T cells were also decreased in frequency and absolute number in RA patients compared to healthy controls. In addition through the new T cells analysis, combining the expression of the CD45RA, CD27, CD28 and CD62L, it was found an impairment of five subsets within CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and nine subsets within γδ T cells in RA patients. Finally, the analysis of CXCR3 overall seems to indicate an increased expression in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, conversely γδ T cells from RA patients showed lower CXCR3 expression. In conclusion, this study highlighted the importance of a detailed analysis of the T cell subsets through the combination of different phenotypic parameters. Our findings suggest an abnormal distribution of specific T cells subsets together with altered frequencies of T cell subsets expressing CXCR3 might contribute to a better knowledge of the migration pattern of these cells and therefore for the inflammatory status verified on RA patients.
A artrite reumatóide (AR) é uma doença autoimune caracterizada por poliartrite e inflamação crónica, resultado, pelo menos em parte, de uma resposta excessiva das células T na membrana sinovial associada a uma excessiva produção de citocinas próinflamatórias, que contribuem para a perpetuação da inflamação. O CXCR3 parece também estar envolvido na AR, por um lado pela sua capacidade de promover a migração, mas também porque têm sido descritos elevados níveis dos seus ligandos na AR. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a frequência e o valor absoluto das células T CD4+, CD8+ e γδ, bem como a distribuição entre os compartimentos de células naïve, efectoras, memória central e memória efectora tendo por base a expressão do CD27 e do CD45RA. Adicionalmente propôs-se uma análise que incluiu a expressão do CD28 e do CD62L em combinação com o CD27 e o CD45RA. Avaliou-se ainda a expressão do CXCR3 nas diferentes subpopulações identificadas. Observou-se uma diminuição na frequência e no valor absoluto das células T CD8+ e das células T γδ nos doentes com AR, para além disso verificou-se também uma diminuição da frequência e do valor absoluto das células T CD4+ com fenótipo de memória efectora e das células T CD8+ naïve. Através da análise conjunta da expressão dos marcadores CD45RA, CD27, CD28 e CD62L identificou-se cinco subpopulações dentro das células T CD4+ e CD8+ e nove subpopulações nas células T γδ diminuídas nos doentes com AR. Relativamente à expressão de CXCR3, os resultados parecem apontar na sua globalidade para um aumento da expressão nas diferentes subpopulações de células T CD4+ e CD8+ dos doentes com AR, no entanto nas células T γδ dos doentes com AR observou-se uma menor expressão de CXCR3. Em suma, o presente estudo evidencia a importância de uma análise detalhada das subpopulações de células T com recurso à combinação de diferentes parâmetros fenotípicos. Os resultados parecem sugerir que as células T dos doentes com AR se encontram distribuídas de forma diferente entre os diferentes subtipos. Estas evidências em conjunto com o aumento da frequência de alguns subtipos celulares a expressar CXCR3 podem ajudar a perceber a migração das diferentes subpopulações de células T e o seu contributo para a destruição dos tecidos verificada nos doentes com artrite reumatóide.
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Books on the topic "Subset Difference"

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Cassinari, Flavio. Dalla differenza al soggetto: Note per un'antropologia metafisica della storia. Milano: Mimesis, 2000.

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Cassinari, Flavio. Dalla differenza al soggetto: Note per un'antropologia metafisica della storia. Milano: Mimesis, 2000.

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Belsey, Catherine. The subject of tragedy: Identity and difference in Renaissance drama. London: Routledge, 1993.

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The subject of tragedy: Identity and difference in Renaissance drama. London: Methuen, 1985.

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Weisenbacher, Uwe. Moderne Subjekte zwischen Mythos und Aufklärung: Differenz und offene Rekonstruktion. Pfaffenweiler: Centaurus, 1993.

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Changing the subject: Mary Wroth and figurations of gender in early modern England. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1996.

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Kehrerh, A. C. Meaningful outlier contingencies in self-organizing maps processing different subsets of input vector space. London: University of Surrey Roehampton, 2002.

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Ali, Wasek. 100 years subject wise up-to-date criminal rulings on different subjects. Dhaka: New Warsi Book Corp., 2002.

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Hans, Frost. An operational approach to assess management regulation, subject to different management objectives. Esbjerg: South Jutland University Press, 1996.

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Dörfler, Thomas. Das Subjekt zwischen Identität und Differenz: Zur Begründungslogik bei Habermas, Lacan, Foucault. Neuried: Ars Una, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Subset Difference"

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Chen, Weifeng, Zihui Ge, Chun Zhang, Jim Kurose, and Don Towsley. "On Dynamic Subset Difference Revocation Scheme." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 743–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24693-0_61.

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Fukushima, Kazuhide, Shinsaku Kiyomoto, Toshiaki Tanaka, and Kouichi Sakurai. "Ternary Subset Difference Method and Its Quantitative Analysis." In Information Security Applications, 225–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00306-6_17.

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Asano, Tomoyuki. "Secure and Insecure Modifications of the Subset Difference Broadcast Encryption Scheme." In Information Security and Privacy, 12–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-27800-9_2.

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Lee, Kwangsu, Woo Kwon Koo, Dong Hoon Lee, and Jong Hwan Park. "Public-Key Revocation and Tracing Schemes with Subset Difference Methods Revisited." In Computer Security - ESORICS 2014, 1–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11212-1_1.

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Heinemann, Bernhard. "Subset Space vs Relational Semantics of Bimodal Logic: Bringing Out the Difference." In Logical Foundations of Computer Science, 219–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35722-0_16.

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Cheng, Shantian, and Juanyang Zhang. "Adaptive-ID Secure Revocable Identity-Based Encryption from Lattices via Subset Difference Method." In Information Security Practice and Experience, 283–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17533-1_20.

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Datta, Pratish, Ratna Dutta, and Sourav Mukhopadhyay. "Adaptively Secure Unrestricted Attribute-Based Encryption with Subset Difference Revocation in Bilinear Groups of Prime Order." In Progress in Cryptology – AFRICACRYPT 2016, 325–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31517-1_17.

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Zhu, Sencun, Sanjeev Setia, and Sushil Jajodia. "Adding Reliable and Self-healing Key Distribution to the Subset Difference Group Rekeying Method for Secure Multicast." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 107–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39405-1_10.

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Butterworth, Kathy. "The Decentred Autonomous Subject." In Identity and Difference, 155–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40427-1_7.

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Taylor, Yvette. "Educational Diversity: The Subject of Difference and Different Subjects." In Educational Diversity, 1–14. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137271129_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Subset Difference"

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Opper, Jeffrey, Brian DeCleene, and May Leung. "Gateway Subset Difference Revocation." In 2006 IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Sysetems. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mobhoc.2006.278662.

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Kim, Jihye, Seunghwa Lee, Jiwon Lee, and Hyunok Oh. "Combinatorial subset difference public key broadcast encryption scheme for secure multicast." In SAC 2018: Symposium on Applied Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3167132.3167302.

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Plessix, R.-E., and W. A. Mulder. "How to Choose a Subset of Frequencies for Frequency-Domain Finite-Difference Migration." In 64th EAGE Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.5.a038.

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Lian, Huijie, Guangbo Wang, and Qingxian Wang. "Fully Secure Traceable and Revocable-Storage Attribute-Based Encryption with Short Update Keys via Subset Difference Method." In 2018 Third International Conference on Security of Smart Cities, Industrial Control System and Communications (SSIC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssic.2018.8556734.

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Ruan, Sipu, Gregory S. Chirikjian, and Jianzhong Ding. "Lower Bounds of the Allowable Motions of One N-Dimensional Ellipsoid Contained in Another." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85851.

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This paper studies the representations of a subset of the allowable motions for an N-dimensional ellipsoid inside another slightly larger ellipsoid without collision based on the idea of the Kinematics of Containment. As an extension to the previous work on the closed-form lower bounds, this paper proposes another two lower bounds based on the first-order algebraic condition of containment and the closed-form Minkowski difference between two ellipsoids respectively. Querying processes for a specific configuration of the moving ellipsoid and the calculations of the volume of the proposed lower bounds in configuration space (C-space) are introduced. Examples for the proposed lower bounds in 2D and 3D Euclidean space are implemented and the corresponding motion volumes in C-space are compared with different shapes of the ellipsoids. Finally a case study of the application on automated assembly is introduced.
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Bienvenu, Meghyn. "Inconsistency-Tolerant Ontology-Based Data Access Revisited: Taking Mappings into Account." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/238.

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Inconsistency-tolerant query answering in the presence of ontologies has received considerable attention in recent years. However, existing work assumes that the data is expressed using the vocabulary of the ontology and is therefore not directly applicable to ontology-based data access (OBDA), where relational data is connected to the ontology via mappings. This motivates us to revisit existing results in the wider context of OBDA with mappings. After formalizing the problem, we perform a detailed analysis of the data complexity of inconsistency-tolerant OBDA for ontologies formulated in DL-Lite and other data-tractable description logics, considering three different semantics (AR, IAR, and brave), two notions of repairs (subset and symmetric difference), and two classes of global-as-view (GAV) mappings. We show that adding plain GAV mappings does not affect data complexity, but there is a jump in complexity if mappings with negated atoms are considered.
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Rietveld, W. E. A., B. Barley, E. Ekstrand, A. Ray, M. Ibram, and T. Summers. "Salt Around the World - Similarities and Differences." In Subsalt Imaging Workshop Cairo 2009. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20145755.

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Kaufman, Nicole M., Daniel Welch, and Richard R. Johnson. "A 100 Motor Study: Investigating Pre-EPA Motors as a Subset of the Industrial Motor Population for Its Effects on the Economic of Motor Replacement, Preliminary Results." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79693.

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In the absence of hard data, the engineering world tends to be overly conservative in estimating benefits of change. The hypothesis herein discussed is that with hard data, the economics of motor repair/replace decisions could change significantly. If true, this could appreciably boost the efficiency of the industrial motor population by affecting the penetration of high-efficiency motors, such as NEMA Premiums. The energy savings from motor replacement depend on the difference between the efficiency of the new motor and the old motor. There has been a great deal of work investigating new motor efficiency and very little work investigating the actual running efficiency of older motors in the field. Motors that have operated for years experiencing failures and repairs may operate below their original nameplate or assumed efficiency. This study is a preliminary investigation of the efficiency of motors in industrial settings with the purpose of updating currently available motor analysis software tools to more accurately reflect the economic benefits of utilizing high-efficiency industrial induction motors.
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Castello, Daniel A., Leonardo T. Stutz, and Fernando A. Rochinha. "A Time Domain Technique for Defect Identification Based on a Continuous Damage Model." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33978.

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A technique for a non-destructive detection, location and severity determination of structural defects by means of a time domain technique is presented. Since damage in a structure causes changes in the physical coefficients of elastic modulus and damping parameters, the response of an undamaged and a damaged structure to the same input excitation is different, and this can be used in a damage identification strategy. The present work uses a continuous damage model to describe the current integrity state of a structure. In order to determine this state of structural damage the minimization of an error function is desired, such a function is basically the difference between the time response of the structural model and the real structure one to the same input excitation. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is assessed on a beam like structure, where displacements, accelerations or strains may considered as being measured at a subset of the system degrees of freedom. In order to furnish realism to performed simulations, the corrupting effects of signal filtering and sampling are considered. The analysis of the results for different levels of signal-to-noise ratio is also carried on.
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Rohling, E. "Sapropels in the Mediterranean - What Caused the Difference Between East and West?" In EAGE/SPE Subsalt Imaging Workshop. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201600437.

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Reports on the topic "Subset Difference"

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Mayega, Jova, Ronald Waiswa, Jane Nabuyondo, and Milly Nalukwago Isingoma. How Clean Are Our Taxpayer Returns? Data Management in Uganda Revenue Authority. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.007.

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The paper assesses the cleanliness of taxpayer returns at the Uganda Revenue Authority (URA) in terms of: (a) completeness – the extent to which taxpayers submit all the required information as specified in the return forms; (b) accuracy – the extent to which the submitted information is correct; (c) consistency – the extent to which taxpayers submit similar information in cases where the same information is required in different types of tax returns, or submitted in the same type of tax return, but for different time periods; and (d) permanence – the extent to which the returns are likely to be later modified by taxpayers.
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Filmer, Deon, Ezequiel Molina, and Waly Wane. Identifying Effective Teachers: Lessons from Four Classroom Observation Tools. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/045.

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Four different classroom observation instruments—from the Service Delivery Indicators, the Stallings Observation System, the Classroom Assessment Scoring System, and the Teach classroom observation instrument—were implemented in about 100 schools across four regions of Tanzania. The research design is such that various combinations of tools were administered to various combinations of teachers, so these data can be used to explore the commonalities and differences in the behaviors and practices captured by each tool, the internal properties of the tools (for example, how stable they are across enumerators, or how various indicators relate to one another), and how variables collected by the various tools compare to each other. Analysis shows that inter-rater reliability can be low, especially for some of the subjective ratings; principal components analysis suggests that lower-level constructs do not map neatly to predetermined higher-level ones and suggest that the data have only a few dimensions. Measures collected during teacher observations are associated with student test scores, but patterns differ for teachers with lower versus higher subject content knowledge.
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Bilovska, Natalia. HYPERTEXT: SYNTHESIS OF DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS MEDIA MESSAGE. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11104.

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In the article we interpret discrete and continuous message as interrupted and constant, limited and continual text, which has specific features and a number of differences between traditional (one-dimensional) text and hypertext (multidimensional). The purpose of this study is to define the concept of “hypertext”, consideration of its characteristics and features of the structure, similarities and differences with the traditional text, including the message in the media and communication. To achieve the goal of the study, we used a number of methods typical of journalism. Empirical analysis enabled a generalized description of the subject of study, which allowed to know it as a phenomenon. With the help of generalization the characteristic and specific regularities and principles of hypertext were studied. The system method is used to identify the dependence of each element of hypertext on its place in the text system as a whole. The retrospective method helped to understand the preconditions for the emergence of hypertext, to trace the dynamics of its development. General scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) made it possible to formulate the conclusions of the study. Thanks to hypertext and the hypertext systems, the concept of virtual reality has gained tangible meaning. In hypertext space, virtuality organically complements reality. The state of virtuality, in this case, becomes the concept of hyperreality, and all this merges into a single whole in the space of computer text. Due to its volume and multidimensionality, hypertext can arouse scientific interest as an interdisciplinary discipline. In today’s world, the phenomenon of hypertext has been the subject of numerous discussions, conferences and research in the field of social communications, linguistics and psychology. Today, a significant number of organizations conduct large-scale research based on the concepts of hypertext associations and associative navigation.
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Pradeep Kumar, Kaavya. Climate Change Glossary. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/ccgemthk02.2021.

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Climate change is a complex subject with terms and definitions that can seem overwhelming to non-specialists. What is ‘albedo’? What does ‘radiative forcing’ mean? What does ‘geoengineering’ entail? As climate change impacts grow more frequent and intense, it is critical that journalists, in particular, are equipped with the right information when they report. This set of open-access multilingual glossaries aim to bridge the gap between research and the general public by compiling this comprehensive list of most frequently-used terms related to climate change. A majority of these terms have been sourced from the different IPCC reports as well as public platforms such as the BBC and the Climate Reality Project.
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Manzi, Maya. More-Than-Human Conviviality-Inequality in Latin America. Maria Sibylla Merian Centre Conviviality-Inequality in Latin America, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46877/manzi.2020.29.

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In the context of our current planetary crises, in a world that continues to be shaped by capitalist, colonialist, androcentric and anthropocentric visions, we are faced with the urgency of reconsidering, at the deepest levels, the way we relate with other human and nonhuman beings. This working paper aims to contribute towards that end by looking at human-nonhuman relations through the concept of conviviality, understood as the everyday living together with difference, and how it intersects with inequality. In the first part of this paper, more-than-human conviviality-inequality is investigated by critically analyzing onto-epistemological and methodological approaches that question, subvert or reproduce hegemonic thinking and worldviews on humannonhuman relations like historical materialism, new materialisms, transhumanism, posthumanisms, and indigenous relational ontologies. In the second part, I look at particular relational dimensions like incompleteness, translation, and affect, which can help us create new understandings of more-than-human conviviality-inequality in Latin America and beyond.
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Bridges, Todd, Jeffrey King, Jonathan Simm, Michael Beck, Georganna Collins, Quirjin Lodder, and Ram Mohan. Overview : International Guidelines on Natural and Nature-Based Features for Flood Risk Management. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41945.

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The application of natural and nature‑based features (NNBF) has grown steadily over the past 20 years, supported by calls for innovation in flood risk management (FRM) and nature‑based solutions from many different perspectives and organizations. Technical advancements in support of NNBF are increasingly the subject of peer‑reviewed and other technical literature. A variety of guidance has been published by numerous organizations to inform program‑level action and technical practice for specific types of nature‑based solutions. This effort to develop international guidelines on the use of NNBF was motivated by the need for a comprehensive guide that draws directly on the growing body of knowledge and experience from around the world to inform the process of conceptualizing, planning, designing, engineering, constructing, and operating NNBF.
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Datta, Sandip, and Geeta Kingdon. Class Size and Learning: Has India Spent Too Much on Reducing Class Size? Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/059.

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This paper examines the efficacy of class-size reductions as a strategy to improve pupils’ learning outcomes in India. It uses a credible identification strategy to address the endogeneity of class-size, by relating the difference in a student’s achievement score across subjects to the difference in his/her class size across subjects. Pupil fixed effects estimation shows a relationship between class size and student achievement which is roughly flat or non-decreasing for a large range of class sizes from 27 to 51, with a negative effect on learning outcomes occurring only after class size increases beyond 51 pupils. The class-size effect varies by gender and by subject-stream. The fact that up to a class-size of roughly 40 in science subjects and roughly 50 in non-science subjects, there is no reduction in pupil learning as class size increases, implies that there is no learning gain from reducing class size below 40 in science and below 50 in non-science. This has important policy implications for pupil teacher ratios (PTRs) and thus for teacher appointments in India, based on considerations of cost-effectiveness. When generalised, our findings suggest that India experienced a value-subtraction from spending on reducing class-sizes, and that the US$3.6 billion it spent in 2017-18 on the salaries of 0.4 million new teachers appointed between 2010 and 2017 was wasteful spending rather than an investment in improving learning. We show that India could save US$ 19.4 billion (Rupees 1,45,000 crore in Indian currency) per annum by increasing PTR from its current 22.8 to 40, without any reduction in pupil learning.
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Beck, Aaron. RiverOceanPlastic: Land-ocean transfer of plastic debris in the North Atlantic, Cruise No. AL534/2, 05 March – 26 March 2020, Malaga (Spain) – Kiel (Germany). GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al534-2.

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Cruise AL534/2 is part of a multi-disciplinary research initiative as part of the JPI Oceans project HOTMIC and sought to investigate the origin, transport and fate of plastic debris from estuaries to the oceanic garbage patches. The main focus of the cruise was on the horizontal transfer of plastic debris from major European rivers into shelf regions and on the processes that mediate this transport. Stations were originally chosen to target the outflows of major European rivers along the western Europe coast between Malaga (Spain) and Kiel (Germany), although some modifications were made in response to inclement weather. In total, 16 stations were sampled along the cruise track. The sampling scheme was similar for most stations, and included: 1) a CTD cast to collect water column salinity and temperature profiles, and discrete samples between surface and seafloor, 2) sediment sampling with Van Veen grab and mini-multi corer (mini-MUC), 3) suspended particle and plankton sampling using a towed Bongo net and vertical WP3 net, and 4) surface neusten sampling using a catamaran trawl. At a subset of stations with deep water, suspended particles were collected using in situ pumps deployed on a cable. During transit between stations, surface water samples were collected from the ship’s underway seawater supply, and during calm weather, floating litter was counted by visual survey teams. The samples and data collected on cruise AL534/2 will be used to determine the: (1) abundance of plastic debris in surface waters, as well as the composition of polymer types, originating in major European estuaries and transported through coastal waters, (2) abundance and composition of microplastics (MP) in the water column at different depths from the sea surface to the seafloor including the sediment, (3) abundance and composition of plastic debris in pelagic and benthic organisms (invertebrates), (4) abundance and identity of biofoulers (bacteria, protozoans and metazoans) on the surface of plastic debris from different water depths, (5) identification of chemical compounds (“additives”) in the plastic debris and in water samples.
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Ruosteenoja, Kimmo. Applicability of CMIP6 models for building climate projections for northern Europe. Finnish Meteorological Institute, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361416.

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In this report, we have evaluated the performance of nearly 40 global climate models (GCMs) participating in Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The focus is on the northern European area, but the ability to simulate southern European and global climate is discussed as well. Model evaluation was started with a technical control; completely unrealistic values in the GCM output files were identified by seeking the absolute minimum and maximum values. In this stage, one GCM was rejected totally, and furthermore individual output files from two other GCMs. In evaluating the remaining GCMs, the primary tool was the Model Climate Performance Index (MCPI) that combines RMS errors calculated for the different climate variables into one index. The index takes into account both the seasonal and spatial variations in climatological means. Here, MCPI was calculated for the period 1981—2010 by comparing GCM output with the ERA-Interim reanalyses. Climate variables explored in the evaluation were the surface air temperature, precipitation, sea level air pressure and incoming solar radiation at the surface. Besides MCPI, we studied RMS errors in the seasonal course of the spatial means by examining each climate variable separately. Furthermore, the evaluation procedure considered model performance in simulating past trends in the global-mean temperature, the compatibility of future responses to different greenhouse-gas scenarios and the number of available scenario runs. Daily minimum and maximum temperatures were likewise explored in a qualitative sense, but owing to the non-existence of data from multiple GCMs, these variables were not incorporated in the quantitative validation. Four of the 37 GCMs that had passed the initial technical check were regarded as wholly unusable for scenario calculations: in two GCMs the responses to the different greenhouse gas scenarios were contradictory and in two other GCMs data were missing from one of the four key climate variables. Moreover, to reduce inter-GCM dependencies, no more than two variants of any individual GCM were included; this led to an abandonment of one GCM. The remaining 32 GCMs were divided into three quality classes according to the assessed performance. The users of model data can utilize this grading to select a subset of GCMs to be used in elaborating climate projections for Finland or adjacent areas. Annual-mean temperature and precipitation projections for Finland proved to be nearly identical regardless of whether they were derived from the entire ensemble or by ignoring models that had obtained the lowest scores. Solar radiation projections were somewhat more sensitive.
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Tiruneh, Dawit T., John Hoddinott, Caine Rolleston, Ricardo Sabates, and Tassew Woldehanna. Understanding Achievement in Numeracy Among Primary School Children in Ethiopia: Evidence from RISE Ethiopia Study. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/071.

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Ethiopia has succeeded in rapidly expanding access to primary education over the past two decades. However, learning outcomes remain low among primary school children and particularly among girls and children from disadvantaged backgrounds. Starting with a systematic review of quantitative studies on the determinants of learning outcomes among primary school children in Ethiopia, this study then examined key determinants of students’ numeracy achievement over the 2018-19 school year. The study focused on Grade 4 children (N=3,353) who are part of an on-going longitudinal study. The two questions that guided this study are: what are the key determinants of numeracy achievement at Grade 4 in primary schools in Ethiopia, and how does our current empirical study contribute to understanding achievement differences in numeracy among primary school children in Ethiopia? We employed descriptive and inferential statistics to examine factors that determine differences in numeracy scores at the start and end of the school year, as well as determinants of numeracy scores at the end of the school year conditional on achievement at the start of the school year. We examined differences across gender, region, and rural-urban localities. We also used ordinary least squares and school ‘fixed effects’ approaches to estimate the key child, household and school characteristics that determine numeracy scores in Grade 4. The findings revealed that boys significantly outperformed girls in numeracy both at the start and end of the 2018/19 school year, but the progress in numeracy scores over the school year by boys was similar to that of girls. Besides, students in urban localities made a slightly higher progress in numeracy over the school year compared to their rural counterparts. Students from some regions (e.g., Oromia) demonstrated higher progress in numeracy over the school year relative to students in other regions (e.g., Addis Ababa). Key child (e.g., age, health, hours spent per day studying at home) and school- and teacher-related characteristics (e.g., provision of one textbook per subject for each student, urban-rural school location, and teachers’ mathematics content knowledge) were found to be significantly associated with student progress in numeracy test scores over the school year. These findings are discussed based on the reviewed evidence from the quantitative studies in Ethiopia.
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