Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Subsidences (géologie) – Simulation, Méthodes de'
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Fatahizadeh, Marieh. "Modelling of soil collapse induced by water infiltration : implications for foundation stability." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025STRAD003.
Full textThis thesis investigates the collapse mechanism and its effect on foundation settlement by implementing numerical and analytical frameworks. The analytical method employed basic geotechnical properties to develop a predictive model for the collapse potential. The hydromechanical model was developed within the numerical model, which evaluates multiple scenarios such as rising water table, infiltration (one-sided and two-sided), and evaporation prior to infiltration. Initial degree of saturation is identified as the primary parameter affecting the soil collapse. The proposed model for predicting collapse potential demonstrated better performance than other model. The results of the hydromechanical model showed that water infiltration and rising water table reduce the suction in the unsaturated zone and trigger collapse. The infiltration pattern is found to be critical as one-sided infiltration can cause localized wetting and uneven settlement. In contrast, two-sided infiltration leads to a balanced settlement. the hydromechanical model shows potential for evaluating foundations settlement under climate change effect
Recorbet, Florence. "Caractérisation multi-méthodes des grands glissements de versants : application à la falaise de Cap Canaille." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30058.
Full textThis study combining dating based on in situ-produced cosmonuclides, paleomagnetic study and morphological characterization was conducted on two sites in the PACA region in order to understand the development of gravitary events and the associated risks. The morphology of Cap Canaille cliff suggests past mass collapses that yield to investigate the tsunami hazard associated with the fall of rock in the Mediterranean. The dating using in situ-produced 10Be and 36Cl evidenced a major event (estimated volume of 6 million m3) between 1500 and 2000 years leaving a large visible scar bordered on both sides with scars corresponding to gradual cliff dismantling. We note the presence of a red coral layer in the sedimentary deposits of a cave facing the cliff and whose death was dated in the same age range. Both events could either have been triggered simultaneously by an earthquake, or linked by a causal relationship, via the generation of a tsunami
Rouby, Delphine. "Restauration numérique des domaines failles en extension : Méthode et applications." Rennes 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994REN10132.
Full textVerdel, Thierry. "Géotechnique et monuments historiques : méthodes de modélisation numérique appliquées à des cas égyptiens." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1993_VERDEL_T.pdf.
Full textMoosavi, Sourena. "Initiation et propagation de la fracturation en milieu anisotrope avec prise en compte des couplages hydro-mécaniques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0254.
Full textCurrent emphasis in petroleom industry toward increasing the reservoirs efficiency, along with the interest in exploitation of other sources of energy buried deep underground created a renewed interest in rock fracture mechanics in general and hydraulic fracturing specifically. Hydraulic fracturing, informally referred to as “fracking,” is an oil and gas well development process that typically involves injecting water, under high pressure into a bedrock formation via the well. This process is intended to create new fractures in the rock as well as increase the size, extent, and connectivity of existing fractures. However some of the very important features of this process have been overlooked. Among these neglected features one can name of inability of the vast majority of existing models to tackle at once the propagation of hydraulic fractures in fractured rocks-masses where a competing dipole mechanism exists between fracturing of the intact rock and re-activation of exiting fracture networks. Another feature that has been ignored is its intrinsically three dimensionality which is neglected by most models. Among all different types of numerical methods that have been developed in order to assess the mechanism of fracturing phenomenon very few, if any, can handle the entire complexity of such process. In the present thesis, fluid-driven crack initiation and propagation in transverse isotropic rocks is simulated using a coupled model comprising of eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM) and cohesive zone models. The HM XFEM developed in this thesis is an extension to previous models developed introduced in multiscale hydrogeomechanics team of GeoRessources. An emphasis is put on considering the anisotropic nature of the medium and on studying its influence on the propagation path. This latter is investigated by the concept of bifurcation angle previously introduced in literature. In complementary efforts was made to have a better understanding of crack initiation in transversely isotropic media, we also used the discrete element method (DEM) in order to gain insights into the mechanisms at stake. Both methods exhibit their advantages and disadvantages in modeling fracturing phenomenon. The different nature of two methods, DEM being a discontinuous and XFEM being a continuous method, reveals potentials of both methods and renders a good comparison of which method suits the problem in hand the best, considering the the objectives of the design
Poitevin, Cyril. "Variabilité du niveau marin relatif le long du littoral de Brest (France) par combinaison de méthodes géodésiques spatiales (altimétrie radar, InSAR et GPS)." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LAROS010.
Full textThe sea level rise induced by global warming is not uniform along the coastlines due to regional variability of sea level and especially due to vertical land motion which may represents a dominant factor. Therefore, the sea level evolution must be known relative to the land to provide adapted knowledges towards a most efficient coastal management. Information about relative sea level are currently provided directly by tide gauges which measured simultaneously sea level and vertical land variations. However, two important issues are associated with the use of tide gauges. First, supplemental information provided by permanent GPS stations is required to separate vertical land motion from ocean climate signals in tide gauge records, and hence to understand the causes of future coastal sea level changes and their relative importance. Second, vertical land motion can show local spatial patterns, which limits the spatial validity of the point-wise information provide by tide gauges. Using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and high-precision GPS data, the above-mentioned limitations were addressed in the case study of Brest (France). This study shows that, over the past decades, Brest and its surroundings are overall stable except for the embankment areas of the commercial and military harbours. The GPS-calibrated InSAR results were then further combined with radar altimetry data to obtain relative sea level trends along the Brest coastline with an unprecedented high-spatial resolution. The approach developed in this thesis is applicable beyond the case study of Brest, especially in coastal areas where tide gauge data are not available
Robinet, Jean-Charles. "Minéralogie, porosité et diffusion des solutés dans l'argilite du Callovo-Oxfordien de Bure (Meuse, Haute-Marne, France) de l'échelle centimétrique à micrométrique." Poitiers, 2008. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2008/Robinet-Jean-Charles/2008-Robinet-Jean-Charles-These.pdf.
Full textIn Bure Callovo-Oxfordian argillite (Meuse/Haute Marne, France), the spatial organisation of porosity and minerals (mainly quartz, carbonates, and clays) controls the solute diffusion at mescoscopic scale (~cm-µm). New developments in the field of image analysis were devoted to extract mineral maps from 2-D (scanning electron microscopy) and 3-D (X-ray microtomography) imaging techniques. The porosity maps provided by the 3H-PMMA method demonstrate that porosity and mineral distributions are clearly correlated. The local (~µm) and global (~cm) porosity depend mainly on clay mineral content, carbonates and quartz being unporous. Solute diffusion was modelled from actual 3-D mineral and porosity spatial distribution. Using this numerical approach, diffusion pathways were quantified according to the mineral distribution. The geometry factor was correlated to the fraction and the morphology of unporous mineral. A diffusion anisotropy due to the preferential orientation of carbonates and quartz was also underlined by this approach. In an experimental way, Cu2+ diffusion and mineral was visualised and quantify at mescoscopic scale from elemental mapping methods. These techniques provide various relationships between Copper distribution and mineralogy
Ader, Thomas. "Les tremblements de terre de l'Himalaya : vers un modèle physique du cycle sismique." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077282.
Full textHome to hundreds of millions of souls and land of excessiveness, the Himalaya is also the locus of a unique seismicity whose scope and peculiarities still remain to this day somewhat mysterious. Having claimed the lives of kings, or turned ancient timeworn cities into heaps of rubbles and tains, earthquakes eerily inhabit Nepalese folk tales with the fatalistic message that nothing lasts forever. From a scientific point of view as much as from a human perspective, solving the mysteries of Himalayan seismicity thus represents a challenge of prime importance. Documenting geodetic strain across the Nepal Himalaya with varions GPS and leveling data, we show that unlike other subduction zones that exhibit a heterogeneous and patchy coupling pattern along strike, the last hundred kilometers of the Main Himalayan Thrust fault, or MHT, appear to be uniformly locked, devoid of any of the "creeping barriers" that traditionally ward off the propagation of large events. The approximately 20 mm/yr of reckoned convergence across the Himalaya matching previously established estimates of the secular deformation at the front of the arc, die slip accumulated at depth has to somehow elastically propagate all the way to the surface at some point. And yet, neither large events from die past nor currently recorded microseismicity nearly compensate for the massive moment deficit that quietly builds up under die giant mountains. Along with this large unbalanced moment deficit, die uncommonly homogeneous coupling pattern on die MHT raises the question of whether or not the locked portion of die MHT can rupture all at once in a giant earthquake. Univocally answering this question appears contingent on die still elusive estimate of the magnitude of the largest possible earthquake in the Himalaya, and requires tight constraints on local fault properties. What makes the Himalaya enigmatic also makes it the potential source of an incredible wealth of information, and we exploit some of the oddities of Himalayan seismicity in an effort to improve the understanding of earthquake physics and cipher out the properties of die MHT. Thanks to the Himalaya, the Indo-Gangetic plain is deluged each year under a tremendous amount of water during the annual summer monsoon that collects and bears down on the Indian plate enough to pull it away from the Eurasian plate slightly, temporarily relieving a small portion of die stress mounting on the MHT. As the rainwater evaporates in the dry winter season, die plate rebounds and tension is increased back on the fault. Interestingly, the mild waggle of stress induced by the monsoon nains is about die same size as that from solid-Earth tides which gently tug at the planets solid layers, but whereas changes in earthquake frequency correspond with the annually occurring monsoon, there is no such correlation with Earth tides, which oscillate back-and-forth twice a day. We therefore investigate die general response of the creeping and seismogenic parts of MHT to periodic stresses in order to link there observations to physical parameters. First, the response of die creeping part of the MHT is analyzed with a simple spring-and-slider system bearing rate-strengthening rheology, and we show that at the transition with die locked zone, where the friction becomes Wear velocity neutral, the response of the slip rate may be amplified at some periods, which values are analytically related to the physical parameters of die problem. Such predictions therefore hold the potential of constraining fault properties on the MHT, but still await observational counterparts to be applied, as nothing indicates that the variations of seismicity rate on die locked part of the MHT are the direct expressions of variations of the slip rate on its creeping part, and no variations of die slip rate have been singled out from die GPS measurements to this day. When shifting to die locked seismogenic part of the MHT, spring-and-slider models with rate-weakening rheology are insufficient to explain die contrasted responses of die seismicity to the periodic loads that tides and monsoon both place on the MHT. Lnstead, we resort to numerical simulations using the Boundary Integral CYCLes of Earthquakes algorithm and examine die response of a 2D finite fault embedded with a rate-weakening patch to harmonie stress perturbations of varions periods. We show that such simulations are able to reproduce results consistent with a graduai amplification of sensitivity as die perturbing period get larger, up to a critical period corresponding to the characteristic Lime of evolution of the seismicity in response to a step-like perturbation of stress. This increase of sensitivity was not reproduced by simple 1D-spring-slider systems, probably because of the complexity of the nucleation process, reproduced only by 2D-fault models. When the nucleation zone is close to its critical unstable size, its growth becomes highly sensitive to any externat perturbations and the timings of produced events may therefore fmd themselves highly affected. A fully analytical framework has yet to be developed and further work is needed to fully describe the behavior of die fault in ternis of physical parameters, which will likely provide die keys to deduce constitutive properties of the MHT fion seismological observations
Reulier, Romain. "Impact de la structure paysagère sur les dynamiques spatiales des transferts hydro-sédimentaires : approche par simulation multi-agents." Caen, 2015. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01264723.
Full textMany socio-economic and environmental issues associated with hydro-sedimentary transfers are organized within hydrosystems from agricultural fields up to rivers streams (soil loss, soil infertility, diffuse pollution, turbid flood. . . ). If transfers initiation conditions are well known at the agricultural field levels, the flow dynamic that occur on the slope remains poorly understood. It is especially true in small hydrosystems in north-western France, where the abundance of linear networks (hedges, roads, ditches, etc. ) that could interfere with the topographic flow dynamics are present in the landscape. To measure these impacts, which remain difficult to estimate, two complementary approaches have been developed within this thesis. First, a quantification of the hydro-sedimentary transfers was achieved during different rainfall events on a small Normandy catchment (17. 6 km², BV Lingèvres, Calvados). This work allowed us to highlight the importance of sedimentary flows that can pass though during runoff episode and the complexity of spatio-temporal dynamics induced by the landscape structure. In parallel to this "field" approach, a computer model in multi-agent systems (SMA) was designed. By relying on SMA capabilities to bring out the overall dynamics of a system based on interactions at a local level, it is possible to reconstruct the path of runoff and get clues on spatial analysis in order to measure the effect of the landscape structure. The SMA model requires little input data and was applied to various catchment with different landscape features. This model produces interesting results that allow us to better understand the consequences of the landscapes on runoff
Renaudeau, Julien. "Continuous formulation of implicit structural modeling discretized with mesh reduction methods." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0075.
Full textImplicit structural modeling consists in approximating geological structures into a numerical model for visualization, estimations, and predictions. It uses numerical data interpreted from the field to construct a volumetric function on the domain of study that represents the geology. The function must fit the observations, interpolate in between, and extrapolate where data are missing while honoring the geological concepts. Current methods support this interpolation either with the data themselves or using a mesh. Then, the modeling problem is posed depending on these discretizations: performing a dual kriging between data points or defining a roughness criterion on the mesh elements. In this thesis, we propose a continuous formulation of implicit structural modeling as a minimization of a sum of generic functionals. The data constraints are enforced by discrete functionals, and the interpolation is controlled by continuous functionals. This approach enables to (i) develop links between the existing methods, (ii) suggest new discretizations of the same modeling problem, and (iii) modify the minimization problem to fit specific geological issues without any dependency on the discretization. Another focus of this thesis is the efficient handling of discontinuities, such as faults and unconformities. Existing methods require either to define volumetric zones with complex geometries, or to mesh volumes with conformal elements to the discontinuity surfaces. We show, by investigating local meshless functions and mesh reduction concepts, that it is possible to reduce the constraints related to the discontinuities while performing the interpolation. Two discretizations of the minimization problem are then suggested: one using the moving least squares functions with optic criteria to handle discontinuities, and the other using the finite element method functions with the concept of ghost nodes for the discontinuities. A sensitivity analysis and a comparison study of both methods are performed in 2D, with some examples in 3D. The developed methods in this thesis prove to have a great impact on computational efficiency and on handling complex geological settings. For instance, it is shown that the minimization problem provides the means to manage under-sampled fold structures and thickness variations in the layers. Other applications are also presented such as salt envelope surface modeling and mechanical restoration
Moosavi, Sourena. "Initiation et propagation de la fracturation en milieu anisotrope avec prise en compte des couplages hydro-mécaniques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0254/document.
Full textCurrent emphasis in petroleom industry toward increasing the reservoirs efficiency, along with the interest in exploitation of other sources of energy buried deep underground created a renewed interest in rock fracture mechanics in general and hydraulic fracturing specifically. Hydraulic fracturing, informally referred to as “fracking,” is an oil and gas well development process that typically involves injecting water, under high pressure into a bedrock formation via the well. This process is intended to create new fractures in the rock as well as increase the size, extent, and connectivity of existing fractures. However some of the very important features of this process have been overlooked. Among these neglected features one can name of inability of the vast majority of existing models to tackle at once the propagation of hydraulic fractures in fractured rocks-masses where a competing dipole mechanism exists between fracturing of the intact rock and re-activation of exiting fracture networks. Another feature that has been ignored is its intrinsically three dimensionality which is neglected by most models. Among all different types of numerical methods that have been developed in order to assess the mechanism of fracturing phenomenon very few, if any, can handle the entire complexity of such process. In the present thesis, fluid-driven crack initiation and propagation in transverse isotropic rocks is simulated using a coupled model comprising of eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM) and cohesive zone models. The HM XFEM developed in this thesis is an extension to previous models developed introduced in multiscale hydrogeomechanics team of GeoRessources. An emphasis is put on considering the anisotropic nature of the medium and on studying its influence on the propagation path. This latter is investigated by the concept of bifurcation angle previously introduced in literature. In complementary efforts was made to have a better understanding of crack initiation in transversely isotropic media, we also used the discrete element method (DEM) in order to gain insights into the mechanisms at stake. Both methods exhibit their advantages and disadvantages in modeling fracturing phenomenon. The different nature of two methods, DEM being a discontinuous and XFEM being a continuous method, reveals potentials of both methods and renders a good comparison of which method suits the problem in hand the best, considering the the objectives of the design
El, Soueidy Charbel-Pierre. "Éléments finis discontinus multi-domaines en temps pour la modélisation du transport en milieu poreux saturé." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/EL_SOUEIDY_Charbel-Pierre_2008.pdf.
Full textThis work treats the modeling of mass transport in porous media. The advective part of the transport equation is solved using the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite element method. In the first part, the discretization of the spatial operator is considered and two approximation spaces are studied and compared for unstructured meshes in 2-D. The temporal discretization is tackled in the second part of this study. Two alternatives to the traditional explicit scheme are presented : a class of semi-implicit schemes and an explicit local time-stepping procedure which allows spatially varying time steps. Finally, the last part of this work consists of using the developed numerical tools to simulate density coupled flow and transport in porous media. The local time procedure is implemented in a 3-D numerical code and numerical experiments show that the model gives accurate results being highly efficient for this kind of problems
Kteich, Ziad. "Méthodes d'ingénierie pour l'étude du risque de liquéfaction et du tassement sous séisme." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1109/document.
Full textThe liquefaction of saturated soils during earthquakes is one of the most important problems facing engineers. There has hardly been a major earthquake without at least some cases of liquefaction. Settlements, tilting of buildings, lateral flows, sand boilings and slope instabilities have been some of its manifestations. The seismic design of nuclear power plants and other critical facilities systematically includes a liquefaction risk assessment.In this context, fully empirical methods are commonly used in engineering. These approaches provide design margins and limitations of use. To exploit these margins in a re-evaluation situation, we use advanced nonlinear transient calculations in which the soil behavior must be finely modeled to highlight the pore-water pressure build-up. These last calculations are expensive in terms of time and numerical skills. The objective of this research work is to reduce the conservatisms in force when using the simplified method without necessarily implementing the most sophisticated methods from the outset. To this end, we propose a method of intermediate complexity that broadens the applicability of semi-empirical models for a more detailed analysis of seismic risk.First, starting from a conventional equivalent linear calculation, a new approach for taking into account excess pore pressure is proposed under the name "X-ELM". The behavioral model employed is based on the relationship between pore pressure and plastic volumetric deformations. The new "X-ELM" approach is used to model soil response in the city of Urayasu,Japan during the Tohoku earthquake (Mw = 9.0). The model has been applied to twelve different soil profiles. The study of these cases makes possible the validation of themodel by comparing the results of the calculations with the observations in situ. The model can therefore be considered as a reliable tool for the prediction of liquefaction triggering of saturated soils.Then, a prediction tool was designed based on random process approximations, the basic mechanical properties of the soil and the characteristics of the seismic loading. In addition to its magnitude, an important feature of the input seismic signal is its duration which can lead to strong nonlinearities and an extended liquefaction state. Considering the strong phase duration, the response spectrum, the natural frequency of the model and the characteristics of soil compaction, this tool provides fast estimations of the rate of pore pressure build-up and pre-liquefaction settlement without having to perform transient calculations.Finally, a 2D dam model is studied, by examining the influence of excess pore pressure and that of the shear strains on the seismic response of the structure. An equivalent linear computation adapted to two-dimensional situations is elaborated and the predictor is used to evaluate pore pressure increase. Simulation results are compared with in situ, piezometric and accelerometric observations.In conclusion, this research work provides methods and tools of numerical computation that are efficient and accessible to engineers for the seismic evaluation of soil profiles and earth structures such as dikes or dams
Hassoun, Mouhamad. "Modélisation physique du renforcement par géosynthétique des remblais granulaires et cohésifs sur cavités." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI008/document.
Full textThe French underground is occupied by a considerable number of natural or anthropogenic underground cavities: former mining areas, quarries, karsts, tunnels and abandoned civil structures, etc. These cavities are the source of various risks of ground movements such as sinkholes and subsidence which can have a large impact on the safety people and structures or infrastructures. In order to reduce this risk, a reinforcement of the embankments by geosynthetic in the zones of potential cavities can be implemented. In this context, the thesis has been funded and managed by INERIS (research project EREVAN - Evaluation and Reduction of the Vulnerability of the properties exposed to the natural and mining Hazards), in partnership with 3SR laboratory. One of the objectives of this research is in particular to better understand, further to the opening of an underlying cavity, the behavior and the mechanisms of collapse of reinforced embankment, especially in the case of cohesive soil, in order to optimize its design.As a part of this work, various experiments on physical models in laboratory and on site have been realized. The results obtained in laboratory allowed to determine the behavior of the geosynthetic reinforcement following the collapse of a granular or/and cohesive embankment over a cavity, an important experimental database has thus been established. Full scale experiment allowed to validate the technical, economic and environmental benefits of geosynthetic reinforcement of zones subject to sinkhole.The particular contribution of this work is in the use of original physical models and measurement techniques used to simulate the occurrence of a sinkhole and follow in an accurate quantitative way the involved mechanisms, notably in the case of a cohesive backfill. In particular, a specific evaluation of load transfer mechanisms and soil - geosynthetic reinforcement interaction due to sinkhole has been enabled by the development and the validation of an image processing technique. The intensity of the load transmitted by the ground onto the geosynthetic reinforcement, the geometry of its distribution, as well as its evolution due to possible overburden load have been specifically investigated.Experimental results have been compared with analytical formulations resulting from existing design methods in the literature. This comparison allowed us to better define the domains of validity of the current analytical methods for design of geosynthetic reinforcement whether for granular or cohesive backfill, and in certain cases to formulate some recommendations
Renaudeau, Julien. "Continuous formulation of implicit structural modeling discretized with mesh reduction methods." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0075/document.
Full textImplicit structural modeling consists in approximating geological structures into a numerical model for visualization, estimations, and predictions. It uses numerical data interpreted from the field to construct a volumetric function on the domain of study that represents the geology. The function must fit the observations, interpolate in between, and extrapolate where data are missing while honoring the geological concepts. Current methods support this interpolation either with the data themselves or using a mesh. Then, the modeling problem is posed depending on these discretizations: performing a dual kriging between data points or defining a roughness criterion on the mesh elements. In this thesis, we propose a continuous formulation of implicit structural modeling as a minimization of a sum of generic functionals. The data constraints are enforced by discrete functionals, and the interpolation is controlled by continuous functionals. This approach enables to (i) develop links between the existing methods, (ii) suggest new discretizations of the same modeling problem, and (iii) modify the minimization problem to fit specific geological issues without any dependency on the discretization. Another focus of this thesis is the efficient handling of discontinuities, such as faults and unconformities. Existing methods require either to define volumetric zones with complex geometries, or to mesh volumes with conformal elements to the discontinuity surfaces. We show, by investigating local meshless functions and mesh reduction concepts, that it is possible to reduce the constraints related to the discontinuities while performing the interpolation. Two discretizations of the minimization problem are then suggested: one using the moving least squares functions with optic criteria to handle discontinuities, and the other using the finite element method functions with the concept of ghost nodes for the discontinuities. A sensitivity analysis and a comparison study of both methods are performed in 2D, with some examples in 3D. The developed methods in this thesis prove to have a great impact on computational efficiency and on handling complex geological settings. For instance, it is shown that the minimization problem provides the means to manage under-sampled fold structures and thickness variations in the layers. Other applications are also presented such as salt envelope surface modeling and mechanical restoration
Caudron, Matthieu. "Etude expérimentale et numérique de l'interaction sol-structure lors de l'occurence d'un fontis." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00145223.
Full textLe programme de cette thèse s'articule donc autour de la thématique suivante : évaluation des risques urbains liés aux mouvements de sol dus à la présence de cavités souterraines et interaction avec le bâti et les structures.
La première partie porte sur la conception d'un modèle réduit physique bidimensionnel permettant de représenter un effondrement de cavité de type fontis. Elle apporte une contribution innovante à la conception de modèles réduits physiques 1g par la mise au point d'un matériau analogique cohérent, dérivé du matériau de Schneebeli. Des essais sont alors menés pour caractériser l'influence de l'interaction sol-structure lors d'un tel phénomène.
Ensuite un modèle numérique est développé à partir d'un outil numérique permettant l'emploi conjoint de deux codes de calcul complémentaires basés sur une approche en milieu continu d'une part et sur la mécanique des éléments distincts d'autre part. Les résultats issus de ce modèle sont alors comparés avec ceux provenant des essais réalisés sur le modèle expérimental.
La dernière étape est une confrontation de cet outil numérique dans un essai de rétro-analyse d'un fontis réel survenu dans le massif de l'Hautil en 1991.
Davy, Philippe. "Modélisation thermo-mécanique de la collision continentale." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 1986. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00626782.
Full textTroncoso, Alan. "Conditional simulations of reservoir models using Sequential Monte-Carlo methods." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPSLM055.
Full textA sequential Monte Carlo method, called particle filtering, has been used in a spatial context to produce simulations of two reservoir models that respect the observed facies at wells. The first one, the Boolean model, is an object-based model. It canbe used to model two-facies reservoirs: One porous facies, and an impermeable facies that acts as a barrier for the fluidcirculation. The model is mathematically tractable: There exists statistical methods to infer its parameters as well as aniterative conditional simulation algorithm. However, the convergence rate of this algorithm is difficult to establish. Asequential algorithm based on the particle filtering is proposed as an alternative. It finally appears that this sequentialalgorithm outperforms the iterative algorithm in terms of quality of results and computational time.The second model, Flumy, is a model of sedimentary processes. It is used for representing the formation of meanderingchannelized systems. This model can reproduce the heterogeneity induced by the complex geometries of sedimentary deposits.The current algorithm implemented in Flumy modifies dynamically the processes for fitting the data at best to produceconditional simulations. The set-up of this algorithm requires a deep knowledge of the processes to modify them and avoidartifacts and biases. For this reason, another conditioning algorithm, called sequential, has been developed. It consists in building the reservoir by stacking horizontal layers using particle filtering, thus allowing the observed facies to beassimilated in each layer. These two algorithms have been compared on a synthetic case and on a real case (Loranca Basin,Spain). Both give comparable results, but they differ in terms of the resources required for their implementation: whereasthe sequential algorithm needs high computer power, the dynamic algorithm requires a fine understanding of the processes to be modified
Zabsonré, Jean de Dieu. "Modèles visqueux en sédimentation et stratification : obtention formelle, stabilité théorique et schémas volumes finis bien équilibrés." Chambéry, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CHAMS023.
Full textWe present in this document some bilayer flows, namely shallow-water and sediment transport models. First, by formal asymptotic developments, we derive viscous two-dimensional bilayer shallow-water models assuming that the flow is composed of two immiscible fluids (Straight of Gibraltar). We give some numerical results onto the derived models. We extend to the bilayers case the existence of solutions obtained for one layer. In this analysis, the difficulty results from the friction terms due to multipliers used in the entropy estimation. Next, we propose new models of sediment transport which are energetically consistent, for which we obtain theoretical stability results. Lastly, we develop a new version of flux-limiter well balanced numerical scheme combining a scheme of type roe to that of type Lax-Wendroff. Both schemes are built by taking into account the tangential variation of the quantities. This scheme is used to simulate the sediment transport model
Cartalade, Alain. "Modélisation des écoulements dans les aquifères fracturés, développement d'un modèle multi-continua (problèmes direct et inverse) et application au site du CEA/Cadarache." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20032.
Full textCai, Yinfei. "Simulation des affaissements miniers et de leurs conséquences sur le bâti." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0010/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to improve the methods of subsidence computation and building damage evaluation, and to develop some tools based on these methods to study the mining subsidence and building damage cases in Lorraine. By investigating the topography influence on subsidence under simplified mining conditions, and using numerical models with varying mining depths and ground surface angles, a new influence function method, which is based on a probability density function of a skew normal distribution, to simulate the element subsidence, was firstly developed and can be used to compute the mining subsidence caused by the excavation under non-flat surface. Then, plane framed structural models were chosen to study the mechanical behavior of 3D buildings. For each building, two plane models located in the vertical sections passing through the principle inertia axes of the building’s projective polygon were considered. Their geometry and mechanical characteristics were chosen according to the construction type and used materials of the building under consideration. Then, by using the matrix displacement method with some modifications, the internal forces and displacements for the entire structure could be computed. The achieved internal forces could then be compared to damage grade criteria to determine the extent of building damage.Finally, by using the improved methods of subsidence computation and building damage evaluation, a real case application was performed in Joeuf city (France). The subsidence was computed and applied to the defined structural models as support displacements, and then the damage extents of the buildings in Joeuf were predicted
Assier, Rzadkiewicz Sandrine. "Etudes numériques et expérimentales d'un glissement de sédiments le long d'une pente sous-marine et des vagues générées." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20024.
Full textDubost, Julien. "Variabilité et incertitudes en géotechnique : de leur estimation à leur prise en compte." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13808/document.
Full textThe current evolution of the geotechnical engineering places the risk management of geotechnical origin in the heart of its objectives. We also notice that the complexity of the projects of development (through the objectives costs/deadline/performances which are sought) is increasing and that soil chosen to receive them present unusual geotechnical conditions. These unfavourable conditions usually mean a strong variability of the soil properties, which induces soil investigation and data analysis more difficult. This work of thesis deals with the characterization of the natural variability of soils and with the uncertainties dues to geotechnical investigations, with the aim to better take them into account in geotechnical engineering project. This work takes place in the context of the management of the risk of project with geotechnical origin. The main statistical tools used for describe the scattering of the data and their spatial variability (geostatistic), as well as the probabilistic methods enabling to use their results in calculations, are presented under the view of their application in geotechnical design. The approach is applied to a project of railway platform. This infrastructure was located on a site where the geology and the geotechnical conditions are complex, and which present important deformations due to the soil settlements. A new analysis of geotechnical data was started again. First, geotechnical data were included in a database in order to ease their statistical and geostatistical treatment. Their statistical and spatial variability were characterized allowing a better understanding of the site. The geologic and geotechnical model so established was then used to assess the settlement effects. An analysis in three levels is proposed: global, local and spatial, which give means to estimate the settlement values and its uncertainty, respectively, on the scale of the site, on the boring points, and on zone of study according to the spatial connectivity of soil properties. The results clearly show the interest of statistical and geostatiscal methods in characterizing complex sites and in the elaboration of a relevant geologic and geotechnical model. The settlement analysis proposed highlight that the parameter uncertainties are of first importance on the design calculations and explain the global behaviour of the infrastructure. These results can be translated in the form of a reliabilitry analysis which can be then used in a process of decision-making and risk management. In a wider way, this work of thesis contributes toward the elaboration and the analysis of the geotechnical investigations, with the aim to identify, to estimate and to take into account the variability and the uncertainties of the data during the various stages of the project. It leads to better control of the risk of geotechnical origin
Grunberger, Daniel. "Etude expérimentale de l'évolution des microstructures et des propriétés physiques et mécaniques des argiles au cours de la compaction." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20235.
Full textJulio, Charline. "Conditionnement de la modélisation stochastique 3D des réseaux de failles." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0254/document.
Full textFaults are discontinuities in rock volumes that affect mechanical properties and flow paths of hydrocarbon reservoirs. However, subsurface modeling remains limited by the incompleteness and resolution of available data, so that uncertainties remain on the geometry and the connectivity of fault networks. To assess fault network uncertainties, several stochastic approaches have been introduced in the literature. These methods generate a set of possible fault models conditioned by reservoir data. In this thesis, we investigate two main conditioning strategies of stochastic fault modeling methods. The first one takes into account the observations of the fault absence, for instance, as indicated by seismic reflector continuity. To do this, the reservoir volume is divided into two sub-volumes delimited by a 3D envelope surface: (1) a volume where no faults occur, and (2) a potentially-faulted volume. Then, faults are simulated and optimized in such a way as to be entirely confined to the potentially-faulted volume. The second presented strategy deals with the uncertainties related to the seismic interpretation of fault segmentation. It generates a set of fine-scale segmented faults from a larger-scale and continuous interpretation of the fault. The method uses the orientation variations of the continuous fault to subdivide it into several possible fault segments. The effects of the different segmentation configurations on flow simulations are studied
Ung, Philippe. "Simulation numérique du transport sédimentaire : aspects déterministes et stochastiques." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2019/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we are interested on the study of a sediment transport model through two different approaches. One of them concerns the numerical modelling of the problem and proposes a numerical problem-solving method based on an approximate Riemann solver for the Saint-Venant-Exner system which is one of the most common model to deal with sedimentary bed-load transport. This last one is based on a coupling between the hydraulic model of Saint-Venant and the morphodynamic model of Exner. The key point of the proposed method is the treatment of the coupling issue. Indeed, there exists two strategies; the first one consists on decoupling the resolution of the fluid part from the solid part and making them interact at fixed times whereas the second one considers a coupled approach to solve the system by jointly updating the hydraulic and solid quantities at same times. We then raise the issue of the choice of the strategy for which we suggest answers by comparing both approaches. The other one focuses on the development of a methodology to study the uncertainties related to the model previously mentioned. To this end, we propose a stochastic formulation of the Saint-Venant-Exner system and we look for characterizing the variabilities of the outputs in relation to the naturally random input parameters. This first study reveals the need for a return to the Saint-Venant system with a perturbed bed to understand the sensitivity of the hydraulic quantities on the topographical perturbations
Bonneau, François. "Inclusion de données indirectes dans la simulation de réseaux de fractures discrets." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0144/document.
Full textThe stochastic simulation of discrete fracture network is based on the sampling of distribution law that describes the geometry of natural fracture networks. It generally simulates each fracture by selecting the position, the geometry and the dimensions of a planar object. The general organization of the discrete fracture network emerges from this stationary and stochastic process. This thesis explores a pseudo genetic and stochastic approach using rules that drive the seeding and the propagation of non planar objects, and allow the emergence of a fractal organization. The simulation mimics the natural fracturing process by considering the constraint accumulation zone and the shadow zone associated to each fracture already simulated in the fracture seeding, growth and linkage. We explore the impact of the method on the fractal dimension of discrete fracture network models, and we quantify its impact on both the connectivity and the percolation threshold. The validation of the stochastic approach is based on the realism of models both in terms of geometry and impact on its physical behavior. Our approach constrains the geometry of discrete fracture networks at fracture and at fracture network scales using statistic distribution laws and mechanical concepts. Mechanical discontinuities can also be described by indirect data that quantify the response of the fractured rock volume to dynamic or mechanical stimulation. We propose an efficient way to take into account flow information recorded from tracer tests and microseismic events that trigger after a hydraulic stimulation. The method is integrated during the stochastic simulation in order to remove the need of an optimization process that may be time consuming or may impact the fractal organization of the network
Ji, Shengcheng. "Simulation 3D des ondes de batillage générées par le passage des bateaux et des processus associée de transport de sédiments." Thesis, Compiègne, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013COMP2068/document.
Full textShip-generated waves in restricted waterways lead to the stream banks erosion and cause environmental damage which harms fish, plants, benthos, plankton, etc. They also alter the channel morphology because of the resuspension and transport of bed material by accelerated flows caused by moving-ships. The magnitude of these waves depends mainly on the geometrical and kinematical parameters of the convoy.The objective of this study is to predict the relationship between these geometrical and kinematical parameters and the amplitude of ship-generated waves as well as the water plane drawdown. Numerical simulations are conducted by solving the 3-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations along with the k-ε model for turbulent processes. The results are compared firstly with the empirical models and secondly with experimental measurements performed by the French Compagnie Nationale of Rhône (CNR). The exitance of the propeller increases the sediment in suspension. Therefore, the relationships between the re-suspended sediments and the advancing speeds of the convoy, the wakes generated by the moving convoy, as well as the number of barges are studied by adding 3D advection-diffusion equation and a propeller model
Anquez, Pierre. "Correction et simplification de modèles géologiques par frontières : impact sur le maillage et la simulation numérique en sismologie et hydrodynamique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0069.
Full textNumerical geological models help to understand the spatial organization of the subsurface. They are also designed to perform numerical simulations to study or predict the rocks physical behavior. The internal structures of geological models are commonly discretized using meshes to solve the physical governing equations. The quality of the meshes can be, however, considerably degraded due to the mismatch between, on the one hand, the geometry and the connectivity of the geological objects to be discretized and, on the other hand, the constraints imposed on number, shape and size of the mesh elements. As a consequence, it may be desirable to modify a geological model in order to generate good quality meshes that allow realization of reliable physical simulations in a reasonable amount of time. In this thesis, I developed strategies for repairing and simplifying 2D geological models, with the goal of easing mesh generation and simulation of physical processes on these models. I propose tools to detect model elements that do not meet the specified validity and level of detail requirements. I present a method to repair and simplify geological cross-sections locally, thus limiting the extension of modifications. This method uses operations to edit both the geometry and the connectivity of the geological model features. Two strategies are thus explored: geometric modifications (local enlargements of the layer thickness) and topological modifications (deletions of small components and local fusions of thin layers). These editing operations produce a model on which it is possible to generate a mesh and to realize numerical simulations more efficiently. But the simplifications of geological models inevitably lead to the modification of the numerical simulation results. To compare the advantages and disadvantages of model simplifications on the physical simulations, I present three applications of the method: (1) the simulation of seismic wave propagation on a cross-section within the Lorraine coal basin, (2) the site effects evaluation related to the seismic wave amplifications in the basin of the lower Var river valley, and (3) the simulation of fluid flows in a fractured porous medium. I show that (1) it is possible to use the physical simulation parameters, like the seismic resolution, to constrain the magnitude of the simplifications and to limit their impact on the numerical simulations, (2) my method of model simplification is able to drastically reduce the computation time of numerical simulations (up to a factor of 55 in the site effects case study) while preserving an equivalent physical response, and (3) the results of numerical simulations can be changed depending on the simplification strategy employed (in particular, changing the connectivity of a fracture network can lead to a modification of fluid flow paths and overestimation or underestimation of the quantity of produced resources)
Szydlarski, Mikolaj. "Algebraic Domain Decomposition Methods for Darcy flow in heterogeneous media." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00550728.
Full textAnquez, Pierre. "Correction et simplification de modèles géologiques par frontières : impact sur le maillage et la simulation numérique en sismologie et hydrodynamique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0069/document.
Full textNumerical geological models help to understand the spatial organization of the subsurface. They are also designed to perform numerical simulations to study or predict the rocks physical behavior. The internal structures of geological models are commonly discretized using meshes to solve the physical governing equations. The quality of the meshes can be, however, considerably degraded due to the mismatch between, on the one hand, the geometry and the connectivity of the geological objects to be discretized and, on the other hand, the constraints imposed on number, shape and size of the mesh elements. As a consequence, it may be desirable to modify a geological model in order to generate good quality meshes that allow realization of reliable physical simulations in a reasonable amount of time. In this thesis, I developed strategies for repairing and simplifying 2D geological models, with the goal of easing mesh generation and simulation of physical processes on these models. I propose tools to detect model elements that do not meet the specified validity and level of detail requirements. I present a method to repair and simplify geological cross-sections locally, thus limiting the extension of modifications. This method uses operations to edit both the geometry and the connectivity of the geological model features. Two strategies are thus explored: geometric modifications (local enlargements of the layer thickness) and topological modifications (deletions of small components and local fusions of thin layers). These editing operations produce a model on which it is possible to generate a mesh and to realize numerical simulations more efficiently. But the simplifications of geological models inevitably lead to the modification of the numerical simulation results. To compare the advantages and disadvantages of model simplifications on the physical simulations, I present three applications of the method: (1) the simulation of seismic wave propagation on a cross-section within the Lorraine coal basin, (2) the site effects evaluation related to the seismic wave amplifications in the basin of the lower Var river valley, and (3) the simulation of fluid flows in a fractured porous medium. I show that (1) it is possible to use the physical simulation parameters, like the seismic resolution, to constrain the magnitude of the simplifications and to limit their impact on the numerical simulations, (2) my method of model simplification is able to drastically reduce the computation time of numerical simulations (up to a factor of 55 in the site effects case study) while preserving an equivalent physical response, and (3) the results of numerical simulations can be changed depending on the simplification strategy employed (in particular, changing the connectivity of a fracture network can lead to a modification of fluid flow paths and overestimation or underestimation of the quantity of produced resources)
Schuh-Senlis, Melchior. "Using Stokes flow equations for the geomechanical restoration of geological structural models." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0064.
Full textIn order to study the subsurface, one must first understand its deformation through time. As the available data coverage is not sufficient to determine these deformations precisely, geologists make hypotheses to link them depending on their knowledge. This allows them to create structural models, which can be seen as the sum of all the data and knowledge on a specific area. Structural restoration was developped to try and make a model go back in time. The advantages are dual: first, it allows the validation of the structural model by checking if the restored model has a reasonable geometry. Second, the history and retro-deformation of the rock layers can be studied from the path they take during the restoration process (which also allows checking the hypotheses that were made on the history of the area). In the context of faulted and folded sedimentary basins, mechanics have been incorporated in the restoration process to compute the deformation of the rock layers inside the models, but the time reversal is still driven mainly by geometric conditions. In the context of basins incorporating salt tectonics, creeping flow restoration was developped by considering the rocks as highly viscous fluids, but neglects faults and non-flat topography. The main contribution of this thesis is to provide an approach to add more physical conditions to the restoration of faulted sedimentary basins. This approach relies on mechanical simulations of the subsurface. The rock layers are treated as highly viscous fluids, and the restoration is driven by a negative time-step advection. The faults are considered as shear zones with an effective viscosity lower than the surrounding sediments. This methods allowed the restoration of several simplified models of the subsurface. The second contribution of this thesis is an assessment of the choice of the parameters for the restoration simulations. This assessment is based on the restoration of a laboratory analogue model. The boundary conditions are first studied, to determine how to provide an adequate choice of conditions that still allow the restoration of the model. The material properties and their influence are then looked upon, to determine the effective parameters that are closest to those of the rocks inside the model. These contributions offer a new perspective on how to add more physical conditions to the geomechanical restoration of structural models of the subsurface
Chauvin, Benjamin. "Applicability of the mechanics-based restoration : boundary conditions, fault network and comparison with a geometrical method." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0160/document.
Full textStructural restoration aims to recover rock paleo-geometries and to validate structural interpretations. The classical methods are based on geometric/kinematic assumptions and impose a style of deformation. Geomechanical methods, by integrating rock elastic behavior and fundamental mechanical conservation laws, aim to solve issues of classical methods. However several studies show that the geomechanical restoration lacks physical consistency in particular because of the boundary conditions. There are uncertainties on the choice of the elastic properties, and the meshing constraints limit this method to be used as a validation tool of structural interpretations. The choice of a specific restoration method is difficult because there are many geomechanical restoration approaches, in addition to the numerous geometric/kinematic methods. Firstly, this thesis presents a review of the various 3D geomechanical methods to unfold and unfault a 3D geological model. The objective is to present their, theoretical and practical, strengths and limits. Secondly, through the restoration of a structural sandbox model, we worked on the choice of adequate boundary conditions to get a proper restored model. This structural sandbox model was deformed in laboratory and presents several analogies with supra-salt extensional structures. Thanks to the observation of the analog model geometry through time on a cross section, we show that a lateral shortening boundary condition is necessary. We show that this shortening can be estimated by the area-depth method. Moreover we define new fault contact conditions to handle complex fault networks. These novel conditions tie internal fault borders and join parts of offset faults. Thirdly, the test of several elastic parameters shows that Young’s modulus, homogeneous within a geological model, has almost no effect on the restoration displacement field. However, Poisson’s ratio has a significant impact on the volume dilatation. Finally, we compare the mechanics-based restoration method with a geometric-based method relying on a chronostratigraphic model (GeoChron) mapping any point of the subsurface to its image in depositional (Wheeler) space. We show that both methods provide a geometrically similar restored state for the analog model. The geometric method has numerous advantages to quickly and accurately get a restored model, but it lacks flexibility on the choice of the deformation constraints. The geomechanical restoration method force is to define custom boundary conditions and specific mechanical behaviors to handle complex contexts
Nassar, Sarah. "Valorisation des sédiments de dragage dans les constructions en terre." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0305.
Full textIn the context of the ecological transition, there is an awareness about the eco-responsible practices, and France is engaged to face the climate challenge through environmental policies. In the construction sector, it is necessary to take measures to reduce the environmental impact.Earth constructions could substitute the conventional materials and offer many advantages. In masonry, compressed earth blocks (CEB) are used in their raw state and are not fired at high temperatures like fired bricks. In addition, their fabrication is not as energy-consuming as that of concrete blocks. To promote circular economy, waste reduction and valorization are very recommended. Dredged sediments are stored in large quantities, and it is necessary to manage them, especially in light of upcoming changes in dredging regulations.Therefore, CEB made from dredged sediments of Arcachon bay are the focus of this study. First, sediments are collected from eight ports of the bay and are characterized through different geotechnical and in-situ testing. The sediments from the port of Audenge are the most suitable for CEB manufacturing and are used for the CEB in this study.Different CEB compositions, manufactured in the laboratory, enabled the study of the effects of compacting pressure, the type and fraction of natural fibers, and the quantity of activator. Hence, non-stabilized, fiber-reinforced and geopolymerised CEB are tested to investigate their mechanical, thermal, microscopic and durability properties. They are also characterized through nondestructive testing, which was practical and efficient for the qualitative, non-damaging evaluation.Furthermore, machine learning models are used to predict the compressive strength of CEB. They are trained by using a database collected from the literature with input parameters including the soil texture, water, stabilizers and compacting pressure. Some classifiers were compared, and the voting classifier performed the best. Explicability of the predictions is also investigated through the Shapley values. This approach serves as a decision-making support tool for future CEB manufacturing, given the variability of the soil.Finally, an environmental analysis is carried out through a life cycle assessment, from cradle to gate, and a thermal simulation. They made it possible to propose improvements to manufacturing processes and to show the interest of using CEB in the construction to reduce energy needs
Alboresha, Rafid. "Evaluation of the impact of a cavity upon an earth dike (analytical and numerical approaches) : Application to the Val d'Orléans area (France)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0025/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to study the interaction mechanisms between a cavity resulting from a karst collapse and a fluvial dike. The question that arises here is to evaluate the potential role of cavities beneath the dikes and their impact on the dike stability in normal and extreme flood conditions. Therefore, the first main point of the present work is to create a method to assess the influence of a dike on the stability of a cavity beneath it. Thereafter the second main point is to evaluate the stability of the dike slope when a cavity appears underneath without taking into account the collapse of the cavity. To achieve the objectives of the thesis, the dike effect on the cavity stability was investigated by studying the influence of the cavity location relatively to the dike and the interaction mechanisms, in the way to prioritize the geometric and geotechnical parameters for a better evaluation of the risk of dike failure. Numerical and analytical approaches were used. An application is described based on the in situ observations and data for the Val d’Orléans area (France). This area is protected against the Loire’s floods by 52 km of earth dikes (levees), in this area, more than 600 karstic sinkholes from 0.5 to 20 m diameter have been identified. The first results of the analytical method show that the cavity instability can significantly increase when the cavity is located under the centre of the dike, and this can affect the stability of the dike when the cavity is sufficiently close to it. We also show that there is a significant effect of the cavity on the dike slope stability, especially in the saturation state (i.e. during extreme floods): cavity collapse can then contribute to dike collapse. A nonlinear numerical modeling (2D and 3D) was used to validate the analytical approach, and to highlight the influence of the different geometrical and geotechnical parameters of the dike and the cavity. The results of the numerical modeling confirmed those of the analytical method. As operational conclusion, the results of the analytical model can be used to help assessing hazard due to the dike collapse taking into account the likelihood of an existing cavity, its position and diameter, and the thickness of the alluvium layer, regarding the data from the Val d’Orléans area
Pegaz-fiornet, Sylvie. "Etude de modèles pour la migration des hydrocarbures dans les simulateurs de bassin." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10049.
Full textHydrocarbon migration modeling in sedimentary basins aims to localize and to quantify hydrocarbon accumulations in geological formations in order to estimate their petroleum potential. In this thesis, we study “Darcy” migration models and also simplified migration models such as “ray-tracing” and “invasion percolation”; the purpose is to conduct a critical analysis and to offer improvements while providing a guide for a relevant use on case studies.We start by a review of migration mechanisms from the pore scale to the basin scale, then we present each model.In a following part, we propose two invasion percolation algorithms: the first one is suited to structured grids, the second one allows to take better account of unstructured grids.In a third part, we take an interest in the comparison between the different models and particularly between “Darcy” and “invasion percolation” approaches. First we devote our attention to numerical aspects supported by several use cases; then we realize a formal comparison by studying the asymptotic limit of the “Darcy” model large time solution. Afterwards, we present several applications including the study of a 3D real case in complex geometry.Finally, we conclude this work with two articles. The first one shows an evolution of “Darcy” models by using the method of local grid refinement with an illustration on a case study from northern Kuwait. The second one synthesizes the main results on “Darcy” and “invasion percolation” methods
Le, Minh Hoang. "Modélisation multi-échelle et simulation numérique de l’érosion des sols de la parcelle au bassin versant." Thesis, Orléans, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ORLE2059/document.
Full textThe overall objective of this thesis is to study a multiscale modelling and to develop a suitable method for the numerical simulation of soil erosion on catchment scale. After reviewing the various existing models, we derive an analytical solution for the non-trivial coupled system modelling the bedload transport. Next, we study the hyperbolicity of the system with different sedimentation laws found in the literature. Relating to the numerical method, we present the validity domain of the time splitting method, consisting in solving separately the Shallow-Water system (modelling the flow routing) during a first time step for a fixed bed and updating afterward the topography on a second step using the Exner equation. On the modelling of transport in suspension at the plot scale, we present a system coupling the mechanisms of infiltration, runoff and transport of several classes of sediment. Numerical implementation and validation tests of a high order wellbalanced finite volume scheme are also presented. Then, we discuss on the model application and calibration using experimental data on ten 1 m2 plots of crusted soil in Niger. In order to achieve the simulation at the catchment scale, we develop a multiscale modelling in which we integrate the inundation ratio in the evolution equations to take into account the small-scale effect of the microtopography. On the numerical method, we study two well-balanced schemes : the first one is the Roe scheme based on a path conservative, and the second one is the scheme using a generalized hydrostatic reconstruction. Finally, we present a first model application with experimental data of the Ganspoel catchment where the parallel computing is also motived
Jeambrun, Denis. "Propagation d'une onde de cisaillement en milieu non linéaire dissipatif." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00755781.
Full textKalo, Kassem. "Caractérisation microstructurale et modélisation micromécanique de roches poreuses oolithiques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0203/document.
Full textThe aim of this work is to study the influence of the microstructure of heterogeneous porous rocks on the behavior at the macroscopic scale. Thus, we characterized the microstructure and micromechanical properties (thanks to nano-indentation tests) of two porous oolitic rocks (Lavoux limestone and iron ore) to calculate their effective mechanical and thermal properties. Oolitic rocks are constituted by an assemblage of porous grains (oolites), pores and inter-granular crystals. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray 3D Computed Tomography were used to identify the different components of these rocks. Particular attention was given to X-Ray computed tomography since this analytical method allows the characterization of the porous network (size, spatial distribution, and volume fraction), and the shapes of oolites and inter-oolitic crystals. The novelty of this work lies in taking into account the 3D real shape of pores. Hence, we approximated porous oolites by spheres and irregularly shaped pores by ellipsoids. This approximation was performed thanks to the principal component analysis (PCA), which provides the geometrical properties such as length of semi-axes and orientation of resulting ellipsoids. The sphericity of the approximated oolites was calculated and the values close to 1 allowed us to consider oolites as spheres. To verify the approximation in the case of pores, we evaluated the contribution of these irregularly shaped three-dimensional pores to the overall elastic properties. Thus, compliance contribution tensors for 3D irregular pores and their ellipsoidal approximations were calculated using the finite element method (FEM). These tensors were compared and a relative error was estimated to evaluate the accuracy of the approximation. This error produces a maximum discrepancy of 4.5% between the two solutions for pores and ellipsoids which verifies the proposed approximation procedure based on PCA. The FEM numerical method was verified by comparing the numerical solution for compliance contribution tensors of ellipsoids to the analytical solution based on Eshelby’s theory. The difference between these two solutions does not exceed 3%. The same numerical method was used to calculate thermal resistivity contribution tensors. Calculated compliance and resistivity contribution tensors were used to evaluate effective elastic properties (bulk modulus and shear coefficient) and effective thermal conductivity by considering the two-step Maxwell homogenization scheme. The results showed an important influence of the porosity on effective properties. Finally, the results obtained for irregular pores were compared to those for ellipsoidal ones and they showed a good agreement with a maximum deviation of 4% which verifies once again the approximation of irregularly shaped pores by tri-axial ellipsoids
Birrien, Florent. "Assimilation de données et inversion bathymétrique pour la modélisation de l'évolution des plages sableuses." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00870775.
Full textTrottier, Nicolas. "Modélisation des écoulement en milieux poreux fracturés : estimation des paramètres par approche inverse multi-échelle." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01037933.
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