Journal articles: 'Subsistence pattern'

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Epps, Patience. "Subsistence pattern and contact-driven language change." Language Dynamics and Change 7, no. 1 (2017): 47–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00602004.

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While it is well known that processes of contact-driven language change are sensitive to socio-cultural factors, the question of whether these apply differently among hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists has engendered considerable debate. These dynamics have been particularly underexplored in the Amazon basin, where high linguistic diversity has until very recently been coupled with a dearth of quality documentation. This investigation undertakes a systematic assessment of the effects of contact on fourteen languages (representing six distinct language families/isolates), spoken by northern Amazonian peoples whose subsistence practices all involve a relative emphasis on hunting and gathering. The effects of contact are assessed via an extensive survey of lexical and grammatical data from nearly a hundred languages of this region, and take into account lexical borrowing, Wanderwort distributions, and grammatical convergence. This comparative approach indicates that most Amazonian foraging-focused peoples have been heavily involved in regional interactive networks over time, as have their more horticulture-dominant neighbors, but that the linguistic effects of contact are variable across subsistence pattern. While subsistence thus does not appear to be correlated with the degree of contact-driven change experienced by the languages of this region, it is, on the other hand, a strong predictor of the direction of influence, which favors a unidirectional farmer-to-forager linguistic transmission.

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S.IP., MA, Sobri. "Konflik Agraria Antara Masyarakat Dengan Perusahaan Pemegang HPHTI di Kabupaten Pelalawan." SISI LAIN REALITA 2, no. 1 (June 25, 2017): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/sisilainrealita.2017.vol2(1).1390.

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Agrarian conflict between the people living in the villages of the pelalawan district is due to the change of government policy related to the pattern of management of natural resources such as forest, land and river, from "subsistence" pattern to the pattern of industrialization in the forestry sector becoming the root of agrarian conflict in Riau province . The change of development policy from the pattern of Subsistence to the pattern of industrialization in the forestry and plantation sectors created by the government led to changes in the control of natural resources such as land, rivers and forests from the "Subsistence" pattern based on ulayat concept, to become widespread land tenure (monopoly) by the owners of capital (the corporations).

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Rafferty, Janet. "Gradual or Step-Wise Change: The Development of Sedentary Settlement Patterns in Northeast Mississippi." American Antiquity 59, no. 3 (July 1994): 405–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282455.

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Culture historians working on the Archaic and Woodland periods in eastern North America have adopted an essentialist view of settlement-subsistence relations, while processual archaeologists often have employed concepts emphasizing transformational relations to characterize settlement-pattern change. Selectionist theory uses detailed examination of variability in explaining change. Seven variables measured on a sequence of seriated Archaic and Woodland assemblages from sites in northeast Mississippi show sudden settlement-pattern change at the beginning of the Middle Woodland; this is interpreted as the advent of settled life in the study area. This case contradicts gradualist and essentialist settlement-subsistence scenarios. Such analyses hold promise for identifying the selective pressures at work when settlement patterns change.

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Sahari, Faridah, Anna Durin, Rahah Hasan, Shahren Ahmad Zaidi Adruce, and Shahri Abdul Rahman. "Adaptability to Settlement Pattern and Choice of Subsistence Activities: Emergence of Material Culture within the Saribas Malay in Betong, Sarawak." SHS Web of Conferences 45 (2018): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184506001.

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Despite many job opportunities in the market and the challenges they have to face, some minority of the Saribas Malay community in Betong, Sarawak is still maintaining traditional subsistence activities in food production based on the nipah tree (locally known as apong) such as gula apong, garam apong cuka apong, jarik mayang, air sadap and the sago tree (locally known as mulong) produce, lemantak. This research examines the choice of subsistence strategies and settlement pattern of the Malay community who inhabit the Saribas region. Through the in-depth interview and participant observation, the finding suggested that reliance on a river as the main highway to connect them to the other parts of Sarawak and river as a source of marine resources determine the choice of linear settlement pattern along the river. The results also suggest that river terrestrial resources; apong and mulong accessibility and abundance availability that influence the community in continuing the traditional subsistence activities (apong and mulong based food production) related to those flora source. As such, the assemblage of material culture that exist within the Saribas Malay community is the representation and manifestation of their choice of settlement pattern and subsistence activities.

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Keene, Deborah A. "Reevaluating Late Prehistoric Coastal Subsistence and Settlement Strategies: New Data from Grove's Creek Site, Skidaway Island, Georgia." American Antiquity 69, no. 4 (October 2004): 671–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4128443.

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This paper tests existing models of coastal subsistence strategies and settlement patterns of the late prehistoric inhabitants of the Southeastern U.S. Atlantic coastal plain. Excavations at Grove's Creek Site (09CH71), Skidaway Island, Georgia were conducted to determine the season of occupation of the site. Paleoethnobotanical and zooarchaeological data were used to determine the subsistence strategies of the inhabitants. Stable isotope analysis of oyster shells is combined with the faunal and botanical data to determine the seasons of occupation of the site. The most notable discovery was the diversity of agricultural plants. Paleoethnobotanical data indicate a spring through autumn occupation, and the stable isotope data indicate winter through summer. Faunal data suggest occupation from spring through early winter. Therefore, the site was occupied year-round. This information, coupled with other data from the Southeastern U.S. Atlantic Coast, suggests a revision to existing subsistence and settlement pattern models. Coastal peoples lived in permanent villages and relied on a mix of agriculture, hunting, fishing, and gathering. Short trips were likely made to procure some resources, but there was not an extensive seasonal round.

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Gavin, Michael C., Patrick H. Kavanagh, Hannah J. Haynie, Claire Bowern, Carol R. Ember, Russell D. Gray, Fiona M. Jordan, et al. "The global geography of human subsistence." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 9 (September 2018): 171897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171897.

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How humans obtain food has dramatically reshaped ecosystems and altered both the trajectory of human history and the characteristics of human societies. Our species' subsistence varies widely, from predominantly foraging strategies, to plant-based agriculture and animal husbandry. The extent to which environmental, social and historical factors have driven such variation is currently unclear. Prior attempts to resolve long-standing debates on this topic have been hampered by an over-reliance on narrative arguments, small and geographically narrow samples, and by contradictory findings. Here we overcome these methodological limitations by applying multi-model inference tools developed in biogeography to a global dataset (818 societies). Although some have argued that unique conditions and events determine each society's particular subsistence strategy, we find strong support for a general global pattern in which a limited set of environmental, social and historical factors predicts an essential characteristic of all human groups: how we obtain our food.

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Dufournaud, C. M., J. T. Quinn, J. J. Harrington, C. C. Yu, P. Abeygumawardena, and R. Franzosa. "A Model of Sustainable Extraction of Nontimber Forest Products in Subsistence Societies." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 27, no. 10 (October 1995): 1667–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a271667.

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The shrinking forest in many parts of the world is a problem often blamed on the patterns of ownership and harvesting by the resource owners. We develop a model which demonstrates that holding a resource in common where there is competition among individuals leads to inefficient harvesting of the resource but cannot lead to the destruction of forests. The same model is used to demonstrate that climatic conditions, low wage rates, and increases in the number of people entitled to harvest the resource are more-likely candidates for variables explaining the destruction of the forest. Examples taken from the Sudan and from China provide evidence that communities alter their pattern of ownership and migration so that they do not exhaust the resource. The main conclusion of the paper is that the behavior of the owners of the resource is not the underlying cause of the destruction of the forest.

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Sassaman, Kenneth E., Meggan E. Blessing, and Asa R. Randall. "Stallings Island Revisited: New Evidence for Occupational History, Community Pattern, and Subsistence Technology." American Antiquity 71, no. 3 (July 2006): 539–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600039809.

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For nearly 150 years Stallings Island, Georgia has figured prominently in the conceptualization of Late Archaic culture in the American Southeast, most notably in its namesake pottery series, the oldest in North America, and more recently, in models of economic change among hunter-gatherer societies broadly classified as the Shell Mound Archaic. Recent fieldwork resulting in new radiocarbon assays from secure contexts pushes back the onset of intensive shellfish gathering at Stallings Island several centuries; enables recognition of a hiatus in occupation that coincides with the regional advent of pottery making; and places abandonment at ca. 3500 B.P. Analysis of collections and unpublished field records from a 1929 Peabody expedition suggests that the final phase of occupation involved the construction of a circular village and plaza complex with household storage and a formalized cemetery, as well as technological innovations to meet the demands of increased settlement permanence. Although there are too few data to assess the degree to which more permanent settlement led to population-resource imbalance, several lines of evidence suggest that economic changes were stimulated by ritual intensification.

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Sassaman, Kenneth E., Meggan E. Blessing, and Asa R. Randall. "Stallings Island Revisited: New Evidence for Occupational History, Community Pattern, and Subsistence Technology." American Antiquity 71, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40035364.

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King, Martin P. "Life and death in the ‘Neolithic’: Dwelling-scapes in southern Britain." European Journal of Archaeology 4, no. 3 (2001): 323–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/eja.2001.4.3.323.

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Using recent work relating to subsistence and residential patterns in the British ‘Neolithic’, I argue that the dispersal of human skeletal material, characteristic of the ‘Neolithic’ in southern Britain, can be seen as the ‘fall-out’ of a dispersed and mobile pattern of residence. This pattern of human skeletal material can therefore be viewed independently from any specific complex and multiple-stage mortuary processes. Further, the role of the stone, timber and earthen constructions that frame this mobile ‘dwelling-scape’ is viewed in relation to their changing visibility as the vegetation changed. I reach the conclusion that the ‘Neolithic’ of southern Britain was one of dispersed and mobile human activity within a dwelling-scape, which was itself in constant flux.

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Morales, Arturo, Eufrasia Roselló, and Francisco Hernández. "Late upper Paleolithic subsistence strategies in southern Iberia: Tardiglacial faunas from Cueva de Nerja (Málaga, Spain)." European Journal of Archaeology 1, no. 1 (1998): 9–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/eja.1998.1.1.9.

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Faunal reports from Magdalenian levels at Cueva de Nerja have been surveyed from both a taxonomic and a paleocultural standpoint in order to spot overall and specific patterns concerning the exploitation of animal resources. Although both diachronic and inter-site comparisons are limited due to the scarcity of data and the assemblages themselves have been studied by different scientists with different aims and methods, both first- and second-order magnitude patterns emerge from this study. The most important pattern concerns the constancy of the main subsistence basis throughout the periods under consideration despite dramatic differences in the diversity of cropped resources. Such a result substantiates, to a certain extent, the hypotheses concerning an intensification of cropping by humans during the latest stages of the upper Paleolithic (a phenomenon which we have named the ‘Tardiglacial paradigm’).

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Sassaman, Kenneth E., Meggan E. Blessing, and Asa R. Randall. "Correction: Stallings Island Revisited: New Evidence for Occupational History, Community Pattern, and Subsistence Technology." American Antiquity 71, no. 4 (October 2006): 796–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40035900.

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Yamauchi, Taro, Masahiro Umezaki, and Ryutaro Ohtsuka. "Physical activity and subsistence pattern of the Huli, a Papua New Guinea Highland population." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 114, no. 3 (2001): 258–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1096-8644(200103)114:3<258::aid-ajpa1024>3.0.co;2-y.

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deFrance, Susan D., and Craig A. Hanson. "Labor, Population Movement, and Food in Sixteenth-Century Ek Balam, Yucatán." Latin American Antiquity 19, no. 3 (September 2008): 299–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1045663500007963.

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Spanish colonization of the Yucatán Peninsula altered traditional patterns of subsistence after Spaniards imposed labor demands and controlled the movement of indigenous Maya. Spaniards established an encomienda and Franciscan visita at Ek Balam in the northern lowlands of the peninsula during the mid-sixteenth century. Complementary forces of doctrina and encomienda fostered the religious, political, and economic subjugation of the Maya. An analysis of zooarchaeological material from an Early Hispanic period feature at the archaeological site of Ek Balam indicates that Spanish restrictions of population movement and restructuring of indigenous labor altered pre-Hispanic patterns of faunal use. Under Spanish hegemony, Maya residents raised small-sized animals of Eurasian origin, especially pigs and chickens, while maintaining the indigenous dog as a primary food source. The animals used at Ek Balam could have been either raised or hunted locally; there is no indication that animals were obtained through either trade or exchange. The pattern of faunal use by indigenous people at Ek Balam differs from Early Hispanic sites in the southern Maya lowlands and elsewhere in the circum-Caribbean. This contrast demonstrates that tropical environmental variability, population density, and Spanish control tactics affected subsistence behavior and the incorporation of introduced fauna in the indigenous diet.

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Febrianto, Redi Sigit, Lisa Dwi Wulandari, and Herry Santosa. "The Spatial Pattern of Teritory on The Landscape-Dwelling Community Juruan Laok Village East Madura." ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 2, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v2i1.41.

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The Madurese community is known as an individual, independent and subsistent corn farming community, identified as having three main territories: residential territory, open space territory and agricultural landscape territory. The distance between clusters of distant residential causes is referred to as individual society as well as independent. The dependence of life on crops causes the distance of dwelling with the agricultural landscape so close that it is called subsistence society. Land-based economic morality, due to the persistence of maintaining spatial territory. So the fundamental question of research is how the third spatial pattern of territory in the village of Laok Madura Madura? The strategy used is ethnography, with qualitative research design. The main data collection methods were in-depth interviews, no open questions, with typical case sampling techniques in four occupancy based on five criteria: civitas, activity, shelter pattern, agricultural landscape pattern and artifacts existence of crop storage object. Internal validation in the form of observation, measurement and architectural documentation, caused by the characteristic of ethnic sub-ethnic of Madura, so that the head of village is not a source of internal validation, but the participant as the owner of the dwelling. The analysis is done by comparing with anthropological-architectural concept, human space concept, also with related theme study. The results obtained at least found the embodiment of the concept of spatial patterns called habitat. The concept of a spatial pattern called habitat consists of: place, environment and landscape. The arrangement of the three forms a hierarchical bubble that places in the environment, while place and environment are in the landscape. Referring to the concept of architectural-anthropological, the hierarchy of these three elements is referred to as: habitat.

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Saparita, Rachmini. "PERKEMBANGAN KOMERSIALISASI PERTANIAN DI INDONESIA DAN PROYEKSINYA 2005-2050." Jurnal AGRISEP 4, no. 2 (September 1, 2005): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.4.2.1-16.

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This article identified the growth commercial agriculture through diversification of crops to predict the process of agricultural transformation in Indonesia. The result showed that the growth of commercial agriculture was varied. Some provinces, such as Jakarta, West Java, North and West Sumatera, Riau, Kalimantan, Midle and South Sulawesi, which had low index, commercialization worked well. The economic pattern of their farmer changed from subsistence to commercial. Agricultural development in those provinces entered to the growth and advanced stages of agricultural transformation. However, others provinces, which had high index, commercial agriculture worked poorly. For all provinces outside Java islands, the cause of those high indexes were predicted by several factors, such as lack of infrastructure, remote areas, and other limitations, so that business accesses to outside areas were not run well. For all provinces inside Java islands, the cause was predicted by the excessive of subsistence agriculture, so that commercial agriculture was delayed, while other areas were suited for various food crops type. From that situation it could be concluded that agricultural development was not spread equally for every province in Indonesia. Since agricultural development policies were such as the existing strategies, the growth of commercial agriculture were predicted would not affect the increase of farmer’s income, because the growth was not caused by transformation of agricultural economic pattern from subsistence to commercial, but was caused by agriculture household enlargement. Consequently, the government should apply land reform policy immediately.Key words: agricultural diversification, agricultural commercialization, agricultural transformation, and agricultural development

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Fernando, M. R. "Growth of Non-agricultural Economic Activities in Java in the Middle Decades of the Nineteenth Century." Modern Asian Studies 30, no. 1 (February 1996): 77–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00014098.

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The indigenous population in Java, it is generally believed, remained by and large subsistence peasants under the colonial rule in the nineteenth century. It is argued that the Javanese could not participate in the estate plantation industry or ‘transform their general pattern of already intensive farming in an extensive direction, for they lacked capital, had no way to shuck off excess labor’. Their access to waste land to became restricted and consequently they sought refuge in the wet-rice cultivation which ‘soaked up almost the whole of the’ population in a process of ‘agricultural involution’, which ‘went on steadily’ during the nineteenthcentury.’ Thus Javanese were confined to the subsistence agriculture for their living because they had neither. capital nor opportunity to embark upon a path of economic development characterized by economic diversity.

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Bascopé, Grace Lloyd, Thomas Guderjan, and Will McClatchey. "Colleagues and Friends: When Collaboration Becomes a Win, Win, Win—The Botanical Research Institute of Texas and Maya Research Program Work Together to Help an Archaeology Project Better Interpret and Protect a Small Portion of Rain Forest." Practicing Anthropology 42, no. 4 (September 1, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/0888-4552.42.4.33.

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Abstract Maya Research Program (MRP) has conducted archaeological investigations in Northwestern Belize for twenty plus years. We received a grant from the Botanical Research Institute of Texas to make plant collections in a rainforest remnant, home to the archaeological site of Grey Fox. The team at MRP wished to understand the forest to protect it and the site. In collaboration, we rendered samples of most plant species there, documented ethnobotanical information about the specimens, and gave new insights into ways the collections could be queried to potentially shed light on Ancient Maya plant use and adaptations, subsistence pattern evolution, climate change patterns, and more.

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Surowiec, Alexandra, Kate T. Snyder, and Nicole Creanza. "A worldwide view of matriliny: using cross-cultural analyses to shed light on human kinship systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1780 (July 15, 2019): 20180077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0077.

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Although matriliny and matrilocality are relatively rare in contemporary human populations, these female-based descent and residence systems are present in different cultural contexts and across the globe. Previous research has generated numerous hypotheses about which cultural traits are associated with the stability or loss of matrilineal descent. In addition, several studies have examined matrilineal descent with phylogenetic analyses; however, the use of language phylogenies has restricted these analyses to comparisons within a single language family, often confined to a single continent. Cross-cultural comparisons are particularly informative when they account for the relationships between widely distributed populations, as opposed to treating each population as an independent sample or focusing on a single region. Here, we study the evolution of descent systems on a worldwide scale. First, we test for significant associations between matriliny and numerous cultural traits that have been theoretically associated with its stability or loss, such as subsistence strategy, animal domestication, mating system, residence pattern, wealth transfer and property succession. In addition, by combining genetic and linguistic information to build a global supertree that includes 16 matrilineal populations, we also perform phylogenetically controlled analyses to assess the patterns of correlated evolution between descent and other traits: for example, does a change in subsistence strategy generally predict a shift in the rules of descent, or do these transitions happen independently? These analyses enable a worldwide perspective on the pattern and process of the evolution of matriliny and matrilocality. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of female-biased kinship in humans and other mammals’.

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Halwas, Sara, and Anne C. Worley. "Incorporating Chenopodium berlandieri into a Seasonal Subsistence Pattern: Implications of Biological Traits for Cultural Choices." Journal of Ethnobiology 39, no. 4 (December 20, 2019): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-39.4.510.

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Mosher, G. M., M. O. Smith, J. L. Albrecht, and V. P. Salaka. "Treponemal Disease, Tuberculosis and Subsistence-settlement Pattern in the Late Woodland Period West-central Illinois." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 25, no. 5 (September 20, 2013): 776–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.2344.

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Novita, Aryandini, and Ari Mukti Wardoyo Adi. "ASPEK GEOARKEOLOGI TERHADAP STRATEGI SUBSISTENSI MASYARAKAT DI PESISIR SELATAN BELITUNG DARI ABAD KE-19 SAMPAI AWAL ABAD KE-20 MASEHI." Naditira Widya 14, no. 2 (December 7, 2020): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/nw.v14i2.425.

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Manusia dapat melakukan berbagai aktivitas untuk bertahan hidup sesuai dengan lingkungan fisik di sekitarnya, dan pada akhirnya menyisakan bentanglahan yang sedemikian rupa saat ini. Dalam upaya bertahan hidup, strategi subsistensi merupakan faktor paling mendasar dalam aktivitas kehidupan manusia. Rekonstruksi aktivitas manusia dalam menjalankan strategi subsistensinya pada masa lalu dapat dilakukan dengan mengkaji lingkungan fisik dan tinggalan arkeologi yang tersisa. Pulau Belitung memiliki peranan penting pada masa kolonial karena kondisi geografisnya. Potensi tambang timahnya mampu menarik perhatian pemerintah Hindia-Belanda untuk mulai melakukan eksploitasi pada abad ke-19 Masehi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami pola aktivitas masyarakat di pesisir selatan Pulau Belitung dalam menjalankan strategi subsistensinya dari abad ke-19 hingga awal abad ke-20 Masehi, dengan menggunakan pendekatan geoarkeologi. Variabel yang digunakan sebagai dasar analisis adalah topografi, morfologi, bentuklahan, serta distribusi situs arkeologi dan jenis temuan arkeologi yang ditinggalkan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pola aktivitas masyarakat di pesisir selatan Pulau Belitung melibatkan dua ekosistem, yakni perairan dan kelekak. Dua ekosistem tersebut memiliki kedudukan penting dalam kehidupan sehari-hari masyarakat di pesisir selatan Pulau Belitung, di mana tambang timah merupakan produk yang mayoritas dieksploitasi. Humans can carry out various activities to survive following the physical environment around them, and eventually, leaving such landscapes as it is today. To survive, the subsistence strategy is the most fundamental factor in human life activities. The reconstruction of human activities in carrying out their subsistence strategy in the past can be done by examining the physical environment and the remaining archaeological remnants. Pulau Belitung played an important role during the colonial period due to its geographical conditions. The potential for tin mining was able to attract the attention of the Dutch East Indies government to start exploiting it in the 19th century. This study aims to comprehend the pattern of community activity on the southern coast of Pulau Belitung in carrying out its subsistence strategy from the 19th to the early 20th century, using a geoarcheological approach. The variables used as the basis for the analysis are topography, morphology, landform, and distribution of archaeological sites and the types of archaeological items left behind. The results of this study indicate that the pattern of community activity on the southern coast of Pulau Belitung Island involves two ecosystems, which are aquatic and kelekak. The two ecosystems have an important position in the daily life of the people on the southern coast of Pulau Belitung, where tin mining is the product that is mostly exploited.

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Balama, Chelestino, Suzana Augustino, Danford Mwaiteleke, Leopord P. Lusambo, and Fortunatus B. S. Makonda. "Economic Valuation of Nontimber Forest Products under the Changing Climate in Kilombero District, Tanzania." International Journal of Forestry Research 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7893143.

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Sustainable collection of Nontimber Forest Products (NTFPs) for trade is an appropriate measure to increase people’s adaptive capacity against adverse effects of climate change. However, information on the economic value for NTFPs for subsistence use and trade under the changing climate is inadequate, particularly in households around Iyondo Forest Reserve (IFR), in Kilombero District, Tanzania. The study identified and quantified NTFPs used for subsistence and trade, estimated its economic value, and examined factors influencing supply of NTFPs at household level. Data were collected through Focus Group Discussions, key informant interviews, questionnaire survey of 208 sample households, and spot market analysis to randomly selected NTFPs collectors, sellers, and buyers. The study identified 12 NTFPs used for subsistence and trade, which was evaluated in terms of the mean annual value per household. The mean annual value of the identified NTFPs ranged from TZS 4700 to 886 600. The estimated economic value of the studied NTFPs was TZS 51.4 billion (USD 36 million). The supply of NTFPs at household level was influenced by distance to the forest, change in forest management regime, seasonality, and change in rainfall pattern. NTFPs around IFR have high economic value which portrays the potential of developing them to enhance households’ adaptive capacity against climate change adverse effects.

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Arakawa, Fumiyasu, Christopher Nicholson, and Jeff Rasic. "The Consequences of Social Processes: Aggregate Populations, Projectile Point Accumulation, and Subsistence Patterns in the American Southwest." American Antiquity 78, no. 1 (January 2013): 147–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.78.1.147.

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AbstractTracking broad-scale behavioral patterns using both lithics and faunal remains offers one line of evidence for investigating both prehistoric subsistence activities and the consequences of aggregation and increases in population size. Accumulation research, which examines the ratio of projectile points to cooking pottery sherds from the same context, shows a higher ratio of projectile points in areas with lower population densities. This pattern holds true when examining faunal assemblages and large-game procurement practices from A.D. 900 to 1300 in southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah. This research demonstrates that social processes such as aggregation and increases in population density influence human hunting strategies as much as changes in natural environment, which lead to changes in a group’s dietary regime.

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Lentz, David L., Carlos R. Ramírez, and Bronson W. Griscom. "Formative-Period Subsistence and Forest-Product Extraction at the Yarumela Site, Honduras." Ancient Mesoamerica 8, no. 1 (1997): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536100001577.

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AbstractAnalysis of paleoethnobotanical remains from the Yaramela site in central Honduras has provided insights into subsistence activities, resource-extraction preferences from surrounding ecological zones, and the transfer of plant materials through interregional exchange networks during the Formative and Late Classic periods. Remains of maize (Zea mays) and squash (Cucurbitasp.) were found as well as the wood of a number of tree species, for example, pine (Pinussp.), oak (Quercussp.), fig (Ficussp.), timber sweet (Licariasp.), andguanacaste (Enterolobium cyclocarpum). These woods were obtained from the upland pine-oak savanna, the tropical deciduous forest of the Comayagua Valley, and the circum-riverine community along the Humuya River. In an unusual discovery, the wood of cashew (Anacardiumcf.occidentale) was found in Middle Formative contexts. This, most likely an introduced domesticate from South America, appears to be the earliest record ofAnacardiumfor Honduras. Paleoethnobotanical data along with root-processing artifacts indicate a diversified subsistence pattern based on domesticates of Mesoamerican and South American origin.

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Watts, Christopher M., Christine D. White, and Fred J. Longstaffe. "Childhood Diet and Western Basin Tradition Foodways at the Krieger Site, Southwestern Ontario, Canada." American Antiquity 76, no. 3 (July 2011): 446–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.76.3.446.

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In this article, we discuss new stable isotope data obtained from human dental tissue at the Krieger site, a Late Woodland Western Basin Tradition occupation from southwestern Ontario, Canada. These data point to significant maize consumption within an otherwise diffuse subsistence economy and settlement pattern geared toward the occupation of short-term campsites. The degree of maize consumption at Krieger implies the necessity for storage and year-round use. We suggest that maize horticultural practices during this time were as intensive as those suggested for contemporary and more sedentary Iroquoian groups to the east yet were accommodated without major changes to other aspects of the subsistence-settlement regime. Furthermore, the absence of a breastfeeding signal in the dental tissue not only implicates women in the role of maize production but might also imply demographic consequences. Accordingly, and with reference to comparative data, we suggest that notions of food production be recast and decoupled from the advent of sedentary lifeways in the lower Great Lakes region.

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Gorton, Matthew, and John White. "The Politics of Agrarian Collapse: Decollectivisation in Moldova." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 17, no. 2 (May 2003): 305–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325403017002006.

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While all Central and East European countries have reformed their relationships between agriculture and the state, this process has been particularly fraught in Moldova. The post-Soviet era has witnessed a sustained conflict between communists, agrarian nationalists, and economic liberals over the reform of state and collective farms. However, attempts to enact agrarian nationalist and neoliberal visions of agriculture in Moldova have largely failed. Instead, reforms have created a subsistence-based agricultural sector with a fragmented pattern of land management and have not dealt with trade reorientation. Collective farm managers, while portrayed as impediments to efficiency, private sector agriculture prior to decollectivisation, have become the main agents of much-needed land consolidation after reform. The plans for decollectivisation, pioneered by international agencies, placed too little emphasis on creating institutions to inhibit excessive fragmentation as part of the reform process in itself and are only now facing these problems after the dramatic rise in subsistence production.

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Amanolahi, Sekandar. "Traditional Economy of the Herder-Horticulturists of South Iran." Iran and the Caucasus 14, no. 1 (2010): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338410x12743419189261.

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AbstractThe traditional ecological adaptation of the herder-horticulturists of South Iran represents a distinct pattern of subsistence and a different type of adaptation. Being neither pastoral nomads nor sedentary agriculturists, their economy is maintained by a combination of herding (mainly goats) and cultivation of semi-wild orchards and rose bushes on the high altitudes, without the use of irrigation. This study is predominantly based on the field-work materials recorded during several years in the late 1980s.

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Sapkota, Keshav Bhakta. "Impact of World Trade Organization on Demand Pattern and Opportunities to Tea Farmers in Nepal." Tribhuvan University Journal 30, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v30i2.25549.

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Nepal became member of WTO after it adopted open market and economic liberalization policy. Obviously, this kind of membership tow TO could have some kind of implications on Nepalese market. This article is based on the empirical data generated through intensive fieldwork. This article reveals that after Nepal became member of WTO it has direct impact on the demand pattern of Nepalese market. But there is no influence in the creation of new employment opportunities. However, farmers have got different opportunities of getting trainings and access to formal and informal education. More importantly, access to WTO has transformed tea farming from subsistence to commercial and thus increasing the demand of Nepalese tea in international market.

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Vargo, Jack, and Donna Vargo. "The Feasibility of and Requirements for Establishing A Comparative Faunal Collection." North American Archaeologist 6, no. 4 (April 1986): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/5hwp-y37y-qyt7-le6n.

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While a comparative faunal collection would be convenient in one's own laboratory, consideration must be given to sources, preparation, and storage of the animal carcasses and skeletons, federal and state laws, and transmittable diseases. The identification of bones by genus and species, age, and sex is only the first step and is not an end in itself. An experienced zooarchaeologist knows the habits and habitats of mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish to interpret their role in a society's subsistence pattern.

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Todd, Lawrence C., Jack L. Hofman, and C. Bertrand Schultz. "Seasonality of the Scottsbluff and Lipscomb Bison Bonebeds: Implications for Modeling Paleoindian Subsistence." American Antiquity 55, no. 4 (October 1990): 813–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281252.

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The Scottsbluff and Lipscomb bison bonebeds initially were excavated in the 1930s. Although only brief, preliminary reports have been published on the two sites, they since have been cited widely in discussions of Paleoindian hunting practices on the western Plains. The Scottsbluff and Lipscomb sites both represent mass deaths associated with Cody Complex and Folsom artifacts respectively. Analysis of eruption and wear of the lower dentitions indicates that the Scottsbluff bison died during late spring to summer, and those at Lipscomb died only slightly later in the year (late summer to early fall). Thus, although often cited in the “yet-another-bison-bonebed” category, these two sites exhibit a pattern of seasonal mortality that is different from the generally reported tendency for Paleoindian kills to have taken place in the late fall or winter.

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Starling, N. J. "Colonization and Succession: The Earlier Neolithic of Central Europe." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 51, no. 1 (December 1985): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00007027.

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Models of population and resource pressure to explain developments such as technological innovation, increasing cultural complexity and competition and warfare, have been commonly used in studies of the earlier neolithic (Bandkeramikand early TRB) of Central Europe, in the fifth and fourth millennia bc. The usefulness of such models is questioned for this period, with reference in particular to Central Germany. After initial colonization, there was no simple pattern of continuous settlement expansion; rather, initially widespread settlement developed generally into a more aggregated pattern, with a contraction of the settlement area and virtually no internal or external expansion of settlement. Models of environmental change or resource exhaustion to explain these developments are also challenged, and emphasis placed on social and subsistence changes which provided the impetus for the dynamics of the settlement pattern. Changes in settlement, with the emergence of larger villages and enclosures, culminating in the appearance of major enclosure sites and a break in settlement continuity in the early TRB, are linked with other developments; the regionalization of culture, changes in material culture and burial types, and social organization. The origins of the settlement and social patterns in this period can be seen, not in the changes forced by external factors, but in the internal developments of the neolithic groups themselves.

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Lasiak, Theresa. "Temporal and spatial variations in the pattern of shoreline utilization in a region subject to subsistence exploitation." International Journal of Environmental Studies 52, no. 1-4 (January 1997): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207239708711094.

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Zappulla, Carmelo, Cristian Suau, and Alenka Fikfak. "THE PATTERN MAKING OF MEGA-SLUMS ON SEMANTICS IN SLUM URBAN CULTURES." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 38, no. 4 (December 23, 2014): 247–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2014.987368.

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Mega-slums are dynamic laboratories for urban pattern making. Instead of surveying about stable urban symbols represented by formal orders and regular geometries, this study explores the semantic meaning of informal urbanism associated with chaos or randomness and often ignored by critique and conventions. Slums are forms of ‘instant urbanity’ that underscore alternative ways of self-organisation, which include bottom-up strategies, autonomous urban dynamics and spatial activation by remaking. Are slum patterns representing a lack of symbolism or, on contrary, rich, complex, and fluid urban idioms? Urban informality without planning offers immense opportunities to investigate resilient urban forms and languages as complex systems throughout self-ruled structures. Slums are not only the result of urban economic asymmetries and social marginalisation but the elementary construction of survival urbanism, a randomised, agile and transformative pattern system. Slum making is a form of subsistence urbanity that constructs transitory, elusive or spontaneous geometries. They differ in sizes, magnitudes and geometries regarding cultural, climatic and topographic conditions. Slums are unstable systems in continuous transformation. This essay questions the stigmatisation of informalised urban patterns as ‘other’ unclassified codes by analysing a selection of twenty mega-slums in the Americas, Africa and Asia regarding semantics, urban and geometrical meanings. Their urban tissues contain various symbols that activate the every-day production of spaces. They can be visible or invisible; passive or active; and formal or informal. A taxonomic tree of slums was developed to compare and map slum regions to describe similarities and differences among the selected case studies. From this analysis, a profound discourse appeared between informal settlements: tissue-patterns at macro level and cell-patterns in micro urbanisation. Does the macro pattern inform the micro, or vice versa?

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Matson, R. G., and Brian Chisholm. "Basketmaker II Subsistence: Carbon Isotopes and Other Dietary Indicators from Cedar Mesa, Utah." American Antiquity 56, no. 3 (July 1991): 444–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/280894.

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Four separate lines of evidence show that the Cedar Mesa Basketmaker II were dependent on maize horticulture: the settlement pattern of the mesa-top Basketmaker II; stable carbon-isotope analysis of Basketmaker and other skeletal remains from the Cedar Mesa area; and two different analyses of coprolites and midden constituents from the Turkey Pen Cave site (a Basketmaker II site in Grand Gulch, which drains parts of Cedar Mesa). All of these analyses concur with a dependence on maize horticulture for the Cedar Mesa Basketmaker II, a dependence not differing significantly from later Pueblo inhabitants of Cedar Mesa and elsewhere. Whether other Basketmaker II variants were as reliant on maize is uncertain, but there are good indications that at least some, and probably all, were. By 2,000 years ago the Basketmaker II peoples on Cedar Mesa were not modified hunters and gatherers, but relied on maize.

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Gärdebo, Johan, and Daniel Löwenborg. "Smallholding Travel in the Agrarian Revolution: Using a Farmer Diary to Map Spatio-temporal Patterns in Late Nineteenth Century Sweden." International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing 10, no. 2 (October 2016): 179–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ijhac.2016.0169.

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This article is an exploratory study using a smallholding diary and GIS to project the spatio-temporal pattern of a smallholding's travel in late nineteenth century Sweden. Through time-series of smallholding's daily diary notes, we develop an understanding for how smallholders adjusted to and participated in Swedish government policy, which resulted in the process termed ‘agrarian revolution’. Between 1872–1892, Tomtas Smallholding altered its spatio-temporal patterns from seasonal travels to production according to market demands and along new lines of transportation like railways. While the smallholding also used railways to visit distant places, it was primarily their produce that travelled further unto international markets. This also influenced the smallholding demography, from an extended household towards a nuclear family. As market demands shifted from subsistence to dairy products, the smallholding contracted primarily female farm servants due to their specialisation in milking.

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Rasyid, Rusman, Gufran D. Dirawan, Ramli Umar, and Nurlita Pertiwi. "Analisis Indikasi dan Pola Kemiskinan Masyarakat Di Kota Makassar Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan." UNM Environmental Journals 1, no. 1 (December 22, 2017): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/uej.v1i1.5402.

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Makassar city as the capital of South Sulawesi, can not be spared from the phenomenon ofpoverty. The development of Makassar relatively rapidly the last few years have led to thiscity was the destination of migration from other cities in eastern Indonesia that has a levelof development and high population density. This has implications for the increase in thenumber of poor people in this city. Sekaitan with it, this paper aims to present an analysisof the patterns of poverty in Makassar conducted descriptive based on informationgathered through observations, interviews with informants in 100 poor households assamples taken proportionally. The results of these studies show that the poor in Makassartend to fall into the pattern of subsistence poverty, poverty, poverty of protection andunderstanding, but not forming patterns of participation poverty, poverty or lack ofliberties identity. The results of this paper are expected to identify the characteristics of thetypology and determine patterns of urban poor groups that are highly relevant to anattempt by the government to tackle the problem of poverty.

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Klokov, K. B. "Evolution of the subsistence pattern of indigenous population of the coast of Southern Chukotka: energy and resources aspects." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 302 (August 6, 2019): 012077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/302/1/012077.

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Fujita, H., H. Hashimoto, S. Shoda, and T. Suzuki. "Dental Caries Prevalence as a Product of Agriculture and Subsistence Pattern at the Yean-ri Site, South Korea." Caries Research 45, no. 6 (2011): 524–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000331920.

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Schnorr, Stephanie L. "The soil in our microbial DNA informs about environmental interfaces across host and subsistence modalities." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1812 (October 5, 2020): 20190577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0577.

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In this study, I use microbiome datasets from global soil samples and diverse hosts to learn whether soil microbial taxa are found in host microbiomes, and whether these observations fit the narrative that environmental interaction influences human microbiomes. A major motivation for conducting host-associated microbiome research is to contribute towards understanding how the environment may influence host physiology. The microbial molecular network is considered a key vector by which environmental traits may be transmitted to the host. Research on human evolution seeks evidence that can inform about the living experiences of human ancestors. This objective is substantially enhanced by recent work on ancient biomolecules from preserved microbial tissues, such as dental calculus, faecal sediments and whole coprolites. A challenge yet is to distinguish authentic biomolecules from environmental contaminants deposited contemporaneously, primarily from soil. However, we do not have sound expectations about the soil microbial elements arriving to host-associated microbiomes in a modern context. One assumption in human microbiome research is that proximity to the natural environment should affect biodiversity or impart genetic elements. I present evidence supporting the assumption that environmental soil taxa are found among host-associated gut taxa, which can recapitulate the surrounding host habitat ecotype. Soil taxa found in gut microbiomes relate to a set of universal ‘core’ taxa for all soil ecotypes, demonstrating that widespread host organisms may experience a consistent pattern of external environmental cues, perhaps critical for development. Observed differentiation of soil feature diversity, abundance and composition among human communities, great apes and invertebrate hosts also indicates that lifestyle patterns are inferable from an environmental signal that is retrievable from gut microbiome amplicon data. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Insights into health and disease from ancient biomolecules’.

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Grønnow, Bjarne. "Living at a High Arctic Polynya: Inughuit Settlement and Subsistence around the North Water during the Thule Station Period, 1910–53." ARCTIC 69, no. 5 (October 21, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic4573.

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The settlement and subsistence patterns of the Inughuit of the Avanersuaq (Thule area) are described and analyzed for the years 1910 to 1953, when Knud Rasmussen’s trading station at Dundas was active. Inughuit subsistence was based on the rich biotic resources of the North Water polynya between Ellesmere Island and Greenland, but the analysis shows that trade, primarily with fox furs at the Thule Station, also played a major role in shaping the settlement pattern of the period. During the Thule Station Period, the named winter settlements amounted to c. 40 sites; however, only 10–15 of them were settled at any given time. The Inughuit settlement close to the station, Uummannaq, soon became the largest site in the area. The sources enable us to follow changes of residence of some hunting families over four decades. By moving their winter sites every second or third year, the families gained primary knowledge of the topography and seasonal variation of the hunting grounds in the entire Thule district during their active years. In the same way, they connected with diverse family networks through the years. Tracing the sledge routes that connected the sites over great distances reveals how decisive proximity to main and escape routes over the Ice Cap was for site location. Dog sledge technology, and thus capacity to transport people, gear, and stored food, boomed during the Thule Station Period with the wealth created from trade and access to raw materials. Mapping the main hunting grounds on the sea ice and modeling the hunters’ annual range of possibilities for accessing different game—mainly walrus, ringed seal, narwhal, and sea birds (plus some caribou)—showed that ringed seal formed the bread and butter of the subsistence economy. However, bulk resources, gained in particular from intensive spring walrus hunts at a few hot spots, as well as carefully timed consumption and sharing of the stored meat and blubber, were keys to life at the North Water polynya. Temporary settlement at the trading stations in the area—a couple of winters at a time—was also part of the risk management strategy of the Inughuit.

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42

Masson, Marilyn A. "Cultural Transformation at the Maya Postclassic Community of Laguna de On, Belize." Latin American Antiquity 8, no. 4 (December 1997): 293–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/972105.

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Comparisons of Late Classic (A.D. 600-900) and Early-to-Middle Postclassic (A.D. 1000-1400) settlements at Laguna de On illuminate the transformation of Maya society at the community level in the aftermath of the Classic-period collapse. Affluent subsistence production communities such as Laguna de On reflect the emergence of the village as a focal point for social, political, and economic organization at this time, a pattern that persists in the Maya Lowlands to this day. Ties with the past are observed in comparisons of Classic-to-Postclassic domestic and public architectural efforts, burial patterns, faunal remains, lithic tool production and use, and settlement strategy at Laguna de On. Although some technological and material differences are observed in household assemblages of each period, the changes are not interpreted as material reflections of population replacement or ethnic difference. Postcollapse Belize Maya community organization and domestic patterns are analyzed as scaled-down transformations of Classic-period institutions in response to altered conditions of regional demography, ecology, and political geography.

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Furquim, Laura P., Jennifer Watling, Lautaro M. Hilbert, Myrtle P. Shock, Gabriela Prestes-Carneiro, Cristina Marilin Calo, Anne R. Py-Daniel, et al. "Facing Change through Diversity: Resilience and Diversification of Plant Management Strategies during the Mid to Late Holocene Transition at the Monte Castelo Shellmound, SW Amazonia." Quaternary 4, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat4010008.

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Recent advances in the archaeology of lowland South America are furthering our understanding of the Holocene development of plant cultivation and domestication, cultural niche construction, and relationships between environmental changes and cultural strategies of food production. This article offers new data on plant and landscape management and mobility in Southwestern Amazonia during a period of environmental change at the Middle to Late Holocene transition, based on archaeobotanical analysis of the Monte Castelo shellmound, occupied between 6000 and 650 yr BP and located in a modern, seasonally flooded savanna–forest mosaic. Through diachronic comparisons of carbonized plant remains, phytoliths, and starch grains, we construct an ecology of resource use and explore its implications for the long-term history of landscape formation, resource management practices, and mobility. We show how, despite important changes visible in the archaeological record of the shellmound during this period, there persisted an ancient, local, and resilient pattern of plant management which implies a degree of stability in both subsistence and settlement patterns over the last 6000 years. This pattern is characterized by management practices that relied on increasingly diversified, rather than intensive, food production systems. Our findings have important implications in debates regarding the history of settlement permanence, population growth, and carrying capacity in the Amazon basin.

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Cramp, Lucy J. E., Jennifer Jones, Alison Sheridan, Jessica Smyth, Helen Whelton, Jacqui Mulville, Niall Sharples, and Richard P. Evershed. "Immediate replacement of fishing with dairying by the earliest farmers of the northeast Atlantic archipelagos." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1780 (April 7, 2014): 20132372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2372.

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The appearance of farming, from its inception in the Near East around 12 000 years ago, finally reached the northwestern extremes of Europe by the fourth millennium BC or shortly thereafter. Various models have been invoked to explain the Neolithization of northern Europe; however, resolving these different scenarios has proved problematic due to poor faunal preservation and the lack of specificity achievable for commonly applied proxies. Here, we present new multi-proxy evidence, which qualitatively and quantitatively maps subsistence change in the northeast Atlantic archipelagos from the Late Mesolithic into the Neolithic and beyond. A model involving significant retention of hunter–gatherer–fisher influences was tested against one of the dominant adoptions of farming using a novel suite of lipid biomarkers, including dihydroxy fatty acids, ω-( o -alkylphenyl)alkanoic acids and stable carbon isotope signatures of individual fatty acids preserved in cooking vessels. These new findings, together with archaeozoological and human skeletal collagen bulk stable carbon isotope proxies, unequivocally confirm rejection of marine resources by early farmers coinciding with the adoption of intensive dairy farming. This pattern of Neolithization contrasts markedly to that occurring contemporaneously in the Baltic, suggesting that geographically distinct ecological and cultural influences dictated the evolution of subsistence practices at this critical phase of European prehistory.

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Musiolek, Bettina. "Die Informalisierung der Textil- und Bekleidungserzeugung am historischen und aktuellen osteuropäischen Beispiel." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 29, no. 117 (December 1, 1999): 579–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v29i117.798.

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History and today's development of the garment industry include an intensive coexistence between forms of informal and formal labour which both provide the conditions for each other. The establishment of the female ‚supplementary labour‘ as against the male proletarian breadwinner belongs essentially to this process and constitutes a background for ‚normal‘ violations of labour rights in the garment industry. Eastern Europe's garment production still show the pattern of accumulation at the expense of underpaid, partly or fully informal labour and subsistence economy. Present initiatives within the civil society call for codes of conduct and a living wage as instruments to include informal labour in social regulation throughout the subcontracting chain.

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Valsecchi, J., HR El Bizri, and JEC Figueira. "Subsistence hunting of Cuniculus pacain the middle of the Solimões River, Amazonas, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 74, no. 3 (August 2014): 560–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/bjb.2014.0098.

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Ungulates, large primates and caviomorfs are cited by Amazonian hunters as preferred species. In this research, paca (Cuniculus paca) hunting was investigated in relation to water levels and the lunar cycle. In eight years of monitoring in the Amanã Sustainable Development Reserve, the killing of 625 pacas was registered in five monitored communities. Paca hunting took place mainly at night and the most commonly used method is “spotlighting”. A positive correlation between the number of pacas killed and water level (rs=0.890; p<0.0001) was found. At least 37% of the pacas were hunted when moon illumination level was less than 10%, before moonrise or after moonset. In the Boa Esperança community, capture of paca tended to decrease on nights with high moon illumination (rs= −0.663; p=0.067). At the same time, an expressive catch-per-unity-effort decrease was also observed in this community (r2= −0.881; p<0.001), allowing us to predict unsustainable hunting levels for the next decade. The stock of animals in these areas could be continuously replaced if surrounding areas consisted of continuous forests. However, continuous hunting and deforestation force local hunters to travel longer distances to kill prey such as pacas. The confirmation of the relation between paca habits and lunar illumination and water level, a pattern described by local hunters, demonstrates the potential value of participatory research and the possibility of integrating traditional knowledge into scientific knowledge.

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Chattopadhyaya, Umesh C. "Settlement pattern and the spatial organization of subsistence and mortuary practices in the Mesolithic Ganges valley, north‐central India." World Archaeology 27, no. 3 (March 1996): 461–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1996.9980320.

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48

Polley, Shamik, Sandra Louzada, Diego Forni, Manuela Sironi, Theodosius Balaskas, David S. Hains, Fengtang Yang, and Edward J. Hollox. "Evolution of the rapidly mutating human salivary agglutinin gene (DMBT1) and population subsistence strategy." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 16 (April 6, 2015): 5105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1416531112.

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The dietary change resulting from the domestication of plant and animal species and development of agriculture at different locations across the world was one of the most significant changes in human evolution. An increase in dietary carbohydrates caused an increase in dental caries following the development of agriculture, mediated by the cariogenic oral bacteriumStreptococcus mutans. Salivary agglutinin [SAG, encoded by the deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 (DMBT1) gene] is an innate immune receptor glycoprotein that binds a variety of bacteria and viruses, and mediates attachment ofS. mutansto hydroxyapatite on the surface of the tooth. In this study we show that multiallelic copy number variation (CNV) withinDMBT1is extensive across all populations and is predicted to result in between 7–20 scavenger–receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domains within each SAG molecule. Direct observation of de novo mutation in multigeneration families suggests these CNVs have a very high mutation rate for a protein-coding locus, with a mutation rate of up to 5% per gamete. Given that the SRCR domains bindS. mutansand hydroxyapatite in the tooth, we investigated the association of sequence diversity at the SAG-binding gene ofS. mutans, andDMBT1CNV. Furthermore, we show thatDMBT1CNV is also associated with a history of agriculture across global populations, suggesting that dietary change as a result of agriculture has shaped the pattern of CNV atDMBT1, and that theDMBT1-S. mutansinteraction is a promising model of host-pathogen-culture coevolution in humans.

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McCoy, Mark D. "A Revised Late Holocene Culture History for Moloka'i Island, Hawai'i." Radiocarbon 49, no. 3 (2007): 1273–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200043186.

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Building directly upon a previous summary of 45 dates (Weisler 1989), this paper presents radiocarbon age determinations for 175 samples from archaeological and natural contexts and a revised culture history of Moloka'i Island, Hawai'i (cal AD 800 and 1795). Significant culture historical trends include an early settlement pattern apparently generalized with respect to ecozone; a remarkably long initial period of marine and endemic bird exploitation; strong material evidence for the concurrent intensification of subsistence economies, population increase, and the structuring of the social landscape through ritual; and links between island politics as described in oral traditions and site construction. Moreover, these results support a late chronology for the colonization of Hawai'i and demonstrate the value of spatial technology for building large chronometric databases.

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Cannon, Aubrey, and Dongya Y. Yang. "Early Storage and Sedentism on the Pacific Northwest Coast: Ancient DNA Analysis of Salmon Remains from Namu, British Columbia." American Antiquity 71, no. 1 (January 2006): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40035324.

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Ancient DNA identification of salmon remains from the site of Namu on the central coast of British Columbia shows use of a variety of species and an emphasis on pink salmon over the course of the past 7,000 years. These results support arguments that Namu was a permanent village settlement dependent on a salmon storage economy throughout this time. This pattern of subsistence and settlement predates by several millennia the first substantial evidence for population expansion or social differentiation in the region. Periodic salmon shortages in the period after 2000 cal B.C., which are associated with local and regional disruptions in settlement and increased reliance on more marginal resources, appear to be the result of failures in the pink salmon fishery.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Subsistence pattern'

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