Relevant bibliographies by topics / Subsistence patterns

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Subsistence patterns'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Subsistence patterns"

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Sepez, Jennifer. "Historical Ecology Of Makah Subsistence Foraging Patterns." Journal of Ethnobiology 28, no. 1 (March 2008): 110–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771(2008)28[110:heomsf]2.0.co;2.

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Fall, James A. "Regional Patterns of Fish and Wildlife Harvests in Contemporary Alaska." ARCTIC 69, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic4547.

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Subsistence harvests of fish and wildlife play a vital role in the economies and ways of life of rural Alaska communities. State and federal laws establish a priority for subsistence over other fishing and hunting. These laws recognize that the economic, cultural, and social role of subsistence fishing and hunting is not uniform across Alaska: federal law limits eligibility to rural residents, and state law, while allowing all state residents to participate, requires the identification of nonsubsistence areas where subsistence fishing and hunting are not permitted. But defining “rural Alaska” and “nonsubsistence areas” sparked decades of political debate and litigation. A review of nonsubsistence areas by the Alaska Joint Board of Fisheries and Game in 2013 resulted in updated estimates of noncommercial fish and wildlife harvests. Comprehensive data from systematic household surveys in 198 rural communities provided a basis for estimating harvest levels and trends at census-area and statewide levels and crucial input to board deliberations. In 2012, rural Alaska harvests averaged 134 kg/person, while urban Alaska harvests averaged 10 kg/person. The statewide rural harvest was 26% below an estimate for the 1980s, but changes varied by region. Throughout the Arctic and Subarctic, factors shaping subsistence harvests include development, the rising costs of living, shifting resource populations, regulations, climate change, and cultural change. Understanding the vulnerability and adaptability of northern communities requires monitoring of subsistence harvests through annual programs and periodic comprehensive community studies.
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Holl, Augustin. "Subsistence patterns of the Dhar Tichitt Neolithic, Mauritania." African Archaeological Review 3, no. 1 (1985): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01117458.

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Kramer, Karen L., and Russell D. Greaves. "Juvenile Subsistence Effort, Activity Levels, and Growth Patterns." Human Nature 22, no. 3 (September 2011): 303–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12110-011-9122-8.

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Taylor, Barry. "Subsistence, Environment and Mesolithic Landscape Archaeology." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 28, no. 3 (February 7, 2018): 493–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774318000021.

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Since the 1970s, research into Mesolithic landscapes has been heavily influenced by economic models of human activity where patterns of settlement and mobility result from the relationship between subsistence practices and the environment. However, in reconstructing these patterns we have tended to generalize both the modes of subsistence and the temporal and spatial variability of the environment, and ignored the role that cultural practices played in the way subsistence tasks were organized. While more recent research has emphasized the importance that cultural practices played in the way landscapes were perceived and understood, these have tended to underplay the role of subsistence and have continued to consider the environment in a very generalized manner. This paper argues that we can only develop detailed accounts of Mesolithic landscapes by looking at the specific forms of subsistence practice and the complex relationships they created with the environment. It will also show that the inhabitation of Mesolithic landscapes was structured around cultural attitudes to particular places and to the environment, and that this can be seen archaeologically through practices of deposition and recursive patterns of occupation at certain sites.
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Rafferty, Janet. "Gradual or Step-Wise Change: The Development of Sedentary Settlement Patterns in Northeast Mississippi." American Antiquity 59, no. 3 (July 1994): 405–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282455.

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Culture historians working on the Archaic and Woodland periods in eastern North America have adopted an essentialist view of settlement-subsistence relations, while processual archaeologists often have employed concepts emphasizing transformational relations to characterize settlement-pattern change. Selectionist theory uses detailed examination of variability in explaining change. Seven variables measured on a sequence of seriated Archaic and Woodland assemblages from sites in northeast Mississippi show sudden settlement-pattern change at the beginning of the Middle Woodland; this is interpreted as the advent of settled life in the study area. This case contradicts gradualist and essentialist settlement-subsistence scenarios. Such analyses hold promise for identifying the selective pressures at work when settlement patterns change.
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Tappan, Taylor A., and Peter H. Herlihy. "Mapping Miskitu subsistence land use change in Concejo Territorial Katainasta, Honduras." Revista Geográfica de América Central 3, no. 61E (November 26, 2018): 609–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rgac.61-3.33.

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Understanding the large-scale spatial patterns of natural resource use in indigenous homelands is critical for guaranteeing indigenous peoples’ ancestral land rights, designing effective conservation policies, and promoting good governance in Central America. However, few studies have mapped the diachronic distribution of indigenous communities’ resource use in these areas. Here we present a case study describing the spatial functionality of the Concejo Territorial Katainasta (CTK)--the first indigenous territorial jurisdiction in Honduras to receive an intercommunity land title. Two participatory research mapping (PRM) studies--the first in 1992 and the second in 2014-15--mapped the spatial patterns of Miskitu subsistence activities in CTK. The results were subsequently converted into a geographic information system (GIS) that allowed for spatial and temporal comparisons of Miskitu subsistence livelihoods in CTK before and after the titling process. Here we focus on the spatial parameters of three Miskitu subsistence livelihoods: agriculture, hunting and fishing. Analysis of results suggests that 1) the 2014-15 subsistence use areas for Miskitu communities in CTK have not diverged dramatically from those of the 1992 study, and 2) the new legal boundaries of CTK adequately encompass the subsistence use areas of its constituent communities and recognize the historical overlaps in Miskitu resource use and tenure patterns.
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Pires Mesquita, Geison, José Domingo Rodríguez-Teijeiro, and Larissa Nascimento Barreto. "Patterns of mammal subsistence hunting in eastern Amazon, Brazil." Wildlife Society Bulletin 42, no. 2 (May 11, 2018): 272–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.873.

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Kruse, John. "Alaska Inupiat Subsistence and Wage Employment Patterns: Understanding Individual Choice." Human Organization 50, no. 4 (December 1991): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.50.4.c288gt2641286g71.

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Naves, Liliana C. "Geographic and seasonal patterns of seabird subsistence harvest in Alaska." Polar Biology 41, no. 6 (February 9, 2018): 1217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-018-2279-4.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Subsistence patterns"

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Haggar, Jenny E. "A comparison of subsistence patterns at two eastern Alaska WAMCATS stations." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1453580.

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Laybolt, A. Dawn. "Prehistoric settlement and subsistence patterns at Gaspereau Lake, Kings County, Nova Scotia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ62394.pdf.

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Porcasi, Judith F. "Subsistence patterns of prehistoric coastal California : investigating variations of early maritime adaptation." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.490852.

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An expansive spatio-temporal approach is used to pattern variations in exploitation of faunal resources at 14 mainland coastal, island, and pericoastal sites with occupations spanning nearly 10,000 years. These sites are arrayed along 500 miles (6 degrees of latitude) of the Central and Southern California coast. An allometric method for estimating faunal biomass is used along with chronological sequences of abundance indices to explore the nature ofthe initial maritime adaptation to the West Coast ofNorth America and changes to this economic strategy over time. Data reveal that throughout prehistorY, California's coastal hunter-gatherers obtained the majority oftheir animal protein from large quantities ofmarine shellfish while vertebrate taxa played a lesser role in the diet. Unexpectedly, however, consumption ofall types of animal flesh, especially the chiefresource (shellfish), declined severely over time. This suggests that: (1) non-trivial dietary changes were \videspread along the entire coast and persisted throughout the Holocene; and (2) major lifeway adaptations involving lesser use of animal protein became the norm throughout prehistory as coastal settlements grew and populations expanded. Although several causal theories are discussed, it appears that ecological changes marking the Late PleistoceneIHolocene transition are the likely root ofthe observed dietary changes. Based on these data, the Paleocoastal colonisers ofthe California coast subsisted on a diet rich in animal protein compatible with a Pleistocene environment and were more 'maritime' than later prehistoric groups based 0t:I their more intensive use ofmarine fauna. Post- Paleocoastal populations subsisted on less animal protein in a pattern consistent with the adoption ofa more carbohydrate-focused diet incorporating resources increasingly available in the emergent Holocene and the more southern latitudes. Scenarios presupposing increasingly intensive exploitation ofmarine mammals and fish over time fostered by technological or cultural elaboration are not supported by the dietary data.
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Kintigh, Keith W. "Settlement, Subsistence, and Society in Late Zuni Prehistory." University of Arizona Press (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/595503.

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Beginning about A.D. 1250, the Zuni area of New Mexico witnessed a massive population aggregation in which the inhabitants of hundreds of widely dispersed villages relocated to a small number of large, architectecturally planned pueblos. Over the next century, 27 of these pueblos were constructed, occupied briefly, and then abandoned. Another dramatic settlement shift occurred about A. D. 1400, when the locus of population moved west to the "Cities of Cibola" discovered by Coronado in 1540. Keith Kintigh demonstrates how changing agricultural strategies and developing mechanisms of social integration contributed to these population shifts. In particular, he argues that occupants of the earliest large pueblos relied on runoff agriculture, but that gradually spring-and river-fed irrigation systems were adopted. Resultant strengthening of the mechanisms of social integration allowed the increased occupational stability of the protohistorical Zuni towns.
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Grammer, Scott. "Prehistoric human subsistence patterns in northern Patagonia, argentina: Isotopic evidence for reconstructing diet." Scholar Commons, 2005. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/2907.

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This study investigates the isotopic signatures of human skeletal remains that were recovered from several sites along the coast and inland in the north-central Patagonian region of Argentina. Human skeletal remains, dating from 2500 BP through the early historic period, are examined to determine the relative significance of terrestrial and aquatic food resources and subsequently, the extent to which coastal food resources were exploited by indigenous Argentinians. Carbon and nitrogen isotopes contained within human bone collagen and apatite are measured quantitatively to determine the relative significance of marine and terrestrial foods. This study, one of the first isotopic studies of indigenous diet on the Atlantic coast of Argentina, is significant because it provides initial results to be used for the reconstruction of aboriginal subsistence patterns prior to and after European contact.
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Danielson, Robert A. (Robert Alden). "Ringed seal mortality patterns as an aid in the determination of Thule Eskimo subsistence strategies." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68081.

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Dental annuli analyses were performed on 170 ringed seal (Phoca hispida) canines recovered from five Thule semisubterranean houses located at site PaJs-13 at Hazard Inlet, Somerset Island in the central Canadian Arctic. Season of death results indicate greater seal hunting during the spring. Age at death results were used to produce mortality profiles which, when compared with idealized patterns, revealed a prime-dominated pattern indicating the presence of some selective factor in the subsistence strategy. Based on ethnographical studies of traditional seal hunting techniques, conscious selection was eliminated as a factor. Biological studies of ringed seal demonstrate that during the spring, older, sexually mature seals, occupy breeding areas in stable fast ice formations located close to the coast in complex coastal areas. Younger immature seals, on the other hand, occupy areas of unstable pack ice formations either further from the shore in complex coastal areas, or along simple coastlines. The archaeological mortality patterns do not clearly resemble either complex or simple coast modern populations, although a trend toward simple coasts was observed. This observation is consistent with the site location, which allows greater access to pack ice formations. The appearance of selective biological factors affecting random human subsistence strategies indicates that caution must be utilized when interpreting mortality patterns.
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VanderVeen, James M. "Subsistence patterns as markers of cultural exchange European and Taino interactions in the Dominican Republic /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3232567.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Anthropology, 2006.
"Title from dissertation home page (viewed July 9, 2007)." Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-08, Section: A, page: 3039. Adviser: Geoffrey W. Conrad.
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Samper, Carro Sofía Cristina. "Patrones de subsistencia durante el paleolítico medio/superior en el nordeste peninsular." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285739.

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Una discusión clásica en la actual investigación paleoantropológica reside en identificar las similitudes y diferencias entre los comportamientos y modo de vida de neandertales y humanos anatómicamente modernos. El análisis de los patrones de subsistencia es un elemento clave, ya que el modo en que ambas especies explotaron los recursos animales aporta datos sobre la dieta y el modo de adquisición de las presas, pero a la vez conlleva implicaciones que conforman diferencias entre los modos de vida de ambas especies. Tradicionalmente, la comparación entre las estrategias de subsistencia de neandertales y H.sapiens se ha articulado en torno a dos visiones opuestas, una que caracteriza la organización neandertal como limitada e inferior frente a otra corriente en la que se señala que las diferencias entre ambas especies no son tan marcadas. En los últimos años, las hipótesis que sugerían una incapacidad de los grupos neandertales para el desarrollo de técnicas cinegéticas activas y abocados al carroñeo de carcasas de animales de gran tamaño han ido perdiendo fuerza y se han visto refutadas por investigaciones y estudios tafonómicos más exhaustivos, que sugieren escasas diferencias entre las capacidades cinegéticas de ambas especies. El objetivo de esta tesis está enfocado a la una interpretación de los patrones de subsistencia en un yacimiento concreto, Cova Gran de Santa Linya (Lleida), en el cual se han estudiado los conjuntos zooarqueológicos recuperados en niveles de Paleolítico medio final y Paleolítico superior bien contextualizados, a fin de interpretar las estrategias de subsistencia de los últimos grupos neandertales y comparar sus técnicas con las desarrolladas por los humanos modernos. La metodología planteada en este estudio se centra en el análisis tafonómico del material óseo. En este sentido, los aspectos tratados abarcan la descripción taxonómica, representación esquelética y perfiles de mortandad de cada especie, el análisis de los patrones de fractura y el reconocimiento de modificaciones óseas a fin de identificar los agentes responsables de la acumulación del conjunto. Los resultados obtenidos muestran el importante papel de los procesos post-deposicionales en la modificación y conservación del conjunto. No obstante, los indicadores de fractura en fresco, así como las modificaciones relacionadas con la fracturación intencional de los restos óseos y marcas de corteseñalan que los conjuntos son resultado de las actividades antrópicas. Los conjuntos atribuidos al Paleolítico medio caracterizarían las estrategias de subsistencia neandertales como basadas en la adquisición de mamíferos de talla mediana (ciervos) y grandes o muy grandes (équidos y grandes bóvidos). Los perfiles esqueléticos señalarían el transporte preferencial de extremidades al abrigo, con un dominio de elementos de alto contenido cárnico y tuetano. Estos indicadores se podrían relacionar con una plena capacidad neandertal para la caza activa, con un acceso a partes anatómicas de elevado valor nutricional. En los conjuntos asignados al Paleolítico superior inicial se observa un cambio en el tipo de presas adquiridas: mientras que los cérvidos siguen estando representados, desciende la abundancia de los équidos y se aprecia un aumento de animales de talla media- pequeña (cabra), escasamente representada en los niveles Musterienses. Las conclusiones alcanzadas muestran un cambio en las estrategias de subsistencia desarrolladas por neandertales y humanos modernos, que solo parece identificarse a nivel regional, y que se basa en diferencias en el tipo de presas adquiridas. Este cambio coincide con lo observado en la industria lítica, por lo que podría relacionarse con una variación en el tipo de tácticas cinegéticas empleadas por cada una de estas especies.
A classical discussion on current paleoanthopological research deals with the identification of similarities and differences between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans' behaviour and lifeways. A key point on these discussions is the analysis of subsistence patterns, which provides information about diet and prey acquisition techniques, but also implies inferences regarding both species' behaviour. Traditionally, the comparison between Neanderthals and H.sapiens subsistence strategies is being approach through two diverse views, the former defining Neanderthal organization as limited and inferior, opposite to researches that do not point out remarkable differences between both species. Recently, hypothesis suggesting Neanderthal groups were unable to undertake active hunting techniques and therefore representatives of an obligate scavenging of large mammals have been dismissed by new and more detailed zooarchaeological and taphonomical researches, suggesting scarce differences on the capacities of both species. This thesis is focused on the interpretation of subsistence patterns in Cova Gran de Santa Linya (Lleida). We have analysed Middle Palaeolithic-early Upper Palaeolithic levels bone assemblages precisely contextualized, in order to make inferences about the subsistence strategies of last Neanderthals groups and compare them with those developed by modern humans at the North-eastern Iberian Peninsula. The methods applied focused on the taphonomical analysis of bone material. We have analysed the taxonomic composition, skeletal representation, mortality patterns and bone modifications in order to identify the accumulator agent of these assemblages. Our results show the important role played by post-depositional processes on the modification and preservation of the assemblage. Nevertheless, fresh fractures indicators and cortical modifications related to intentional breakage of bones to access their marrow content, as well as cutmarks, suggest these assemblages are the result of anthropic activities. Middle Paleolithic bone assemblages characterize Neanderthal subsistence strategies as based on the acquisition of medium size (red deer) and large or very large (equids and large bovids) mammals. Skeletal representation suggest the transport of limb elelment to the site, with a dominion of high nutrients content elements. These indicators could be related to Neanderthals full active hunting capacities, with an access to high value anatomical parts. Early Upper Palaeolithic assemblages show a change in the type of preys acquired. Cervids are well represented yet, but there is a decrease of equid elements abundance while increasing the quantity of small size animals (mainly goat), scarcely documented on Musterian archaeological levels. Our conclusions suggest a change on Neanderthals and modern humans subsistence strategies, most obvious at a regional than European scale, and based on differences in the size of preyed mammals. This change is similar to what the discontinuity described on lithic technology, which could suggest a variation between Neanderthals and modern humans hunting strategies.
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Mickelson, Andrew M. "CHANGES IN PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AS A RESULT OF SHIFTS IN SUBSISTENCE PRACTICES IN EASTERN KENTUCKY." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1039032983.

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O'Grady, Patrick Warren. "Before winter comes : archaeological investigations of settlement and subsistence in Harney Valley, Harney County, Oregon /." view abstract or download file of text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1288648301&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2006.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 522-541). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Books on the topic "Subsistence patterns"

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Byers, A. Martin, and DeeAnne Wymer. Hopewell settlement patterns, subsistence, and symbolic landscapes. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2010.

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United States. Army. Corps of Engineers. Seattle District., ed. Kutenai Indian subsistence and settlement patterns, northwest Montana. Pullman, Wash: Center for Northwest Anthropology, Washington State University, 1986.

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Case, Martha. Contemporary wild resource use patterns in Tanana, Alaska, 1987. Juneau, Alaska: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence, 1990.

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Magdanz, James S. Patterns and trends in subsistence fish harvests, northwest Alaska, 1994-2004. Kotzebue, Alaska: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence, 2011.

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Andersen, David B. Subsistence hunting patterns and compliance with moose harvest reporting requirements in rural interior Alaska. Juneau, Alaska: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence, 1992.

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Settlement, subsistence, and society in late Zuni prehistory. Tucson, Ariz: University of Arizona Press, 1985.

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Magdanz, James S. Patterns and trends in subsistence salmon harvests, Norton sound and Port Clarence, 1994-2003. Nome, Alaska: Dept. of Natural Resources, Kawerak, Inc., 2005.

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Gross, Joseph. Subsistence fishing patterns on the Togiak River and the impact of sport fishing. Juneau, Alaska: Division of Subsistence, Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, 1991.

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Subsistence, trade, and social change in early Bronze Age Palestine. Chicago, Ill: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1991.

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Coffing, Michael. Kwethluk subsistence: Contemporary land use patterns, wild resource harvest and use, and the subsistence economy of a lower Kuskokwim River area community. Juneau, Alaska: Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Subsistence patterns"

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Rosell, Jordi, Ruth Blasco, Rosa Huguet, Isabel Cáceres, Palmira Saladié, Florent Rivals, Maria Bennàsar, et al. "Occupational Patterns and Subsistence Strategies in Level J of Abric Romaní." In Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, 313–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3922-2_8.

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Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Sabine, and Laura Niven. "Hominin Subsistence Patterns During the Middle and Late Paleolithic in Northwestern Europe." In The Evolution of Hominin Diets, 99–111. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9699-0_7.

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Zhao, Luo. "Subsistence Patterns Associated with Shell Middens from the Pre-Qin Period in the Coastal Region of China." In Prehistoric Maritime Cultures and Seafaring in East Asia, 89–101. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9256-7_5.

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Weniger, Gerd-C. "Magdalenian Settlement Pattern and Subsistence in Central Europe." In The Pleistocene Old World, 201–15. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1817-0_13.

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Schuler, Sidney Ruth. "Background: Subsistence Patterns, Residence and Property." In The Other Side of Polyandry, 22–45. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429313387-3.

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"The Subsistence Base and Settlement Patterns." In Hunters and Fishermen of The Arctic Forests, edited by James W. Vanstone, 23–42. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203789421-2.

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LESURE, RICHARD G., ALINA GAGIU, BRENDAN J.CULLETON, and DOUGLAS J. KENNETT. "Changing Patterns of ShellfiSh Exploitation." In Settlement and Subsistence in Early Formative Soconusco, 75–88. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvdjrqf7.11.

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BERNSTEIN, DAVID J. "SUBSISTENCE PATTERNS IN THE NARRAGANSETT BAY REGION." In Prehistoric Subsistence on the Southern New England Coast, 147–52. Elsevier, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-092870-5.50017-5.

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Byers, A. Martin, and DeeAnne Wymer. "Introduction." In Hopewell Settlement Patterns, Subsistence, and Symbolic Landscapes, 1–14. University Press of Florida, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813034553.003.0001.

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Charles, Douglas K. "Riverworld." In Hopewell Settlement Patterns, Subsistence, and Symbolic Landscapes, 18–36. University Press of Florida, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813034553.003.0002.

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Reports on the topic "Subsistence patterns"

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Philipek, Frances. Post-Mazama aboriginal settlement/subsistence patterns : Upper Klamath Basin, Oregon. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.3217.

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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.

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Abstract:
The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age.  Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v  Landscapes and regions:  Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change?  Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial.  Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth.  Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs.  Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully.  Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people.  The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world
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