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Journal articles on the topic 'Subsistence patterns'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Sepez, Jennifer. "Historical Ecology Of Makah Subsistence Foraging Patterns." Journal of Ethnobiology 28, no. 1 (March 2008): 110–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771(2008)28[110:heomsf]2.0.co;2.

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2

Fall, James A. "Regional Patterns of Fish and Wildlife Harvests in Contemporary Alaska." ARCTIC 69, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic4547.

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Subsistence harvests of fish and wildlife play a vital role in the economies and ways of life of rural Alaska communities. State and federal laws establish a priority for subsistence over other fishing and hunting. These laws recognize that the economic, cultural, and social role of subsistence fishing and hunting is not uniform across Alaska: federal law limits eligibility to rural residents, and state law, while allowing all state residents to participate, requires the identification of nonsubsistence areas where subsistence fishing and hunting are not permitted. But defining “rural Alaska” and “nonsubsistence areas” sparked decades of political debate and litigation. A review of nonsubsistence areas by the Alaska Joint Board of Fisheries and Game in 2013 resulted in updated estimates of noncommercial fish and wildlife harvests. Comprehensive data from systematic household surveys in 198 rural communities provided a basis for estimating harvest levels and trends at census-area and statewide levels and crucial input to board deliberations. In 2012, rural Alaska harvests averaged 134 kg/person, while urban Alaska harvests averaged 10 kg/person. The statewide rural harvest was 26% below an estimate for the 1980s, but changes varied by region. Throughout the Arctic and Subarctic, factors shaping subsistence harvests include development, the rising costs of living, shifting resource populations, regulations, climate change, and cultural change. Understanding the vulnerability and adaptability of northern communities requires monitoring of subsistence harvests through annual programs and periodic comprehensive community studies.

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3

Holl, Augustin. "Subsistence patterns of the Dhar Tichitt Neolithic, Mauritania." African Archaeological Review 3, no. 1 (1985): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01117458.

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4

Kramer, Karen L., and Russell D. Greaves. "Juvenile Subsistence Effort, Activity Levels, and Growth Patterns." Human Nature 22, no. 3 (September 2011): 303–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12110-011-9122-8.

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5

Taylor, Barry. "Subsistence, Environment and Mesolithic Landscape Archaeology." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 28, no. 3 (February 7, 2018): 493–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774318000021.

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Since the 1970s, research into Mesolithic landscapes has been heavily influenced by economic models of human activity where patterns of settlement and mobility result from the relationship between subsistence practices and the environment. However, in reconstructing these patterns we have tended to generalize both the modes of subsistence and the temporal and spatial variability of the environment, and ignored the role that cultural practices played in the way subsistence tasks were organized. While more recent research has emphasized the importance that cultural practices played in the way landscapes were perceived and understood, these have tended to underplay the role of subsistence and have continued to consider the environment in a very generalized manner. This paper argues that we can only develop detailed accounts of Mesolithic landscapes by looking at the specific forms of subsistence practice and the complex relationships they created with the environment. It will also show that the inhabitation of Mesolithic landscapes was structured around cultural attitudes to particular places and to the environment, and that this can be seen archaeologically through practices of deposition and recursive patterns of occupation at certain sites.

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6

Rafferty, Janet. "Gradual or Step-Wise Change: The Development of Sedentary Settlement Patterns in Northeast Mississippi." American Antiquity 59, no. 3 (July 1994): 405–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282455.

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Culture historians working on the Archaic and Woodland periods in eastern North America have adopted an essentialist view of settlement-subsistence relations, while processual archaeologists often have employed concepts emphasizing transformational relations to characterize settlement-pattern change. Selectionist theory uses detailed examination of variability in explaining change. Seven variables measured on a sequence of seriated Archaic and Woodland assemblages from sites in northeast Mississippi show sudden settlement-pattern change at the beginning of the Middle Woodland; this is interpreted as the advent of settled life in the study area. This case contradicts gradualist and essentialist settlement-subsistence scenarios. Such analyses hold promise for identifying the selective pressures at work when settlement patterns change.

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Tappan, Taylor A., and Peter H. Herlihy. "Mapping Miskitu subsistence land use change in Concejo Territorial Katainasta, Honduras." Revista Geográfica de América Central 3, no. 61E (November 26, 2018): 609–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rgac.61-3.33.

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Understanding the large-scale spatial patterns of natural resource use in indigenous homelands is critical for guaranteeing indigenous peoples’ ancestral land rights, designing effective conservation policies, and promoting good governance in Central America. However, few studies have mapped the diachronic distribution of indigenous communities’ resource use in these areas. Here we present a case study describing the spatial functionality of the Concejo Territorial Katainasta (CTK)--the first indigenous territorial jurisdiction in Honduras to receive an intercommunity land title. Two participatory research mapping (PRM) studies--the first in 1992 and the second in 2014-15--mapped the spatial patterns of Miskitu subsistence activities in CTK. The results were subsequently converted into a geographic information system (GIS) that allowed for spatial and temporal comparisons of Miskitu subsistence livelihoods in CTK before and after the titling process. Here we focus on the spatial parameters of three Miskitu subsistence livelihoods: agriculture, hunting and fishing. Analysis of results suggests that 1) the 2014-15 subsistence use areas for Miskitu communities in CTK have not diverged dramatically from those of the 1992 study, and 2) the new legal boundaries of CTK adequately encompass the subsistence use areas of its constituent communities and recognize the historical overlaps in Miskitu resource use and tenure patterns.

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8

Pires Mesquita, Geison, José Domingo Rodríguez-Teijeiro, and Larissa Nascimento Barreto. "Patterns of mammal subsistence hunting in eastern Amazon, Brazil." Wildlife Society Bulletin 42, no. 2 (May 11, 2018): 272–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.873.

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9

Kruse, John. "Alaska Inupiat Subsistence and Wage Employment Patterns: Understanding Individual Choice." Human Organization 50, no. 4 (December 1991): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.50.4.c288gt2641286g71.

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10

Naves, Liliana C. "Geographic and seasonal patterns of seabird subsistence harvest in Alaska." Polar Biology 41, no. 6 (February 9, 2018): 1217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-018-2279-4.

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11

Ryman, Tove K., Melissa A. Austin, Scarlett Hopkins, Jacques Philip, Diane O'Brien, Kenneth Thummel, and Bert B. Boyer. "Using exploratory factor analysis of FFQ data to identify dietary patterns among Yup'ik people." Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 3 (January 4, 2013): 510–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012005411.

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AbstractObjectiveAn FFQ developed by the Center for Alaska Native Health Research for studies in Yup'ik people includes market foods and subsistence foods such as moose, seal, waterfowl and salmon that may be related to disease risk. Because the FFQ contains >100 food items, we sought to characterize dietary patterns more simply for use in ongoing pharmacogenomics studies.DesignExploratory factor analysis was used to derive a small number of ‘factors’ that explain a substantial amount of the variation in the Yup'ik diet. We estimated factor scores and measured associations with demographic characteristics and biomarkers.SettingSouth-west Alaska, USA.SubjectsYup'ik people (n 358) aged ≥18 years.ResultsWe identified three factors that each accounted for ≥10 % of the common variance: the first characterized by ‘processed foods’ (e.g. salty snacks, sweetened cereals); the second by ‘fruits and vegetables’ (e.g. fresh citrus, potato salad); and the third by ‘subsistence foods’ (seal or walrus soup, non-oily fish). Participants from coastal communities had higher values for the ‘subsistence’ factor, whereas participants from inland communities had higher values for the ‘fruits and vegetables’ factor. A biomarker of marine intake, δ15N, was correlated with the ‘subsistence’ factor, whereas a biomarker of corn- and sugarcane-based market food intake, δ13C, was correlated with ‘processed foods’.ConclusionsThe exploratory factor analysis identified three factors that appeared to reflect dietary patterns among Yup'ik based on associations with participant characteristics and biomarkers. These factors will be useful for chronic disease studies in this population.

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12

Adeniyi, Olawamiwa Reuben. "Socio-economic Analysis of Subsistence Farming Practices in South-western Nigeria." Sustainable Agriculture Research 2, no. 1 (November 1, 2012): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v2n1p104.

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<p>Limited knowledge is available regarding how the subsistence-oriented agricultural production in Nigeria is practiced in order to provide policy guides for its future development. This study focused on the cropping patterns, enterprise combination and the nature of costs and returns on subsistence farming practices with a view to determining the major variables affecting the farm’s economic performance. Data analyzed were obtained from farm survey covering the two major vegetation zones in south western Nigeria. Frequency tables, correlation matrix and regression were used as analytical tools. Results showed that subsistence farming is not absolutely un-profitable but for the fact that farmers operate at sub-optimal levels. Farmers believed that farming was profitable by their subjective evaluation and because it satisfies their subsistence needs. Organized and guided programmes of increasing farm size; reducing labour cost and improving farming techniques could serve as saviours to enhance income on subsistence farms.</p>

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Norstedt, Gudrun, and Lars Östlund. "Fish or Reindeer? The Relation between Subsistence Patterns and Settlement Patterns among the Forest Sami." Arctic Anthropology 53, no. 1 (January 2016): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/aa.53.1.22.

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14

Guettabi, Mouhcine, Joshua Greenberg, Joseph Little, and Kyle Joly. "Evaluating Potential Economic Effects of an Industrial Road on Subsistence in North-Central Alaska." ARCTIC 69, no. 3 (September 2, 2016): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic4583.

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North-central Alaska is one of largest inhabited, roadless areas in North America and, indeed, the world. Access, via a new road, to the Ambler mining district of north-central Alaska has been proposed. To evaluate how new road access might affect subsistence harvest, we used zero inflated negative binomial models to identify factors related to subsistence production at the household level. We found substantial differences in these factors between communities near the proposed road (project zone [PZ] communities) and a comparable set of road accessible communities outside the region (non-project zone [NPZ] communities). Total subsistence production of PZ communities was 1.8 to 2.5 times greater than that of NPZ communities. If the road was opened to the public and subsistence harvest patterns for project zone communities changed to mirror existing non-project zone harvests as a result of the road, the financial cost would be USD $6900–10 500 per household (assuming a $17.64/kg “replacement” cost for subsistence harvests). Taken together, our results suggest that the proposed road should be expected to substantially impact subsistence production in communities that are not currently connected to the road system.

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15

Guma, Isdore Paterson, Agnes Semwanga Rwashana, and Benedict Oyo. "Food Security Indicators for Subsistence Farmers Sustainability." International Journal of System Dynamics Applications 7, no. 1 (January 2018): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsda.2018010103.

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Food security concepts are extensively used in households as a measure of welfare, to conceptualise operational usefulness in the design, implementation, and evaluation of policies. Most research is focused on improving food security and sustainability and the patterns still remain tenuous. This article explores food security indicators for sustainability by using system dynamics to understand the interconnectedness of the food security system. This is done by analysing quantitative and qualitative concepts of food security indicators. The simulation result shows dynamics of cropland decreasing with increasing population as they need food, energy and space to survive.

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16

Keene, Deborah A. "Reevaluating Late Prehistoric Coastal Subsistence and Settlement Strategies: New Data from Grove's Creek Site, Skidaway Island, Georgia." American Antiquity 69, no. 4 (October 2004): 671–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4128443.

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This paper tests existing models of coastal subsistence strategies and settlement patterns of the late prehistoric inhabitants of the Southeastern U.S. Atlantic coastal plain. Excavations at Grove's Creek Site (09CH71), Skidaway Island, Georgia were conducted to determine the season of occupation of the site. Paleoethnobotanical and zooarchaeological data were used to determine the subsistence strategies of the inhabitants. Stable isotope analysis of oyster shells is combined with the faunal and botanical data to determine the seasons of occupation of the site. The most notable discovery was the diversity of agricultural plants. Paleoethnobotanical data indicate a spring through autumn occupation, and the stable isotope data indicate winter through summer. Faunal data suggest occupation from spring through early winter. Therefore, the site was occupied year-round. This information, coupled with other data from the Southeastern U.S. Atlantic Coast, suggests a revision to existing subsistence and settlement pattern models. Coastal peoples lived in permanent villages and relied on a mix of agriculture, hunting, fishing, and gathering. Short trips were likely made to procure some resources, but there was not an extensive seasonal round.

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17

Rubaka, Charles C. "Pastoral Neolithic Settlement and Subsistence Patterns in the Mang'ola Graben, Tanzania." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 35, no. 1 (January 2000): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00672700009511603.

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18

HOWEY, MEGHAN C. L., and THOMAS R. ROCEK. "CERAMIC VARIABILITY, SUBSISTENCE ECONOMIES, AND SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE JORNADA MOGOLLON." KIVA 74, no. 1 (September 2008): 7–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/kiv.2008.74.1.001.

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19

Rosen, Baruch, and Israel Finkelstein. "Subsistence Patterns, Carrying Capacity and Settlement Oscillations in the Negev Highlands." Palestine Exploration Quarterly 124, no. 1 (January 1992): 42–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/peq.1992.124.1.42.

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20

Herman-Mercer, Nicole M., Melinda Laituri, Maggie Massey, Elli Matkin, Ryan Toohey, Kelly Elder, Paul F. Schuster, and Edda Mutter. "Vulnerability of Subsistence Systems Due to Social and Environmental Change: A Case Study in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska." ARCTIC 72, no. 3 (September 9, 2019): 258–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic68867.

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Arctic Indigenous communities have been classified as highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. The remoteness of Arctic communities, their dependence upon local species and habitats, and the historical marginalization of Indigenous peoples enhances this characterization of vulnerability. However, vulnerability is a result of diverse historical, social, economic, political, cultural, institutional, natural resource, and environmental conditions and processes and is not easily reduced to a single metric. Furthermore, despite the widespread characterization of vulnerability, Arctic Indigenous communities are extremely resilient as evidenced by subsistence institutions that have been developed over thousands of years. We explored the vulnerability of subsistence systems in the Cup’ik village of Chevak and Yup’ik village of Kotlik through the lens of the strong seasonal dimensions of resource availability. In the context of subsistence harvesting in Alaska Native villages, vulnerability may be determined by analyzing the exposure of subsistence resources to climate change impacts, the sensitivity of a community to those impacts, and the capacity of subsistence institutions to absorb these impacts. Subsistence resources, their seasonality, and perceived impacts to these resources were investigated via semi-structured interviews and participatory mapping-calendar workshops. Results suggest that while these communities are experiencing disproportionate impacts of climate change, Indigenous ingenuity and adaptability provide an avenue for culturally appropriate adaptation strategies. However, despite this capacity for resiliency, rapid socio-cultural changes have the potential to be a barrier to community adaptation and the recent, ongoing shifts in seasonal weather patterns may make seasonally specific subsistence adaptations to landscape particularly vulnerable.

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Aouadi, Nabiha, Yosra Dridi, and Wafa Ben Dhia. "Holocene environment and subsistence patterns from Capsian and Neolithic sites in Tunisia." Quaternary International 320 (January 2014): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.07.028.

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22

Connolly, Robert P. "Hopewell Settlement Patterns, Subsistence, and Symbolic Landscapes. A. Martin Byers , DeeAnne Wymer." Journal of Anthropological Research 67, no. 2 (July 2011): 281–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.67.2.41303294.

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23

Wilson, A. K., and J. T. Rasic. "Northern Archaic Settlement and Subsistence Patterns at Agiak Lake, Brooks Range, Alaska." Arctic Anthropology 45, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 128–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/arc.0.0007.

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24

Young, Ruth, Robin Coningham, Catherine Batt, and Ihsan Ali. "A Comparison of Kalasha and Kho Subsistence Patterns in Chitral, NWFP, Pakistan." South Asian Studies 16, no. 1 (January 2000): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2000.9628585.

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25

Maxwell, Justin J., and Ian W. G. Smith. "A reassessment of settlement patterns and subsistence at Point Durham, Chatham Island." Archaeology in Oceania 50, no. 3 (July 14, 2015): 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arco.5062.

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26

NDIEMA, K. E., C. D. DILLIAN, D. R. BRAUN, J. W. K. HARRIS, and P. W. KIURA. "TRANSPORT AND SUBSISTENCE PATTERNS AT THE TRANSITION TO PASTORALISM, KOOBI FORA, KENYA." Archaeometry 53, no. 6 (May 3, 2011): 1085–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2011.00595.x.

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27

Morales, Arturo, Eufrasia Roselló, and Francisco Hernández. "Late upper Paleolithic subsistence strategies in southern Iberia: Tardiglacial faunas from Cueva de Nerja (Málaga, Spain)." European Journal of Archaeology 1, no. 1 (1998): 9–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/eja.1998.1.1.9.

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Faunal reports from Magdalenian levels at Cueva de Nerja have been surveyed from both a taxonomic and a paleocultural standpoint in order to spot overall and specific patterns concerning the exploitation of animal resources. Although both diachronic and inter-site comparisons are limited due to the scarcity of data and the assemblages themselves have been studied by different scientists with different aims and methods, both first- and second-order magnitude patterns emerge from this study. The most important pattern concerns the constancy of the main subsistence basis throughout the periods under consideration despite dramatic differences in the diversity of cropped resources. Such a result substantiates, to a certain extent, the hypotheses concerning an intensification of cropping by humans during the latest stages of the upper Paleolithic (a phenomenon which we have named the ‘Tardiglacial paradigm’).

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28

deFrance, Susan D., and Craig A. Hanson. "Labor, Population Movement, and Food in Sixteenth-Century Ek Balam, Yucatán." Latin American Antiquity 19, no. 3 (September 2008): 299–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1045663500007963.

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Spanish colonization of the Yucatán Peninsula altered traditional patterns of subsistence after Spaniards imposed labor demands and controlled the movement of indigenous Maya. Spaniards established an encomienda and Franciscan visita at Ek Balam in the northern lowlands of the peninsula during the mid-sixteenth century. Complementary forces of doctrina and encomienda fostered the religious, political, and economic subjugation of the Maya. An analysis of zooarchaeological material from an Early Hispanic period feature at the archaeological site of Ek Balam indicates that Spanish restrictions of population movement and restructuring of indigenous labor altered pre-Hispanic patterns of faunal use. Under Spanish hegemony, Maya residents raised small-sized animals of Eurasian origin, especially pigs and chickens, while maintaining the indigenous dog as a primary food source. The animals used at Ek Balam could have been either raised or hunted locally; there is no indication that animals were obtained through either trade or exchange. The pattern of faunal use by indigenous people at Ek Balam differs from Early Hispanic sites in the southern Maya lowlands and elsewhere in the circum-Caribbean. This contrast demonstrates that tropical environmental variability, population density, and Spanish control tactics affected subsistence behavior and the incorporation of introduced fauna in the indigenous diet.

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Prichard, Alexander K., Geoffry M. Carroll, John C. George, Stephen M. Murphy, Mike D. Smith, Robert S. Suydam, and David A. Yokel. "Use of satellite telemetry to evaluate movements of caribou within subsistence hunting areas in northern Alaska." Rangifer 23, no. 5 (April 1, 2003): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.23.5.1685.

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Caribou from the Teshekpuk Herd (TH) are an important subsistence resource for residents of Inupiaq villages in northern Alaska. In recent years the use of satellite telemetry has increased the understanding of the herd's annual movements and interactions with other herds. Most caribou of the TH are within the National Petroleum Reserve—Alaska (NPRA) throughout the year. The northeastern portion of NPRA has undergone two lease sales for oil and gas exploration, and lease sales are tentatively scheduled for the central/northwest portion of the NPRA in 2004. During 1990—1999, the movements of 27 caribou from the TH were tracked using satellite collars. We evaluated the proportion of time caribou were available to Inupiaq hunters by incorporating maps depicting subsistence-use areas for each of seven Inupiaq villages, and then examining seasonal and annual movements of caribou relative to those areas. By combining caribou locations with subsistence hunting areas, we were able to explore spatial and temporal patterns in caribou availability to subsistence hunters. This information is useful for managers to set appropriate hunting regulations and for devising sensible alternatives and mitigation of likely petroleum development in NPRA.

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Valdez, Francisco, Jean Pierre Emphoux, Rosario Acosta, Susana Ramírez, Javier Reveles, and Otto Schöndube. "LATE FORMATIVE ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE SAYULA BASIN OF SOUTHERN JALISCO." Ancient Mesoamerica 17, no. 2 (July 2006): 297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536106060147.

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A regional study of the settlement patterns in the Sayula Basin (Jalisco) has recently found Late Formative sites with related Shaft Tomb Period funerary evidence. This article presents the habitation and mortuary deposits of two sites, and it discusses the possible subsistence patterns that combined agriculture with the seasonal exploitation of salt deposits in the region as a basis of daily interaction in a developing rank society.

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Dufournaud, C. M., J. T. Quinn, J. J. Harrington, C. C. Yu, P. Abeygumawardena, and R. Franzosa. "A Model of Sustainable Extraction of Nontimber Forest Products in Subsistence Societies." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 27, no. 10 (October 1995): 1667–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a271667.

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The shrinking forest in many parts of the world is a problem often blamed on the patterns of ownership and harvesting by the resource owners. We develop a model which demonstrates that holding a resource in common where there is competition among individuals leads to inefficient harvesting of the resource but cannot lead to the destruction of forests. The same model is used to demonstrate that climatic conditions, low wage rates, and increases in the number of people entitled to harvest the resource are more-likely candidates for variables explaining the destruction of the forest. Examples taken from the Sudan and from China provide evidence that communities alter their pattern of ownership and migration so that they do not exhaust the resource. The main conclusion of the paper is that the behavior of the owners of the resource is not the underlying cause of the destruction of the forest.

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32

Marinova, Elena, Veerle Linseele, and Pierre Vermeersch. "Holocene environment and subsistence patterns near the Tree Shelter, Red Sea Mountains, Egypt." Quaternary Research 70, no. 3 (November 2008): 392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.08.002.

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AbstractThe Tree Shelter site dates to the Early to Mid-Holocene (8000 to 4900 14C yr BP). Present conditions around the site are hyperarid, but charcoal remains indicate less severe aridity at the time of its occupation. The environment around the site then supported a rich wadi vegetation, which allowed hunting during the Epipaleolithic and herding during the Neolithic occupation. Although more favorable than today, the environmental conditions also displayed a desert character and seem to have limited the range of domestic herbivores introduced in the area.

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Krigbaum, John. "Neolithic subsistence patterns in northern Borneo reconstructed with stable carbon isotopes of enamel." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 22, no. 3 (September 2003): 292–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4165(03)00041-2.

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34

Pisor, Anne C., Michael Gurven, Aaron D. Blackwell, Hillard Kaplan, and Gandhi Yetish. "Patterns of senescence in human cardiovascular fitness: VO2max in subsistence and industrialized populations." American Journal of Human Biology 25, no. 6 (September 10, 2013): 756–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.22445.

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35

Moura Cardoso do Vale, Tásia, Maria Helena Constantino Spyrides, Lara De Melo Barbosa Andrade, Bergson Guedes Bezerra, and Pollyanne Evangelista da Silva. "Subsistence Agriculture Productivity and Climate Extreme Events." Atmosphere 11, no. 12 (November 29, 2020): 1287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121287.

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The occurrence of rainfall extreme events leads to several environmental, social, cultural, and economic consequences, heavily impacting agriculture. The analysis of climate extreme indices at the municipal level is of the uttermost importance to the overall study of climate variability and regional food security. Corn, bean, and cassava are among the most cultivated temporary subsistence crops. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between subsistence agriculture productivity and the behavior of rainfall extreme indices in the Rio Grande do Norte state in the period from 1980 to 2013. We used the dataset provided by Xavier (2016) and the climate extreme indices obtained through the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices. Crop productivity data were retrieved from the Municipal Agriculture Survey from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics system. The methodology evaluated the behavior and the relationship between agricultural productivity time series and extreme precipitation indicators. We applied the following statistical techniques: descriptive analysis, time series trend analysis by the Mann-Kendall test, cluster analysis, and analysis of variance to check for equal means between identified groups. Cluster analysis was considered an adequate tool for the comprehension of data spatial distribution, allowing the identification of five homogenous subregions with different precipitation patterns. Rainfall extreme indices allowed the analysis of regional conditions regarding consecutive dry days, annual precipitation in wet days, and heavy rainfall. Trends were identified in these indices and they were significantly correlated with dryland crops productivity, indicating a direct relationship between water availability and regional agroclimatic stress.

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Lagakos, David, and Michael E. Waugh. "Selection, Agriculture, and Cross-Country Productivity Differences." American Economic Review 103, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 948–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.2.948.

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Cross-country labor productivity differences are larger in agriculture than in non-agriculture. We propose a new explanation for these patterns in which the self-selection of heterogeneous workers determines sector productivity. We formalize our theory in a general-equilibrium Roy model in which preferences feature a subsistence food requirement. In the model, subsistence requirements induce workers that are relatively unproductive at agricultural work to nonetheless select into the agriculture sector in poor countries. When parameterized, the model predicts that productivity differences are roughly twice as large in agriculture as non-agriculture even when countries differ by an economy-wide efficiency term that affects both sectors uniformly. (JEL J24, J31, J43, O11, O13, O40)

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Ryman, Tove K., Bert B. Boyer, Scarlett Hopkins, Jacques Philip, Diane O'Brien, Kenneth Thummel, and Melissa A. Austin. "Characterising the reproducibility and reliability of dietary patterns among Yup'ik Alaska Native people." British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 4 (February 6, 2015): 634–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514003596.

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FFQ data can be used to characterise dietary patterns for diet–disease association studies. In the present study, we evaluated three previously defined dietary patterns – ‘subsistence foods’, market-based ‘processed foods’ and ‘fruits and vegetables’ – among a sample of Yup'ik people from Southwest Alaska. We tested the reproducibility and reliability of the dietary patterns, as well as the associations of these patterns with dietary biomarkers and participant characteristics. We analysed data from adult study participants who completed at least one FFQ with the Center for Alaska Native Health Research 9/2009–5/2013. To test the reproducibility of the dietary patterns, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of a hypothesised model using eighteen food items to measure the dietary patterns (n 272). To test the reliability of the dietary patterns, we used the CFA to measure composite reliability (n 272) and intra-class correlation coefficients for test–retest reliability (n 113). Finally, to test the associations, we used linear regression (n 637). All factor loadings, except one, in CFA indicated acceptable correlations between foods and dietary patterns (r>0·40), and model-fit criteria were >0·90. Composite and test–retest reliability of the dietary patterns were, respectively, 0·56 and 0·34 for ‘subsistence foods’, 0·73 and 0·66 for ‘processed foods’, and 0·72 and 0·54 for ‘fruits and vegetables’. In the multi-predictor analysis, the dietary patterns were significantly associated with dietary biomarkers, community location, age, sex and self-reported lifestyle. This analysis confirmed the reproducibility and reliability of the dietary patterns in the present study population. These dietary patterns can be used for future research and development of dietary interventions in this underserved population.

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Kraft, Thomas S., Jonathan Stieglitz, Benjamin C. Trumble, Angela R. Garcia, Hillard Kaplan, and Michael Gurven. "Multi-system physiological dysregulation and ageing in a subsistence population." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1811 (September 21, 2020): 20190610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0610.

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Humans have the longest post-reproductive lifespans and lowest rates of actuarial ageing among primates. Understanding the links between slow actuarial ageing and physiological change is critical for improving the human ‘healthspan’. Physiological dysregulation may be a key feature of ageing in industrialized populations with high burdens of chronic ‘diseases of civilization’, but little is known about age trajectories of physiological condition in subsistence populations with limited access to public health infrastructure. To better characterize human physiological dysregulation, we examined age trajectories of 40 biomarkers spanning the immune ( n = 13 biomarkers), cardiometabolic ( n = 14), musculoskeletal ( n = 6) and other ( n = 7) systems among Tsimane forager-horticulturalists of the Bolivian Amazon using mixed cross-sectional and longitudinal data ( n = 22 115 observations). We characterized age-related changes using a multi-system statistical index of physiological dysregulation (Mahalanobis distance; D m ) that increases with age in both humans and other primates. Although individual biomarkers showed varied age profiles, we found a robust increase in age-related dysregulation for Tsimane ( β = 0.17–0.18) that was marginally faster than that reported for an industrialized Western sample ( β = 0.14–0.16), but slower than that of other non-human primates. We found minimal sex differences in the pace or average level of dysregulation for Tsimane. Our findings highlight some conserved patterns of physiological dysregulation in humans, consistent with the notion that somatic ageing exhibits species-typical patterns, despite cross-cultural variation in environmental exposures, lifestyles and mortality. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolution of the primate ageing process'.

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Sutton, Mark Q. "Cluster Analysis of Paleofecal Data Sets: A Test of Late Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence Patterns in the Northern Coachella Valley, California." American Antiquity 63, no. 1 (January 1998): 86–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694778.

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Data from human paleofecal samples can be used to address a variety of questions, primarily the reconstruction of diet, but also the analysis of nutrition, health, technology, and behavior Statistical analyses of constituents can be used to broaden the potential of paleofecal data, as well as to detail cuisine and to address larger issues of settlement/subsistence models. This potential is illustrated with a cluster analysis of paleofecal constituents from three late prehistoric period sites along the northern shore of ancient Lake Cahuilla, located in the Coachella Valley of southern California. These data were used to test competing settlement/subsistence models: one of large permanent lakeside villages dependent on lacustrine resources, and the other of seasonal, rather than permanent, lakeshore occupation. In addition, the analysis revealed additional details of diet and cuisine in the late prehistoric period.

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Butler, Virginia L. "Tui Chub Taphonomy and the Importance of Marsh Resources in the Western Great Basin of North America." American Antiquity 61, no. 4 (October 1996): 699–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282012.

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Debates about the importance of marsh resources to prehistoric human subsistence in the western Great Basin are longstanding. Recent questions regarding the natural vs. cultural origin of fish remains in lakeside archaeological sites further impede understanding of ancient subsistence patterns. Taphonomic study of a huge assemblage of tui chub (Gila bicolor) remains from an archaeological site in Stillwater Marsh, western Nevada, was undertaken to identify agents of deposition in marsh settings. The Stillwater fish remains showed limited surface modification-cut marks, burning, and digestive etching and staining—and thus these attributes were not useful indicators of origin. Fish mortality profiles, reconstructed by regression analysis of body size, indicates cultural selection of young/small fish rather than natural catastrophic mass death. The low survivorship of vertebrae in the chub assemblage suggests differential treatment of cranial and postcranial body parts by cultural agents. The Stillwater site fish assemblage represents a vast number of small fish; the presence of small tui chub from archaeological sites throughout the western Great Basin suggests that prehistoric fishers targeted relatively small chub in the subsistence quest.

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Sehrawat, Jagmahender Singh, and Jaspreet Kaur. "Role of stable isotope analyses in reconstructing past life-histories and the provenancing human skeletal remains: a review." Anthropological Review 80, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 243–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/anre-2017-0017.

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AbstractThis article reviews the present scenario of use of stable isotopes (mainly δ13C, δ15N, δ18O,87Sr) to trace past life behaviours like breast feeding and weaning practices, the geographic origin, migration history, paleodiet and subsistence patterns of past populations from the chemical signatures of isotopes imprinted in human skeletal remains. This approach is based on the state that food-web isotopic signatures are seen in the human bones and teeth and such signatures can change parallely with a variety of biogeochemical processes. By measuring δ13C and δ15N isotopic values of subadult tissues of different ages, the level of breast milk ingestion at particular ages and the components of the complementary foods can be assessed. Strontium and oxygen isotopic analyses have been used for determining the geographic origins and reconstructing the way of life of past populations as these isotopes can map the isotopic outline of the area from where the person acquired water and food during initial lifetime. The isotopic values of strontium and oxygen values are considered specific to geographical areas and serve as reliable chemical signatures of migration history of past human populations (local or non-local to the site). Previous isotopic studies show that the subsistence patterns of the past human populations underwent extensive changes from nomadic to complete agricultural dependence strategies. The carbon and nitrogen isotopic values of local fauna of any archaeological site can be used to elucidate the prominence of freshwater resources in the diet of the past human populations found near the site. More extensive research covering isotopic descriptions of various prehistoric, historic and modern populations is needed to explore the role of stable isotope analysis for provenancing human skeletal remains and assessing human migration patterns/routes, geographic origins, paleodiet and subsistence practices of past populations.

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Stone, Tammy. "The Impact of Raw-Material Scarcity on Ground-Stone Manufacture and Use: An Example from the Phoenix Basin Hohokam." American Antiquity 59, no. 4 (October 1994): 680–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282342.

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Current models of ground-stone design, which relate tool morphology and size to subsistence economies, are based on assumptions of energy efficiency and processing constraints of the foodstuffs being ground. These models do not consider the impact of raw-material scarcity on ground-stone technologies. This impact is investigated here using an assemblage from the Classic-period Hohokam site of Pueblo Grande, Arizona. The current model of ground-stone design is modified to account for raw-material scarcity. Specifically, it is demonstrated that raw-material scarcity affects ground-stone manufacture, use, and discard patterns. It is argued here that studies using ground-stone assemblages to reconstruct subsistence economies must take these factors into consideration in areas where raw-material scarcity occurs.

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Adams, Samuel L. "Benevolence and Justice in Extraction Economies." Horizons in Biblical Theology 38, no. 2 (September 26, 2016): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18712207-12341330.

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Roland Boer’s work on the sacred economy of ancient Israel will become a standard reference volume for years to come. Boer reframes our understanding of Israel’s economy around Marx’s notion of régulation, the distinction between allocative and extractive economies, and patterns of subsistence survival at the village level. While this response celebrates Boer’s work, it suggests that more attention be given to the negative aspects of extraction economies, in particular to subsistence survival, and to the role of women and children in this economy. It also notes that Boer’s description of wisdom literature as reflecting the voices of the ruling elite in their attempt to control the servant class might be balanced by more attention to the wisdom literature where God becomes an advocate for the poor.

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Schindler, Bill. "Rethinking Middle Woodland Settlement and Subsistence Patterns in the Middle and Lower Delaware Valley." North American Archaeologist 29, no. 1 (January 2008): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/na.29.1.a.

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McCartney, Allen P., and James M. Savelle. "Bowhead whale bones and Thule Eskimo subsistence–settlement patterns in the central Canadian Arctic." Polar Record 29, no. 168 (January 1993): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400023160.

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ABSTRACTBowhead whale bones in prehistoric Thule Eskimo contexts have been examined since 1975 in the central Canadian Arctic. Approximately 10,500 bones, representing almost 1000 animals, have been counted on the shores of six adjacent islands. Comparisons of Thule-derived bowhead samples with live Beaufort Sea samples and Early Holocene samples indicate that Thule Eskimo hunters selected yearlings and two- to three-year-old subadults, to the almost complete exclusion of calves and adults. Almost all bowheads found at Thule sites measure 7–10 m in length, estimated by regression analyses based on Alaskan bowhead skeletons of known size. Archaeological bowhead bones represent several stages of past hunting and processing behavior, including selective hunting, beach flensing and meal/blubber caching, winter house construction, and bone re-use from house ruins. The availability and abundance of bowheads were primary determinants of Thule subsistence-settlement patterns in this region. Archaeological whale bones arc a nonrenewable cultural resource of the New World Arctic that deserve study and protection.

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Yesner, David R., Maria Jose Figuerero Torres, Ricardo A. Guichon, and Luis A. Borrero. "Stable isotope analysis of human bone and ethnohistoric subsistence patterns in Tierra del Fuego." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 22, no. 3 (September 2003): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4165(03)00040-0.

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Shinde, Vasant. "The Late Harappan Culture in Maharashtra, India: A Study of Settlement and Subsistence Patterns." South Asian Studies 7, no. 1 (January 1991): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666030.1991.9628427.

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Smith, Maria Ostendorf, and Tracy K. Betsinger. "Subsistence and Settlement Correlates of Treponemal Disease: Temporal Patterns in Pre-Columbian East Tennessee." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 25, no. 6 (November 26, 2013): 855–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.2357.

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Hui-fen, Zhou, Li Zhen-shan, Xue Dong-qian, and Lei Yang. "Time Use Patterns Between Maintenance, Subsistence and Leisure Activities: A Case Study in China." Social Indicators Research 105, no. 1 (December 8, 2010): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9768-3.

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Gomez, Andres, Klara J. Petrzelkova, Michael B. Burns, Carl J. Yeoman, Katherine R. Amato, Klara Vlckova, David Modry, et al. "Gut Microbiome of Coexisting BaAka Pygmies and Bantu Reflects Gradients of Traditional Subsistence Patterns." Cell Reports 14, no. 9 (March 2016): 2142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.013.

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