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Journal articles on the topic 'Substance and drug abuse'
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1
Newlin, David B. "Drug Sensitization, Substance Abuse, and Chemical Sensitivity." Toxicology and Industrial Health 10, no. 4-5 (July 1994): 463–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823379401000516.
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Substance abuse, involving drugs such as cocaine, heroin, alcohol, marijuana, nicotine, barbiturates, etc., is by far by the most prevalent psychiatric disorder. Much has been learned about the abuse of these substances that may be useful to consider in designing and analyzing research concerning multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS). We review the central role of sensitization in this literature, including its definition, measurement, and expression in animals and human volunteers. Common factors among abused drugs, including sensitization, are discussed. Finally, empirical studies are delineated or proposed to test some of the notions presented in this paper.
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Maraire, Tariro, and Saralah Devi Chethiyar Mariamdaran. "DRUG AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE PROBLEM BY THE ZIMBABWEAN YOUTH: A PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE." Practitioner Research 2 (August 6, 2020): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/pr2020.2.3.
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Drug abuse has become a problem among youths in Zimbabwe, so dire is the situation that more than half of the youths’ population, approximately 57% in Zimbabwe are involved in drug abuse. The statistics on youth drug abuse in Zimbabwe increase yearly despite measures implemented by various stakeholders to fight the pandemic. The study seeks to understand the problem of drug abuse within the Zimbabwean context from a psychological perspective. The current study takes a desk research approach to understand the problem of drug abuse by the youth in Zimbabwe. The study unearths the most affected age group by drug abuse, the causes of drug abuse, the types of drug abuse and the effects of drug abuse to that age group. The study reviewed relevant literature, using key terms in the study, which are youth, drug abuse and problem. Literature was systematically categorised into categories of causes of drug abuse, types of drug abuse and the effects of drug abuse among the youth. Findings from the study are that, the youth are the most affected age group by drug abuse in Zimbabwe and the problem stems from lack of self-control and negative self-concept on the youth drug abusers. The study also established that cannabis is the most abused drug in Zimbabwe and that the problem of drug abuse has negative effects to the drug abuser, family, community and nation at large. The current study recommends for future studies to establish intervention programs in Zimbabwe that aim to enhance self-control and self-concept in youth drug abusers.
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Emran, Md Ali, Sheikh Shahinur Hossain, AKM Salek, Md Moniruzzaman Khan, Syed Mozaffar Ahmed, Md Nuruzzaman Khandaker, and Mohammad Tariqul Islam. "Drug abuse in sports and doping." Bangladesh Medical Journal 43, no. 1 (December 30, 2014): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v43i1.21379.
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Drug is defined as a substance that alters the physiological processes of the body which is used for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease. Abuse denotes injudicious or irrational application. The use of performance-enhancing drugs is probably the major problem facing sport today. Despite intense efforts by sporting bodies and the medical professionals to eliminate the problem, drug taking to enhance sport performance remains widespread. No player should gain an unfair advantage over other players by using an unethical substance or method. The use of drugs may also be extremely dangerous to the health of players. Drug testing programs have been established by amateur and professional sports authorities to promote a safe and fair competitive environment. Clinicians who treat athletes should be familiar with the commonly abused substances and doping methods DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v43i1.21379 Bangladesh Med J. 2014 January; 43 (1): 46-50
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Kosten, Thomas R., Bruce J. Rounsaville, Thomas F. Babor, Robert L. Spitzer, and Janet B. W. Williams. "Substance-Use Disorders in DSM-III-R." British Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 6 (December 1987): 834–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.151.6.834.
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Using the newly revised DSM-III-R criteria for substance-abuse diagnoses, we examined dependence syndrome elements among 83 psychiatric patients. The sample included 14 with no history of substance abuse. The remainder abused alcohol (52), sedatives (31), hallucinogens (12), stimulants (33), cannabis (44), cocaine (52), or opiates (47). Many patients (52) had abused more than one type of drug. Ten items assessing the proposed dependence symptoms for each type of drug were factor-analysed. The dependence syndrome items formed a single factor for opiates, cocaine, and alcohol, but not for other drugs. When the items were combined into cumulative scales, they had excellent internal consistency. Furthermore, they formed good approximations of unidimensional Guttman scales on which higher scores indicated greater syndrome severity. The items associated with higher scores differed across drugs, with opiates having the most striking differences from the other substances. Medical-psychosocial consequences were relatively independent of the dependence syndrome, although alcohol and cocaine dependence had some association with other problem areas. These findings support the utility of a common dependence syndrome concept for drugs of abuse as well as alcohol, and provide empirical support for the current revision of the DSM-III diagnostic criteria.
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Muthikwa, Immaculate, and Lucy Kibera. "EFFECTS OF DRUG AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE ON PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN KAKUMA REFUGEE CAMP, TURKANA COUNTY, KENYA." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 186–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol6.iss1.889.
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This study investigated the effect of drug and substance abuse on primary school pupils’ academic performance in Kakuma refugee camp, Turkana County, Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to determine the extent of drug and substance abuse among pupils, establish whether peer influence led to drug and substance abuse among pupils and determine the influence of drug and substance abuse on pupils; academic performance. The study was guided by Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory of 1986. The research used descriptive survey design and stratified sampling technique. The sample size compared 200 pupils, 20 guiding and counseling teachers, 10 headteachers and 1 education officer. The study used questionnaires to gather quantitative data which was analyzed using SPSS package and was thereafter presented in frequencies tables and graphs. On the other hand, qualitative data was solicited through focus discussion groups and was processed through content analysis and summarized in thematic areas. The findings indicated that alcohol was the commonly abused substance. The majority (65%) of teacher counselors stated that drug and substance abuse and was most commonly available at 55% among pupils who abused drugs and alcohol. As a result, most of the pupils (58.8%) expected to attain between 201-250 marks at Kenya Certificate of Primary Education in 2017. The prevalence of abuse of alcohol was at 55% followed by tobacco and bhang at 45% and 35% respectively. The results have further revealed that the causes of alcohol and drug abuse included peer pressure influence with (75%), idleness (65%), lack of parental guidance (40%), availability of drugs in schools (35%) and influence of extended family (25%).
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Shul’gina, Elena V. "The Current Substance Abuse Trends in Russia and the West." Sociologicheskaja nauka i social naja praktika 7, no. 4 (2019): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2019.7.4.6811.
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This paper selects and analyzes the key trends of current substance abuse that are most widespread in western European countries, the USA, Canada, and Russia, while also reviewing their differences and similarities. Foreign case studies, along with the results of analyzing the most prominent trends of substance abuse, must be accounted for when designing the optimal and most efficient measures for impacting the current drug abuse situation and eliminating its negative consequences. This paper examines the motivations and factors that encourage substance abuse; the phenomenon of substance abuse normalization; and the problems with identifying modern drug addicts that may arise as they try to adapt their behavior. The paper is based on a secondary analysis of several surveys among the working-age population (2013, 2016, 2017), as well as a college youth survey, entitled “The Student Lifestyle: Behavior Risks” (Ivanovo, Krasnodar, Moscow, Rybinsk, Chita, Yaroslavl). All of the above studies were conducted by the deviant behavior sociology sector of the RAS Federal Sociology Research Center. In addition, we considered surveys of college students in the USA and students in higher education in Canada. The analysis shows that: the age of first drug use is shifting upwards, which signifies that people are consciously deciding to consume addictive substances as mature individuals; there is an emerging trend of people aged 50 and over being introduced to addictive substances; the most popular motivation for consuming such substances is hedonism, i.e. the desire for pleasure; the attitude towards substance abuse is growing more and more tolerant, as introduction to recreational psychoactive drugs is becoming a fact of life and drug use is being integrated into society; modern substance abuse patterns still remain largely latent. We also consider foreign researchers’ insights, which warrant attention as we analyze the situation regarding substance abuse in Russian society and work on an effective anti-drug and addiction prevention policy.
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Baigent, Michael, Gwili Holme, and R. Julian Hafner. "Self Reports of the Interaction between Substance abuse and Schizophrenia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 29, no. 1 (March 1995): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679509075894.
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Fifty-three psychiatric hospital inpatients with a dual diagnosis of substance abuse and schizophrenia were given the Brief Symptom Inventory and the Schizophrenia/Substance Abuse Interview Schedule. Mean age was 29; 49 were men. Only 11% were employed. Forty percent abused mainly alcohol, 40% cannabis and 8% amphetamines; 20% abused more than one substance. Mean onset age of drug abuse was 16 years; schizophrenia was diagnosed a mean of 5 years later, and subjects had been admitted to hospital an average of 7 times since then. Most believed that drug abuse initiated or exacerbated their schizophrenia; 80% took drugs primarily to relieve dysphoria and anxiety. Amphetamines improved subjective well-being significantly more than alcohol, but choice of drugs was determined mainly by price and availability. Only cannabis increased positive symptoms of schizophrenia and only amphetamines reduced negative ones. Effectively treating this population requires an integration of psychiatric and drug treatment services, ideally in a community context.
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Visser, Maretha, and Leigh-Anne Routledge. "Substance Abuse and Psychological Well-being of South African Adolescents." South African Journal of Psychology 37, no. 3 (August 2007): 595–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124630703700313.
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This research aimed at identifying patterns of substance abuse among South African adolescents and exploring the relationship between psychological well-being and substance abuse. Psychological well-being was assessed with selected items of the Bar-On EQ-I and Diener's Life Satisfaction scale. Self-reported substance abuse patterns of 1 918 learners between the ages of 12 and 19 from 13 schools in Tshwane were recorded. Schools were selected to represent the population composition of the area. It was found that substance abuse (current alcohol use, excessive alcohol use, and use of illicit drugs) increased with age and that nearly twice as many males as females abused substances. Language group was found to be a determining factor with regard to current and excessive use of alcohol; however, it was not found to influence drug use. An analysis of variance showed that adolescents who used drugs had significantly lower levels of psychological well-being and life satisfaction. The same was not found for excessive use of alcohol. The results can contribute to a better understanding of substance use behaviour and to identifying adolescents who may be at risk of abuse.
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Faiza, Bashir, Hassan Mehmood, Sumera Naz, and Saima Naz. "Prevalence and Determinants of Substance Abuse Among Slum Dwellers in Islamabad- Pakistan." International Journal of Translational Medical Research and Public Health 3, no. 2 (December 14, 2019): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijtmrph.85.
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Background: The slums are illegal settlements and are always left out in health surveys. However, studies around the world show that substance or drug abuse is higher among slum dwellers and may have different patterns and determinants which need to be studied in order to frame targeted programs and policies. The present study was aimed at estimating the magnitude as well as determinants of substance/drug abuse among slum dwellers in Islamabad, the capital city of Pakistan.
Methodology: This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among the residents of slums/nomadic settlements of Islamabad. A total of 207 statistically calculated sample size comprised of adults from both genders aged 15 years and above, consenting to participate from the randomly selected 9 clusters in Islamabad was needed for the study. From each cluster, 23 households, and from each household one individual was randomly selected for estimating the prevalence. All those who were abusing substances were counted as cases and others as controls for case-control analysis. A structured questionnaire was used to gather information on demographics, trends, types of substances abused, risk factors for getting engaged in substance abuse, whether they had tried to quit at any stage and what difficulties they faced when trying to quit. Results were entered and analyzed using Epi-info version 7.2.
Results: A total of 204 participants were enrolled in this study. Among these 68 (33%) were substance or drug abusers. For the case-control study, substance/drug users were considered as cases 68 and rest as controls. Bivariate analysis of the risk factors indicated that easy of availability of drugs in slum areas (OR: 20.3, p= 0.000); exposure to tobacco smoking (OR: 8.8, p= 0.000); and being a working child (OR: 6.0, p= 0.000) were the strong predictors of high substance abuse. Education (OR: 0.2, p= 0.000) and living with own parents during childhood (OR: 0.7 p= 0.2) had protective effects against substance abuse.
Conclusion and Implications for Translation: The study concludes that the following were the determinants of substance/drug abuse among the slum dwellers in the study: easy availability due to unregulated sales of drugs, high rate of tobacco consumption, poverty, low level of literacy, and being a working-child. Specific policies and plans focused on law enforcement for curbing the illegal drug sales and reduction of child labor along with the provision of education should be devised and implemented to help these neglected communities and modify the determinants.
Key words: • Substance abuse • Drug abuse • Slum dwellers • Case-control • Islamabad • Pakistan
Copyright © 2019 Faiza et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Roy, Pritam Kumar, Mounika Pydipalli, Shruti Trivedi, Waheda Rehman, and Vallabh Thakkar. "Life skills education: a coping strategy against substance abuse." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 4147. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213056.
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Substance abuse has been a topic of discussion for healthcare professionals. It involves using harmful or hazardous psychoactive substances that, if administered into one's system, can affect the mental processes. Consumption of these substances leads to societal as well as health problems among its users there by indirectly affecting their families too. These substances mainly include alcohol, tobacco, opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, hallucinogens, prescription and over-the-counter drug abuse.1,2 According to the world drug report 2020 by United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), there are about 35 million people who suffer from drug use disorders and require treatment services globally.2 In India, the substance abuse epidemic in the younger generation has increased rapidly. The crucial factors which lead to these problems involve familial, social as well as individual problems. Familial issues may involve childhood maltreatment or familial substance abuse. Similarly, social issues involves deviant peer pressure and association with popular groups in order to prevent from being bullied. Individual factors which might lead to substance abuse includes depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).3 Its prevalence at the national level varies for different substance abuse forms, accompanied by drastic regional variations. Issues regarding treatment access and adherence concerning substance user disorders (SUD) already existed. Due to the current COVID-19 situation, drastic social and economic changes have further worsened the situation. So in this regard, newer strategies have to be brought up in place.4 It has been found that life skills education is one of the most influential activities in school-based substance abuse prevention.
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Roy, Roshan Kumar, Deepak Kumar Roy, and Rajeh Kumar Goit. "Substance Abuse Among Medical Students – A Survey in a Medical College in Nepal." Journal of Nepalgunj Medical College 16, no. 1 (July 31, 2018): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngmc.v16i1.24236.
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Introduction: Substance use among medical students could impact on the conduct, safety and efficiency of future doctors. Despite serious medico legal, ethical and political ramifications, there is paucity of published article on the subject, especially from Nepal.
Objective: We aimed to explore the patterns of substance abuse among a sample of Medical students from Nepalgunj Medical College.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey of medical students from Nepalgunj Medical College was done using a brief questionnaire schedule to identify current and lifetime use of tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and abuse of other drugs. An operational definition of substance abuse was made, 28 % of students fell within that criterion.
Results: Male substance abusers 81% exceeded female abusers 19%. Substances most commonly abused were alcohol 60%, minor tranquilizers 48%, and tobacco 35%, and only 11% abused cannabis. While most students were multidrug users, there was a low frequency of daily drug use. A general lifetime (occasional use) prevalence of substance use of 56% was found. Drugs consumed on a daily basis were alcohol 2% and tobacco 6%. The prevalence of drug use was highest among the fourth and final year students.
Conclusion: The majority of students were occasional abusers; there was no evidence of physical dependence. This study provides a snapshot of the problem of substance use among medical students of Nepal. Further research is needed to study nationwide patterns of substance use among medical students, and to identify important determinants and reinforce preventive measures. Strategies need to be developed for supporting students with a substance use problem.
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Manchikanti, Laxmaiah. "National Drug Control Policy and Prescription Drug Abuse: Facts and Fallacies." Pain Physician 3;10, no. 5;3 (May 14, 2007): 399–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2007/10/399.
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In a recent press release Joseph A. Califano, Jr., Chairman and President of the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University called for a major shift in American attitudes about substance abuse and addiction and a top to bottom overhaul in the nation’s healthcare, criminal justice, social service, and eduction systems to curtail the rise in illegal drug use and other substance abuse. Califano, in 2005, also noted that while America has been congratulating itself on curbing increases in alcohol and illicit drug use and in the decline in teen smoking, abuse and addition of controlled prescription drugs-opioids, central nervous system depressants and stimulants-have been stealthily, but sharply rising. All the statistics continue to show that prescription drug abuse is escalating with increasing emergency department visits and unintentional deaths due to prescription controlled substances. While the problem of drug prescriptions for controlled substances continues to soar, so are the arguments of undertreatment of pain. The present state of affairs show that there were 6.4 million or 2.6% Americans using prescription-type psychotherapeutic drugs nonmedically in the past month. Of these, 4.7 million used pain relievers. Current nonmedical use of prescription-type drugs among young adults aged 18-25 increased from 5.4% in 2002 to 6.3% in 2005. The past year, nonmedical use of psychotherapeutic drugs has increased to 6.2% in the population of 12 years or older with 15.172 million persons, second only to marijuana use and three times the use of cocaine. Parallel to opioid supply and nonmedical prescription drug use, the epidemic of medical drug use is also escalating with Americans using 80% of world’s supply of all opioids and 99% of hydrocodone. Opioids are used extensively despite a lack of evidence of their effectiveness in improving pain or functional status with potential side effects of hyperalgesia, negative hormonal and immune effects, addiction and abuse. The multiple reasons for continued escalation of prescription drug abuse and overuse are lack of education among all segments including physicians, pharmacists, and the public; ineffective and incoherent prescription monitoring programs with lack of funding for a national prescription monitoring program NASPER; and a reactive approach on behalf of numerous agencies. This review focuses on the problem of prescription drug abuse with a discussion of facts and fallacies, along with proposed solutions. Key words: Prescription drug abuse, opioid abuse, opioid misuse, National Drug Control Policy, NASPER, prescription drug monitoring programs.
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Kanamori, Mariano, Mario De La Rosa, Jessica Weissman, Patria Rojas, Maria Elena Villar, Mary Jo Trepka, Frank Dillon, and Maritza Jaramillo. "Associations between drug/alcohol use and emotional abuse: Who perpetrates emotional abuse against Latina women?" Journal of Epidemiological Research 2, no. 1 (November 17, 2015): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jer.v2n1p95.
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Emotional abuse is the most prevalent form of violence against Latinas. We examined dimensions and characteristics of Latino mothers’ and daughters’ exposure to emotional abuse and the associations between emotional abuse and heavy alcohol use and illicit drug illicit substance abuse. This 5-year longitudinal study included 112 Latino mothers and 121 Latino daughters. Analyses included: chi-square test and logistic regression. The proportion of women who reported being emotionally abused at Wave 2 but who did not report any emotional abuse during Wave 1 (5 years total) was 21.2% for daughters and 14.3% for mothers. Among emotionally abused women, 33.3% of mothers and 36.1% of daughters were abused by 2 or more people. Almost half of the mothers (48.0%) were emotionally abused by their son/daughter; 36.1% of daughters were emotionally abused by their mother. Mothers who abused drugs were more likely to be emotionally abused (OR = 3.86; 95% CI = 1.32, 11.34). Our findings suggest that attention should be given to emotional abuse and its potential for leading to substance abuse among Latinas.
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Koech, Leonard K. "Relationship between Watching ‘Gengetone’ Music and Drug Abuse among the Youth in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya." East African Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajis.3.1.312.
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Drugs, substance and alcohol abuse by many youths is as a result of various factors. Research conducted in the past have looked at how mass media channels (video and TV) and their influence on abuse of drugs and other substances among the youth. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how drug-related information portrayed on Gengetone music influences drugs and substance abuse among youths in Eldoret town. The research objectives were to investigate how the acceptability level of ‘Gengetone’ music and videos among youths, to examine ways in which ‘Gengetone music lyrics communicate information on drugs, substance and alcohol abuse and establish the effect of listening of Gengetone music on drugs and substance abuse among youths in Uasin Gishu County. The study adopted George Gerbner’s Cultivation Theory. The study utilised descriptive survey. Questionnaires and interviews were utilised to collect data from selected youths aged 20 – 30 years residing in Eldoret town four estates numbering 80 and one county officer in charge of NACADA North Rift office. Analysis of data was done through qualitative (content analysis method) and quantitative approaches (descriptive statistics); The study found out that indeed lyrics, images and videos contained in some Gengetone music promoted drugs, substance and alcohol abuse by young people in the study area. This means that music preference performed a significant role in determining the level of drugs and substance abuse by youth in Eldoret town. This calls for stakeholder involvement in educating the upcoming artist on the importance of developing Gengetone music that is clean and creates awareness on the dangers of youth addiction to drugs, other substances and alcohol.
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Gilmore, Amna Saddik, Nancy Rodriguez, and Vincent J. Webb. "Substance Abuse and Drug Courts." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 3, no. 4 (October 2005): 287–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204005278803.
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Yuen, WC, WF Tang, and CH Chung. "Substance Abuse Patient Characteristics: A Scene from an Emergency Department near the Hong Kong – Shenzhen Border." Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 8, no. 4 (October 2001): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102490790100800402.
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Objective Drug abuse is an escalating problem in Hong Kong, especially among teenagers and young adults. A study was conducted in order to obtain the characteristics of drug abusers presenting to the Accident & Emergency department of North District Hospital, which is located in the New Territories near the Hong Kong – Shenzhen border. Design Prospective study. Setting Accident and Emergency department of a public general hospital. Patients Drug abusers presenting to the Accident and Emergency department in a six-month period. Main outcome measures Epidemiological data including demographic data, types of drug taken, place of drug abuse and magnitude of cross-border drug abuse were collected and analyzed. Results The sex distribution was male 59 and female 13 (ratio=4.5:1). The mean age was 29.2 (range 14 to 67 years). Of interest, 29.2% abused drugs at home; 29.2% abused drugs in parties such as karaoke, rave and disco; 68% abused drugs in Hong Kong; 32% abused drugs in China and 6.9% claimed themselves first-time drug abusers. The commonest drug taken was ecstasy (40.3%) – the majority (55%) in China and the rest (45%) in Hong Kong. For organic solvent abusers, 57.1% were below 18 years of age. One patient died, resulting in a mortality rate of 1.4%. Conclusion Ecstasy was the commonest drug abused on both sides of the “border”. The majority of substance abusers were teenagers or young adult males. This study confirmed the significant magnitude of psychotropic substance abuse problem among the young population in the North District, indicating the urgent need for clinical and social intervention.
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Wawira, Njiru Zipporah, Dr Margaret Nduta, Zipporrah A.H, and Gideon M. "Knowledge on Use and Effects of Drug and Substance Abuse among Youth Aged 13 To 24 Years in Raila Village, Kibera Slum, Nairobi, Kenya." International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review 9, no. 08 (August 13, 2018): 20575–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2018/9/08/575.
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Drug and substance abuse is a global problem and is one of the major problems affecting the youth both in school and out of school as a result of drug and substance abuse. The purpose of the study was to determine the knowledge on use and effects of drugs and substance abuse among the youth aged 13-24 years in Raila village, Kibera slum, Nairobi. The study hoped to provide additional information to the already existing records about drug and substance abuse which can be of much importance to future scholars and those interested in researching on the same issue and the relevant authorities like the Ministry of Health to find out the effective measures to put in place in order to solve this issue. The study used a descriptive cross-sectional study design, involving both quantitative and qualitative methods. The sample size used was 87 respondents. Random Sampling method was used to select the 87 subjects. Data was collected through interviewer administered questionnaires containing both open-ended and closed ended questions and data was analyzed through the statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 and Microsoft Excel was used for graphical presentation. The study established that majority of the youth (77) out of the 87 respondents aged 13 to 24 years had adequate knowledge on use and effects of drugs and substances abuse although despite the knowledge, some of them were abusing drugs and substances. The study also found out that majority (50%) of the youth who were abusing drugs and substances were the ones who had completed secondary school education but had not gone to tertiary level and those who did not complete secondary school education. The study recommends continuous awareness programs, creation of opportunities and direct intervention measures in order to address the challenge of drugs and substances abuse.
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Sau, Manabendra, Amal Kumar Sinha Roy, Pausali Das, and Jitendra Kumar Singh. "Pattern of substance abuse: a community based study in West Bengal." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 8 (July 23, 2018): 3394. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183068.
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Background: Drug addiction produces serious pervasive and expensive social problems. Regardless of whether substance abuse is a sin, a crime, a bad habit or an illness society has a right to expect that an effective approach to drug abuse problem will reduce drug related crime unemployment, family dysfunction and disproportionate use of medical care. Science has made great progress over the past several years, but it is still not possible to account fully the physiological and psychological process that transform controlled voluntary use of drugs into uncontrolled is voluntary dependence on those substances, and these is still no cine. The objective of the study was to find out pattern of different types of substance abuse in a community in West Bengal.Methods: An observational cross-sectional community based study during April 2017-September 2017 in a community of West Bengal among 142 addicted persons.Results: In the studied 142 cases, Brown sugar (an adulterated form of Heroin) was primary drug of abuse in urban area contrary to alcohol in rural area. Commonest age of initiation was between 15-20 years (57.75%). Polydrug abusers (59.1%) were common.Conclusions: Our study revealed that in spite of having strict legislation for prohibition of substance abuse, people are still addicted with alcohol, cannabis, drugs etc. Substance use is prevalent in the studied area, with a higher prevalence in males. Substance users rarely seek treatment for substance use. This needs continuous awareness and community-level services for the treatment of substance use disorders.
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Schultz, Jordan L., John A. Kamholz, David J. Moser, Shawna M. E. Feely, Jane S. Paulsen, and Peg C. Nopoulos. "Substance abuse may hasten motor onset of Huntington disease." Neurology 88, no. 9 (February 1, 2017): 909–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000003661.
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Objective:To investigate the relationship between substances of abuse and age at motor onset (AMO) in patients with Huntington disease (HD) in a large and diverse patient population.Methods:This was a retrospective, observational study of the Enroll-HD database. Participants were determined to belong to 1 of 3 substance abuse groups: (1) tobacco abusers, (2) alcohol abusers, and (3) drug abusers. A group of participants who had never abused substances served as a control group. The average AMO of patients in the substance abuse groups was compared to the control group. The number of CAG repeats was used as a covariate in all analyses.Results:The average difference in AMOs of participants in the tobacco (n = 566), alcohol (n = 374), and drug abuse groups (n = 217) compared to the control group (n = 692) were 2.3 (F1, 1,258 = 33.8, p < 0.0001), 1.0 (F1, 1,066 = 4.2, p = 0.04), and 3.3 (F1, 909 = 29.7, p < 0.0001) years earlier, respectively. In all substance abuse groups, the AMO was lowered to a greater degree in female participants than it was in male participants.Conclusions:Substances of abuse have a strong effect on the AMO in patients with HD. These effects seem to be amplified in women with HD compared to men. These results may provide a safe intervention capable of adding disease-free years to patients with HD.
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Ondigo, Quinter, Jeniffer Birech, and Octavian N. Gakuru. "Drugs and Substance Abuse among the Secondary School Students in Korogocho: Implications for Behaviour and Performance." IRA International Journal of Education and Multidisciplinary Studies 14, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jems.v14.n3.p4.
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<p>Globally, Drugs and substance abuse continues to be a challenge, especially among the youth in school and out of school. It impacts negatively on the academic, social psychological and physical development among the abusers. This paper examines the effects of drugs and substance abuse on social conduct and academic performance among the students as well as the mitigating measures. It is based on a study carried out at Korogocho slums. A total of 102 students and 15 key informants were sampled. Questionnaire and interview guide were used to collect data. The study revealed that marijuana, miraa, alcohol and cigarettes are the most abused drugs by secondary school students and had eroded the core values hence affecting their social skills development and academic performance. The study concluded that slum life, peer pressure, congestion as well as poverty are the recipe to drug and substance abuse among students. The study recommends increased public awareness campaigns on dangers posed by drug and substance abuse involving media, civic education and all the stakeholders; and proper policy formulation and implementation.</p>
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Gurung, Alisha, and Hari Prasad Kaphle. "Contributing Factors of Substance Abuse among Secondary Level School Students in Bharatpur Metropolitan." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37107/jhas.142.
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Introduction: Substance abuse is harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substance including alcohol and illicit drugs. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and contributing factors for substance abuse among secondary school level students in Bharatpur Metropolitan.
Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out among 495 students of grade 11 and 12 in secondary school setting in Bharatpur metropolitan from June to December, 2019. Data were collected using self-administered anonymous questionnaire. Chi-square test was performed to find out the association between dependent and independent variables and crude odd ratio was obtained to measure the strength of association.
Results: The result of the study showed that 18.8% participants were currently involving in substance abuse. Alcohol was found to be most commonly abused substance by participants. Substance abuse was significantly associated with male students (OR=11.903, 95% CI: 6.395-22.157), high monthly household income abuse (OR=1.709, 95% CI: 1.085-2.691), time spent on internet more than one hour per day (OR=2.401, 95% CI: 1.388-4.153), no control over internet by others (OR= 2.578, 95% CI: 1.574-4.224), management students (OR= 1.678, 95% CI: 1.011-2.286), absence school more than 4 days in a month (OR= 2.401, 95% CI: 1.338-4.153), students living with others than family members (OR= 2.577, 95% CI: 1.339-4.958), substance abuser in family (OR= 2.701, 95% CI: 1.667-4.377), sibling abuse substances (OR= 4.757, 95% CI:1.467-15.248), substance abuser in close friend circle (OR= 11.204, 95% CI: 6.693-4.18.755), friends insisted/enforced to take substances (OR= 2.978, 95% CI: 1.409-6.294), substance abuser in neighborhood (OR= 2.866, 95% CI:1.777-4.621) and stressful events (OR= 2.434, 95% CI: 1.130-5.243).
Conclusion: The study concluded that various socio-demographic, socio economic, technological, educational, environmental and psychological factors play significant role in substance abuse among secondary school students. It is recommended to observe and monitor activities of adolescents regularly, provide a suitable and supportive environment to adolescents and provide school, community and health facility based awareness, counselling and problem solving approaches for adolescents to solve the problem of substance abuse.
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Duca, Ylenia, Antonio Aversa, Rosita Angela Condorelli, Aldo Eugenio Calogero, and Sandro La Vignera. "Substance Abuse and Male Hypogonadism." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 5 (May 22, 2019): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050732.
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Progressive deterioration of male reproductive function is occurring in Western countries. Environmental factors and unhealthy lifestyles have been implicated in the decline of testosterone levels and sperm production observed in the last fifty years. Among unhealthy lifestyles, substance and drug abuse is a recognized cause of possible alterations of steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis. Alcohol, opioids and anabolic-androgenic steroids are capable to reduce testosterone production in male interfering with testicular and/or hypothalamic-pituitary function. Other substances such as nicotine, cannabis, and amphetamines alter spermatogenesis inducing oxidative stress and subsequent apoptosis in testicular tissue. Substance and drug abuse is a potentially reversible cause of hypogonadism, defined as the failure of the testis to produce physiological concentrations of testosterone and/or a normal number of spermatozoa. The identification of the abuse is important because the withdrawal of substance intake can reverse the clinical syndrome. This review summarizes the most important clinical and experimental evidence on the effect of substance abuse on testosterone and sperm production.
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Ruqoyah, Umu, Lisdiana Lisdiana, and Nur Rahayu Utami. "Analysis Knowledge Level of Psychotropic-Addictive Substance And Rejection Attitude Of Drug Abuse In Junior High School Students." Journal of Biology Education 8, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jbe.v8i2.31161.
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Lack of drug hazard knowledge becomes one of the drug abuse causes. Drug knowledge (psychotropic-addictive substances) will foster a negative attitude such as a rejection reaction towards drug abuse. Such attitudes may prevent or address drug abuse problems. That prevention needs to be done as early as possible by providing knowledge about drugs trough the school educations. This study would find the relationship between addictive and psychotropic substance knowledge with the attitude on drug abuse and how much that constriction in JHS students' attitudes. This research method is a survey method with an analytical observational design. The population in this study was all junior high school students in the Semarang North District with five classes (grade IX) as samples taken from three schools in the sub-district. The data collection measuring instruments used in this study is questionnaires and interviews. The results of this study show that more than 50% of students have high knowledge of psychotropic and addictive substances and have a negative attitude towards drug abuse. Data analysis results are obtained by a correlation coefficient value (r) of 0.971 and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.942. The R value indicates a positive correlation while the R2 value is how much constricting it is. Based on the results of the study, concluded that the knowledge of psychotropic-addictive substances with the rejection attitudes of drug abuse has a positive and very strong relationship. And as much as 94.2% of the psychotropic addictive substance knowledge is constricting in the formation of students ' attitudes towards drug abuse.
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Allahverdipour, Hamid, Alireza Hidarnia, Anoushiravan Kazamnegad, Froug Shafii, Parviz Azad Fallah, and Azita Emami. "THE STATUS OF SELF-CONTROL AND ITS RELATION TO DRUG ABUSE–RELATED BEHAVIORS AMONG IRANIAN MALE HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 34, no. 4 (January 1, 2006): 413–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2006.34.4.413.
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This study examined relationships between self-control status and substance abuse and substance abuse-related behaviors. Male high school students (N=183) completed a questionnaire assessing self-control, resistance self-efficacy, behavioral intention not to use drugs, and negative attitudes toward drug use, and substance abuse-related behaviors. Students with poor self-control reported that they had used drugs and smoked to a significant extent; they also experienced pressure from their peers to use drugs and smoke. Students with poor self-control reported being exposed to violence from parents and tended to avoid school. A significantly inverse relationship between poor self-control, intention, and attitudes towards drug abuse was found among these students. Adolescents with poor self-control are vulnerable to substance abuse and social self-control training skills are relevant in substance abuse prevention programs.
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Fox, Thomas Peter, Govind Oliver, and Sophie Marie Ellis. "The Destructive Capacity of Drug Abuse: An Overview Exploring the Harmful Potential of Drug Abuse Both to the Individual and to Society." ISRN Addiction 2013 (July 17, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/450348.
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From a public health perspective, substance abuse has long been a source of major concern, both for the individual’s health and for wider society as a whole. The UK has the highest rates of recorded illegal drug misuse in the western world. In particular, it has comparatively high rates of heroin and crack cocaine use. Substances that are considered harmful are strictly regulated according to a classification system that takes into account the harms and risks of taking each drug (see the tables) (Nutt et al. (2007)). The adverse effects of drug abuse can be thought of in three parts that together determine the overall harm in taking it: (1) the direct physical harm of the substance to the individual user, (2) the tendency of the drug to induce dependence, and (3) the effect of abuse of the drug on families, communities, and society (Gable (2004, 1993)). In this report, we discuss published evidence relating to the harm of substance misuse and consider the neuropsychopharmacological mechanisms behind addiction in an attempt to gain an improved picture of the potential devastation that abuse of these substances may evoke.
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Karn, Mitesh, Dipendra Kandel, and Nuwadatta Subedi. "Prevalence of substance abuse and its associated factors among medical students: a cross-sectional study." F1000Research 10 (August 12, 2021): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.54585.1.
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Background: Substance abuse by medical students poses a significant risk not only on their personal life but also on their professional life by putting their patients at risk. Our study aims to find out the prevalence of substance abuse and factors associated with it among medical students. Methods: A descriptive, online-questionnaire based, cross-sectional study was carried out at Gandaki Medical College, a medical school in Gandaki Province of Nepal. Whole sampling technique was used. SPSS-25.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were used for analyzing demographic and substance abuse related variables. Chi square and Fishers exact test was used to find out if any differences existed in substance abuse by demographic characteristics. Results: Among 420 eligible participants, 219 participated in the survey (response rate: 52.2%). Alcohol was the most commonly used substance with overall lifetime prevalence of 58% followed by cigarette smoking and illegal drug abuse at 21.9% and 13.7%, respectively. The abuse of substances was significantly higher (p<0.05) in males, who were offered substances by friends, and amongst study participants who worked with an intoxicated colleague. The most common reason for substance abuse was “For pleasure, curiosity or to go along with friends” (23%, n=18). Major and minor dysfunction due to alcohol abuse was reported by 8(3.7%) and 33(15.1%) participants, while the same dysfunctions due to drug abuse were reported by 1(0.5%) and 14(6.4%) participants, respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of substance abuse was high among medical students and was found to be associated with male gender, if offer of substances were made by friends, and amongst those who worked with an intoxicated colleague. This problem of substance abuse among medical students should be addressed timely as failing to do so might have serious consequences on the healthcare system of the country.
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Alghamdi, Badr, Mohammed Zrari, Alaa Elahi, Meshari Alwagdani, Eman Alghamdi, Hashem Moafa, Shaher Miran, et al. "Substance abuse and its psychiatric effect on adolescence." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 7 (June 22, 2018): 2642. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20182450.
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Substance abuse amongst adolescence is a widespread health issue that witnesses a progressive increase over years. Substance abuse among this age group is associated with significant psychiatric morbidities that differ according to the substance used. Many literature studies were conducted to explore the psychiatric conditions and consequences associated with substance abuse. To date, cannabis was the most common substance studied and the most well-known illicit drug to be associated with various psychiatric co-morbidities. Other studied substances include alcohol, opiates, barbiturates, hallucinogens, and inhalants. The psychiatric effects of various substances depend on the state, the duration, and the dose of their use. This article will review and discuss the short-term and long-term effects of these substances on the mental health among adolescence.
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Lalengzama, C., and Hoselin Lalmuansangi. "Substance Abuse and Life Skills Education among Youth in Lunglei District, Mizoram." Senhri Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 4, no. 2 (December 28, 2019): 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36110/sjms.2019.04.02.005.
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Substance abuse includes any substance used in a patterned format related with disorder where the user takes substances which are harmful physically, mentally because of the amounts or methods for themselves or others. The substance focused in the present study is confined mainly to consumption and abuse of alcohol and drug. The prevalence of substance abuse among youth occurred at an alarming rate in Mizoram. As per the report of Mizoram State Aids Control Society (MSACS) revalidation, March 2013 there are about 10,750 regular injecting drug users in Mizoram. One of the assumed causes of substance abuse is low life skills of youths they lack the ability to face and adapt to real life demands and facing life with effective positive behaviour which is found to be more among broken family and low educational level. The present paper discusses low level of life skills education as one of the major causes of substance abuse and explained the relationship between substance abuse and life skills education among youth in Mizoram.
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Janero, David R., and David Grech. "Perspectives on substance abuse drug discovery." Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery 9, no. 11 (October 22, 2014): 1379–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17460441.2014.976740.
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CICCHETTI, DANTE, and SUNIYA S. LUTHAR. "Developmental approaches to substance use and abuse." Development and Psychopathology 11, no. 4 (December 1999): 655–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579499002254.
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In 1996 the Institute of Medicine (IOM, 1996) issued a report on pathways to addiction. Although focused on the use of illegal drugs, the recommendations of the committee are equally applicable to more socially condoned, but still addictive, substances such as alcohol. The IOM (1996) report articulated the types of research that would be needed to expand the understanding of the etiology of drug use disorders, including the following: (a) multidisciplinary research to investigate the combined effects of biological, psychosocial, and contextual factors as they relate to the development of drug use, abuse, and dependence; (b) studies of sufficient duration to enable follow-up of participants in determining the role of risk and protective factors related to the transition from drug use to abuse to dependence; (c) research investigating the role of family factors in the etiology of drug use and abuse; (d) examination of psychopathology as a precursor to drug use and abuse in adolescents and adults; (e) studies of risk and protective factors related to drug use and abuse, especially during discrete developmental stages; and (f) investigation of childhood risk and protective factors that are associated with drug abuse and dependence. In reflecting on these comprehensive goals, striking similarities emerge with respect to these research foci and the field of developmental psychopathology (Cicchetti & Cohen, 1995; Cicchetti & Toth, 1991). Specifically, the principles that guide inquiries conceptualized within a developmental psychopathology framework can be applied toward the conduct of studies designed to address the agenda generated by the IOM (1996) report on substance abuse.
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Sonia, Jahanara Akter, Tohfa Kabir, M. M. Towhidul Islam, and Yearul Kabir. "Catechol-O-methyltransferase and dopamine receptor D4 gene variants: Possible association with substance abuse in Bangladeshi male." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): e0246462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246462.
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Genetic risk of substance abuse is encoded mainly by central neurochemical pathways(mostly dopaminergic system) related to reinforcement and reward. In this study a functionalpolymorphism in Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) (Val158Met) and the Dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) (120 bp tandem duplication) has been studied in substance abused subjects. The study was carried out with 183 substance abused subjects and 175 healthy persons with no history of substance abuse. DNA was extracted and polymorphisms were analyzed using allele-specific PCR. The impact of these two polymorphisms was also analyzed on addictive characteristics (age of starting abuse, a pattern of drug habit, and period of addiction). It was found that only the heterozygous variant of COMT polymorphism (Val/Met) (p<0.05, OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.044–2.658) and both homozygous (p<0.05, OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.193–0.937) and heterozygous (p<0.05, OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.172–0.826) derived variants of DRD4 120 bp tandem duplication were significantly associated with risk of substance abuse compared to controls. In case of association of these polymorphisms with an age of onset, no significant difference was found among three different genotypic groups of COMT polymorphism. Whereas, the homozygous derived variant (240 bp/240 bp) of DRD4 gene was found to have a later age of onset (20.5±0.8) for substance abuse compared to heterozygous (120 bp/240 bp) (19.1±0.8) and wild type homozygous variant (120 bp/120 bp) (16.0±0.5), which was statistically significant (p<0.05). Again, in the case of the pattern of drug habit, the frequency of the Val/Val genotype is higher in polysubstance abused (>2 drugs) subjects (p<0.05) compared to the heterozygous Val/Met containing variants. An association of period of addiction was analyzed with an individual type of substance abuse and found that heroin abused subjects have a significantly higher period of addiction (11.6±1.0) compared to other abusers (p<0.01). Further, it was found that Met/Met containing variants of COMT polymorphism has a more extended period of addiction than other genetic variants in heroin abused subjects. These results indicate that genetic variability may influence the susceptibility to the risk of substance abuse and addictive characteristics.
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Musa, Abuhuraira Ado, Yusuf Muhammad Abdullahi, Muhammad Nuhu Salihu, Mamman Muhammad Lawal, Solomon Arigwe Joseph, Maryam Dahiru Umar, and Faisal Muhammad. "Assessment of knowledge and prevalence of drugs and substance abuse among the students of a selected tertiary health institution in Kano, Nigeria." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 8, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20212854.
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Background: Drugs and substance abuse is one of the commonest emerging public health problems among both adults and adolescents in developing countries. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge and prevalence of drugs and substance abuse among the students of a selected tertiary health institution in Kano, Nigeria.Methods: A multistage sampling technique was used during selection of the participants and the study was conducted for a period of 4 months (July to November, 2019). A total of 151 students from school of health technology Kano, Nigeria were recruited and the data was collected using a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed by the use of statistical software (SPSS version 20.0) and the results were presented in the form of figures and tables with frequencies and percentage. In addition, a statistical test of significance (x2 test) was applied to determine the significant associations between variables, p≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: The mean age of study participants was 27.2±6.3 years and majority of them (64.2%) were between 20-25 years. More than nine-tenths (94.0%) of the respondents were Hausa/Fulani, and 32.5% of the respondents were SCHEW students. Little above half (53.6%) of the respondents were earning less than 11000 naira per month and 62.3% of the respondents sourced the information regarding drugs and substance abuse from their friends. All the respondents have seen cigarettes before and 57.6% have seen inhalants (such as glue, petrol etc). Regarding the reason for substance/drug abuse; about 68.9% stated that it’s an addiction and based to the factors enhancing drugs and substance abuse; 72.7% mentioned that it was due to peer pressure, and 72.2% mentioned unemployment. Based on societal factors that promotes drugs and substance abuse; more than three-fifths (64.9%) mentioned that it was reluctant attitude of people and 20.5% mentioned it was some cultural factors.Conclusions: The prevalence of drug and substance abuse was 18.5%. Nevertheless more than three-fifths of them had good level of knowledge regarding drug and substance abuse. The ethnicity of the respondents was found significantly associated with level of knowledge regarding drug and substance abuse. There is need for more focused attention by parents, teachers, government and general public on the problem of drug and substance use.
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Menne, Victoria, and Rose Chesworth. "Schizophrenia and drug addiction comorbidity: recent advances in our understanding of behavioural susceptibility and neural mechanisms." Neuroanatomy and Behaviour 2 (January 16, 2020): e10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35430/nab.2020.e10.
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Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder which is worsened substantially by substance abuse/addiction. Substance abuse affects nearly 50% of individuals with schizophrenia, extends across several drug classes (e.g. nicotine, cannabinoids, ethanol, psychostimulants) and worsens overall functioning of patients. Prominent theories explaining schizophrenia and addiction comorbidity include the primary addiction hypothesis (i.e. schizophrenia susceptibility primes drug reward circuits, increasing drug addiction risk following drug exposure), the two-hit hypothesis (i.e. drug abuse and other genetic and/or environmental risk factors contribute to schizophrenia development) and the self-medication hypothesis (i.e. drug use alleviates schizophrenia symptoms). Animal models can be used to evaluate the utility and validity of these theories. Since this literature was last reviewed by Ng and colleagues in 2013 [Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 37(5)], significant advances have been made to our understanding of schizophrenia and substance abuse comorbidity. Here we review advances in the field since 2013, focussing on two key questions: 1) Does schizophrenia susceptibility increase susceptibility to drug addiction (assessing the primary addiction hypothesis), and 2) Do abused drugs exacerbate or ameliorate schizophrenia symptoms (assessing the two-hit hypothesis and the self-medication hypothesis). We addressed these questions using data from several schizophrenia preclinical models (e.g. genetic, lesion, neurodevelopmental, pharmacological) across drug classes (e.g. nicotine, cannabinoids, ethanol, psychostimulants). We conclude that addiction-like behaviour is present in several preclinical schizophrenia models, and drugs of abuse can exacerbate but also ameliorate schizophrenia-relevant behaviours. These behavioural changes are associated with altered receptor system function (e.g. dopaminergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic) critically implicated in schizophrenia and addiction pathology.
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Smith, Jeanette, and Stephen Hucker. "Schizophrenia and Substance Abuse." British Journal of Psychiatry 165, no. 1 (July 1994): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.165.1.13.
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BackgroundRecent research from North America has demonstrated higher than expected rates of drug and alcohol abuse among the seriously mentally ill. Schizophrenics appear to be particularly susceptible to the negative effects of substance abuse. These include psychiatric and social complications, with antisocial behaviour, particularly violence emerging as one of the most worrying features. This review examines the strength of the association and explores the possible explanations for the apparent link between schizophrenia, substance abuse and violence.MethodThe literature was searched using Medline, supplemented with a manual literature search.ResultsVery few articles specifically approached the problem of violence among substance abusing schizophrenics, but over 80 papers were identified which were helpful in exploring the link between dangerous behaviour and substance abuse by schizophrenics.ConclusionsWhile there is circumstantial evidence to support the hypothesis that schizophrenics who abuse drugs or alcohol are at an increased risk of behaving violently, longitudinal studies are required to facilitate a better understanding of the mediating mechanisms.
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Long, LaDonna, and Sarah E. Ullman. "Correlates of Problem Drinking and Drug Use in Black Sexual Assault Victims." Violence and Victims 31, no. 1 (2016): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00024.
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Few studies have examined factors related to problem drinking and drug use in Black sexual assault victims. Given that sexual assault and histories of trauma are associated with substance abuse in victims, research is needed to determine what factors may be related to these outcomes for Black survivors. Furthermore, child sexual abuse (CSA) is a risk factor for substance abuse, but no studies have examined correlates of substance abuse outcomes separately according to CSA history. This study examines a large diverse sample of Black sexual assault victims (N = 495) to determine the associations of demographics, trauma history, assault characteristics, and postassault psychosocial factors with problem drinking and drug use using multivariate regressions. Traumatic life events, using substances to cope and self-blame, were associated with greater problem drinking and drug use. Implications for practitioners and policymakers are discussed.
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Dimitrijevic, I., N. Kalezic, J. Ristic, O. Bojovic, and N. Dimitrijevic. "Digestive system damage caused by substance abuse." Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica 55, no. 3 (2008): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aci0803133d.
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Substance abuse and addiction represent a worldwide problem and cause a number of family, social and health problems. Digestive system damage caused by substance intake is an increasing problem amoung drug addicts. Many studies show that substances can cause cancer of all parts of the digestive system. Alcohol consumption was significantly associated with colon and rectal cancer. For rectal cancer, the risk was increased in association with drinking of alcoholic beverages, specially for beer consumption. Sinthetic drugs such as ecstasy may lead also to digestive and hepatic damage, as well as vascular complications of the stomach. Many studies show the existence of supstance associated enterocolitis as well as ishemic colitis. Diagnosis of ishemic colitis is based on the presence of rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, a history of substance use, supportive endoscopic and histopathologic findings, and the absence of other etiologic mechanisms of ischemic colitis. Great damage to the digestive system is also produced by smuggling narcotics packed into small pages that are afterwards been swallowed or implemented on other sorts of ways inside the smugglers natural body spaces as the rectum or vagina. In the paper authors reviewed literature conserning digestive system damage caused by substance abuse and drug smuggling.
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GRANT, JULIA D., JEFFREY F. SCHERRER, MICHAEL T. LYNSKEY, MICHAEL J. LYONS, SETH A. EISEN, MING T. TSUANG, WILLIAM R. TRUE, and KATHLEEN K. BUCHOLZ. "Adolescent alcohol use is a risk factor for adult alcohol and drug dependence: evidence from a twin design." Psychological Medicine 36, no. 1 (September 29, 2005): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291705006045.
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Background. Early alcohol use is associated with abuse and dependence of licit and illicit substances later in life. The role of genetic and environmental factors in this association is not conclusive.Method. In 1992, data on substance use, abuse/dependence and psychiatric disorders were collected from 8169 male twin members of the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. The interview obtained age of onset of regular drinking (one drink/month for 6 or more months). Regression analyses of twin pairs discordant for early alcohol use tested whether the association between early drinking (before age 17) and adult substance use and abuse/dependence remained after controlling for genetic factors, family environment and covariates. Twin models tested for common genetic and/or environmental influences on early drinking and adult alcohol dependence and ever use and abuse/dependence on marijuana and other drugs.Results. Co-twin analyses suggested the association between early regular alcohol use and adult alcohol dependence, marijuana and other drug use, and marijuana and other drug abuse/dependence could not be entirely explained by common genetic and shared family environmental factors. Genetic contributions to early regular drinking were significantly correlated with those on use of marijuana (rA=0·59), use of other drugs (rA=0·64), alcohol dependence (rA=0·54) and abuse/dependence of marijuana and other drugs (rA=0·63 and 0·66). Small but significant unique environmental correlations (rE range 0·11–0·22) indicated that familial factors could not entirely explain the association between early alcohol use and later substance use, abuse and dependence.Conclusions. Early regular drinking is associated with later alcohol dependence and use, abuse/dependence on drugs. The association is not entirely explained by genetic or shared family environmental factors. This suggests unique environmental factors contribute to transitions from early regular alcohol drinking to use, abuse and dependence on alcohol and other substances.
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Mir, Ashiq Rashid, Mahesh S. H., Rajanna M. S., Ashok J., and Debeshwar Singh. "Substance abuse pattern among medical college students in Tumkur, Karnataka, India: a cross sectional study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20164746.
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Background: Globally, there are 2 billion alcohol users, 1.3 billion smokers and 185 million are drug users. These are accounting for 12.4% of all deaths worldwide. The doctors are vulnerable to substance abuse due to their ready accessibility to the substance of abuse. Medical training is identified as full of stress and it is also observed that students undergo tremendous stress during various years of medical training. Repeated use of drugs can damage essential decision making and effect judgment of actions. This could be disastrous if substance abusers are medical professionals who have direct dealing with human lives. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at a medical college in Tumkur district of Karnataka. A semi structured questionnaire was used to interview 379 medical students who were willing to participate.Results: Prevalence of substance abuse among the students was found to be 25.9%. Substance abuse was highest among VII term students (IIIrd year) which was 25.3%. Alcohol was the single most preferred substance of abuse which was used by 36.40% of students. Curiosity for experience (42.4%) was major reason for initiation of substance abuse. Majority of students (45.5%) attained the harmful substances through friends. 76.6% of hostellers used harmful substances.Conclusions: Prevalence of substance abuse among medical college students was high. Students preferred alcohol products and tobacco most. Hosteller students are more likely to be exposed to substance abuse.
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Pradhan, SN, SC Sharma, MR Shrestha, and S. Shrestha. "A study of depression among patients of substance use disorder." Journal of Kathmandu Medical College 1, no. 2 (May 26, 2013): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v1i2.8145.
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Background: Depressive disorder is frequently found as a comorbidity among patients with substance abuse. Most of the time it is reported as underdiagnosed and a majority of patients go untreated. Many studies have indicated that comorbid depressive symptoms play a major role in the prognosis of substance use disorder and the relapse has been found to be greater in patients who have a comorbid depression. The present study seeks to determine the comorbidity of depression in cases with substance abuse and their sociodemographic characteristics. Objective: The current study is aimed to determine the relationship between various drug abusing patterns and comorbidity of depression with substance use disorders. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The study was carried out in 42 patients, who were consecutively admitted in psychiatric ward of Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital and Punarjeevan Hospital with the diagnosis of mental and behavioural disorder due to use of psychoactive substances, according to ICD-10. The study was carried out from 1st January 2010 to 30th December 2010. All patients were rated using Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Results: Among all subjects, 31 (73.8 %) were found to be suffering from Depression among which 19 (45.2%) had mild to moderate depression and 12 (28.6%) had severe depression. Depression was seen among 80% of unemployed subjects, followed by 75% employed subjects and 68.8% students. In method of drug intake, 21 (50%) subjects used oral drugs, 12 (28.6%) subjects used intravenous route and 5 (11.9%) subjects used inhalational drugs. All patients using intravenous drugs were found to have depression. Among drugs abused, 22 (52.4%) patients used multiple substances like alcohol and cannabis, 11 (26.2%) patients used Heroin, 6 (14.3%) patients used drugs like Diazepam, Dextropropoxyphene, Nitrazepam and Promethazine, followed by 3 (7.1%) patients using Buprenorphine. Depression was found in 6 (54.54%) out of 11 subjects who used Heroin followed by 19 (86.63%) out of 22 subjects who were dependent on alcohol, cannabis and other substances. Conclusion: The result showed strong correlation between depressive symptoms and substance abuse, which draws attention to the need of taking into consideration the comorbidity and its management. Clinicians should routinely assess for depression in patients with substance abuse disorders. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v1i2.8145 Journal of Kathmandu Medical College, Vol. 1, No. 2, Oct.-Dec., 2012: 96-99
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Hanley, Michael J., and George A. Kenna. "Quetiapine: Treatment for substance abuse and drug of abuse." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 65, no. 7 (April 1, 2008): 611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2146/ajhp070112.
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Nithyanandham Masilamani and Dhanraj Ganapathy. "Awareness of Drug Abuse Among Dental College Students." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL3 (October 6, 2020): 992–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl3.3318.
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Drug abuse has been a serious medical concern worldwide. Given mortality, substance misuse is still liable for serious illness and also the marketing of illegal substances has a significant effect on the community. This study was conducted to determine the awareness of drug abuse amongst dental college students. A cross-sectional survey was done with a self-administered questionnaire comprising of ten questions pertaining to the awareness about drug abuse. The samples chosen for the study were 100 dental undergraduate students. The responses were collected and analysed.82% of the respondents were aware of the dangerous effects of drug abuse .68% said drug abuse is because of stress,8% said because of peer pressure and 20% said because of family problems and 4% said because of pleasure seeking .76 % feel deaddiction therapy can reduce drug abuse. 5% of the respondents have used some kind of drugs, .85% said they are aware of health risks associated with drug abuse. There is a high level of awareness among dental students regarding the abuse of drugs and associated health risks. However, more intense and wider community outreach programs should be initiated to spread awareness about drug abuse among the general public and the student community.
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Reinarz, Susan, and Jenny Ecord. "Drug-of-Abuse Testing in the Neonate." Neonatal Network 18, no. 8 (December 1999): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.18.8.55.
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DRUG ABUSE I S A MAJOR psychiatric problem in the U.S.1The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Substance Abuse notes that increasing numbers of women are reported to use licit and illicit substances during pregnancy.2Statistical data are insufficient because of the difficulty in obtaining accurate information from a medical history, but as many as one in ten infants has been estimated to have been exposed to illicit drugsin utero. The reported incidence is higher in inner-city hospitals.3Some of these infants are known to be experiencing complications related to drug exposure during the neonatal period. Others may be sent home with undetected problems. Long-term health and well-being of the infant and family may be negatively influenced by the lack of identification of drug exposure. This concern has prompted increased efforts to identify the exposed infant and the substance to which the infant was exposed.
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Ramlagan, Shandir, Karl Peltzer, and Gladys Matseke. "Epidemiology of drug abuse treatment in South Africa." South African Journal of Psychiatry 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v16i2.172.
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<p><strong>Background.</strong> The aim of the study was to explore the epidemiology of drug abuse treatment in South Africa.</p><p><strong>Methods.</strong> Treatment demand statistics were analysed from South African National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the South African Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use records, and a rapid situation assessment was conducted. Twenty-one key informant interviews were conducted in all 9 provinces among provincial substance abuse co-ordinators, and one manager per treatment centre from a sample of treatment centres. Three focus groups were conducted and 46 self-administered questionnaires were distributed among inpatients at 2 selected treatment centres in Free State and North West provinces. Qualitative data were analysed using grounded theory, and quantitative data analysed using SPSS. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results.</strong> Treatment records show that the most frequent substance of abuse was alcohol (51%), followed by cannabis (21%), crack/cocaine (9.6%), heroin/opiates (7.9%), methamphetamine (Tik) (4.5%), prescription/over-the-counter drugs (2.0%), and cannabis/mandrax (1.7%). More substance abusers were male, of lower education, white or black, than were female, more highly educated, coloured and Indian/Asian. Key informant interviews showed that females are the ‘hidden’ substance abusers and tend not to be identified in research statistics and at treatment centres. Poverty, unemployment, lack of recreational facilities, being surrounded by substance abusers, and long work shifts were also mentioned as factors contributing to substance abuse. The age of initiation of substance abuse using non-drugs such as glue was 9 years old, alcohol 10 - 12 years old, dagga 11 - 12 years old, poly-drug use (alcohol, tobacco and dagga) 14 years old, and harder drugs such as cocaine and heroin at 16 - 17 years old, as reported by key informants. Family care and support, improved socio-economic conditions and increased law enforcement would help to discourage substance abuse.</p><p><strong>Conclusion.</strong> Prevention interventions and policies in South Africa should focus on reducing substance abuse by targeting the ‘at risk populations’ identified in this study.</p>
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Chughtai, Kamran, Saira Javed, and Shoaib Kiani. "Substance Abuse: From Abstinence to Relapse." Life and Science 1, no. 2 (April 14, 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.94.
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Objective: The current study objective was to identify and explore the common reasons of relapse after abstinence in drug addiction. Study Design: Cross sectional. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry Combined Military Hospital, Abbottabad from January to August 2019. Materials and Methods: Individuals who were drug dependent and reported for detoxification were included in the study. Individual interviews were conducted through thematic guide regarding demographic details, name of substance of abuse, duration of substance abuse, number of previous self-attempts to quit the drug, average period of abstinence after self-attempt, reason of relapse after self-attempt, previous assisted attempts to quit the habit, average period of abstinence after assisted attempt, reason of relapse after assisted attempts. The responses were analyzed by using content analysis. Results: Participants (N=34) were males, age range 25 to 40 years, 58% married, 11% uneducated, 79% employed, 47% heroin addiction and 11% were using cannabis. The common reasons of relapse among self –attempt and assisted-attempt addicts after abstinence in drug addiction were peer pressure (social pressure), negative emotions from family (aggression discouragement and lack of empathy/sympathy), stress (traumatic events,badphysical/mentalhealth)/lackofmotivationand easyavailabilityofdrugs(cheap,affordableand distributors are approachable). Resentment against confinement at rehabilitation centers was found only among assisted-attempt addicts after abstinence. Half of the self-attempt participants of the study, were abusing drugs for about last 5 years, 20% had tried to quit the drug on their own at least twice, 41.18 % for two weeks, 32.35 % for 1 month, and 26.47% remained abstinent after self-attempt to quit the drug for more than 6 months. On the contrary, 47 % of these individuals had two previous assisted attempts at rehabilitation centers to quit the drug. After assisted attempts 32.35 % remained abstinent for less than one day, 52.94% for one day, and 14.71 % for less than one week. Conclusion: It is concluded that the main reasons of relapse are emotional instability, lack of family cooperation and confinement at rehabilitation centers against the will of individual for longer time. Therefore, rehabilitation process should be initiated with the motivation of the individual, followed by psycho education of the family and avoidance of unnecessary prolongs admission without consent of the individual.
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Seaman, Elizabeth L., Mathew J. Levy, J. Lee Jenkins, Cassandra Chiras Godar, and Kevin G. Seaman. "Assessing Pediatric and Young Adult Substance Use Through Analysis of Prehospital Data." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 29, no. 5 (August 4, 2014): 468–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1400079x.
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AbstractIntroductionSubstance use in young adults is a significant and growing problem. Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel often encounter this problem, yet the use of prehospital data to evaluate the prevalence and magnitude of substance abuse has been limited.Hypothesis/ProblemThis study evaluated drug and alcohol use through the use of prehospital and EMS data in one suburban county in Maryland (USA). The primary hypothesis was that the type of drug being abused is associated with age. The secondary hypothesis was substance abuse incidence is associated with location. The tertiary hypothesis was that substance abuse is associated with a history of mental illness.MethodsDeidentified patient care reports (PCRs) were obtained during a 24-month period from October 2010 through September 2012 for patients 0 through 25 years of age. Inclusion criteria included chief complaint of alcohol overdose, drug overdose, or the use of naloxone.ResultsThe primary hypothesis was supported that age was associated with drug category (P < .001). Younger adolescents were more likely to use household items, prescription drugs, or over-the-counter drugs, whereas older adolescents were more likely to use illicit drugs. The secondary hypothesis was supported that both alcohol (P < .001) and drugs (P < .001) were associated with location of call. Calls involving alcohol were more likely to be at a home or business, whereas calls involving drugs were more likely to be at home or at a public venue. The tertiary hypothesis was supported that both alcohol (P = .001) and drug use (P < .001) were associated with history of mental illness. Older adolescents were more likely to report a history of mental illness. Chi-squared tests indicated there were significant differences between genders and drug category (P = .002) and gender and current suicide attempt (P = .004). Females were more likely to use prescription drugs, whereas males were more likely to use illicit drugs. Calls involving younger adolescents under 18 were more likely to be at school or the mall, whereas calls involving older adolescents were likely to be at a prison, public venue, or a business.ConclusionAll three hypotheses were supported: the type of substance being abused was associated with both age and location, and substance abuse was associated with a history of mental illness. This research has important implications for understanding how EMS resources are utilized for substance use. This information is valuable in not only the education and training of prehospital care providers, but also for the targeting of future public health interventions.SeamanEL, LevyMJ, JenkinsJL, GodarCC, SeamanKG. Assessing pediatric and young adult substance use through analysis of prehospital data. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(4):1-6.
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Gutierrez, Alfredo, and Leo Sher. "Alcohol and drug use among adolescents: an educational overview." International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 27, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2015-5013.
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Abstract Alcohol and drug use continues to be a significant global problem with many health and economic consequences. Multiple studies have shown that the majority of adults who end up with an alcohol/drug use disorder have their first contact with these substances as adolescents. This article aims to briefly summarize current prevalence and impact on society, as well as its etiology, comorbid psychiatric disorders, and treatment and prevention of adolescent drug and alcohol use. Alcohol and substance use impacts both the user and society at large, from health risks to the user to increased early pregnancies, car accidents, financial cost, and productivity cost. Substance use and abuse results from intricate interactions between genetic and environmental influences. Also, substance abuse along with a comorbid psychiatric disorder is more common than a solitary substance use disorder in adolescents. Current options for the treatment of substance abuse disorders range from various therapy-based strategies, including behavioral and family-based therapies, to the use of medications. More attention must be placed on the importance of prevention of use, as well as progression of use to dependence. Successful prevention requires a comprehensive plan that needs to include, but should not be limited to, increasing education of all gatekeepers and limiting access of substances and alcohol through policy and reinforcement of those policies. Education of parents, pediatricians, school nurses, teachers, and mental health workers is essential to ensure that children at risk are identified in time to provide appropriate interventions.
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Schmitz, Allison. "Benzodiazepine use, misuse, and abuse: A review." Mental Health Clinician 6, no. 3 (January 1, 2016): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2016.05.120.
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Abstract Benzodiazepine (BZD) abuse has reached epidemic levels and results in poor outcomes, particularly when combined with concomitant central nervous system depressants. BZDs are abused most commonly in combination with opioids and alcohol. Emergency department visits and related deaths have soared in recent years. In the absence of other medications or illicit substances, BZDs are rarely the sole cause of death. Prescription drug abuse has received more attention in recent years, yet much remains unknown about BZD abuse. BZDs have low abuse potential in most of the general population. A subset is at elevated risk of abuse, especially those with a history of a substance use disorder. Education, prevention, and identification are vital in reducing BZD abuse.
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Keeley, Helen S., T. Mongwa, and P. Corcoran. "The association between parental and adolescent substance misuse: findings from the Irish CASE study." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 32, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2014.87.
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BackgroundSelf-report data from 2716 adolescents aged 15–17 years old in Irish schools were analysed to consider the association between psycho-social factors and the presence of adolescent substance and alcohol abuse, with an emphasis on family circumstances.MethodsData were collected using the ‘Lifestyle and Coping Questionnaire’ which includes questions about lifestyle, coping, problems, alcohol and drug use, deliberate self-harm, depression, anxiety, impulsivity and self-esteem. Two additional questions were added to the standard questionnaire regarding parental substance misuse.ResultsAdolescent substance abuse was more common in boys; parental substance misuse increased the risk of adolescent abuse of alcohol and drugs; the increased risk was marginally higher if the parental substance abuse was maternal rather than paternal; the increased risk was higher if the parental substance abuse affected both rather than one of the parents, especially regarding adolescent drug abuse; the magnitude of the increased risk was similar for boys and girls. Parental substance misuse increased the risk of adolescent substance abuse even after adjusting for other family problems and the adolescent’s psychological characteristics.ConclusionsThis study indicates that parental substance misuse affects the development of both alcohol and drug misuse in adolescent children independent of other family problems and the psychological characteristics of the adolescent. A wider perspective is needed, including societal and family issues, especially parental behaviour, when attempting to reduce risk of adolescent addiction. The impact on children of parental substance misuse also needs consideration in clinical contexts.
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Mansoor, Shehzad Adil, Muhammad Muazzam, and Humayun Suqrat Hasan Imam. "SUBSTANCE ABUSE." Professional Medical Journal 21, no. 02 (December 7, 2018): 316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2014.21.02.2105.
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Objectives: To study the prevalence of substance abuse among prisoners and itseffects on other inmates. Study design: A cross sectional study. Place and duration of study:Central jail Faisal Abad Pakistan during Jan. 2012 to Feb 2012. Methodology: All the convictedand condemned prisoners were included in the study and those exclusively charged for drugsabuse crimes were excluded. A snow ball convenient sampling technique was adopted. Samplesize was not predetermined. The study population was (1080) male and above the age of 18years. Results: About one hundred and eighty four (184) prisoners were found using differentdrugs. Among them seventy six 76 (41.3%) started using drugs on entering the prison and onehundred and eight 108 (58.7%) were using drugs before coming to prison. The 91(49.5 %)belonged to rural area and 93 (50.5%) belonged to urban areas. The most commonly used drugwas heroin 181(96.7%) and 3(.6%) used different drugs like injections or pills. Conclusions:Substance abuse among prisoners was increasing day by day leading to increased crimes,health issues, and significant economic constrains in every country especially among poornations. Strong political will and public motivation was the need of time to deal with the issue.
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Lammertink, M., F. Löhrer, R. Kaiser, M. Hambrecht, and R. Pukrop. "Differences in substance abuse patterns: multiple drug abuse alone versus schizophrenia with multiple drug abuse." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 104, no. 5 (July 18, 2008): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2001.00480.x.
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