Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Substance blanche cérébrale'
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Koob, Mériam. "Etude de la substance blanche cérébrale de l'enfant par imagerie en tenseur de diffusion." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAD005.
Full textDiffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a diffusion-weighted imaging application that allows water motion quantification in any direction. This technique determines brain fiber direction in each voxel, and reconstructs indirectly white matter fibers tracts in 3D with tractography. Scalar DTI parameters, such as fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), provide a quantitative analysis of brain microstructure. DTI applications are numerous, especially in the study of brain development and white matter pathologies.First, we studied DTI in the fetus. For this, we implemented a processing method for fetal DTI images, and compiled it in a software, Baby brain Toolkit (BTK) (https://github.com/rousseau/fbrain). BTK was validated on normal cases, and then applied to a brain malformation model. We also studied a case of cytomegalovirus infection with DTI.We then investigated the utility of scalar DTI parameters in a rare leukodystrophy, Cockayne syndrome. DTI allows to diagnose Cockayne syndrome, to distinguish between clinical subtypes, and to understand its pathophysiology. We showed that Cockayne syndrome was a primitive hypomyelinating disorder, followed by a low grade secondary demyelination
Poupon, Cyril. "Détection des faisceaux de fibres de la substance blanche pour l'étude de la connectivité anatomique cérébrale." Paris, ENST, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ENST0026.
Full textSappey-Marinier, Dominique. "Spectroscopie par résomance magnétique nucléaire des lipides de la substance blanche cérébrale normale et pathologique : sclérose en plaques." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10114.
Full textZemmoura, Ilyess. "Reconstruction des fibres blanches cérébrales à partir de la dissection et recalage dans l'IRM post-mortem : pour la comparaison à la tractographie cérébrale par IRM de diffusion." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR3305/document.
Full textThe knowledge of the morphology of white matter fiber tracts, which connect distant cerebral areas, is essential to better understand brain functions. Diffusion MR tractography indirectly reconstructs this anatomy using complex mathematical algorithms. After a review of the existing methods for tractography validation, we propose an original method based on 3D reconstruction of dissected tracts. Our method, FIBRASCAN, used iterative surface acquisitions during dissection. The tracts were segmented on each surface and then reconstructed by stacking these surfaces. A rigid support allowed registration between surfaces and then registration to MRI. We demonstrated the accuracy of each reconstructing step, and the feasibility of our method on several tracts. In the last part of this work, the structure of white matter fibers and the changes induced by preparation and dissection were investigated using electron microscopy. We showed that dissection preserves the structure of axons and can thus be considered as a validation tool for tractography
Bihel, Ebeline. "Evolution de la lésion cérébrale et des déficits fonctionnels chez le marmouset soumis à une ischémie cérébrale focale : étude pendant la phase aigüe, subaigüe et chronique." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN3118.
Full textThe failure of stroke therapies in human clinical trials has been attributed, at least in part, to the inadequacy of animal models of stroke. Several recent reports emanating from committees of experts have called for the use of models in which pertinent animal species and approaches are employed. In this context, we have developed a new stroke model in a non-human primate, the marmoset, using an intravascular approach to occlude, permanently or transiently, the middle cerebral artery. The analysis of the acute, subacute, and chronic evolution of cerebral damage with pertinent imaging techniques (magnetic resonance imaging and positions emission tomography) has shown a close evolution of cerebral damage between the Human and the marmoset, and the presence of secondary damage, like diaschisis, and discrete chronic white matter alterations. Functional deficits evaluations, through the use of a battery of behavioural tests, have shown long lasting sensorimotors deficits, which could be correlated with the severity of diaschisis and white matter alterations. Thus we have demonstrated the relevance of this marmoset’s stroke model for therapeutic evaluations and the investigation of the mechanisms implicated in the persistence of the functional deficits
Lecrux, Clotilde. "Etude de la vulnérabilité à différents types de lésions cérébrales chez le rat spontanément hypertendu : implication de mécanismes non vasculaires." Caen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CAEN2073.
Full textA considerable number of studies on stroke pathophysiology have been completed at both the level of experimental research – with animal models – and clinical research – during clinical trial in human. However, neuroprotective treatments tested during clinical trials failed to show any beneficial effect, and the only treatment currently available is the thrombolytic approach. Our project aimed to participle to improve animal models of cerebral ischemia by including the factors commonly present in human patients. The first is chronic arterial hypertension, which is the main risk and aggravating factor in cerebral ischemia. We demonstrate that spontaneously hypertensive rats display exacerbated brain lesions following both a cerebral ischaemia and an excitotoxic insult. Our data show a specific vulnerability of the strain of spontaneously hypertensive rats, independently from the level of blood pressure. Furthermore, we provide evidence of a specific vulnerability to AMPA receptors stimulation in these rats. The second factor we studied is the lesion of the white matter. We have developed a model of internal capsule lesion in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. This model has been characterised by the quantification of lesion volume – through the use of magnetic resonance imaging and histological staining – and by the measurement of behavioural deficits – through the use of behavioural tests. These approaches intend to a better characterization of animal models of cerebral ischemia, which remain a essential step to develop a beneficial treatment for stroke
Duriez, Quentin. "Tabagisme et atrophie cérébrale chez le sujet âgé." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0280/document.
Full textThe increase in life expectancy seen during the XXth century, followed by an increase in theproportion of elderly, placed the study of brain aging and of its accompanying diseases in thespotlight. This thesis had for goal the study and quantification of the impact of tobaccoconsumption on brain morphological aging in a large cohort of elderly subjects from the Three CitiesStudy. We focused to evaluate and compare its impact, in comparison with other factors known toinfluence brain aging, in longitudinals and cross-sectionals studies. We show that tobacco smokinghas an effect, mainly global, more important than the others cardiovascular risk factors included inthis study and as important as the effect of age. Also, we have found that this effect stops with theconsumption, showing that prevention among the elderly population might be of major interest forsociety. Moreover, analysis have been conducted in men and women separately, allowing us to finddifferential effects of tobacco consumption on the brain morphological aging in the two sexes
Lima, Maldonado Igor. "Vers une anatomie fonctionnelle de la substance blanche cérébrale chez l'homme : Étude par dissection de fibres et électrostimulation des voies du langage." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20137/document.
Full textThe knowledge of the form and function of fiber pathways supports the modeling of cognitive networks, the development of neurosurgical approaches and the interpretation of neuroimaging. We used a hybrid anatomical and neurophysiological methodology whose main objective was to characterize the subunits of the complex comprised of the Superior Longitudinal and the Arcuate Fasciculus (SLF/AF) as well as their participation in the articulatory, phonological and semantic language functions. Sixty-eight cerebral hemispheres were prepared using a variant of the fiber dissection technique known as the Klingler's method. In parallel, we studied the electrical functional maps of fourteen patients operated on using a sleep-awake-sleep technique for brain tumors of the temporo-parietal junction in the dominant hemisphere. Based on our laboratory and neuroimaging findings, as well as on the available literature, we conducted a correlation of clinical manifestations caused by the electrical stimulation and the topography of the association bundles. The anatomical preparations allowed us to detail the three-dimensional organization of hemispheric white matter, to perform the first description of the Middle Longitudinal Fasciculus using fiber dissection, and to characterize three of the four components of the SLF: the major, the ventral and the arcuate. The existence of a dorsal component along the superior edge of the hemisphere was not confirmed by our findings, a hypothesis in the literature that was based on the anatomy of the nonhuman primate and on previous studies on neuroimaging. The functional anatomy of the inferior parietal lobule was revisited as well as the pathways of white matter in its depth. The inter-individual variability in the distribution of eloquent areas was evident, especially for language. These areas were used to delineate the tumor resection, namely: the primary sensory cortex, anteriorly; the Wernicke's area, inferiorly and laterally, and the white matter pathways from the SLF/AF in the white matter. At this level, the observation of the clinical manifestations in connection with the electrical disturbance caused by the cerebral stimulation allowed us to conclude that the ventral opercular component of the SLF has a role in the articulatory function and the deeper arcuate component is involved in the phonological function. The functional mapping does not provide any argument for a participation of this association complex in the treatment of semantics, an assumption in the literature that was based only on neuroimaging. These findings may have important implications, both in clinical practice and in fundamental research, including for modeling the neural basis of language
Mortamais, Marion. "Facteurs influençant les relations entre les hypersignaux de la substance blanche cérébrale et le risque de troubles cognitifs et de démence chez les sujets âgés." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON1T009/document.
Full textCerebral white matter hyperintensities (WMH), detected in vivo with MRI, are commonly used to assess cerebrovascular burden in cognitive impairment. However, the association between WMH and cognition is not consistent the across literature. In our longitudinal population-based study of 660 subjects aged 65 years and over with a brain MRI at baseline (ESPRIT Study), we aimed to identify factors that may modulate the effects of WMH on cognition. During the 10-year follow-up period, we observed that the association between WMH and cognitive impairment became weaker with advancing age, was only observed when the relationship was examined in low-educated individuals, and in patients with a specific spatial distribution of WMH, defined by a severe total WMH load with a high proportion of hyperintensities in the temporal lobe. These results suggest that there is a particular population (younger, less educated and with a specific distribution of WMH) in which the effects of WMH are more severe and/ or more easily detectable. In future studies using WMH as a marker of vascular burden in cognition, this particular population should be specifically considered
Renard, Félix. "Création et utilisation d'atlas en IRM de diffusion : application à l'étude des troubles de la conscience." Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2011/RENARD_Felix_2011.pdf.
Full textThis dissertation deals with the creation of an atlas for diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI). For the first time, diffusion MRI allows to characterize the underlying neuronal structures. The development of medical imaging leads to more and more important data, for more and more persons. This atlas allow to model this new, important quantity of information, taking into account the inter-individual variability existing in a population. The help of diagnostic is more efficient, with the implicit knowledge of a large database of reference images. The dMRI modality delivers complex signals permitting to study the brain at different scales, from the voxel to the whole brain. Due to the complexity of this kind of imaging, it has been necessary to develop some statistical tools, based on the atlas, permitting to quantify pathological phenomena, and to differentiate them from normal phenomena. The aim of this thesis is the creation of probabilistic atlas for a general case, and the application of the dMRI for persons who have consciousness impairment. More precisely, the conception of this atlas consists in one hand to elaborate a probabilistic model of a normal population supposed healthy, and on the other hand to identify significant statistical differences between a person with some consciousness impairment and the probabilistic atlas. The creation of this atlas permits a better understanding of the physio pathological mechanisms of the consciousness impairments
Labra, Avila Nicole. "Inference of a U-fiber bundle atlas informed by the variability of the cortical folding pattern." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPAST056.
Full textTechnological breakthroughs in medical imaging have allowed for first time in vivo exploration of the brain of living beings. This has prompted the creation of big projects and large databases for the study of the human brain such as the Human Connectome Project (HCP) or the Human Brain Project (HBP), of which this thesis is a part. Tractography by diffusion MRI (dMRI) has been the first technique to explore the white matter and the major connections of the human brain but there is still a long way to go regarding short-range connections. Even more, the boundary of the division between long and short fibers remains ambiguous and without consensus among the scientific community and further study is imperative. In recent years, some short bundle atlases have been proposed, identifying about a hundred short-range fascicles. However, the main weakness in the development of these atlases is the poor alignment between subjects which consider only the standard Talairach alignment or the diffusion tensor image registration method (DTI-tk). Neither of those approaches take into account correctly the variability of the cortical folding pattern which is closely related to the short-range connections surrounding sulci, commonly known as U-bundles.This thesis work proposes a new framework for the creation of an extended atlas of short-range fiber bundles between 20mm and 85mm length from two massive dMRI tractography datasets : the ARCHI database and the HCP database. 76 subjects of each one have been used to construct two atlases of short-range connections using exactly the same pipeline. This method uses a two-step diffeomorphic inter-subject alignment procedure that combines DISCO and DARTEL approaches. First, DISCO includes information on cortical folding and forces the accurate match of the main sulci that have to be circumvented by the U-bundles. Then, the well-known DARTEL method is applied to refine the registration. The MNI 152 template is also used, in order to provide our results in a common space to facilitate its use in the scientific community.An adaptative hierarchical clustering based on DBSCAN, focused in the extraction of short-range connections is performed then to extract the most reproducible bundles across subjects. This method does not impose restriction on the shape of the bundle clusters and allows the processing of massive tractography datasets in a reasonable time and without the need of high performance computational resources. The results show an increased number of short-range bundles consistently mapped in the general population compared with previous atlases created from the same ARCHI database. This first atlas contains more than 400 bundles. On the other hand, more than 600 bundles were obtained with the massive HCP database endowed with higher spatial resolution. Each of this new atlases contains all the bundles of the existent atlases of short-range connections and much more to explore. And even, for some bundles in the same region and position, different morphologies of them have been differentiated. Those results open a new path to improve our understanding of the relationship between the folding pattern and the U-bundle variability but also the possibility to detect abnormal configurations induced by developmental issues which may lead to mental pathologies such as bipolar depression or schizophrenia
Clarisse, Perrine. "Tractographie cérébrale par IRM de tenseur de diffusion : influence des paramètres d'acquisition et de la méthode de tractographie sur la reproductibilité et la plausibilité anatomique des résultats dans la perspective d'une application en routine clinique." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/271/.
Full textDiffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) and fiber tracking provide unique qualitative and quantitative information to help in visualizing and studying fiber tract architecture in white matter. Nevertheless, only streamline tractography methods are available for clinical routine. However, the reliability of these methods within a clinical perspective has not been thoroughly evaluated. The aim of our study is to evaluate fiber tracking strategy in terms of acquisition schemes in conjunction with the algorithm which is commonly used in clinical practice (TEND: "Tensor deflection algorithm"). Our work first consisted in a systematic exploration of the main acquisition parameters in order to asses their effects on image quality for fiber tracking. Based on homogeneous phantom DTI data, this study allowed us to select several acquisition schemes according to image quality criterions and clinical constraints of time. Then, DTI acquisitions were performed on 14 healthy subjects and the TEND method was applied to trace on the pyramidal tract, on the major tract of human brain. Acquisition and fiber tracking reliability were evaluated both by qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis showed a good anatomic plausibility. Fiber tracking reproducibility was about 65% for intra exam and only 30% for inter exam. The observed differences in the fiber tracking results due to different acquisition schemes appear to be small relative to inter exam variability. Despite a weak reproducibility, fiber tracking provides usefull information on tract position for neurosurgical planning. Thus, this method has to be used very carefully and should be to be improved
Cognat, Emmanuel. "Lésions de la substance blanche dans la maladie CADASIL." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC139/document.
Full textCADASIL is an autosomal dominant, hereditary, small vessel disease of the brain causing early and progressive white matter lesions. The histopathological characteristics of these lesions remain poorly known. The disease is caused by stereotyped mutations in the gene coding for the NOTCH3 receptor. One of CADASIL hallmarks is the presence in vessels of an abnormal accumulation of NOTCH3 extracellular domain (NOTCH3ECD). Data suggest that CADASIL pathophysiological process may be caused by a toxic effect resulting from NOTCH3ECD deposits, due to an abnormal recruitment of other extracellular matrix components. However, it has been shown that CADASIL mutations differentially affect Notch3 signaling, constitutively or progressively. The latter observations led scientists to propose the hypothesis that Notch3 loss of function may play an important role in CADASIL pathogenesis.We conducted a detailed white matter analysis in a CADASIL mouse model that overexpresses a Notch3 allele with the R169C/R170C mutation and that recapitulates the preclinical stages of the disease (TgPACNotch3R169C). In this model, we observed intramyelinic edema associated with myelin degradation / decompaction detectable by immunochemistry in the brain of mice as young as 6 months of age. Axonal integrity analysis in myelin lesions suggested that axonal loss may appear secondarily. A semi-quantitative method for the quantification of myelin debris has been developed.Next, we tested the hypothesis that Notch3 loss of function might play a key role in CADASIL pathophysiology. We first identified a set of genes that are sensitive to a reduction in Notch3 dosage by half. Quantification of these genes expression in both heterozygous and homozygous mice Knock-in for the R170C mutation showed that Notch3 activity was not lowered in this model. In addition, we analyzed the effect of a suppression of endogenous Notch3 copies on white matter lesions observed in TgPACNotch3R169C mice and observed no worsening of these lesions. Together these results suggest that hypomorphism is not a feature common to all CADASIL mutations, and that white matter lesions in CADASIL do no result from Notch3 loss of function.Finally, we studied the pathogenic effect of Timp3 and vitronectine accumulation, both proteins having been shown to accumulate with NOTCH3ECD early in the course of the disease. By the use of genetic interaction approaches (lowering and increase in Timp3 and vitronectine in TgPACNotch3R169C mice), we observed differential effects of the proteins on white matter lesions and cerebrovascular reactivity impairment. Indeed, vitronectine lowering improves white matter lesions without any effect on cerebrovascular reactivity while Timp3 diminution restores cerebrovascular reactivity without any effect on white matter lesions. These results provide proof of concept for the implication of TIMP3 and vitronectin excess in CADASIL pathogenesis and questions the dogma that make hypoperfusion the main determinant of white matter lesions in CADASIL
Guevara, Olivares Miguel. "Disentangling the short white matter connections using a fiber's geometry based dimensional reduction approach." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPAST053.
Full textThe study of superficial white matter (SWM) has often been left aside, mainly because of its high variability. Higher quality acquisition methods and the development of new analysis tools have facilitated the study of SWM from diffusion MRI and tractography. Brain connectivity and cortical folding pattern must be strongly related, especially for short U-fibers, which circumvent the folds. As the folding patterns morphology is specific to each human being, so should be the underlying fibers configuration. In this work we created a pipeline to disentangle the short white matter connections into their different configurations and to characterize their relation with other structures.First a method to delineate short bundles from a tractography set was built using a hybrid approach, by extracting fibers connecting two cortical regions of interest (ROIs) (incorporating anatomical information) and then clustering them into bundles (considering their shape), reproducible across subjects. Subjects were aligned by a T1-based affine transformation and a deterministic tractography database (79 subjects) was used. This generated a whole brain streamline bundle atlas, which allows distance-based segmentation of the bundles in new subjects, in order to perform clinical studies over specific connections. The bundles obtained were compared against other two publicly available atlases (using alternative non-linear alignment across subjects), to evaluate their reproducibility given different methods and databases. A non-negligible number of bundles were found similar among the three atlases. As SWM bundle definition is still a subjective matter, over-segmentation can nevertheless occur. However, even greater granularity is required when aiming to classify the different bundle configurations. This level of disentanglement was achieved by an ISOMAP dimensionality reduction algorithm. It aimed to stratify the population based on their fibers using geometrical changes across subjects. For each region under study, the fibers surrounding a specific sulcus were targeted and therefore the ROIs were selected accordingly. These regions are: central sulcus, superior temporal sulcus, cingulate sulcus and precentral gyrus. The method was applied over 816/897 subjects of the S900 release of the HCP database and a preprocessed probabilistic tractography database. For each region the fibers were extracted, sampled and then used in the ISOMAP computation, which in turn was employed to split the population in ten groups. In each group a refined version of a short bundle identification method was applied, in order to obtain reproducible bundles. These were then automatically matched with their corresponding ones in the other groups, based on a centroid fiber distance. A Hysteresis principle was used to recover missing bundles (previously discarded) in each group. In order to identify the bundles driving the differences reflected on each ISOMAP dimension, the correlation of the fibers geometry with the subjects ISOMAP values was performed, by using a “bundle to tractogram” distance for each pair of subjects. The fiber-based ISOMAP values were also compared to a sulcus-based ones, obtaining a high correlation for the first dimension. The bundles showing correlation with the ISOMAP values show coherent morphological transitions along the groups, and are located in areas where the sulcus also exhibits differences in shape. Moreover, the bundles are also spatially correlated to changes in functional activations. These results prove the link between the brain wiring and the cortical folding pattern. Moreover, they evidence that a finer delineation of the bundles allow the detection of differences that most of the time are blurred out due to the mixing of configurations
Vargas, Patricia. "Etude des atteintes de la substance blanche liées aux performances motrices et de langage des patients après un accident vasculaire cérébral." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00987601.
Full textGraulieres, Eliane. "Valeur prédictive des anomalies d'imagerie tensorielle de diffusion détectées dans la substance blanche apparemment normale et la substance grise de patients atteints de sclérose en plaques." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/350/.
Full textUntil now, cMRI have shown limitations about the management of multiple sclerosis (MS) because there is not correlation between lesion load visible on MRI images and clinical score EDSS that defines the severity of handicap of a patient with multiple sclerosis. The diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), by quantifying mean diffusivity of water and the degree of anisotropy of tissues characterized by fractional anisotropy in the central nervous system, gives in vivo information about physiopathological modifications of MS. But to this day, no marker can predict with certitude the evolution of pathology. Hence, robust markers that may surely describe the disease process are needed in order to improve the physiopathological comprehension of MS and establish a prognostic. The objective of this thesis was to realise a DTI study in NAWM and GM of patients with remitting-relapsing multiple sclerosis by using new mathematic indices: the Skewness (S) and the Kurtosis (K) and compare them with usual histograms quantifications: peak position and peak height. From a methodological point of view, the results of a first short term study: 3 months have shown that whereas there was not clinical evolution, the S index may reflect a significant alteration of GM over this short period. A group of healthy subjects did not show such modifications. The modifications of S, if the clinical evolution was confirmed, may be a marker of the disease evolution before repercussion on clinical score EDSS. .
Pron, Alexandre. "Etude de la connectivité structurelle des faisceaux d'association courts de la substance blanche du cerveau humain en IRM de diffusion." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0391.
Full textShort association fibres (U-shaped fibres) of the white matter connect cortical territories located in adjacent gyri. In vivo estimation of the spatial extent of these fibres requires diffusion-weighted MRI data (dMRI) with high spatial and angular resolution to limit the effect of partial volume at the cortex/white substance interface and to capture the complexity of the fibre patterns. Such data require appropriate pre-processing methods. In addition, the quantitative study of the connectivity of these fibres requires the implementation of advanced tractography and filtering strategies for the tractograms obtained. In this context, we have developed Diffuse (https://github.com/MecaLab/Brainvisa-Diffuse), a toolbox dedicated to dMRI data processing that interfaces state-of-the-art methods for pre-treatment, local modelling and estimation of fibre trajectories by tractography. Using Diffuse, we quantified the impact of six artefact correction chains typically used in dMRI data processing on subsequent local modelling and tractography steps (Brun et al. 2019). The second contribution to this thesis proposes to describe the connectivity of the U-shaped fibres of a sulcus by defining a new continuous representation space (Pron et al. 2018). This space was used to characterize the anatomical connectivity of the short association fibers of the central sulcus of 100 right-handed subjects from the Human Connectome Project's high-quality MRI database
Kassem, Jinane. "L'exposition à une inflammation anténatale sensibilise le cerveau immature à une lésion excitotoxique postnatale." Thesis, Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR3119.
Full textThe periventricular leucomalacia is one of the main causes of cerebral palsy in premature infants. This disorder desease is multifactorial. Our hypothesis is that maternal inflammation sensitizes the immature brain to white matter (WM) and neuronal excitotoxic lesions. To test it, Sprague Dawley rats received LPS E. Coli at 19 and 20 days of gestation. The female control have received injections of PBS. The newborn rats received iboténate at P4 and then sacrificed at P5 and P9. In LPS groups vs control groups, immunohistochemical study showed an aggravation of histological lesions of the WM characterized by microglial activation, a hypomyelinisation and astrogliose. A decrease in GABAergic neurons and dopaminergic neurons were associated with WM lesions. Autoradiographic studies also showed a decrease of dopaminergic receptors D1 and D2 binding specific ligands. In this study, we showed that the LPS potentiates the effects of the Ibo by increasing macroscopic and diffuse brain injury
Filipiak, Isabelle. "IRM de diffusion des fibres blanches cérébrales : développement et validation d'un objet-test." Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR3311/document.
Full textDiffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is based on the measurement of water diffusion mobility in order to investigate brain microarchitecture and white fiber connectivity. The trajectory of white fibers bundles can be reconstructed by deterministic tractography methods depending on the principal direction of diffusion in tissu. However, tractography consist to complex mathematical algorithms reflecting an indirect visualization of white fibers. Our goal consisted to design a 3D phantom which imitates brain's diffusion properties, offering different degrees of diffusion mobility and imitating the organization of brain fibers. The phantom consists of three components 3D-Printing: BOX, SOLUTION, FIBER. The phantom was composed of various glucose solutions and dyneema synthetical fibers organized in all 3 directions. We developed a quality control of quantitative measurements for the SOLUTION's component. We have lead a comparison of fibers reconstruction between tractography and ground truth in FIBER's component. Results show that : ADC values were ranged on those brain values with glucose solutions; FA
Sagnier, Sharmila. "Apport des biomarqueurs radiologiques dans la prédiction de la récupération après un infarctus cérébral." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEP049.
Full textStroke is the first cause of non-traumatic disability, and the second cause of dementia in France. Demographic factors and the characteristics of the stroke lesion are well-known risk factors of post-stroke disability. However, the cerebral parenchyma surrounding stroke might also have a role in the outcome. White matter hyperintensities (WMH) and cerebral atrophy are the radiological biomarkers more usually reported. The aim of the work was to evaluate the influence of cortical atrophy using quantitative tool, and of other new radiological biomarkers in post-ischemic stroke outcome. Study population was recruited from the “Brain Before Stroke” study, a prospective and monocentric study conducted at the Bordeaux University Hospital. The main inclusion criteria were an age > 18 years old, and the diagnosis of an acute ischemic supra-tentorial stroke in subjects free from pre-stroke neurological disability or dementia. A clinical assessment was performed, including cognitive, mood, gait and global functional tests, and patients were followed over one year. A multimodal brain 3 Tesla MRI was performed at baseline. Four biomarkers were analyzed: the cortical volume, the integrity of normal appearing white matter using diffusion tensor imaging, cortical cerebral microinfarcts (CMI), and cerebral amyloid angiopathy biomarkers. One hundred seventy-one to 207 patients were included in the analyses (mean age 65 to 66 ± 13 to 14). The patients with worse performances at baseline had the best improvement at three months. Using a voxel-based morphometry approach, these patients had lower cortical volumes in fronto-temporal regions. The severity of WMH was associated with changes in global cognition scores, and executive functions. Normal appearing white matter integrity in widespread regions was associated with one-year global functional outcome. The number of cortical CMI visually detected was associated with a slowdown improvement of psychomotor speed. The presence of superficial cortical siderosis was associated with a slowdown of attentional functions improvement. To conclude, the detection of radiological biomarkers early after an ischemic stroke enables the identification of patients with a higher risk of a slowdown recovery after one year, and with higher cognitive vulnerability
Sta, Marouen. "Comparaison tractographie IRM - tissu cérébral et optimisation de la reconstruction tractographique par algorithme génétique." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR3305/document.
Full textTractography validation and optimization of tracking parameters against a ground truth are mandatory before a large clinical use. First, we present a method to quantitatively compare tractography reconstructions to a ground truth derived from laser scanner acquisitions of dissected specimens. This comparison allows evaluation of multiple models and tractography approaches (deterministic, probabilistic…). The ground truth used for this comparison was acquired from dissected specimens using a surface laser scanner, which produces triangulated surface meshes. Data transformation to a common format was necessary before quantitative comparisons. Two comparison methods were proposed, surface-to-surface and volume-to-volume. Second, we propose a method for automatic optimization of deterministic tractography parameters using a genetic algorithm (GA). The GA is an iterative optimization algorithm based on natural selection, which is able to optimize complex problems having several parameters. For a given ground truth fasciculus, the GA was expected to find the set of tractography parameters producing the best tractography result according to the ground truth. The comparison and optimization methods were applied to a synthetic bundle derived from a phantom and to two dissected white matter tracts of a human post mortem brain
Bouchon, Alix. "Modèles de régression multivariés pour la comparaison de populations en IRM de diffusion." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAD035/document.
Full textDiffusion Tensor MRI (DT-MRI) is an imaging modality that allows to study in vivo the structure of white matter fibers through the characterization of diffusion properties of water molecules in the brain. This work focused on group comparison in DT-MRI. The aim is to identify white matter regions whose structural properties are statistically different between two populations or significantly correlated with some explanatory variables. The challenge is to locate and characterize lesions caused by a disease and to understand the underlying mechanisms. To this end, we proposed several voxel-based strategies that rely on the General Linear Model (GLM) and its multivariate and manifold-based extensions, to perform statistical tests that explicitly incorporate explanatory variables. In DT-MRI, diffusion of water molecules can be modeled by a second order tensor represented by a three dimensional symmetric and positive definite matrix. The main contribution of this thesis was to demonstrate the added value of considering the full tensor information as compared to a single scalar index characterizing some diffusion properties (fractional anisotropy or mean diffusion) in the GLM, as it is usually done in neuroimaging studies. Several strategies for extending the GLM to tensor were compared, either in terms of statistical hypothesis (homoscedasticity vs heteroscedasticity), or metrics used for parameter estimation (Euclidean, Log-Euclidean and Riemannian), or the way to take into account the spatial neighborhood information. We also studied the influence of some pre-processing such as filtering and registration. Finally, we proposed a method for characterizing the detected regions in order to facilitate their physiopathological interpretation. Validations have been conducted on synthetic data as well as on a cohort of patients suffering from Neuromyelitis Optica
Sévigny, Dupont Pénélope. "Impact de la charge amyloïde, des lésions de la substance blanche et des changements de la matière grise sur la cognition dans le vieillissement normal." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25263.
Full textCompelling evidence shows that pathological changes are highly prevalent in the aging brain, even in otherwise healthy individuals who remain fully functional. Among the most common age-related brain lesions are the abnormal deposition of beta-amyloid (A) peptide, a well-known hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and white matter hyperintensities (WMH), which are regarded as a radiological marker of cerebral small vessel disease. Converging evidence from neuropathological, neuropsychological and neuroimaging data suggests that normal older adults harboring high levels of brain pathology exhibit exacerbated cognitive decline. Thus, neuropathological changes in healthy elderly people deserve particular attention as they are potential targets for early intervention and might contribute to the early identification of AD. This thesis sought to examine the associations between Aβ burden, WMH, cortical thickness and cognitive performances across multiple domains in a cohort of 104 cognitively normal older adults, while accounting for age, sex and years of formal education. All participants underwent an extensive neuropsychological assessment along with structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) with Pittsburgh Compound B (PIB). WMH severity was assessed using the age-related white matter changes (ARWMC) scale. Combined findings from the two empirical articles making up this thesis demonstrate independent, additive effects of A burden and right hippocampal volume on episodic memory whereby increased A deposition and reduced volume predict decreased performance. A burden and WMH contributed additively to poorer working memory and exerted deleterious synergistic effects on mental flexibility and attention. WMH was the most important predictor of linguistic abilities with higher lesion severity being associated with worse performances on language tasks. Conversely, neither A deposition nor WMH were correlated with semantic memory, processing speed and visuospatial abilities. In article 1, we demonstrated that age-dependent decline in episodic memory, working memory, mental flexibility and language was fully mediated by the extent of brain pathology. In article 2, cognition was not found to be positively associated with cortical thickness in the vertex-wise analyses, except for the domain of semantic memory. Furthermore, A burden, WMH and structural MRI measures were independent of one another, supporting the notion of distinct pathophysiological pathways. A notable finding of article 2 was that thinner cortical thickness in the left anterior temporal lobe (ATL) predicted poorer semantic memory, which is coherent with the role of the ATL in heteromodal semantic processing. The results presented in this thesis shed light on the role of prevalent brain pathologies, namely A burden and WMH, in driving age-related cognitive changes, and suggest that these changes can occur through pathways that are distinct from brain atrophy. Clinically speaking, this work lends support for the inclusion of a wider array of measures to routine screening for cognitive impairment in older adults, with an emphasis on semantic memory.