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Journal articles on the topic 'Substantial fairness'
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Wheeler, Malcolm E., and Theresa Wardon Benz. "Litigation Financing: Balancing Access with Fairness." Journal of Tort Law 13, no. 2 (November 18, 2020): 281–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jtl-2020-2007.
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AbstractLitigation financing of plaintiffs by financiers other than the law firms representing the plaintiffs in the litigation is now a multi-billion-dollar industry. Contrary to assertions by advocates for such litigation financing, such litigation financing does not increase fairness and justice to poor and middle-class victims. Instead, it creates substantial problems beyond any associated with standard contingent-fee agreements between plaintiffs and the lawyers who represent them.This article describes the multiple ways in which the litigation-financing industry harms poor and middle-class tort plaintiffs and generates inefficient uses of judicial resources and jurors' time. It then recommends actions that courts can take to reduce those problems.
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Park, Sungmin, and Taejin Lee. "Substantial Fairness in the Administrative and Judicial Process of Medicine Price Cut in Korea." KOREAN SOCIETY OF LAW AND MEDICINE 20, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29291/kslm.2019.20.1.025.
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Posick, Chad, and Heather Hatfield. "Putting H.E.A.R.T. into policing: a 21st century model for effective and fair policing." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 40, no. 1 (March 20, 2017): 128–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-07-2016-0113.
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Purpose Police-community relations are currently at a cross-road. Incidents over the past several years have severely damaged trust and faith in the police – particularly in minority communities. Society is faced with the choice of accepting an “us-vs-them” mentality with police on one side and citizens on the other or banding together to advance police-community coproduction in reducing violence. The purpose of this paper is to advance the latter by introducing a model for police to follow in police-citizen interactions in an effort to increase perceptions of fairness and legitimacy of police officers and police departments. Design/methodology/approach Using data from the National Police Research Platform’s Police-Community Interaction Survey, correlates of perceptions of fairness in police-community encounters as well as variation in agency-level fairness across 53 jurisdictions are examined. Findings Results show that application of the H.E.A.R.T. medical model is the most significant and substantial correlate of perceived fairness of police-community interactions and accounts for agency-level differences in perceived fairness. Originality/value The results highlight important ways that police can improve their image in the community and with minority communities in particular.
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Cao, Zhaoyu, Xu Zhao, Yucheng Zou, Kairong Hong, and Yanwei Zhang. "Multidimensional Fair Fuzzy Equilibrium Evaluation of Housing Expropriation Compensation from the Perspective of Behavioral Preference: A Case Study from China." Mathematics 9, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9060650.
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With the rapid development of urbanization, substantial land areas and houses are expropriated, which can cause huge numbers of disputes related to expropriation compensation. The root of the disputes is that the associated subjects are affected by various behavioral preferences and make different cognitive fairness judgments based on the same compensation price. However, the existing expropriation compensation strategies based on the market value under the assumption of “the economic man” hypothesis cannot meet the fairness preference demands of the expropriated. Therefore, finding a compensation price that satisfies subjects’ multidimensional fairness preferences, including profit-seeking, loss aversion, and interactive fairness preferences, is necessary. Only in this way can the subjects reach an agreement regarding fair compensation and resolve their disputes. Because of the fuzziness of subjects’ expected revenues, this paper innovatively introduces trigonometric intuitional fuzzy numbers to construct one-dimensional and multidimensional fair fuzzy equilibrium evaluation models. The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method is adopted to convert a multidimensional problem into a multiattribute group decision problem, which simplifies the problem of finding multidimensional equilibrium when considering the multidimensional fairness preferences of the two subjects. Real case data are introduced to verify the validity of this method. The research results show that upward revision of the multidimensional fairness preferences based on the market value assists in achieving a fair compensation agreement. Consideration of the influence of the subjects’ multidimensional fairness preferences on the fairness equilibrium is conducive to resolving the disputes, and provides a reference for the settlement of expropriation compensation disputes in developing countries.
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Foley, Sharon, Deborah L. Kidder, and Gary N. Powell. "The Perceived Glass Ceiling and Justice Perceptions: An Investigation of Hispanic Law Associates." Journal of Management 28, no. 4 (August 2002): 471–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920630202800401.
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This study examined the relationship between the perceived glass ceiling, perceptions of promotion fairness, and attitudinal outcomes for a sample of Hispanic lawyers. The results showed that gender and perceptions of ethnic discrimination were positively related to perceptions of a glass ceiling, whereas the proportion of Hispanic law associates in the organization was negatively related to a perceived glass ceiling. The perceived glass ceiling was negatively related to perceptions of promotion fairness, which in turn were positively related to perceived career prospects and negatively related to intentions to leave. Overall, perceived glass ceiling had a substantial impact on turnover intentions. Implications are discussed.
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Landis, Jean M., and Lynne Goodstein. "When Is Justice Fair? An Integrated Approach to the Outcome Versus Procedure Debate." American Bar Foundation Research Journal 11, no. 4 (1986): 675–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1986.tb00262.x.
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Defendants’ perceptions of the fairness of their criminal processing outcomes have been the stated concern of some criminal justice reformers. Past research has suggested that these perceptions are influenced by characteristics of the outcome received as well as by characteristics of the process through which the outcome is imposed. This analysis tests a theoretical path model of perceived outcome fairness, which examines the relative influence of both outcome and process characteristics, using survey data collected from 619 prison inmates incarcerated in Minnesota and Illinois. The results indicate that factors related to both outcome and process significantly influence sample inmates’ perceptions of their criminal justice processing outcomes and together explain a substantial portion of the total variance. However, two process-related characteristics are found to be the most powerful predictors of perceived outcome fairness. Inmates’ perceptions that they are fairly treated by their lawyer, judge, and prosecutor are the strongest correlates of perceived outcome fairness, followed by the mode of disposition through which their outcomes are imposed; inmates who plea bargain are more likely than those who go to trial to perceive their outcome as fair.
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Ma, Lu, Xiangming Wen, Luhan Wang, Zhaoming Lu, Raymond Knopp, and Irfan Ghauri. "A Biological Model for Resource Allocation and User Dynamics in Virtualized HetNet." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (September 27, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1745904.
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Virtualization technology is considered an effective measure to enhance resource utilization and interference management via radio resource abstraction in heterogeneous networks (HetNet). The critical challenge in wireless virtualization is virtual resource allocation on which substantial works have been done. However, most existing researches on virtual resource allocation focus on improving total utility. Different from the existing works, we investigate the dynamic-aware virtual radio resource allocation in virtualization based HetNet considering utility and fairness. A virtual radio resource management framework is proposed, where the radio resources of different physical networks are virtualized into a virtual resource pool and mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) compete for virtual resources from the pool to provide service to users. A virtual radio resource allocation algorithm based on biological model is developed, considering system utility, fairness, and dynamics. Simulation results are provided to verify that the proposed virtual resource allocation algorithm not only converges within a few iterations, but also achieves a better trade-off between total utility and fairness than existing algorithm. Besides, it can also be utilized to analyze the population dynamics of system.
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Bielecki, Tomasz R., Igor Cialenco, Marcin Pitera, and Thorsten Schmidt. "Fair estimation of capital risk allocation." Statistics & Risk Modeling 37, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/strm-2019-0011.
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AbstractIn this paper, we develop a novel methodology for estimation of risk capital allocation. The methodology is rooted in the theory of risk measures. We work within a general, but tractable class of law-invariant coherent risk measures, with a particular focus on expected shortfall. We introduce the concept of fair capital allocations and provide explicit formulae for fair capital allocations in case when the constituents of the risky portfolio are jointly normally distributed. The main focus of the paper is on the problem of approximating fair portfolio allocations in the case of not fully known law of the portfolio constituents. We define and study the concepts of fair allocation estimators and asymptotically fair allocation estimators. A substantial part of our study is devoted to the problem of estimating fair risk allocations for expected shortfall. We study this problem under normality as well as in a nonparametric setup. We derive several estimators, and prove their fairness and/or asymptotic fairness. Last, but not least, we propose two backtesting methodologies that are oriented at assessing the performance of the allocation estimation procedure. The paper closes with a substantial numerical study of the subject and an application to market data.
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Suparman, Eman. "PENDISTRIBUSIAN KEADILAN OLEH PENGADILAN SERTA BUDAYA HUKUM DALAM PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA." Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan 1, no. 3 (November 30, 2012): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.25216/jhp.1.3.2012.399-416.
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Handle civil disputes in general, for many the sense how the courts considered too laden with procedures, formalistic, rigid, and slow to make a decision on a dispute. Presumably these factors can not be separated from the judge's perspective on a very rigid laws and normative-procedural law in doing concretization. While a judge should be able to be living interpretator captures the spirit of fairness in society and not bound by the normative-procedural rigor present in a legislation, because the judge is no longer a la bouche de la loi (law funnel). There are indications that the judge did not have enough courage to make decisions that are different from the normative provisions of the law, so that substantial justice is always difficult to achieve through a court verdict, because the judges and the courts will only give formal justice. Assessment of fairness in general terms only from one side only, ie those who receive treatment. The seekers of justice in general, defeated parties in the case, will always provide an assessment that the unjust verdict. It can not be denied is one result of the function and role of the trial run has been oriented towards the success of efforts to support and programs set by the government or the executive. Keywords: normative procedural, formal justice, substantial justice
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Kramer, John H., and Robin L. Lubitz. "Pennsylvania's Sentencing Reform: The Impact of Commission-Established Guidelines." Crime & Delinquency 31, no. 4 (October 1985): 481–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128785031004002.
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Sentencing guidelines have attracted extensive attention as a rational approach to sentencing reform despite little evidence that guidelines act to reduce disparity or increase fairness. This article reports on a major assessment of Pennsylvania's commission-developed guidelines. The findings indicate that the Commission's guidelines have had a substantial impact on sentencing. The article focuses particularly on race, county size, and disparity measures in evaluating the impact of the guidelines. The findings support the conclusion that commission-based guidelines can effect meaningful sentencing reform.
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Phipps, Simone T. A., and Leon C. Prieto. "The business of black beauty: social entrepreneurship or social injustice?" Journal of Management History 24, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-06-2017-0029.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the black beauty industry from a historical perspective and consider the fairness heuristic theory to determine if organisations in this industry are engaging in and promoting social entrepreneurship or contributing to social injustice. The paper explores the work of Annie Turnbo-Malone and Madame C.J. Walker, pioneers and stalwart entrepreneurs in the black beauty business, to discuss the controversial issue. Current and future applications are also investigated and presented. Design/methodology/approach Papers from earlier as well as more contemporary journals, news media and books were examined and synthesised to render a balanced view to aid in the entrepreneurship or injustice debate. Findings The paper concludes that decisions about fairness and justice involve perception and thus vary by individual, allowing a substantial case for the black beauty industry to both be commended for social entrepreneurship and condemned as a proponent of social injustice (distributive, procedural and interactional). Originality/value Organisations have substantial impact on individuals, groups, the community and society. A meaningful organisation encourages expression, perceptions of worth and constructive attitudes and behaviour, and refrains from reflecting excessive dictatorship or dehumanisation. This paper highlights both positive and negative organisational and societal issues concerning the business of black beauty, a relatively understudied topic in management in general and management history in particular, and it provides a unique lens from which to build awareness about entrepreneurship and justice and to effect needed change.
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Heath, Christian, and Lorenza Mondada. "Transparency and Embodied Action: Turn Organization and Fairness in Complex Institutional Environments." Social Psychology Quarterly 82, no. 3 (July 2019): 274–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272519843303.
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Institutional settings in which large numbers of participants have the right and in some cases the responsibility to contribute to the proceedings pose particular challenges to the order and allocation of turns. These challenges are organizational, how to enable and order participation between large numbers of people, as well as moral and political—the fair, transparent, and even distribution of access to the floor. In this paper, we address two very different institutional settings—one political and the other economic—and consider how participants are provided opportunities to contribute to the proceedings in a fair and transparent manner. Drawing on ethnomethodology and conversation analysis, we examine the systematic management of turn allocation and demonstrate how multimodality is critical to understanding how particular institutions achieve their principal aims and outcomes. This study is based on the analysis of a substantial corpus of video recordings of public consultations concerned with the discussion of major public and private sector initiatives and auctions of fine art and antiques.
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Michorzewski, Marcin, Dominik Peters, and Piotr Skowron. "Price of Fairness in Budget Division and Probabilistic Social Choice." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 02 (April 3, 2020): 2184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i02.5594.
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A group of agents needs to divide a divisible common resource (such as a monetary budget) among several uses or projects. We assume that agents have approval preferences over projects, and their utility is the fraction of the budget spent on approved projects. If we maximize utilitarian social welfare, the entire budget will be spent on a single popular project, even if a substantial fraction of the agents disapprove it. This violates the individual fair share axiom (IFS) which requires that for each agent, at least 1/n of the budget is spent on approved projects. We study the price of imposing such fairness axioms on utilitarian social welfare. We show that no division rule satisfying IFS can guarantee to achieve more than an O(1/√m) fraction of maximum utilitarian welfare, in the worst case. However, imposing stronger group fairness conditions (such as the core) does not come with an increased price, since both the conditional utilitarian rule and the Nash rule match this bound and guarantee an Ώ(1/√m) fraction. The same guarantee is attained by the rule under which the spending on a project is proportional to its approval score. We also study a family of rules interpolating between the utilitarian and the Nash rule, quantifying a trade-off between welfare and group fairness. An experimental analysis by sampling using several probabilistic models shows that the conditional utilitarian rule achieves very high welfare on average.
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Beebeejaun, Ambareen. "Unfair dismissal in the Mauritius context: a comparative study." International Journal of Law and Management 60, no. 6 (November 12, 2018): 1299–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-07-2017-0158.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to critically analyse the concept of unfair dismissal and to assess the extent to which the Employment Rights Act 2008 is affording protection to employees in Mauritius. The purpose of this study is to also demonstrate that as employees form an integral part of their workplace, their employment cannot be terminated without substantive and procedural fairness. The paper will provide some recommendations to cater for loopholes in existing Mauritius employment legislations. Design/Methodology/Approach To critically examine the topic, the black letter approach is adopted to detail legislations and judgments of courts on the subject matter. A comparative analysis with some other jurisdictions’ employment legislations is also carried out to define, explain and examine the concepts of dismissal, substantive causes such as misconduct and procedural fairness. Findings From the methodologies used, it is found that a substantial reason is not sufficient to conclude whether a dismissal is fair. The law of unfair dismissal has introduced some procedural safeguards to protect the employee from being unfairly and unjustifiably dismissed. The procedural requirements act as guidelines to employers and if they are not followed properly, the dismissal will be unfair. Unfair dismissal needs to be accompanied by remedies from employers, and monetary compensation has been found to be the most appropriate remedy. Originality/Value This paper is amongst the first research work conducted in Mauritius that compares the law of unfair dismissal and its implications with the laws of England and South Africa. The study is carried out with a view to provide practical recommendations in this area of employment law to the relevant stakeholders concerned.
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Ramadan, Qusai, Daniel Strüber, Mattia Salnitri, Jan Jürjens, Volker Riediger, and Steffen Staab. "A semi-automated BPMN-based framework for detecting conflicts between security, data-minimization, and fairness requirements." Software and Systems Modeling 19, no. 5 (February 7, 2020): 1191–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10270-020-00781-x.
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Abstract Requirements are inherently prone to conflicts. Security, data-minimization, and fairness requirements are no exception. Importantly, undetected conflicts between such requirements can lead to severe effects, including privacy infringement and legal sanctions. Detecting conflicts between security, data-minimization, and fairness requirements is a challenging task, as such conflicts are context-specific and their detection requires a thorough understanding of the underlying business processes. For example, a process may require anonymous execution of a task that writes data into a secure data storage, where the identity of the writer is needed for the purpose of accountability. Moreover, conflicts not arise from trade-offs between requirements elicited from the stakeholders, but also from misinterpretation of elicited requirements while implementing them in business processes, leading to a non-alignment between the data subjects’ requirements and their specifications. Both types of conflicts are substantial challenges for conflict detection. To address these challenges, we propose a BPMN-based framework that supports: (i) the design of business processes considering security, data-minimization and fairness requirements, (ii) the encoding of such requirements as reusable, domain-specific patterns, (iii) the checking of alignment between the encoded requirements and annotated BPMN models based on these patterns, and (iv) the detection of conflicts between the specified requirements in the BPMN models based on a catalog of domain-independent anti-patterns. The security requirements were reused from SecBPMN2, a security-oriented BPMN 2.0 extension, while the fairness and data-minimization parts are new. For formulating our patterns and anti-patterns, we extended a graphical query language called SecBPMN2-Q. We report on the feasibility and the usability of our approach based on a case study featuring a healthcare management system, and an experimental user study.
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Borrellas, Pol, and Irene Unceta. "The Challenges of Machine Learning and Their Economic Implications." Entropy 23, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23030275.
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The deployment of machine learning models is expected to bring several benefits. Nevertheless, as a result of the complexity of the ecosystem in which models are generally trained and deployed, this technology also raises concerns regarding its (1) interpretability, (2) fairness, (3) safety, and (4) privacy. These issues can have substantial economic implications because they may hinder the development and mass adoption of machine learning. In light of this, the purpose of this paper was to determine, from a positive economics point of view, whether the free use of machine learning models maximizes aggregate social welfare or, alternatively, regulations are required. In cases in which restrictions should be enacted, policies are proposed. The adaptation of current tort and anti-discrimination laws is found to guarantee an optimal level of interpretability and fairness. Additionally, existing market solutions appear to incentivize machine learning operators to equip models with a degree of security and privacy that maximizes aggregate social welfare. These findings are expected to be valuable to inform the design of efficient public policies.
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Tambe, Prasanna, Peter Cappelli, and Valery Yakubovich. "Artificial Intelligence in Human Resources Management: Challenges and a Path Forward." California Management Review 61, no. 4 (August 2019): 15–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008125619867910.
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There is a substantial gap between the promise and reality of artificial intelligence in human resource (HR) management. This article identifies four challenges in using data science techniques for HR tasks: complexity of HR phenomena, constraints imposed by small data sets, accountability questions associated with fairness and other ethical and legal constraints, and possible adverse employee reactions to management decisions via data-based algorithms. It then proposes practical responses to these challenges based on three overlapping principles—causal reasoning, randomization and experiments, and employee contribution—that would be both economically efficient and socially appropriate for using data science in the management of employees.
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Simmons, Alicia D., and Lawrence D. Bobo. "UNDERSTANDING “NO SPECIAL FAVORS”." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 15, no. 02 (2018): 323–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x18000310.
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AbstractDespite its predictive power, there is substantial debate about the attitudes measured by the racial resentment scale (RRS) and the relative weight of each. One group contends that the RRS is a valid measure of racial animus, foregrounding a basic psychological acrimony; some foreground social concerns about group status hierarchies; and yet others assert that the RRS is an invalid measure of racial enmity, instead primarily tapping non-racial principles and politics. We use a multimethod approach to address these debates, mapping the frames of reference respondents use in explaining their RRS answers. We find that the RRS fundamentally measures racial concerns and minimally taps non-racial politics. Although RRS responses reflect psychological acrimony, this orientation is substantially outweighed by social concerns about relative group position. Moreover, RRS responses substantially reflect beliefs about the relevance of race in the contemporary US and the sources of racial inequality, and values about individualism and fairness. We discuss how one of the most potent measures of present-day racial prejudice is rightly understood, and the implications for theory and research at the intersection of race and politics.
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Paley, Vivian. "Commentary: On the Road to Literacy: Before the Three R’s Come the Three F’s." LEARNing Landscapes 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36510/learnland.v3i1.312.
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From the earliest age, children begin to practice their imaginary characters, their separate visions of strength and weakness, of love and loss. By the time they enter kindergarten they are ready to build complex social and literary worlds in which friendship, fantasy, and fairness—the Three F’s—are inalienable rights, and every child tries to find a secure place in an intimate community. A preschool or kindergarten without a substantial playtime puts everyone at a disadvantage, for play is the primary reality for its members. Within the familiar process of inventing new characters and plots, children continue to develop the intuitive language that binds us together in a functioning social entity. This is the true early literacy.
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Phromlah, Wanida. "Public participation: how can we make it work for the environmental impact assessment system in Thailand?" Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law 21, no. 2 (November 2018): 126–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/apjel.2018.02.03.
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Currently, in Thailand, proposed development projects require an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as part of the approval process. Effective public participation in the process of developing an EIA helps to ensure fairness and equity for the EIA system. It enables stakeholders to share information and exchange views concerning the complex issues and likely impacts of the proposed development project. Thailand has substantial legislation and regulations that aim to enable public participation for EIA processes. However, implementation of public participation provisions is failing at least to some degree. This article explores how the law concerning public participation might be improved to enable better implementation of the EIA system in Thailand. Some methods for employing effective public participation to support the implementation of EIAs are proposed.
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Riboldazzi, Sabina. "Corporate Governance And Sustainability In Italian Large-Scale Retail Companies." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 16 (June 28, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n16p1.
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The growing complexity of today’s business systems due to the economic globalization has led to a substantial modification of current corporate governance principles and approaches. In particular, the application of good corporate governance principles has increasingly required a clear focus on sustainability, which minimizes risks and, at the same time, ensures a positive outlook for the future of the company itself. Through the analysis of corporate governance systems, this study deepens the link between corporate governance and sustainability in retail companies, with particular emphasis on the Italian grocery retail system. The study highlights that innovation and process efficiency, promoted and implemented by a governance that values fairness and transparency, allow retail companies to obtain consensus and resources, thereby triggering a virtuous circle of sustainable business development.
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Wind, Stefanie A. "Examining the Impacts of Rater Effects in Performance Assessments." Applied Psychological Measurement 43, no. 2 (August 5, 2018): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146621618789391.
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Rater effects such as severity, centrality, and misfit are recurrent concerns in performance assessments. Despite their persistence in operational assessment settings and frequent discussion in research, researchers have not fully explored the impacts of rater effects as they relate to estimates of student achievement. The purpose of this study is to explore the impacts of rater severity, centrality, and misfit on student achievement estimates and on classification decisions. The results suggest that these three types of rater effects have substantial impacts on estimates of student achievement and on classification decisions that impact the fairness of rater-mediated assessments. Accordingly, it is essential that researchers and practitioners evaluate ratings across all stages of rater-mediated assessment procedures, including rater training and operational scoring.
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Mikołajczyk, Olga. "Professional Investment Standards in the Private Equity Sector: Selected Aspects." Journal of Management and Financial Sciences, no. 30 (July 29, 2019): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/jmfs.2017.30.4.
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Investments made by private equity funds must abide by the highest ethical standards as the framework within which their stakeholders operate is very much based on broadly understood trust. The paper discusses selected professional standards especially important for private equity transactions. It is based on the Professional Standards Handbook, a set of principles focusing on integrity and acting with fairness, keeping one’s promises, disclosing conflicts of interest, maintaining confidentiality, and promoting best practices for the benefit of sustainable investment and value creation. We also address the ESG issues which – besides financial aspects – exert substantial impact upon sustainable development of the private equity market. Ethical standards have gained in importance especially with the adoption of the AIFM Directive designed to regulate the operations of alternativeinvestment funds.
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Albaqali, Qasim, and Gagan Kukreja. "The factors influencing auditor independence: The perceptions of auditors in Bahrain." Corporate Ownership and Control 14, no. 2 (2017): 369–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv14i2c2p10.
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The aim of this research is to assess the relationship between the presumed AI influencing factors and AI from the standpoint of auditors in Bahrain. Researchers have continuously identified and assessed several factors that are expected to safeguard AI and objectivity to mitigate the potential threats faced by the audit profession worldwide. As a result of the promising Bahrain Economic Vision 2030 that emphasizes on ‘fairness’ as a one of major principle, the regulators in Bahrain are expected to adopt new measures that enhance the role of auditors in maintaining fairness and transparency. This research hence investigated the subject matter in a way that intended to assess the AI influencing factors in a Bahraini context. The research is quantitative in nature, whereby questionnaires were distributed to a range of auditors representing the audit firms in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Following reliability and validity tests, the responses were analyzed descriptively, along with empirical analysis through using the Multiple Regression Model. The findings signified the substantial role of the audit regulations and related provisions in enhancing AI and impartiality, when compared to other presumed factors. The research recommendations focused on the importance of overseeing the audit firms and accounting professionals through the formation of an independent audit quality board as well as considering the adoption of a joint-audit practice for the listed companies
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Yu, Haichao, Yan Liu, Chengliang Liu, and Fei Fan. "Spatiotemporal Variation and Inequality in China’s Economic Resilience across Cities and Urban Agglomerations." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 13, 2018): 4754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124754.
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Economic resilience is a critical indicator of the sustainable development of an urban economy. This paper measures the urban economic resilience (UER) of 286 major cities in China from six indicators—economic growth, opening up, social development, environmental protection, natural conditions, and technological innovation—using a subjective and objective weighting method and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods. Furthermore, kernel density estimation (KDE) was used to reveal the spatial and temporal trends in UER across cities, and a social opportunity function was applied to access the opportunity for economic resilience and the fairness of opportunities for economic resilience in 19 urban agglomerations in China. The results show that the UER was, in general, low across all cities but increased over time. Geographically, the UER disperses from the eastern coast to inland cities. Amongst urban agglomerations in China, the economic resilience opportunity index also varies spatially and increases over time. On the other hand, the opportunity fairness index of UER remained largely stable and substantial inequalities exist across all urban agglomerations, indicating the need for differentiated policy intervention to ensure equality and the sustainable development of the region. The methodology developed in this research can also be applied in other cities and regions to test its re-applicability and to understand the UER in different contexts.
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Cheng, Lu, Kush R. Varshney, and Huan Liu. "Socially Responsible AI Algorithms: Issues, Purposes, and Challenges." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 71 (August 28, 2021): 1137–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.12814.
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In the current era, people and society have grown increasingly reliant on artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. AI has the potential to drive us towards a future in which all of humanity flourishes. It also comes with substantial risks for oppression and calamity. Discussions about whether we should (re)trust AI have repeatedly emerged in recent years and in many quarters, including industry, academia, healthcare, services, and so on. Technologists and AI researchers have a responsibility to develop trustworthy AI systems. They have responded with great effort to design more responsible AI algorithms. However, existing technical solutions are narrow in scope and have been primarily directed towards algorithms for scoring or classification tasks, with an emphasis on fairness and unwanted bias. To build long-lasting trust between AI and human beings, we argue that the key is to think beyond algorithmic fairness and connect major aspects of AI that potentially cause AI’s indifferent behavior. In this survey, we provide a systematic framework of Socially Responsible AI Algorithms that aims to examine the subjects of AI indifference and the need for socially responsible AI algorithms, define the objectives, and introduce the means by which we may achieve these objectives. We further discuss how to leverage this framework to improve societal well-being through protection, information, and prevention/mitigation.
This article appears in the special track on AI & Society.
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Gampa, Anup, Jessica V. Linley, Brian Roe, and Keith L. Warren. "Generosity, fairness, trust and time: the performance of therapeutic community residents in economics experiments." Therapeutic Communities: The International Journal of Therapeutic Communities 39, no. 2 (June 11, 2018): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tc-06-2017-0017.
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Purpose Therapeutic communities (TCs) assume that residents are capable of working together to overcome substance abuse and criminal behavior. Economic games allow us to study the potential of cooperative behavior in TC residents. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach The authors analyze results from a sample of 85 corrections-based TC residents and a comparison group of 45 individuals drawn from the general population who participated in five well-known economic experiments – the dictator game, the ultimatum game, the trust game, risk attitude elicitation and time preference elicitation. Findings TC residents keep less money in the dictator game and return more in the trust game, and prefer short-term rewards in the time preference elicitation. In the ultimatum game, nearly half of all residents refuse offers that are either too low or too high. Research limitations/implications While the study involves a sample from one TC and a comparison group, the results suggest that residents are at least comparable to the general public in generosity and appear willing on average to repay trust. A substantial minority may have difficulty accepting help. Practical implications Rapid peer feedback is of value. Residents will be willing to offer help to peers. The TC environment may explain residents’ tendency to return money in the trust game. Residents who refuse to accept offers that are either too low or too high in the ultimatum game may also have difficulty in accepting help from peers. Social implications Economic games may help to clarify guidelines for TC clinical practice. Originality/value This is the first use of economic games with TC residents.
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Johnson, Stephanie B., Ingrid Slade, Alberto Giubilini, and Mackenzie Graham. "Rethinking the ethical principles of genomic medicine services." European Journal of Human Genetics 28, no. 2 (September 18, 2019): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41431-019-0507-1.
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Abstract Clinical genome and exome sequencing is currently used in only a small fraction of patients, yet large scale genomic initiatives are becoming more embedded in clinical services. This paper examines the ethical principles that should guide regulatory processes regarding consent and data sharing in this context. We argue that a genomic dataset administered by the health system carries substantial societal benefits, and that the collective nature of this initiative means that at least those patients who benefit from genome sequencing have an ethical obligation to share their health information. This obligation is grounded in considerations of fairness. Furthermore, we argue that the use of genomic data for the advancement of medical knowledge should be permitted without explicit consent and that international and other bodies should be granted access to these data, provided certain conditions are satisfied.
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Butler, Yuko Goto, Xiaolin Peng, and Jiyoon Lee. "Young learners’ voices: Towards a learner-centered approach to understanding language assessment literacy." Language Testing 38, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 429–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265532221992274.
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Language assessment literacy (LAL) has recently gained substantial attention among language educators and other stakeholders. However, existing models focus almost exclusively on teachers, test developers, and administrators, and lack students’ perspectives in their conceptualizations. To address this gap, with this exploratory study we aimed to understand young learners’ LAL. The participants were fourth- and sixth-grade students (ages 9–10 and 11–12, respectively, with 10 participants in each age group) in China. After taking English mock tests, the children participated in individual, semi-structured interviews that covered their understanding of the following: (a) assessment purposes and theories (their knowledge about how assessment works); (b) assessment skills (their views of assessment designs, procedures, and content); and (c) assessment principles (their notion of fairness, cheating, and feedback). The data were analyzed qualitatively in line with current LAL models. The results suggest that the children already had substantial assessment literacy in knowledge, skills, and principles. Although their teachers’ assessment practice remains form-focused, children generally want more communicative-based and diagnostic assessment. They also want more cognitively challenging and enjoyable assessment tasks. Our findings provide solid supporting evidence for the importance of considering students’ perspectives, along with the views of other stakeholders, in order to have a more balanced understanding of LAL.
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Bava, Fabrizio, and Melchiorre Gromis di Trana. "Revenues from related parties: A risk factor in the Italian listed company’s financial statements [Special issue]." Corporate Ownership and Control 12, no. 4 (2015): 834–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv12i4csp9.
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As suggested in literature, related party transactions (RPTs) may be instruments to carry out abuse concerning conflicts of interest between ownership and control or between majority and minority shareholders. These transactions are subject to moral hazards, and for this reason are characterized by a greater inherent risk than other transactions. Regulators have recently strengthened existing rules, introducing new bans and requirements, aimed at guaranteeing the substantial and economic fairness of these transactions. This paper produces evidence which justifies the potential risk of these operations. In particular, focusing only on the revenues made with RP, we investigated the relation between the business trends and the intensity of RP revenues in the income statements. This study provides a starting point for future research, which could extend our analysis (which deals only with economic effects) to include financial effects and consider other elements that are influenced by the intensity of RP revenues
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Landwehr, Claudia, and Dorothea Klinnert. "Value congruence in health care priority setting: social values, institutions and decisions in three countries." Health Economics, Policy and Law 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133114000437.
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AbstractMost developed democracies have faced the challenge of priority setting in health care by setting up specialized agencies to take decisions on which medical services to include in public health baskets. Under the influence of Daniels and Sabin’s seminal work on the topic, agencies increasingly aim to fulfil criteria of procedural justice, such as accountability and transparency. We assume, however, that the institutional design of agencies also and necessarily reflects substantial value judgments on the respective weight of distributive principles such as efficiency, need and equality. The public acceptance of prioritization decisions, and eventually of the health care system at large, will ultimately depend not only on considerations of procedural fairness, but also on the congruence between a society’s values and its institutions. We study social values, institutions and decisions in three countries (France, Germany and the United Kingdom) in order to assess such congruence and formulate expectations on its effects.
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Doolotkeldieva, Asel, and Alexander Wolters. "Uncertainty Perpetuated? The Pitfalls of a Weakly Institutionalized Party System in Kyrgyzstan." Central Asian Affairs 4, no. 1 (December 30, 2017): 26–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22142290-00401002.
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The parliamentary elections in Kyrgyzstan in October 2015 garnered widespread approval from commentators for the level of fairness and freedom maintained throughout the campaign. However, the results of the vote do not provide a clear indication of the current state of affairs of parliamentarism in the republic. Focusing on the commercialization of party lists, we argue that neither identity politics nor the logic of neopatrimonialism adequately explain the dynamics of political competition in Kyrgyzstan. Instead, we see perpetual uncertainty emerging from contradicting yet increasing attempts to harness the capital of privatized party lists and to impose discipline. Eventually, and beyond short-term threats of an emerging super-presidentialism, Kyrgyzstan risks suffering from hollow parliamentarism, with political parties persistently failing to supply legislative initiatives with substantial agendas and adequate professionals. The weakly institutionalized political parties and their short-sighted electoral strategies undermine both the parliamentary system and its political pluralism.
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Lührmann, Anna. "United Nations electoral assistance: More than a fig leaf?" International Political Science Review 40, no. 2 (January 2, 2018): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192512117740915.
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Between 2007 and 2014 the United Nations (UN) assisted more than one-third of all national elections worldwide. Its experts routinely provide substantial technical advice on election management, logistical support such as the procurement of ballot papers and financial assistance. However, it remains doubtful if, and under which conditions, such assistance contributes to free and fair elections or has a positive long-term impact on democratization. This study assesses the impact of UN electoral assistance (UNEA) in Sudan, Nigeria and Libya. It finds that such assistance contributed to election quality in the presence of regime elites prioritizing electoral credibility in Nigeria (2011) and Libya (2012). In Nigeria, it seems plausible that UNEA had a medium-term impact on democratization. However, if regime elites undermine electoral freedom and fairness – as in Sudan (2010) – such positive effects are unlikely. Furthermore, in such contexts, the involvement of the UN may legitimize authoritarian practices.
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Nguyen Van Hieu, Dang Thi Thanh Thuy, and Nguyen Hoang Nam. "Payment For Environmental Service: An Application in Tourism in Vietnam." SEAS (Sustainable Environment Agricultural Science) 4, no. 1 (April 26, 2020): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/seas.4.1.1691.77-87.
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Payment for Environment/Ecosystem Services (PES) is a market-based approach toward the dual goal of poverty alleviation and forest conservation. In Vietnam, PES has been nationwide applied to the forest environment, namely Payment for Forest Environmental Services (PFES). Nevertheless, the PFES application in forest-based tourism is very limited. To enhance policy implementation in practice, this study analyses a case study in Sapa town, Vietnam. We find that the overlapping revenue of service providers is a substantial issue holding back PFES applications in tourism. Accordingly, we recommend two potential payers for tourism-PFES, including accommodation companies and ticketing companies (based on the revenue from entrance tickets). We then suggest a PFES payment level of 1 percent of total revenue from ticket sales and room charges. Moreover, the study also provides some recommendations to ensure the fairness and transparency in PES application, as well as factual, reflect of the nature of PFES during implementation.
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Khabbazbashi, Nahal. "Topic and background knowledge effects on performance in speaking assessment." Language Testing 34, no. 1 (August 2, 2016): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265532215595666.
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This study explores the extent to which topic and background knowledge of topic affect spoken performance in a high-stakes speaking test. It is argued that evidence of a substantial influence may introduce construct-irrelevant variance and undermine test fairness. Data were collected from 81 non-native speakers of English who performed on 10 topics across three task types. Background knowledge and general language proficiency were measured using self-report questionnaires and C-tests respectively. Score data were analysed using many-facet Rasch measurement and multiple regression. Findings showed that for two of the three task types, the topics used in the study generally exhibited difficulty measures which were statistically distinct. However, the size of the differences in topic difficulties was too small to have a large practical effect on scores. Participants’ different levels of background knowledge were shown to have a systematic effect on performance. However, these statistically significant differences also failed to translate into practical significance. Findings hold implications for speaking performance assessment.
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Babawale, Gabriel Kayode. "Improving the Equity Component of the Lagos State Land Use Charge (2018) for Enhanced Property Tax Yields." Built Environment Journal 16, no. 2 (July 31, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/bej.v16i2.9694.
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Property tax has remained a subject of recurrent debate amongst policy makers, scholars, public officials, real estate valuers, and other stakeholders, virtually everywhere over the years. The contention centres on issues such as the tax base, tax incidence, efficiency, and particularly, equity or fairness, among others. Qualities like ease of collection, difficulty of avoidance, accountability, and transparency etc., that ordinarily mark out property tax as a good tax in principle, are often compromised by controversial policies and mal-administration, particularly the latter. The new Lagos State Land Use Charge2018 (LUC, 2018) came into force effective January, 2018. Ina similar version that its immediate predecessor, the Land Use Charge2001 (LUC, 2001), attracted spontaneous and widespread protests on promulgation, the criticisms and protests that greeted the passage LUC (2018)has been vehement and remained unabated until the government was forced, like it did with the erstwhile law, to succumb to substantial but arbitrary reductions in rates and allowances across board (at two different times to date) but without a formal amendment to the law; an exact replica of what transpired under the erstwhile law and which opened it to abuse and arbitrary implementation with its compliance and revenue yields implications. The last of these reductions which took place in August saw a whopping 50%, and 25% cut in assessed rates on commercial properties and industrial properties, respectively. This study employed the doctrinal research methodology whereby the valuation or assessment aspect of the LUC (2018) was diagnosed with a view to finding amicable resolutions to the equity problem that virtually crippled the effectiveness of LUC (2001) over its seventeen years of existence and is already threatening the survival of the new LUC (2018). Keywords: assessment criteria, equity and fairness, Land Use Charge (2018), property tax.
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Kube, Amanda, Sanmay Das, and Patrick J. Fowler. "Allocating Interventions Based on Predicted Outcomes: A Case Study on Homelessness Services." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 622–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.3301622.
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Modern statistical and machine learning methods are increasingly capable of modeling individual or personalized treatment effects. These predictions could be used to allocate different interventions across populations based on individual characteristics. In many domains, like social services, the availability of different possible interventions can be severely resource limited. This paper considers possible improvements to the allocation of such services in the context of homelessness service provision in a major metropolitan area. Using data from the homeless system, we use a counterfactual approach to show potential for substantial benefits in terms of reducing the number of families who experience repeat episodes of homelessness by choosing optimal allocations (based on predicted outcomes) to a fixed number of beds in different types of homelessness service facilities. Such changes in the allocation mechanism would not be without tradeoffs, however; a significant fraction of households are predicted to have a higher probability of re-entry in the optimal allocation than in the original one. We discuss the efficiency, equity and fairness issues that arise and consider potential implications for policy.
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Maitland, Ian. "Distributive Justice in Firms: Do the Rules of Corporate Governance Matter?" Business Ethics Quarterly 11, no. 1 (January 2001): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857873.
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Abstract:Can we achieve greater fairness by reforming the corporation? Some recent progressive critics of the corporation argue that we can achieve greater social justice both inside and outside the corporation by simply rewriting or reinterpreting corporate rules to favor non-stockholders over stockholders. But the progressive program for reforming the corporation rests on a critical assumption, which I challenge in this essay, namely that the rules of the corporation matter, so that changing them can effect a lasting redistribution of wealth from stockholders to non-stockholders. This essay uses a critique of the progressive reform program to argue that the rules of the corporation are distributively neutral. The corporation isn’t rigged against non-stockholders, and changing its rules will not improve the bargaining power of non-stockholders. However, while the rules may be epiphenomenal from the standpoint of distributive justice, they can have substantial impacts on the corporation’s efficiency. As a result, the proposed reforms may hurt the corporation’s capacity to generate benefits for all the parties concerned.
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Expósito, Alfonso. "Irrigated Agriculture and the Cost Recovery Principle of Water Services: Assessment and Discussion of the Case of the Guadalquivir River Basin (Spain)." Water 10, no. 10 (September 27, 2018): 1338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101338.
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The Cost Recovery Principle (CRP) is considered by the European Union (EU) water policy as a substantial requirement for economic efficiency, transparency, fairness, and sustainability in the use of water resources. Nevertheless, the implementation of the CRP by EU Member States has encountered significant challenges, both theoretical and practical, especially regarding the accounting of environmental and resource costs related to water use by the agricultural sector. This paper aims to analyse the application of the CRP to the agricultural irrigation sector in Spain, based on the case study of the Guadalquivir River Basin. To this end, an assessment of the financial, environmental, and resource costs (and the corresponding cost recovery rates) of water services related to the irrigation sector was carried out for this specific river basin. Additionally, this study aimed to offer a much-needed discussion on the agricultural “exceptionalism” phenomenon regarding the application of the CRP at the moment when water and agricultural EU policies are being reviewed to guarantee a more sustainable development of agriculture when using such a strategic natural resource.
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Zaman, Khorsed. "Determining a “Reasonable” Implementation Timeline for Developing Countries in WTO Disputes: An Appraisal of Special Treatment Commitments in DSU Article 21.3 (c) Arbitrations." Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 12, no. 1 (2013): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718034-12341243.
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Abstract The Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU) prescribes three different types of arbitration which are ancillary to the Panel and Appellate Body functions of the WTO dispute settlement system (DSS). These are the arbitrations for determining the implementation timeline under Article 21.3 (c) of the DSU and two other types of arbitration under Articles 21.5 and 22.6. This article focuses on some specific approaches and functions of Article 21.3 (c) arbitrations and examines the procedural actions which are related to determining a suitable implementation time for developing countries. It investigates the consistency and coherence of practice in selected arbitral awards in which developing countries claimed “particular attention” either as complainant or as implementing parties. This article points out that the lack of specific guidelines in the DSU is the substantial cause for arbitrators’ noncompliance with Article 21.2 provisions in Article 21.3 (c) arbitrations, which questions the procedural fairness of such arbitrations. This situation, amongst others, reiterates the urgent necessity to amend the relevant DSU rules.
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Akymenko, Olena, and Vladyslav Andarak. "THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE FORMATION OF INDUSTRY COMPETITIVENESS IN THE CONDITIONS OF STRENGTHENING INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS." PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF ECONOMIC AND MANAGEMENT, no. 3 (19) (2019): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2411-5215-2019-3(19)-213-219.
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The article summarizes the scientific material on the research topic and substantiates the idea that nowadays there is a substantial need to expand the range of Ukrainian products presented in the world markets, which requires increasing their competitiveness to the level of EU Member States. It has been given the definition of the concept of «industry competitiveness», which refers to a permanent ability to withstand competition due to the existing technical, economic and organizational conditions for mining, processing, and production of high-quality products that meet the requirements of specific consumer groups. It has been defined the principles of a systematic approach to competitiveness management, including systematic, integrity, structuring, balance, fairness, limited rationality, multiplicity, development, infinity, ensuring the attractiveness of positions, involvement, reliability of information, warnings, correspondence in time and space. There are a number of key characteristics of competitiveness, namely: relativity, objectivity, dynamism, integration, belonging to a specific competitive market, need for purposeful formation, immanence, uniformity, adequacy. It has been proved that the combination of restoration of the productive and financial capacity of industrial enterprises and the implementation of state programs on stimulation of economic development will help to increase the competitiveness of domestic industry.
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Herr, Raphael, Jian Li, and Peter Angerer. "The Synergistic Effects of Organizational Justice and Trust to Supervisor on Vagal Tone: Preliminary Findings of an Empirical Investigation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5 (March 4, 2019): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050790.
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The influence of perceived unfairness at the workplace (organizational injustice) on employee health is well established. Several theories explain the unpleasant and stressful nature of the experience of injustice, using trust as a central element. This study examines the effect of trust to supervisor on the association of perceived injustice with vagal tone—an objective marker for stress experience. Questionnaires assessed organizational justice and trust. Vagal tone was measured by indictors of heart rate variability (HRV), which captured parasympathetic (pNN50, RMSSD, and HF) and parasympathetic and sympathetic (SDNN, and LF) regulation. Synergistic effects were tested by linear regressions with interaction terms between organizational justice and trust to supervisor in 38 managers. Organizational justice was related to HRV indicators that reflect in particular the parasympathetic branch (βpNN50 = 0.32, p < 0.05; βRMSSD = 0.27, p < 0.1), and interaction effects with trust to supervisor were also most pronounced there (interaction βpNN50 = −0.41, p < 0.01; βRMSSD = −0.47, p < 0.01). In conclusion, the combination of low perceived justice and trust to supervisor appears substantial to the physiological stress threat of employees. Promoting fairness at the workplace might reduce stress; if not possible, trust to supervisor should be enhanced.
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Veronika, Mulur, and Muhammad Saleh. "PENGARUH KEADILAN, KECURANGAN TEKNOLOGI, DISKIRIMINASI DAN NILAI SOSIAL TERHADAP PERSEPSI WAJIB PAJAK MENGENAI ETIKA PENGGELAPAN PAJAK (TAX EVASION)." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Ekonomi Akuntansi 4, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 714–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jimeka.v4i4.15342.
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Taxes are the most important element in sustaining the budget in the form of state revenues. Running and realizing a national development plan, the government needs substantial funds to make it happen. But in reality there are many taxpayers who violate their tax obligations by carrying out tax evasion. This study aims to analyze the influence of justice, technology fraud, discrimination and social values on the perceptions of taxpayers regarding the ethics of tax evasion. The population of this study is taxpayers registered at KPP Pratama Banda Aceh. The sample in this study was determined based on the convenience sampling method, the data was collected by dividing 150 questionnaires. The method of research analysis used is multiple linear regression. The data uses the SPSS version 22 program. Based on the results and conclusions, the research shows that fairness, technology fraud, discrimination and social values have a positive and significant effect on the perception of taxpayers regarding the ethics of tax evasion. Overall, all four variables simultaneously influence tax evasion. Future studies are expected to be able to use other variables beyond this research model to enrich science, especially in the field of tax.
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Knebel, Ann R., C. Norman Coleman, Kenneth D. Cliffer, Paula Murrain-Hill, Richard McNally, Victor Oancea, Jimmie Jacobs, et al. "Allocation of Scarce Resources After a Nuclear Detonation: Setting the Context." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 5, S1 (March 2011): S20—S31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/dmp.2011.25.
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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to set the context for this special issue of Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness on the allocation of scarce resources in an improvised nuclear device incident. A nuclear detonation occurs when a sufficient amount of fissile material is brought suddenly together to reach critical mass and cause an explosion. Although the chance of a nuclear detonation is thought to be small, the consequences are potentially catastrophic, so planning for an effective medical response is necessary, albeit complex. A substantial nuclear detonation will result in physical effects and a great number of casualties that will require an organized medical response to save lives. With this type of incident, the demand for resources to treat casualties will far exceed what is available. To meet the goal of providing medical care (including symptomatic/palliative care) with fairness as the underlying ethical principle, planning for allocation of scarce resources among all involved sectors needs to be integrated and practiced. With thoughtful and realistic planning, the medical response in the chaotic environment may be made more effective and efficient for both victims and medical responders.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:S20-S31)
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Cole, Nina. "Consistency in employee discipline: an empirical exploration." Personnel Review 37, no. 1 (December 21, 2007): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00483480810839996.
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PurposeThis study seeks to explore the incidence and severity of inconsistency in the application of disciplinary measures between supervisors, given the same disciplinary incident. Consistency is an important aspect of procedural fairness in disciplinary action, but it has received little empirical attention.Design/methodology/approachFour employee discipline scenarios were assigned at random to 130 real‐life supervisor‐employee dyads, who role‐played the scenario.FindingsThere was little consistency between supervisors in their decisions regarding disciplinary measures. Overall, having an informal discussion with the employee was the most common response. Only when specific instructions to impose a verbal or written warning were provided did most supervisors move beyond an informal discussion. Even when clear instructions were given, a substantial minority applied a less severe disciplinary outcome.Research limitations/implicationsEven in this role‐play situation, where “real life” variables such as union grievances that could lead to the dilution of disciplinary action were not present, supervisors were generally lenient regarding employee discipline.Practical implicationsThe trade‐off between the objectives of consistency and consideration of individual circumstances presents a serious challenge to practising supervisors.Originality/valueThis is a rare empirical paper exploring the issue of consistency in employee discipline.
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Becker, Benjamin, Dries Debeer, Sebastian Weirich, and Frank Goldhammer. "On the Speed Sensitivity Parameter in the Lognormal Model for Response Times and Implications for High-Stakes Measurement Practice." Applied Psychological Measurement 45, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): 407–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01466216211008530.
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In high-stakes testing, often multiple test forms are used and a common time limit is enforced. Test fairness requires that ability estimates must not depend on the administration of a specific test form. Such a requirement may be violated if speededness differs between test forms. The impact of not taking speed sensitivity into account on the comparability of test forms regarding speededness and ability estimation was investigated. The lognormal measurement model for response times by van der Linden was compared with its extension by Klein Entink, van der Linden, and Fox, which includes a speed sensitivity parameter. An empirical data example was used to show that the extended model can fit the data better than the model without speed sensitivity parameters. A simulation was conducted, which showed that test forms with different average speed sensitivity yielded substantial different ability estimates for slow test takers, especially for test takers with high ability. Therefore, the use of the extended lognormal model for response times is recommended for the calibration of item pools in high-stakes testing situations. Limitations to the proposed approach and further research questions are discussed.
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Monippally, M. M. "The Kinder Cut: A Macro Communication Strategy for Delivering News of Job Termination." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 28, no. 3 (July 2003): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920030303.
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A Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS) ought to be good news for employees; it gives them the freedom to retire early with a substantial sum of money, tax free, as compensation. But, in many Indian companies, VRS is retrenchment through the backdoor. Employees identified as redundant or undesirable are pressured to leave. That they have been ‘selected’ for VRS can be devastating news for them especially when finding alternative jobs with similar remuneration and social status is difficult. This paper explores the communication strategies that employers can adopt to deliver well the bad news of job loss. Researchers have been studying the role of communication in softening the blow of job termination. Their discussions tend to be around micro communication strategies that depend largely on the verbal component of the complex communication process. This paper illustrates and recommends a macro communication strategy that would: actively deploy several mutually reinforcing non-verbal as well as verbal moves, especially a range of management actions that work down employee expectations help employees perceive as fair both the company's decision to downsize and the manner of downsizing. A review of several studies of perceived fairness prompts one to conclude that perception of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice helps people accept a variety of unpleasant experiences without anger. If they perceive procedural and interactional justice, they may even overlook low distributive justice. This paper identifies employee expectations that have to be met or worked down by organizations to facilitate the perception of fairness in their job termination. These include: absence of viable alternatives to downsizing adequacy of notice of termination objectivity and transparency in selecting employees to be terminated humaneness in the way the downsizees are treated. As culture and tradition largely determine the scope of some of these and similar expectations, this paper touches upon what Indian employees expect in the event of downsizing. This analysis is followed by a brief discussion of the way three Indian companies of different sizes – Pennar Industries Limited, Pennar Investor Services Private Limited, and Everest Limited – downsized. In the first two cases there was no litigation, violence or strike although the compensation paid was well below the employees' original demand. In the third case there was litigation although an attractive compensation was offered to employees opting for VRS. The first two used a macro communication strategy that conveyed convincingly to the survivors and downsizees alike that the decision to downsize was unavoidable the low compensation offered was fair under the given circumstances the company was treating the downsizees humanely. The third company relied largely on a micro communication strategy driven by logic and data; it did achieve its target of personnel reduction but failed to convince the employees of its fairness.
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Lu, Hui, Wei Wang, Ling Xu, Zhenhong Li, Yan Ding, Jian Zhang, and Fei Yan. "Healthcare seeking behaviour among Chinese elderly." International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance 30, no. 3 (April 18, 2017): 248–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhcqa-10-2015-0132.
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Purpose The Chinese population is rapidly ageing before they are rich. The purpose of this paper is to describe healthcare seeking behaviour and the critical factors associated with healthcare seeking behaviour. Design/methodology/approach Using a purposive sampling method, the authors recruited 44 adults aged 60 years or older from three provinces, representing the developed (Shanghai), undeveloped (Ningxia) regions and the regions in between (Hubei). From July to September 2008, using a semi-structured guide, the authors interviewed participants in focus group discussions. Findings The healthcare needs for chronic and catastrophic diseases were high; however, the healthcare demands were low and healthcare utilizations were even lower owing to the limited accessibility to healthcare services, particularly, in underdeveloped rural areas. “Too expensive to see a doctor” was a prime complaint, explaining substantial discrepancies between healthcare needs, demands and use. Care seeking behaviour varied depending on insurance availability, perceived performance, particularly hospital services, and prescription medications. Participants consistently rated increasing healthcare accessibility as a high priority, including offering financial aid, and improving service convenience. Improving social security fairness was the first on the elderly’s wish list. Originality/value Healthcare demand and use were lower than needs, and were influenced by multiple factors, primarily, service affordability and efficiency, perceived performance and hospital service quality.
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Jansen, Lynn A., Steven Wall, and Franklin G. Miller. "Drawing the line on physician-assisted death." Journal of Medical Ethics 45, no. 3 (November 21, 2018): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2018-105003.
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Drawing the line on physician assistance in physician-assisted death (PAD) continues to be a contentious issue in many legal jurisdictions across the USA, Canada and Europe. PAD is a medical practice that occurs when physicians either prescribe or administer lethal medication to their patients. As more legal jurisdictions establish PAD for at least some class of patients, the question of the proper scope of this practice has become pressing. This paper presents an argument for restricting PAD to the terminally ill that can be accepted by defenders as well as critics of PAD for the terminally ill. The argument appeals to fairness-based paternalism and the social meaning of medical practice. These two considerations interact in various ways, as the paper explains. The right way to think about the social meaning of medical practice bears on fair paternalism as it relates to PAD and vice versa. The paper contends that these considerations have substantial force when directed against proposals to extend PAD to non-terminally ill patients, but considerably less force when directed against PAD for the terminally ill. The paper pays special attention to the case of non-terminally ill patients who suffer from treatment-resistant depression, as these patients present a potentially strong case for extending PAD beyond the terminally ill.
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Newlon, Cara, Ian Ayres, and Brian Barnett. "Your Liberty or Your Gun? A Survey of Psychiatrist Understanding of Mental Health Prohibitors." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 48, S4 (2020): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110520979417.
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This first-of-its-kind national survey of 485 psychiatrists in nine states and the District of Columbia (DC) finds substantial evidence of clinicians being uninformed, misinformed, and misinforming patients of their gun rights regarding involuntary commitments and voluntary inpatient admissions. A significant percentage of psychiatrists (36.9%) did not understand that an involuntary civil commitment triggered the loss of gun rights, and the majority of psychiatrists in states with prohibitors on voluntary admissions (57%) and emergency holds (56%) were unaware that patients would lose gun rights upon voluntary admission or temporary commitment. Moreover, the survey found evidence that psychiatrists may use gun rights to negotiate “voluntary” commitments with patients: 15.9% of respondents reported telling patients they could preserve their gun rights by permitting themselves to be voluntarily admitted for treatment, in lieu of being involuntarily committed. The results raise questions of whether psychiatrists obtained full informed consent for voluntary patient admissions, and suggest that some medical providers in states with voluntary admission prohibitor laws may unwittingly deprive their patients of a constitutional right. The study calls into question the fairness of state prohibitor laws as policy, and — at minimum — indicates an urgent need for psychiatrist training on their state gun laws.