Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Substantiality'

In this thesis, I will argue that there are various considerations which drove Leibniz to the adoption of simplicity as a fundamental criterion for substantiality. ‘Simplicity’ seems to be a deceivingly obvious term, but on closer inspection it turns out to be nonetheless in need of further explanation. Leibniz’s definition as that which is ‘without parts’ does not lead us to an understanding unless it is clearly set out what ‘being a part’ entails and whether simplicity goes beyond indivisibility. The reconstruction of such considerations will be of help in carving out a more determinate content of this notion as it features in Leibniz’s metaphysical system, and will explain how it came to be assigned a core function in his philosophy. Various undertakings throughout his lifetime about activity, unity, indivisibility and impredicability finally culminate in the notion of simplicity. Within this overall development, several different areas of science and philosophy have taken influence on Leibniz’s considerations. There is, obviously, an overreaching metaphysical strand, which tries to account for a notion of substance that is in accordance with the requirements from other, more specific strands. Some demands derive from Leibniz’s reflections on physics, most importantly the notion of force, and from logical considerations concerning the concept of substance. Equally important are theological considerations concerning the simplicity of God, and thus the hierarchy of monads and their similarity with God. Part of the answer as to what to regard and not to regard as partless, i.e. simple, can also be found in Leibniz’s mathematical writings. First and foremost it is mereology that occupies itself with the notions of parts and wholes and will thus give clues as to how to understand the terms explicitly involved in the definition of ‘simplicity’. But Leibniz also frequently feels the need to resort to mathematics and the notions of ‘point’ and ‘function’ in order to illuminate the notion of a simple substance. Bringing all these strands together will finally give a clearer picture of what it means to be a Leibnizian simple substance.

Descartes a découvert l’ego cogito, mais il ne l’a pas exploité. D'après Husserl, cette phrase explique pour quoi Descartes n’a pas réalisé son projet d’une science absolument fondée. Selon Husserl, l’ego cogito restait stérile et incapable de constituer une connaissance transcendantale parce qu’il est une substance, un ego psychique situé dans le monde. Pour cela, il est nécessaire de démanteler la substantialité de l’ego cogito cartésien pour achever le projet cartésien déjà indiqué. Dans notre étude, nous tentons de montrer comment Husserl utilisait la réduction phénoménologique pour démanteler la substantialité de l’ego cogito et comment le démantèlement de la substantialité a permis à Husserl de passer de l’ego psychique à l’ego transcendantal et ensuite de l’ontologie à l’égologie transcendantale comme un champs de savoir absolu fondé sur l’évidence apodictique de l’ego cogito
Descartes discovered ego cogito but he didn't explore it. This phrase, from the Husserl,s point of view, explains why Descartes didn't accomplish his enterprise absolute science. According to Husserl the ego cogito remained sterile, and unable to form absolute knowledge, because it is substance, psychological ego inside the world. So it is necessary to deconstruct the substantiality of Descartes,s ego to achieve his enterprise. In our study we explain how Husserl used his phenomenological reduction to deconstruct the substantiality of ego, and how the deconstruction of substantiality allowed Husserl to shift from the psychological ego to the transcendental ego, then from ontology to transcendental ecology, as a absolute knowledge based on apodictic evidence of ego cogito

1. Aim of the Thesis. This thesis is concerned to investigate the schemata of metaphysical concepts, and the lines of philosophical argument, used by Thomas Aquinas in reaching conclusions about the nature of the change through which Christ becomes present in the sacrament of the Eucharist, and about the nature of this continuing presence. Although the object to which the thesis relates is provided by doctrinal and theological affirmations, the perspective within which the investigation takes place is that of the reflective rationality distinctive of philosophy. Put differently, the aim of the thesis is to examine the speculative rational work undertaken by Thomas Aquinas in the course of his discussion of issues relating to the change of bread and of wine into the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist - a discussion that Thomas introduces by first arguing to traditional Catholic belief about the outcome of this change. The examination engages with the reasonable explanatory power of the conceptual resources and the philosophical arguments drawn upon by the Angelic Doctor in his systematic study of the Eucharistic change, and of the implications of this change relative to the continuing presence of Christ in the Eucharist. 2. Scope of the Thesis. The parameters of the thesis are set by St Thomas’s discussions of Eucharistic change and presence that take place in part three, questions 75-77, of his Summa Theologiae, book four, chapters 60-68, of his Summa contra Gentiles, and book four, distinctions 10-11, of his Scriptum super Libris Sententiarum Petri Lombardi. Within these parameters are to be included contributions to the issues discussed by St Thomas made by Thomas de Vio Cajetan, Domingo Banez, and Silvester of Ferrara (Ferrariensis), major commentators on the work of Thomas. Extensive presentation, and scrutiny, of opposing arguments from Duns Scotus are also included. Following an introductory chapter concerned to situate, summarise, and indicate its principal assumptions, the thesis explores what is, for St Thomas, a major objection to affirming the substantially real presence of Christ in the Eucharist: such an affirmation is said to imply the ontological impossibility that Christ’s bodily reality is simultaneously present in more than one place. The response to this objection involves an analysis of the distinction between the primary and the secondary formal effects of dimensive quantity, and the use of this distinction to argue at some length that one and the same material thing may be simultaneously present in more than one place if the secondary formal effects of dimensive quantity that would spatially situate this thing in relation to its immediate surroundings are suspended. The thesis then considers three issues dealing with what becomes of the substance of the bread and of the wine at the Eucharistic consecration. In the first of these, Thomas rejects the claim that the substance of the bread and of the wine remains in existence on the altar, affirming that the bread and wine are changed at the level of substance into the body and blood of Christ. This position requires, and receives, sustained treatment of philosophical questions concerning ‘substance’, and change affecting the whole substance of a thing (within a hylomorphic understanding of material realities). Related problems of individuation, causal agency, and the logic of language that both signifies, and brings about, change, are considered. The second issue investigates the claim that the substance of the bread and of the wine is not changed after all into the body and blood of Christ but is either annihilated or changed into matter-in-an-earlier-state. This claim is rejected by St Thomas on philosophical grounds, and this section of the thesis engages critically with Cajetan on several points connected with Thomas’s arguments The third issue concerns, and affirms, the capacity of bread and wine to be changed substantially into the body and blood of Christ, at which point the thesis widens out to contrast a hylomorphic with a hylomeric account of matter, and to consider at some length Duns Scotus’s metaphysics of the Eucharist which oppose those of St Thomas. Chapter six of the thesis explores in some detail the responses of Cajetan and Ferrariensis to the challenges issued by Scotus, and the concluding chapter (chapter seven) provides an analysis of Thomistic ideas regarding three modes of the emergence of being: creation, natural change, transubstantiation. 3. Conclusions. The title asserts that the thesis is “an examination of the Thomistic metaphysics of the Eucharistic presence”. This examination endorses the following conclusions: 3.1 The schemata of metaphysical concepts employed by St Thomas (e.g. the concepts of substance, accident, esse, primary matter, substantial form, creation, natural change, obediential potentiality, primary/secondary formal effects of dimensive quantity), and his lines of philosophical argument, provide a clearly valid response to “the exigencies of the inquiring mind at work” in relation to the presence of Christ in the Eucharist. In other words, their reasonable explanatory power is evidently to be affirmed. 3.2 Pari passu the thesis indicates something of what could be called ‘the mystery of matter’ – the inexhaustible depths and potentialities of matter that the inquiring mind confronts when exploring matter in the distinctive situation that is matter’s special dependence on the First Cause in the Eucharistic change (transubstantiation). 3.3 The thesis is an instance of philosophical work undertaken in the first decade of the 21st century, and within the socio-cultural context of this time. This socio-cultural ‘situatedness’, although vastly different from the socio-cultural ‘situatedness’ of Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, Cajetan, Ferrariensis, and Banez, has created no culturally relative barrier - no ‘incommensurability’ - such as to prevent an understanding of the conceptual/argumentative activity in which these thinkers engaged some centuries ago. Human beings always and everwhere ‘fit into’ the same Universe through their abiding and ineluctably shared openness to being and its first principles.

There are several judgments of the Constitutional Court that have marked important precedents.These precedents contain a normative element, which determines the jurisdictional action in a great number of future acses.In this article, the author develops how the judgment of the case Vásquez Romero has set a precedent of great importance regarding access to the Constitutional Court. The author will analyze the impact of this precedent on the grounds for rejection of the constitutional grievance remedies as they are substantially equal cases.
Son diversas las sentencias del Tribunal Constitucional que han marcado importantes precedentes. Dichos precedentes contienen un elemento normativo, lo que determina la actuación jurisdiccional en un gran número de casos futuros.En el presente artículo, la autora desarrolla como la sentencia del caso Vásquez Romero ha marcado un precedente de gran importancia respecto del acceso al Tribunal Constitucional. La autora analizará el impacto de dicho precedente en la causal de rechazo de los recursos de agravio constitucional por tratarse de casos sustancialmente iguales.

Cette thèse vise à mener une étude détaillée sur la manière dont les penseurs du XIIIème siècle ont appréhendé et utilisé le fameux dictum d’Aristote du De anima II : « l’âme est l’acte premier du corps organique qui est potentiellement en vie » En effet, nous examinons les modalités philosophiques qui ont poussé Bonaventure et Thomas d’Aquin à proposer chacun une lecture originale de ce passage tout en admettant tous les deux que l’âme humaine et le corps ne sont pas à prendre comme deux substances distinctes, mais comme deux parties qui constituent l’essence d’une personne humaine. Nous tentons ainsi de décrire, dans leur processus d’élaboration et de mise en œuvre, ces théories qui visent à nous démontrer l’unité naturelle de l’être humain, ce qui constitue au final des solutions aux problèmes issus de la « two substances view », c'est-à-dire celui du dualisme des substances
The objective of this thesis is to understand how 13th century thinkers have adopted the famous dictum of Aristotle's De anima II that “the soul is the first act of the organic body potentially having life”. In this perspective, this thesis examines the way in which Bonaventure and Thomas Aquinas, each with his own creativity, elaborated to establish the unity of human being that consist in their claim that the human soul and body are not two distinct substances, but two essential parts of the human nature or a human person. In so doing, this thesis analyses the concepts like “substance”, “hoc aliquid”, “intellective soul” “intellect” etc and their meaning in respective contexts where Bonaventure and Thomas Aquinas give us relevant solutions that can deal with problems arising from the "two substances view", or substance dualism

This thesis compares two theories of voter behavior in the 2019 European Parliament election (EP election). The second-order national contest theory claims that the European Parliament elections are basically seen as unimportant and are predominantly about national issues. In contrast, the competing Europe matters theory (or EU matters) claims that voters to a significant degree are motivated by European issues. Research on earlier elections has presented evidence strongly in favor of the second-order national contests theory, however, the most recent elections show more ambiguous results. With Europe having gone through a refugee crisis since the last EP election, and with Brexit taking place in the run-up to the election in 2019 making the future of the Union uncertain, there are strong reasons to challenge the second-order theory, and examine if voters did care more about European affairs in the 2019 EP election to substantially make this election about Europe. This thesis will focus on political parties and the predictions the different theories make on the electoral outcome. The study will use a quantitative research design to investigate if changes in voter support for parties in the 2019 EP election compared to the preceding national general election (national election), are the result of national or European issues. The findings suggest that the EP elections are still primarily about national issues and the expectations from the second-order national contest theory can largely explain the outcome of the 2019 EP election. For instance, in the 2019 EP election, the popularity of governing parties in the national arena seems to significantly affect their electoral performance in the EP election. Furthermore, small parties overperform, suggesting voters do not vote strategically and have little interest in the EP election. At the same time party position on European integration only had minor effect on the outcome, which is expected to be substantial if the elections are about Europe. This study shows that it is too early to dismiss the long-held notion of European Parliament elections as being second-order national contests. More research is, however, needed to examine different aspect of the EP election and the different mechanisms at play for a more complete understanding of the nature of the EP elections.

This researcher examined an alternative classroom structure for ninth-grade students substantially below grade level (SBGL) in mathematics. This researcher considered whether targeting the academic and social needs of students SBGL in mathematics in a ninth-grade class would increase their self-efficacy and engagement with the mathematics by studying four teaching effects: teacher, teacher-curriculum, peer-curriculum, and peer. The researcher used interviews, observations, and surveys to collect qualitative and quantitative data. The case study (n = 19) employed a QUAL + quan convergent parallel mixed methods case study. Meta-inferences from the analyses of qualitative and quantitative data indicate that the structure of the observed class increased in positive behaviors associated with self-efficacy, cognitive engagement, and behavioral engagement. While the data show an increase in emotional and social engagement, the quantitative data did not show a statistical significance in their increase. These changes illustrated that these ninth-grade students recognized and willingly worked to close the gaps that they acknowledge they had in their mathematics understanding. Findings indicated that the convergent results of self-efficacy, cognitive engagement and behavioral engagement related to all four teaching effects. While qualitative data showed a strong positive change associated with the divergent results of social and emotional engagement, students self-reported little social and emotional peer influence in student interviews and student surveys.

The introduction and signing of the Economic Partnership Agreements (hereafter EPA’s) have been received with mixed feelings legally, politically and economically. African Caribbean and Pacific countries have taken different positions with regards to their signing, ratification and implementation. A lot has been written about the legal effect of EPA’ The Southern Africa Customs Union (hereafter SACU) has not been spared either. SACU is made up of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland. Article 31 (3) of the 2002 SACU Agreement prohibits any of the SACU member states to negotiate and enter into new preferential agreements with third parties or amend existing agreements without the consent of other member states. Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland signed Economic Partnership Agreements with the European Union in direct violation of article 31 (3) of the 2002 SACU Agreement. The actions of these three countries have exposed the vulnerabilities and short-comings of the 2002 Agreement. The key findings of this study are that Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland have violated the 2002 Agreement. Namibia and South Africa have openly castigated the actions of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland. SACU institutions that are mandated to monitor and implement the 2002 Agreement such as the Council of Ministers, Customs Union Commission, Secretariat, Tariff Board, Technical Liaison Committees and ad hoc Tribunal appear to have not taken sufficient action to penalise the actions of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland. This has led some critics to argue that the SACU 2002 Agreement has to be reviewed or suspended or that it has lost its legal force.
Thesis (LLM (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Submitted by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura (anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-26T15:13:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GABRIELA COSTA E SILVA.pdf: 1168427 bytes, checksum: a8e9c486e26b38b7cbefac31f8dcef81 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura (anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-26T15:13:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GABRIELA COSTA E SILVA.pdf: 1168427 bytes, checksum: a8e9c486e26b38b7cbefac31f8dcef81 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-26T15:13:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GABRIELA COSTA E SILVA.pdf: 1168427 bytes, checksum: a8e9c486e26b38b7cbefac31f8dcef81 (MD5)
A presente dissertação tem por finalidade demonstrar que mesmo em existindo no ordenamento jurídico pátrio vasto rol de direitos fundamentais positivados e instrumentos processuais destinados a sua tutela e fomento, ainda existe na realidade prática vigente grande déficit de concretização desses valores. Essa circunstância é agravada pelo fato de, em determinados casos de complexidade julgados pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal brasileiro, muitos desses reclames serem extintos prematuramente ou de maneira não satisfatória em virtude da aplicação de discursos limitativos ligados à aplicação restrita da vertente procedimentalista às atividades da jurisdição constitucional. Sendo assim, será criticada a adoção isolada dessa teoria, uma vez considerado que seu desenvolvimento em outros países está ligado a realidades conjunturais distintas a do Estado brasileiro. Por isso é que seu intuito é o de indicar que a adoção complementar do substancialismo visa a equilibrar as necessidades da realidade concreta aos anseios dispostos vinculativamente pela Constituição Federal. Assim, apontam-se métodos de aplicação e interpretação constitucionais que visam a potencializar as normas de direito fundamental, sem que os resultados produzidos pelo processo constitucional possam ser considerados como atividades de natureza política ou arbitrariamente invasivas face às atribuições institucionais de outras instâncias de Poder. Formulado em cinco capítulos, o estudo apresentará em primeiro plano, as justificativas dogmáticas que o fundamentam, mormente os fenômenos do pós-positivismo jurídico e do neoconstitucionalismo. Após o desenvolvimento e encadeamento das ideias de diversos autores que já se debruçaram sobre o tema, será realizado estudo prático no derradeiro capítulo a fim de se concluir que a aplicação do método reconstrutivo é capaz de contribuir para a missão de conferir efetividade aos direitos fundamentais por meio das ações e recursos da tutela abstrata movidos no âmbito do Supremo Tribunal.

Les personnes publiques disposent de la liberté contractuelle. Elles peuvent choisir librement d'externaliser leur action en ayant recours aux contrats pour mobiliser les savoir-faire et les financements qui leur font défaut. Le contrat constitue ainsi un procédé de l'action publique et particulièrement un mode de gestion des services publics. Les personnes publiques vont apprécier l'opportunité des différents contrats publics en considération de leurs besoins et d'une optimisation de la dépense publique et seront contraintes par le respect des règles de passation et du régime juridique d'exécution du contrat qu'elles auront choisi de conclure. Le juge sera compétent pour contrôler la qualification juridique de ce contrat ainsi que le respect de l'application des règles de son régime juridique. Bien qu'étant une caractéristique fondamentale des contrats publics, l'objet de ces contrats n'est plus un critère excusif et propre à chaque contrat. Une qualification erronée des contrats avec une incidence contentieuse peut en résulter. Le recours au mode de rémunération du cocontractant va permettre de confirmer l'identification du contrat ou de le distinguer d'un autre. Au préalable, il s'agira de démontrer que la rémunération du cocontractant d'une personne publique est un critère financier opérationnel contribuant à la qualification des contrats publics
The public persons have the contractual freedom. They can choose freely tou outsource their action by resorting to contracts to mobilize the know-how and de financing which are lacking to them. The contract so constitutes a process of the public action and particularly a mode of gestion of the public utilities. The public persons are going to appreciate the opportunity of the various public contracts considering their needs and considering an optimization of the public spending and will be forced by the respect for the rules of signing and for the legal regime of execution of the contract which they will have chosen to conclude. The judge will be competent to control the legal qualification of this contract as well as the respect for the application of the rules of his legal regime. Although being a fundamental characteristic of the public contracts, the object of a contract is not any more a criterion exclusive and appropriate for every contract. An erroneous qualification of contracts with a contentious incidence can result from it. The appeal to the method of payment of the cocontracting party is going to allow to confirm the identification of the contract or to distinguish him it from the other one. Beforehand, it will be a question of demonstrating that the payment for the cocontracting party of a public person is an operational financial criterion contributing to the qualification of the public contracts

Depuis le début des années 2000, la Commission européenne suivie par la Cour de Justice de l'Union européenne (CJUE), ont déterminé les exigences du droit de l'Union dans de nombreux domaines concernant l'organisation et le fonctionnement de l'action administrative en matière de services publics. L'interprétation des règles dictées par le Traité sur le fonctionnement de l'Union européenne, fixe les modalités de la gestion publique, qu'il s'agisse de la création des services d'utilité publique ; de leurs formes de gestion quelles soient structurelles ou conventionnelles ; des droits particuliers accompagnant leur bon fonctionnement ; ou encore de l'encadrement des aides publiques nécessaires à leur financement. Ces progressions qui devraient être normalisées par l'adoption d'une future directive, ont largement influencé la manière de concevoir, en France, la gestion des services publics autant que la participation publique dans l'économie. La recherche de l'optimisation du fonctionnement des services et de l'efficacité économique de l'opération, motive désormais le recours au procédé de la gestion déléguée. Source d'inspiration, le droit de l'Union et particulièrement le travail de la CJUE, contribuent à la réflexion sur l'enrichissement des mécanismes de gestion des services publics, qui disposent en outre, d'un cadre privilégié à l'échelon local. Pour autant, cette influence est réciproque. Renouvelée au travers du concept de « partenariat public- privé », la concession est envisagée comme un outil clef pour la relance économique de l'Europe, et demeure une référence en matière de montages contractuels complexes
Since the beginning of 2000, The European Commission and the European Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), have determined the requirements of European Union Law in various areas relating to the organization and the functioning of the administrative action on public services matters. The interpretation of rules dictated by the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union is setting out the terms of the public management whether the creation of public utility, their forms of management , structural or contractual, special rights accompanying their proper functioning, or even the framework of public aid to finance it. These progressions which should be normalized by the adoption of a future directive have greatly influenced the way to perceive in France, the management of public services as much as the participation in the economy. The search for optimizing the functioning of the services and the economic efficiency of the operation is urging from now on to use the delegated management process. The European Union Law, source of inspiration, and more particularly the work of the CJEU, are contributing to a reflection on the enrichment of the mechanisms of the management of public services, which have furthermore a privileged frame locally. However, this influence is reciprocal. Renewed through the concept of “public-private partnership”, the concession is envisaged as a key tool for the recovery of the European Economy, and remains a reference on complex contractual arrangements

Proučavane su koroziona postojanost i tendencija lepljenja različitihmaterijala u kontaktu sa tečnom Al–Si–Cu legurom. Ispitivanjem suobuhvaćeni čelik za rad na toplo, plazma nitrirani čelik i dupleksslojevi sa CrN, TiAlN, TiAlSiN i CrAlN prevlakama, različitog nivoapovršinske hrapavosti. Za ispitivanja pomenutih fenomenaprimenjena je metoda izvlačenja, koja je unapređena kako bi se povećalenjena tačnost i verodostojnost simulacije procesa livenja. Korozioniefekti su pojačani tako što su uzorci osim kratkog kontakta sa odlivkomzadržavani i u dužim periodima u kontaktu sa tečnom legurom (5 i 20min). Uprkos opštim stavovima, za ispitivane materijale jeustanovljeno da su sile izvlačenja uzoraka iz Al–Si–Cu odlivakanezavisne od njihovog hemijskog sastava. Uticaj hrapavosti je izraženkod uzoraka sa prevlakama kod kojih pri smanjenju hrapavosti dolazi dopovećanja sile izvlačenja. Sve ispitane prevlake su sklone mehaničkomlepljenju Al–Si–Cu legure za svoje površine, ali sa aspekta korozije utečnom metalu značajno prevazilaze performanse čelika i plazmanitriranog sloja. Duži kontakt livene legure sa površinama prevlakauzrokovao je niže vrednosti sila izvlačenja, što je posledicaoksidacije površina prevlaka. Ustanovljeno je da su ispitivaneprevlake inertne ka tečnoj leguri aluminijuma. Međutim, dolazi dooksidacije i korozije materijala podloge kroz greške rasta koje suprisutne u prevlakama. Stečena znanja o identifikovanimmehanizmima habanja i propadanja zaštitnih slojeva prevlakaposlužiće daljem razvoju dupleks slojeva namenjenih za zaštitu alataza livenje pod pritiskom.
Corrosion resistance and soldering tendency of different materials in moltenAl–Si–Cu alloy were studied. Hot-working tool steel, plasma nitrided steel andduplex layers with CrN, TiAlN, TiAlSiN and CrAlN top coatings, which wereproduced to various degree of surface roughness, were covered by the study.An ejection test was employed for investigation of the concerned phenomena.The ejection test was improved in order to increase its accuracy and thereliability of process simulation. Samples were examined in both short andextended periods of contact (5 and 20 min) with liquid casting. Castingsolidification was extended in order to intensify the corrosion effects. Contraryto common findings, it was found that the ejection force of the investigatedmaterials does not depend on their chemical composition. For the coatedsamples, a pronounced dependence of the ejection force on the surfaceroughness was found. The ejection force increases with decrease in surfaceroughness. All investigated coatings are prone to mechanical soldering by Al–Si–Cu alloy. Still, their corrosion resistance substantially exceeds the corrosionresistance of steel and plasma nitrided layer. Longer exposure of coatedsamples to cast alloy induced lower ejection forces, which is a consequenceof coatings oxidation. It was found that the investigated coatings are inert toliquid aluminium. However, the underlying material undergoes oxidation andcorrosion through coating growth defects. The findings concerning the wearmechanisms of protective layers support further development of duplex layersintended for die casting tools protection.

碩士
中國文化大學
藝術研究所美術組碩士在職專班
94
Abstract The purpose of artistic creation is to pursue and promote the humanity’s noble mind. The spiritual beauty is displayed by artist with unique way through their thought and emotion, that is also deeply created a world of sense impression in reality then return it into a ideal、permanent and spirituality visional form. The artist’s mind is presented directly in the drawing which is intimate fusion of heart and form. Likewise this kind of work is not naturally existed, but combines the internal spirit with the external image in which shows aesthetic pursuance of spiritual contemplation of artist on the work. The artist penetrates own thought through image to express their work, it wholeheartedly emphasizes the metaphorical、winding and the lyrical atmosphere. No matter it is the portrait、the flower-and-bird、the landscape or is done by an exquisite painting or the splash-ink painting, the most and extremely importance is the artist highly capable to transmit what is on the artist’s mind into real image. The real image achieves to the infinite widely phenomenon that has to return back to formlessness then again into substantiality which is beyond outside appearance, so that is what author say formlessness. Firstly, the author is going to make statement by mind image、substantiality、formlessness, for the chapter one preface, for the chapter two will discuss mind image with aesthetic theory, for the chapter three will be by the words of ink-painting technique to advance situation of substantiality, for the chapter four will be discussed the formlessness with the embodied reality and the abstract distortion. The creation is through the deep emotions and the life of constant practice by author who is using a process of substantial、expressive、enlightened image in order to emerge a magnificent painting skill. Such as work, that is the author’s experience of life and is incarnation of the author’s thoughts and feelings to reappear on the drawing. Artist's performance achieves such kind of state of mind that is enable to reflect with their life perfectly, even to express the emotions and the feelings completely. Keywords : Mind image、Substantiality、Formlessness

碩士
國立屏東大學
休閒事業經營學系碩士班
103
In the development of market economy, the trade off of service substantiality has a long debate among researchers. For business, service substantiality may cause risks arising from high costs of providing it or result in potential profits coming from positive appraisals of consumption experiences. The dilemma of providing service substantiality with low costs and high quality to achieve consumer’s value demands has become the main issue for business to overcome. Based on the means-end chain (MECs) theory proposed by Gutman (1982), if consumers perceive sufficient and substantial services from the providers, they will have positive feelings after product consumption and sequentially satisfy their personal values. Insufficient service and over service may lead to negative feelings toward product use. However, whether service substantiality can definitely yield positive consequences upon consumption and whether over service can definitely lead to negative consequences upon consumption are still questionable. Thus, this study would further adopt balance theory to reveal the reasons why individuals prefer to maintain a balanced state in a system, which is formed by a series of positive and negative cognitive elements. The aim of the study is to explore the relationship between the inner sense perception of consumers when they choose high-level restaurants and the essence of their balance system. In this study, data were content analyzed. By using the laddering technique (Reynolds & Gutman, 1988), the hierarchical value map was established. Through analyzing the linkages of service substantiality and negative consequences upon consumption, the implications between service substantiality and perceptive balance system of consumers can be explored. Such implications can provide managerial people with valuable insights to formulate their product design and adverting strategies. Future research can application of related service issues in other industry.

Thesis (PhD) -- Australian Catholic University, 2006.
Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Bibliography: p. i-xiii. Also available in an electronic version via the internet.

碩士
國立臺北大學
法律學系法律專業組
100
In Taiwan, Article 185 of the Company Act provides that a company shall not transfer the whole or any essential part of its business or assets without a resolution adopted by a majority of the shareholders present who represent two-thirds or more of the total number of its outstanding shares. Courts held that if a company's business cannot proceed after the transaction, the sale constitutes the sale of essential part of business or assets. Criticism said that this opinion constitutes a very high threshold that the rule hardly has a chance to be applied, therefore suggested that courts determine in both qualitative and quantitative perspectives as the Delaware courts do in similar situations. In this thesis, the author introduces how Delaware courts determine "sale of substantially all assets" under section 271 of Delaware General Corporation Law and it's procedural aspect, the determination of "significant continuing business activity" under section 12.02 of Model Business Corporation Act and it's procedural aspect, and the Delaware judicial review for "fairness" and "fraud" in sale of assets situations. Moreover, the thesis also introduces de facto mergers doctrine. Because many companies structured a transaction as a sale of assets to avoid shareholder's appraisal right, therefore when should the law protects shareholders is discussed. In the same time, the question also affects the determination of sale of substantially all assets. In the end, the author concludes that the opinion of Taiwan courts falls short of shareholder protection so that courts should take a more liberal way to determine what constitutes "the essential part of business or assets" of a company.

碩士
真理大學
管理科學研究所
94
Recent studies focus on calculating intelligence to forecasting on stock market , such as Neural Networks ,Genetic algorithms etc., There are two strategies worth putting aside. First study some among the materials to show the rule from the historical data. Due to study technology progress to find that the rule of showing among the historical data is not more and more difficult, after it is enough to find the rule of showing that majority investors' analytical technology all progress to, such Investment Strategies will be difficult to obtain the competition advantage at last. Second the rules of supposing the personal share (or portfolio) of some research will be checked and presented on the same personal share (or portfolio) in different time. Neglect a bit regular to can order and reappear among the different personal share (or portfolio) in different time. KeyGraph is a tool of information visualization, it can extract patterns and links from data set, the more important thing is that it utilizes the network diagrams to present the relation of context of the data set, on the other word﹐user can get a lot of information was showing the rule, can also see that the rule presents the context with the network diagrams at the same time , It can help analyst to make reasonable scenarios and to obtain more abundant information. The hypothesis of this research is that「 personal share rise sharply , may reappear in different time and among the different personal share (or portfolio )」. KeyGraph used in conjunction with Moving Averages（MA）to find a pattern of rise sharply﹐analysis samples consists of the top 10 rate of returns in season of listed stocks. According to this design finally we can create investment strategies for stock selection and timing selection. Via the rule stock select contained in the database. there are 55 stocks in the portfolio that is selected, 4 stocks among them are chosen 2 times, It has produced 59 predictions , 32 predictions are successful with a correct prediction rate of 54.24%, make the hypothesis of this research be supported. In addition, propose 2 fund allocation strategy with portfolio in the test period, the rate of return is up to 2.96% and 12.58% separately.

The intention of this diploma work is based on legacy of Master Peter de Letovic which is till now unknown. He worked at Prague University before initiation of the Hussite Revolution. The thesis proceed from his question Utrum cuiuslibet spiritus rationalis eadem essentia sit substantialiter ratio memoria et voluntas which gave him Master Matthew de Knin at quodlibet in the year 1409. The principal part of the thesis deal with a critic transcription and translation of manuscript from the codex UK Praha X H 18. The author, furthermore, attempt to interpret the question in a commentary and classify it in the context of philosophical thoughts at Prague University. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

This thesis focuses on the concept of Reason, Memory, and Will written by Petr from Letovicz and present the Question called: "Utrum cuiuslibet spiritus rationalis eadem essentia sit substantialiter ratio memoriam et voluntas". The thesis consists of four parts. The first part focuses on the used method of the art and its access to the text. The second one introduce the Question in the historical context. The third part represent the transcription and translation of the Question. The last one offers Question's interpretation. My thesis also focuses on several citations of Aristotle used by Petr from Letovicz in his Question. Those quotes were set into interpretive framework of the text. Besides Aristotle, there can be found also quotes of Averroa and one of the founders of scholasticism - Peter Lombard.

Yes
Background The National Early Warning Score (NEWS) is being replaced with NEWS2 which adds 3 points for new confusion or delirium. We estimated the impact of adding delirium on the number of medium/high level alerts that are triggers to escalate care. Methods Analysis of emergency medical admissions in two acute hospitals (York Hospital (YH) and Northern Lincolnshire and Goole NHS Foundation Trust hospitals (NH)) in England. Twenty per cent were randomly assigned to have delirium. Results The number of emergency admissions (YH: 35584; NH: 35795), mortality (YH: 5.7%; NH: 5.5%), index NEWS (YH: 2.5; NH: 2.1) and numbers of NEWS recorded (YH: 879193; NH: 884072) were similar in each hospital. The mean number of patients with medium level alerts per day increased from 55.3 (NEWS) to 69.5 (NEWS2), a 25.7% increase in YH and 64.1 (NEWS) to 77.4 (NEWS2), a 20.7% increase in NH. The mean number of patients with high level alerts per day increased from 27.3 (NEWS) to 34.4 (NEWS2), a 26.0% increase in YH and 29.9 (NEWS) to 37.7 (NEWS2), a 26.1% increase in NH. Conclusions The addition of delirium in NEWS2 will have a substantial increase in medium and high level alerts in hospitalised emergency medical patients. Rigorous evaluation of NEWS2 is required before widespread implementation because the extent to which staff can cope with this increase without adverse consequences remains unknown.
The full-text of this article will be released for public view at the end of the publisher embargo on 2 Mar 2020.