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Journal articles on the topic 'Substitution lexicale'
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1
Eberenz, Rolf. "“Nave” y “nao” en castellano medieval: historia de una sustitución léxica." Anuario de Estudios Medievales 24, no. 1 (April 2, 2020): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/aem.1994.v24.993.
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Pendant les derniers siècles du Moyen Âge, on remarque dans les textes espagnols la coexistence des termes nave et nao désignant tous les deux un gros navire de commerce. Mais cette synonymie apparente recèle en réalité une substitution lexicale: le traditionnel nave se voit concurrencé dès la seconde moitié du XIVº siècle par nao, un terme technique des marins du Golfe de Biscaye. La fortune de ce néologisme s'explique sans doute par la diffusion des nouvelles techniques de construction naval e développées par les riverains de l'Atlantique, techniques qui pénètrent également dans la Méditerranée. Il est intéressant de voir que le mot nao apparaît d'abord dans des écrits gardant un lien étroit avec la navigation; mais an XVe siècle il se trouve de plus en plus dans toute sorte de textes, alors que nave vieillit rapidement et ne s'emploie plus guère que comme terme d'histoire.
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Ovchinnikova, Irina, and Anna Pavlova. "Lexical Substitution and Paraphasia in Advanced Dementia of the Alzheimer Type." Psychology of Language and Communication 21, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 306–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/plc-2017-0015.
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Abstract The paper presents the case study of lexical selection in Alzheimer-type dementia. Lexical substitutions in poem recitation and conversations of a Russian speaker, who suffered Alzheimer-type dementia, were analyzed on the background of the lexical retrieval and slip-of-the-tongue phenomena. The classification of the substitutions is worked out on the basis of the links between a target word and its substitutions. The current context plays an essential role as natural priming for a substitution in a poem recitation. Some words have predisposition to be lost; the units belong to the figurative language or to the category of infrequent lexemes. In conversation, the patient masked failures by referring to the circumstances and appealing to the sense of humor. Positive emotions facilitate recollecting of words, involved in the description of real-life events, due to the relatively spared nondeclarative memory. The changes in the substitutions and paraphasias categories between AD stages are statistically significant.
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McCarthy, Diana, and Roberto Navigli. "The English lexical substitution task." Language Resources and Evaluation 43, no. 2 (February 26, 2009): 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10579-009-9084-1.
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SINHA, RAVI, and RADA MIHALCEA. "Explorations in lexical sample and all-words lexical substitution." Natural Language Engineering 20, no. 1 (October 9, 2012): 99–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324912000265.
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In this paper, we experiment with several techniques to solve the problem of lexical substitution, both in a lexical sample as well as an all-words setting, and compare the benefits of combining multiple lexical resources using both unsupervised and supervised approaches. Overall in the lexical sample setting, the results obtained through the combination of several resources exceed the current state-of-the-art when selecting the best substitute for a given target word, and place second when selecting the top ten substitutes, thus demonstrating the usefulness of the approach. Further, we put forth a novel exploration in all-words lexical substitution and set ground for further explorations of this more generalized setting.
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McCarthy, Diana, Ravi Sinha, and Rada Mihalcea. "The cross-lingual lexical substitution task." Language Resources and Evaluation 47, no. 3 (November 22, 2012): 607–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10579-012-9202-3.
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Williams, Joshua, and Sharlene Newman. "Phonological substitution errors in L2 ASL sentence processing by hearing M2L2 learners." Second Language Research 32, no. 3 (June 23, 2016): 347–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658315626211.
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In the present study we aimed to investigate phonological substitution errors made by hearing second language (M2L2) learners of American Sign Language (ASL) during a sentence translation task. Learners saw sentences in ASL that were signed by either a native signer or a M2L2 learner. Learners were to simply translate the sentence from ASL to English. Learners’ responses were analysed for lexical translation errors that were caused by phonological parameter substitutions. Unlike previous related studies, tracking phonological substitution errors during sentence translation allows for the characterization of uncontrolled and naturalistic perception errors. Results indicated that learners made mostly movement errors followed by handshape and location errors. Learners made more movement errors for sentences signed by the M2L2 learner relative to those by the native signer. Additionally, high proficiency learners made more handshape errors than low proficiency learners. Taken together, this pattern of results suggests that late M2L2 learners are poor at perceiving the movement parameter and M2L2 production variability of the movement parameter negatively contributes to perception.
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Qiang, Jipeng, Yun Li, Yi Zhu, Yunhao Yuan, and Xindong Wu. "Lexical Simplification with Pretrained Encoders." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 05 (April 3, 2020): 8649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6389.
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Lexical simplification (LS) aims to replace complex words in a given sentence with their simpler alternatives of equivalent meaning. Recently unsupervised lexical simplification approaches only rely on the complex word itself regardless of the given sentence to generate candidate substitutions, which will inevitably produce a large number of spurious candidates. We present a simple LS approach that makes use of the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) which can consider both the given sentence and the complex word during generating candidate substitutions for the complex word. Specifically, we mask the complex word of the original sentence for feeding into the BERT to predict the masked token. The predicted results will be used as candidate substitutions. Despite being entirely unsupervised, experimental results show that our approach obtains obvious improvement compared with these baselines leveraging linguistic databases and parallel corpus, outperforming the state-of-the-art by more than 12 Accuracy points on three well-known benchmarks.
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Nita, Raluca, and Ramón Martí Solano. "Variations sur les expressions figées : quelle(s) traduction(s) chez les apprenants?" Yearbook of Phraseology 11, no. 1 (November 25, 2020): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phras-2020-0004.
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AbstractThis paper analyses the translations that French undergraduate students come up with when they are to deal with fixed expressions (FEs) in English that have been modified morphologically, syntactically, lexically or semantically. FEs in English are not always used in their canonical form and are often modified in the media for contextualization purposes or stylistic reasons. They can be modified by lexical substitution, lexical insertion and by lexical and semantic inversion resulting in distinct expressions with a different sense.The paper reveals the sources of mistranslation and the pedagogic means to deal with them based upon this specific type of translation exercise. Two types of FEs are taken into account: FEs in the target language sharing all or parts of the lexical constituents with those in the source language and FEs with no direct equivalent in French. The study can also have a more general impact on translation methodology as a whole: mistranslation analysis of FEs demonstrates the difficulties students have in recognizing and/or in adapting the translation of FEs according to their modification and their context. Translating FEs could therefore be used as a first methodological step in initiating students to the specific problems of translation as a whole.
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Beaudet, Céline. "Rhétorique lexicale, polyphonie et argument d’autorité : une analyse de cas." Revue québécoise de linguistique 28, no. 2 (April 30, 2009): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/603198ar.
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RÉSUMÉNous nous intéresserons ici aux procédés de langage et à leur rôle dans la prise en charge énonciative du discours. Ces procédés consistent à produire du sens en s’appuyant spécifiquement sur les possibilités de substitutions des ressources lexicales de la langue (plutôt que sur leur mise en discours) et servent à constituer des paradigmes désignationnels, qui vont servir de supports aux jugements. À partir d’un article intitulé « Autopsie d’une mini-crise » (Le Devoir, 11 juillet 1998, p. A9), nous nous attardons spécifiquement aux procédés lexicaux par lesquels l’énonciateur gère les voix énonciatives de manière à consolider un argument d’autorité sur lequel toute son argumentation est fondée.
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VALITUTTI, ALESSANDRO, ANTOINE DOUCET, JUKKA M. TOIVANEN, and HANNU TOIVONEN. "Computational generation and dissection of lexical replacement humor." Natural Language Engineering 22, no. 5 (April 16, 2015): 727–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324915000145.
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AbstractWe consider automated generation of humorous texts by substitution of a single word in a given short text. In this setting, several factors that potentially contribute to the funniness of texts can be integrated into a unified framework as constraints on the lexical substitution. We discuss three types of such constraints: formal constraints concerning the similarity of sounds or spellings between the original word and the substitute, semantic or connotational constraints requiring the substitute to be a taboo word, and contextual constraints concerning the position and context of the replacement. Empirical evidence from extensive user studies using real SMSs as the corpus indicates that taboo constraints are statistically very effective, and so is a constraint requiring that the substitution takes place at the end of the text even though the effect is smaller. The effects of individual constraints are largely cumulative. In addition, connotational taboo words and word position have a strong interaction.
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Tallberg, I. M., and G. Bergendal. "Strategies of lexical substitution and retrieval in multiple sclerosis." Aphasiology 23, no. 9 (September 2009): 1184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02687030802436884.
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Shamilov, Raviddin, and Arina Kirillova. "On Typology of Pragmatic Adaptation in Specialized Translation." Nizhny Novgorod Linguistics University Bulletin, no. 54 (June 30, 2021): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.47388/2072-3490/lunn2021-54-2-89-106.
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The paper views pragmatic adaptation through the prism of the communicative and functional theory of translation. It substantiates the applicability of pragmatic adaptation as a translation tactic in translating not only literary but also specialized (non-fiction) texts. The relevance of this research lies in the need to identify linguistic and extralinguistic factors which determine the use of pragmatic adaptation when translating a specialized text in a certain communicative situation. Although some translation studies experts justly consider pragmatic adaptation to be a translation solution applicable at any language level, the authors of this paper share the traditional point of view which sees pragmatic adaptation as a means aimed at solving primarily lexical problems by using various translation operations (addition, omission, generalization, concretization, and substitution). This approach allows the authors to offer their own typology of pragmatic adaptation, which comprises additive, omissive, and substitutive pragmatic adaptation.
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Paetzold, Gustavo H., and Lucia Specia. "A Survey on Lexical Simplification." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 60 (November 15, 2017): 549–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.5526.
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Lexical Simplification is the process of replacing complex words in a given sentence with simpler alternatives of equivalent meaning. This task has wide applicability both as an assistive technology for readers with cognitive impairments or disabilities, such as Dyslexia and Aphasia, and as a pre-processing tool for other Natural Language Processing tasks, such as machine translation and summarisation. The problem is commonly framed as a pipeline of four steps: the identification of complex words, the generation of substitution candidates, the selection of those candidates that fit the context, and the ranking of the selected substitutes according to their simplicity. In this survey we review the literature for each step in this typical Lexical Simplification pipeline and provide a benchmarking of existing approaches for these steps on publicly available datasets. We also provide pointers for datasets and resources available for the task.
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Utomo, Slamet, and Dita Indah Sekti. "COHESION IN ANNE HATHAWAY’S SPEECH TEXT ON “PAID PARENTAL LEAVE IS ABOUT CREATING FREEDOM TO DEFINE ROLES”." KREDO : Jurnal Ilmiah Bahasa dan Sastra 2, no. 2 (April 20, 2019): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24176/kredo.v2i2.3344.
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This research aims to identify the grammatical and lexical cohesion used in Anne Hathaway’s speech text on “Paid Parental Leave is about Creating Freedom to Define Roles”, and interpret how grammatical and lexical cohesion are used in Anne Hathaway’s speech text on “Paid Parental Leave is about Creating Freedom to Define Roles”.The type of this research is descriptive qualitative research. The result of this research shows that all types of grammatical and lexical cohesion are used in the speech text. For the grammatical cohesions are: reference (personal, demonstrative and comparative reference), substitution (nominal substitution), ellipsis (verbal and clausal ellipsis) and conjunction (additive, adversative, causal and temporal conjunction). Meanwhile, the lexical cohesions are: reiteration (repetition, synonym, superordinate and general word) and collocation. The most dominant of cohesive devices used in the speech text is reference especially for personal reference. All those cohesive devices are used clearly, it means that the speech text of Anne Hathaway entitled “Paid Parental Leave is about Creating Freedom to Define Roles” used grammatical and lexical cohesion well. Finally, the writer suggests that cohesion is important to be studied in language learning because cohesion can be used as a strategy to construct and comprehend any text especially for speech.
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German, Diane J., and Rochelle S. Newman. "The Impact of Lexical Factors on Children's Word-Finding Errors." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 47, no. 3 (June 2004): 624–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2004/048).
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This retrospective, exploratory investigation examined the types of target words that 30 children with word-finding difficulties (aged 8 to 12 years) had difficulty naming and the types of errors they made on these words. Words were studied with reference to lexical factors that might influence naming performance: word frequency, age of acquisition, familiarity, and lexical neighborhood. Findings indicated that neighborhood density predicted word-finding success, and target word substitutions and error patterns manifested were affected by the lexical factors under study. Students tended to produce substitutions that were higher in frequency, learned earlier, and that resided in neighborhoods of greater density and higher frequency than the target word. Lexical factors also influenced children’s error patterns. Neighborhood density predicted form-related errors: Children produced more blocked errors on words from sparse neighborhoods. Word frequency and neighborhood frequency predicted form-segment-related errors as phonologic errors occurred on rare words and words whose neighbors contained lower frequency, uncommon phonological patterns. This important first step in the examination of how lexical factors have an impact on word-finding errors in children suggests that different types of words are more likely to result in failures of lexical access at different stages of processing. Theoretical and practical implications of these preliminary findings are discussed. KEY WORDS: word-finding difficulties, lexical access, language and learning disabilities, word frequency, lexical neighborhood
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Afzaal, Muhammad, Kaibao Hu, Muhammad Ilyas Chishti, and Muhammad Imran. "A Study of Pakistani English Newspaper Texts: An Application of Halliday and Hasan’s Model of Cohesion: A Discourse Analysis." International Journal of English Linguistics 9, no. 5 (August 26, 2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n5p78.
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This article aims to examine the patterns of each type of cohesive device in light of the cohesion model proposed by Halliday and Hasan in 1976. Halliday and Hasan identified five different types of cohesion: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion in the text. This study uses the selected weekly articles authored by Cyril Almeida from well-known daily published English Newspaper “The Daily Dawn”. Analysis of text comprises Halliday and Hasan’s cohesion model, and analyzes linguistic techniques used in newspaper texts. The study finds repeated occurrences of cohesive devices such as referencing, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion. Moreover, reiteration is found to be the most frequently occurring cohesive device. Reference from grammatical cohesion also outnumbers all other subcategories of cohesion. In addition, many of the literary terms employed in articles make it diverse in uncovering some of the political contexts to the audience. Hence, it concludes that in the overall occurrences of lexical cohesion, reiteration and collocation are dominant; suggesting that the texts of selected news articles of Cyril Almeida are cohesive mainly because of lexical cohesion, i.e. semantic linkage through vocabulary rather than grammar.
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Ніка, Оксана. "Лексичні заміни в „Апокрисисі” Христофора Філалета." Studia Ucrainica Varsoviensia 7 (November 27, 2019): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6010.
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The article analyses the lexical substitutions in Apocrysys polemic tractate by Krystofor Filalet, printed in the year 1598 or 1599, in the Ostrog printing house owned by Great Prince of Ostrog. It is the translation of the Polish version of Apocrysys printed in 1597 in O. Rodeckyi’s printing house. The copies of this old printed work in the ”ruska mova” („the Ruthenian language”), kept at the V.I. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine and at the Vilnius University Library, were compared. In the old printed texts, translation of words was proposed with the help of notes on the page margins. Lexical substitutions are analyzed in the context, their fi xation in the contemporary dictionaries and historical lexicographical papers is indicated. Notably, the substitutions of Latinisms and, occasionally, Polonisms prevail. Church Slavonic and bookish Ukrainian elements appear instead. It was concluded that text substitutions in the Apocrysys may have other translation and explanation in dictionaries of that time, or are not recorded in them at all.
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Mahmoud, Abdulmoneim. "Interlingual Transfer of Intralingual Errors: Lexical Substitution from MSA to EFL." Studies in English Language Teaching 7, no. 4 (October 24, 2019): p419. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v7n4p419.
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This study takes a closer look at the adverse effects of the use of interlingual transfer as a compensatory communication strategy by EFL learners with a diglossic background. The data were collected from the Arabic-English translations of 80 male and female third year university students studying introductory courses in translation as part of the requirements of their BA English program. A total of 850 interlingual lexical substitutions were detected out of which 219 (26%) could be due to intralingual problems within Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Most of these errors were cases of failure to distinguish between formally or semantically related words in MSA due to the lack of competence in this variety of Arabic. Accordingly, the study underscores the need for improvement of the teaching and learning of MSA which may help not only translators but also EFL learners who rely on interlingual transfer as a compensatory strategy. The study also calls for a deeper analysis of the interlingual errors of EFL learners in situations of diglossia where their level of competence in one variety is higher than the other. Further studies may reveal more about the magnitude and types of the interlingual transfer of intralingual errors.
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Muhhasin, Mohammad, and Dewi Ayu Hidayati. "Coreferential Devices in the Quranic Interpretation." English Education: Jurnal Tadris Bahasa Inggris 12, no. 1 (July 5, 2019): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/ee-jtbi.v12i1.4431.
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This article mainly discusses the coreference in the Quranic interpretation of Surah Albaqarah by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. The aims of the research are: to describe and explain the coreference types found in the Quranic interpretation, the coreference devices, and relationship types of the coreferential devices. The is a kind of descriptive qualitative research. The population consisted 286 interpretation texts of Surah Al-Baqarah with 112 samples taken as the data of the research chosen by using purposive sampling technique. The result of the research shows that the coreference types found in the Quranic interpretation are: repetition (6,55%), lexical change (18,03%), substitution (50,81%) and ellipsis (24,59%). Meanwhile, the coreferential devices found are: repetition, lexical change, and substitution. Finally, the relationship types of the co-referential devices are anaphoric (88,52%) and cataphoric (11,48%)
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Triasmoro, Guntur Yuli, Sumarlam Sumarlam, and Djatmika Djatmika. "KOHESI PADA TEKS CERITA RUBRIK ANAK-ANAK, REMAJA, DAN DEWASA DALAM MAJALAH PANJEBAR SEMANGAT." LINGUA: Journal of Language, Literature and Teaching 13, no. 1 (April 3, 2016): 19–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/lingua.v13i1.9.
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The aim of this research is to find grammatical and lexical cohesion in Javanese magazine Panjebar Semangat included in the rubrics: Wacan Bocah, Manja, and Cerkak. The study used content analysis with qualitative approach. Data of this study were lingual units such as utterances, sentences, and clauses taken from the rubrics. Data were collected using review and note technique. Data were analyzed using “agih method”, “bagi unsur langsung” (BUL), substitution and elliptisis technique. The results shows that grammatical aspect used in Wacana Bocah, Manja, and Cekak rubric in Panjebar Semangat magazine included: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjungtion. Lexical aspects in the disourses comprise of: repetition, synonym, antonym, collocation, hyponym, and equivalency. Theme that found in Wacan Bocah, Manja, and Cekak rubric is agriculture, education, love, friendship, life style, spirituality, law, and culture.
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Biemann, Chris. "Creating a system for lexical substitutions from scratch using crowdsourcing." Language Resources and Evaluation 47, no. 1 (March 30, 2012): 97–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10579-012-9180-5.
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Gooskens, Charlotte, Wilbert Heeringa, and Karin Beijering. "Phonetic and Lexical Predictors of Intelligibility." International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing 2, no. 1-2 (October 2008): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1753854809000317.
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In the present investigation, the intelligibility of 17 Scandinavian language varieties and standard Danish was assessed among young Danes from Copenhagen. In addition, distances between standard Danish and each of the 17 varieties were measured at the lexical level and at different phonetic levels. In order to determine how well these linguistic levels can predict intelligibility, we correlated the intelligibility scores with the linguistic distances and we carried out a number of regression analyses. The results show that for this particular set of closely related language varieties phonetic distance is a better predictor of intelligibility than lexical distance. Consonant substitutions, vowel insertions and vowel shortenings contribute significantly to the prediction of intelligibility.
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Zarepour, Fatemeh. "Cohesion Analysis of Iranian Advanced EFL Learners’ Writing." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 7, no. 2 (March 3, 2016): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0702.23.
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This study seeks to examine the most common cohesive devices used by Iranian advance EFL learners in writing a composition. This study also tries to determine the most common cohesive errors committed by the learners and find probable sources of errors. To this end, 30 advance EFL learners were selected. A proficiency test was conducted to ensure if they were at the same level. Then, participants were asked to write a composition of 200-220 words. The data were analyzed. It had been revealed that the most frequent cohesive devices were reference cohesion followed by conjunction, lexical cohesion, ellipsis, and substitution. The most frequent cohesion errors committed by learners were also related to reference cohesion, conjunction, lexical cohesion, ellipsis, and substitution respectively. Furthermore, in this study some pedagogical implications had been suggested for language teachers regarding cohesion.
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Khalifah, Melani Siti, Juan Carlina Wibowo, and Cynantia Rachmijati. "AN ANALYSIS OF ENDOPHORIC REFERENCE COHESION DEVICES IN MARK ZUCKERBERG BIOGRAPHY." PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 2, no. 2 (March 30, 2019): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v2i2.p222-226.
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The aim of the research is to find out endophoric references in Mark Zuckerberg biography and the relationship between discourse analysis and pragmatic. The research used descriptive qualitative research design. The data obtained from Mark Zuckerberg biography written by the biography website. The data are analyzed using Halliday & Hasan’s theory (1976) of reference cohesion reference is one of the cohesive devices. The result shows that endophoric reference exists in Mark Zuckerberg biography endophoric. Endophoric consist of two types, the first is anaphoric and the second is cataphoric. In this research there are five type cohesive devices that are usually used in texts like substitution, references, ellipsis, lexical cohesion, and conjunctions. In the research found that cataphoric is dominant than anaphoric because the subject is located in the beginning of the sentences. Cohesive devices not only focused on lexical cohesion, but also focused on ellipsis and substitution and reference.
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Velytchenko, Leonid, and Hanna Sumtsova. "Translation of Chinese Political Discourse into Ukrainian and English: Lexical Aspect." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 16, no. 26 (February 2019): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2018-26-3.
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The article deals with the concept of political discourse. The problem of translating Chinese political discourse into Ukrainian and English is regarded. Examples of the speech idiomatic elements in political discourse of the Chinese language, are given. The basic lexical and semantic differences in the original text and in the translated text are demonstrated. Translation equivalent, grammatical substitution, translation commentary and other translation operations were examined.
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Dood, Amber J., John C. Dood, Daniel Cruz-Ramírez de Arellano, Kimberly B. Fields, and Jeffrey R. Raker. "Analyzing explanations of substitution reactions using lexical analysis and logistic regression techniques." Chemistry Education Research and Practice 21, no. 1 (2020): 267–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9rp00148d.
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Assessments that aim to evaluate student understanding of chemical reactions and reaction mechanisms should ask students to construct written or oral explanations of mechanistic representations; students can reproduce pictorial mechanism representations with minimal understanding of the meaning of the representations. Grading such assessments is time-consuming, which is a limitation for use in large-enrollment courses and for timely feedback for students. Lexical analysis and logistic regression techniques can be used to evaluate student written responses in STEM courses. In this study, we use lexical analysis and logistic regression techniques to score a constructed-response item which aims to evaluate student explanations about what is happening in a unimolecular nucleophilic substitution (i.e., SN1) reaction and why. We identify three levels of student explanation sophistication (i.e., descriptive only, surface level why, and deeper why), and qualitatively describe student reasoning about four main aspects of the reaction: leaving group, carbocation, nucleophile and electrophile, and acid–base proton transfer. Responses scored as Level 1 (N = 113, 11%) include only a description of what is happening in the reaction and do not address the why for any of the four aspects. Level 2 responses (N = 549, 53%) describe why the reaction is occurring at a surface level (i.e., using solely explicit features or mentioning implicit features without deeper explanation) for at least one aspect of the reaction. Level 3 responses (N = 379, 36%) explain the why at a deeper level by inferring implicit features from explicit features explained using electronic effects for at least one reaction aspect. We evaluate the predictive accuracy of two binomial logistic regression models for scoring the responses with these levels, achieving 86.9% accuracy (with the testing data set) when compared to human coding. The lexical analysis methodology and emergent scoring framework could be used as a foundation from which to develop scoring models for a broader array of reaction mechanisms.
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Cristoffanini, Paula, Kim Kirsner, and Dan Milech. "Bilingual Lexical Representation: The Status of Spanish-English Cognates." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 38, no. 3 (August 1986): 367–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640748608401604.
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Two experiments were conducted to determine the functional status of cognates. Two hypotheses were considered. According to the first hypothesis, language is a critical feature governing lexical organization, and cognates may therefore be equated with morphologically unrelated translations. According to a second hypothesis, however, language is not a critical feature governing lexical organization. Instead, the boundaries between perceptual categories are determined by morphological considerations, and cognates may therefore be equated with intra-lingual variations such as inflections and derivations. If the first hypothesis is correct, cognate performance should follow that observed for translations, but if the second hypothesis is correct, cognate performance should follow that observed for inflections and derivations. The experiments used different procedures in order to discount taskspecific explanations. The first experiment involved repetition priming in a lexical decision task, and emphasis was placed on relative priming; that is, on the amount of facilitation which occurs when, for example, OBEDIENCIA primes OBEDIENCE, expressed as a fraction of the amount of facilitation that occurs when the same word is presented on each occasion (i.e., when OBEDIENCE is used to prime OBEDIENCE). The second experiment tested memory for language. Four types of cognates were tested. These were: orthographically identical cognates, regular cognates with cion/tion substitution, regular cognates with dad/ty substitution, and irregularly derived cognates. The results were unequivocal. The priming values observed previously for cognates were qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those observed for inflections and derivations, and this classification was confirmed in the second experiment, involving memory for language. The results are consistent with the general proposition that morphology rather than language governs the boundaries between perceptual categories, and a number of specific explanations are reviewed.
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Bordag, Denisa, Andreas Opitz, Max Polter, and Michael Meng. "Non-native Readers Are More Sensitive to Changes in Surface Linguistic Information than Native Readers*." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 24, no. 4 (February 17, 2021): 599–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728920000772.
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AbstractIn the present study we challenge the generally accepted view based primarily on L1 data that surface linguistic information decays rapidly during reading and that only propositional information is retained in memory. In two eye-tracking experiments, we show that both L1 and L2 adult readers retain verbatim information of a text. In particular, the reading behaviour of L2 German learners revealed that they were sensitive to both lexical (synonyms) and syntactic (active/passive alternation) substitutions during a second reading of the texts, while L1 exhibited only reduced sensitivity to the lexical substitutions. The results deliver an important piece of evidence that complies with several current processing (e.g., Shallow Structure Hypothesis), acquisition (Declarative/Procedural Model) and cognitive (e.g., Fuzzy Trace Theory) approaches and adds a new dimension to their empirical and theoretical basis.
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Valdeón, Roberto A. "Alienation techniques in screen translation." Languages in Contrast 8, no. 2 (November 28, 2008): 208–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.8.2.05val.
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This paper presents a critical approach to the translation of cultural items in the Spanish dubbed version of the American sitcom Will & Grace. The paper starts with a presentation of domestication and foreignization (Venuti 1995). The former is discussed in connection with the choices made in the target texts. I, then, introduce the term “alienation” as another strategy used to render culture specificities. In the second section I examine the key comical elements present in the scripts, in which cultural allusions also play a significant role. Section three explores how these culturally anchored lexical items are rendered in the Spanish version, establishing a taxonomy that includes preservation of international items, preservation of culture-specific items, substitution with a different source-culture item, substitution with an international item, substitution with a target-culture item, substitution with corrupted forms of target-culture items and substitution with a superordinate. The use and translation of expletives as elements unique to a language and culture are also covered. The final section discusses the transition from domestication to alienation.
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Newman, Rochelle S., Diane J. German, and Jennifer R. Jagielko. "Influence of Lexical Factors on Word-Finding Accuracy, Error Patterns, and Substitution Types." Communication Disorders Quarterly 39, no. 2 (June 14, 2017): 356–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525740117712205.
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This retrospective, exploratory investigation examined the types of target words that 66 children with/without word-finding difficulties (WFD) had difficulty naming, and the types of errors they made. Words were studied with reference to lexical factors (LFs) that might influence naming performance: word frequency, familiarity, length, phonotactic probability, and lexical neighborhood. For the most part, LFs similarly affected the word finding of children with/without WFD. Target word frequency predicted word-finding success for both groups, and word substitutions and error patterns were affected by the LFs under study. Children tended to produce substitutions that were shorter and higher in frequency, neighborhood frequency, and phonotactic probability than the target word. LFs also influenced children’s error patterns. Low word frequency led to form-related blocked errors for both groups, and low neighborhood frequency predicted form- and segment-related phonologic errors for children with WFD only. Theoretical and practical implications of these preliminary findings are discussed.
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Laksani, Hening, Martono, Martono,, and Endang Setyaningsih. "Cohesion in 20th Century American Short Stories Compiled By Jean A. McConochie, and Its Contribution to Teach Reading in Senior High School." English Education 5, no. 2 (January 29, 2016): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/eed.v5i2.36050.
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<p>Five types of cohesive devices are identified by Halliday and Hasan (1976), namely, reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion. Each of the five types is about the formal links within sentences. This qualitative research method describes the kind of cohesive devices employed in 20<sup>th</sup> Century American Short Stories and discusses its implication for developing teaching material for reading skill in Senior High School. The result of the study shows that cohesive devices mostly appeared in the short stories are lexical cohesion followed by references, conjunction, ellipsis and then substitution. The contribution of this research to English education is the cohesive devices can be used as a lesson material for teaching reading both as the example of language use in order to familiarize about the use of pronouns, conjunctions and dictions, also it can be used to show the way to substitute or omit a word meaningfully and as the task students need to accomplish.</p><p> </p>
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Puspita, Galih Setia, Farida Rizkiyah Khairun Nisa, and Dasep Suprijadi. "LEXICAL COHESION IN NEWS ARTICLE ON THE JAKARTA POST ENTITLED “WHY FULL DAY SCHOOL WILL NOT WORK IN INDONESIA?”." PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 2, no. 4 (July 4, 2019): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v2i4.p507-513.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate what types and what is mostly found of lexical cohesion in the news article. Written texts are different from spoken interaction. To make the readers know what the writers mean, the writers should compose a well formed of the text. Cohesion is an aspect of a text, which entails that the letter forms a unified whole, rather than unrelated sentences. Cohesion plays a special role in the creation of text. There are two main types of cohesion there are grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. Grammatical cohesion consist of reference, ellipsis, substitution and conjunction, whereas lexical cohesion has two aspects, they are reiteration and collocation. Lexical cohesion refers to the way related words are chosen to link elements of a text. This study used qualitative research as the research method. Based on the result of this study, it can be concluded that there are six types of lexical cohesion and the types of lexical cohesion which is mostly used by the writer is repetition but this article is lack of antonym. And the use of lexical cohesion in writing a text can deliver the meaning of whole text itself for the readers easily and clearly.
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Alsariera, Anas Hashem, and Kamariah Yunus. "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EFL JORDANIAN STUDENTS’ DESCRIPTIVE WRITING AT KARAK UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, JORDAN." International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling 6, no. 40 (June 30, 2021): 350–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijepc.640028.
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The current paper shares interest that many researchers and linguists have highlighted in exploring and investigating lexical cohesion. It, therefore, aims at exploring the effectiveness of the EFL Jordanian students’ descriptive writing. 20 Jordanian university students’ writing compositions were collected and analyzed by the researcher to end of characterizing the effectiveness of their writing based on (1) holistic rating, and (2) Hoey’s (1991, 2005) taxonomy of lexical cohesion. Regarding the analysis of the data, it was found that the average holistic rating was (2.7). Additionally, the analysis showed that simple repetition was overused by the students while the use of complex repetition, simple paraphrasing, and complex paraphrasing was less frequent. Besides that, students tend to neglect to use superordinate, hyponymy, co-reference, substitution, ellipsis, and deixis. The results also showed that the written compositions produced by the EFL students were not effective due to the students’ inability to use the different types of lexical cohesion and to their lack of lexical knowledge.
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LLOMPART, MIQUEL, and EVA REINISCH. "Robustness of phonolexical representations relates to phonetic flexibility for difficult second language sound contrasts." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 22, no. 5 (September 6, 2018): 1085–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728918000925.
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Listening to speech entails adapting to vast amounts of variability in the signal. The present study examined the relationship between flexibility for adaptation in a second language (L2) and robustness of L2 phonolexical representations. Phonolexical encoding and phonetic flexibility for German learners of English were assessed by means of a lexical decision task containing nonwords with sound substitutions and a distributional learning task, respectively. Performance was analyzed for an easy (/i/-/ɪ/) and a difficult contrast (/ε/-/æ/, where /æ/ does not exist in German). Results showed that for /i/-/ɪ/ listeners were quite accurate in lexical decision, and distributional learning consistently triggered shifts in categorization. For /ε/-/æ/, lexical decision performance was poor but individual participants’ scores related to performance in distributional learning: the better learners were in their lexical decision, the smaller their categorization shift. This suggests that, for difficult L2 contrasts, rigidity at the phonetic level relates to better lexical performance.
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Torzhok, Albina, and Elena Voevoda. "Complex Syntactic Whole: the Use of Grammatical Forms of the Predicate for Expressing Communicative Intentions." Scientific Research and Development. Modern Communication Studies 3, no. 6 (December 17, 2014): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/7162.
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The article considers the role of the grammatical forms of the predicate
in expressing communicative intentions of the speaker within complex
syntactic whole. Analyzing the specifics of substitution, the author points
out that implicit substitution, or deletion, is made with the help of zero
substitute, while explicit substitution or replacement, implies the use of
the verb ‘to do’. This type of substitution exists as a separate grammatical
phenomenon based on the opposition to the explicit form of the
predicate. Auxiliary and modal verbs serve as markers of implicit (zero)
substitution of the lexical part of the predicate. The substitute verb ‘to
do’, due to its wide semantics, often replaces ‘action verbs’. In most
cases, these two types of predicate substitution and the related phenomena
are to be considered in a wide context – a complex syntactical
whole. An analysis of opposition of grammatical forms of the predicate,
with the aim of defining communicative intentions of the speaker or new
implications relevant for both communicants and ways of effecting the
addressee, shows that such an opposition helps to build the expressive
and pragmatic potential of the statement.
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TAT, MICHAEL J., and TAMIKO AZUMA. "Remembering “txt” but not “text”: The effect of context and lexicality on memory for text message abbreviations." Applied Psycholinguistics 37, no. 2 (April 8, 2015): 435–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716415000065.
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ABSTRACTText messages often contain abbreviations allowing for an efficient manner to quickly convey content. Although text abbreviations typically contain fewer letters than words, research has demonstrated that they are processed more slowly. Text abbreviations are lexically unique compared to their fully spelled counterparts. This study examined the nature of episodic memory representations for text abbreviations and how top-down contextual information influences the encoding of text abbreviations. In this experiment, participants studied sentences that contained different types of abbreviations: deletions (e.g., tmrw), substitutions (e.g., 2mrw) or “pseudo” abbreviations (e.g., toorow). The sentences were presented within a conversational context or without context. In a recognition memory test, participants saw sentences from the study task that contained either the same abbreviation or a different type of abbreviation. Results revealed that conversational context increased both hits and false recognition rates in the memory test. False recognition rates were generally higher for abbreviation types that shared more surface feature overlap and lower for those that shared less surface feature overlap. The findings suggest text abbreviations have distinct episodic memory representations that incorporate their unique surface feature information and are closely associated to fully spelled lexical memory representations.
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Chou, Wen-Huei. "On the Lexical Differences between South and North as Revealed by Diachronic Substitutions of mu and yan." Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 6, no. 1 (January 24, 2012): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405478x-90000092.
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It is an important task to discover the linguistic differences between South and North during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period. Prior discussions have always concentrated on phonological aspects, while lexical studies are nearly entirely absent. In this paper, we propose a systematic methodology to unearth lexical differences. By investigating diachronic substitutions of disyllabic structures relating to words for “eye”, we observe that the northerners tended to use the ancient word mu 目 while the southerners adopted the new word yan 眼 in formal writing. This conclusion partly confirms Yan Zhitui’s point: “southerners often use vernacular words while northerners use archaisms.” In the future, more studies of this kind will reveal the overall lexical differences between South and North, and will help us to understand the “Yan Zhitui Puzzle”.
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Rosen, Russel S. "Beginning L2 production errors in ASL lexical phonology." Sign Language and Linguistics 7, no. 1 (November 23, 2004): 31–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.7.1.04beg.
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This study examines production errors in ASL lexical phonology by beginning L2 adult learners, more particularly the handshape, location, movement, palm orientation, and nonmanual phonological segments. Studies in L2 adult learning of ASL are scant. For possible analytical models, first and second language acquisition models such as L1 transfer, Universal Grammar, and L1 child development are examined. The models do not capture the essence of phonology production errors in L2 ASL. A Cognitive Phonology Model is proposed to account for the errors. The errors are shaped by perception of sign formulation and poor motor dexterity. Production errors that are influenced by poor motor dexterity by adult L2 learners consist of substitutions, displacements, switches, additions, deletions, and incompletions of features within segments. Production errors that are shaped by perception of sign formulation consist of mirrorization, parallelization, addition, and deletion of features within segments.
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Sholah, Hanif Maulaniam, and Ahmad Yunus. "An Analysis of Lexical and Grammatical Cohesion of Six Feet Apart Song by Alec Benjamin." Tafhim Al-'Ilmi 12, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37459/tafhim.v12i1.4026.
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Abstract
This paper shows the linguistic aspect in term of discourse analysis in the lyrics of song. Those aspects are cohesion device and grammatical cohesion. Cohesion devices divided into two descriptions, those are; grammatical and lexical cohesion devices. Grammatical cohesion contains reference, ellipsis, substitution, and conjunction while lexical cohesion contains collocation and reiteration. This research analyzes the lyrics from the soloist band namely Alec Benjamin entitle “Six feet apart”. After analyzing grammatical and lexical cohesion of six feet apart’s lyric, the result shows that the kinds of grammatical and lexical cohesion exist in the lyric. The first kind of grammatical cohesion which is found is reference. The kinds of references namely personal, adverbial demonstrative, selective nominal demonstrative, and comparative reference are found in the lyric. The most frequent reference which is used in the lyric is personal reference. The usage of cohesive devices is so important to make meaningful language to the lyrics of the song. The cohesion devices make the text united.. The function of lexical cohesion within the stanza in the lyric of six feet apart song is making a relationship and also it is used to express and to stress the singer’s idea.
Key word: Discourse analysis, Lexical Cohesion, Grammatical Cohesion
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Maziarz, Marek, Stanisław Szpakowicz, and Maciej Piasecki. "Semantic relations among adjectives in Polish WordNet 2.0: a new relation set, discussion and evaluation." Cognitive Studies | Études cognitives, no. 12 (November 24, 2015): 149–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/cs.2012.011.
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Semantic relations among adjectives in Polish WordNet 2.0: a new relation set, discussion and evaluationAdjectives in wordnets are often neglected: there are many fewer of them than nouns, and relations among them are sometimes not as varied as those among nouns or verbs. Polish WordNet 1.0 was no exception. Version 2.0 aims to correct that. We present an overview of a much larger set of lexical-semantic relations which connect adjectives to the other parts of the network. Our choice of relations has been motivated by linguistic considerations, especially the concerns of the Polish lexical semantics, and by pragmatic reasons. The discussion includes detailed substitution tests, meant to ensure consistency among wordnet editors.
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Chang, Hui-Chuan, Hsin-Ju Lee, Ovid J. L. Tzeng, and Wen-Jui Kuo. "Implicit Target Substitution and Sequencing for Lexical Tone Production in Chinese: An fMRI Study." PLoS ONE 9, no. 1 (January 10, 2014): e83126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083126.
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Zuraw, Kie. "A model of lexical variation and the grammar with application to Tagalog nasal substitution." Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 28, no. 2 (April 29, 2010): 417–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11049-010-9095-z.
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Sandra Putri Astariani, Putu. "The Analysis of Cohesive Devices Found in Good-Bye." Udayana Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (UJoSSH) 4, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ujossh.2020.v04.i01.p08.
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The basic definition of discourse is a language above sentences which is a cohesive, coherent, and functional. Cohesion and coherence are two vital elements constituting a discourse which are supported by the cohesive devices, i.e. reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunctions, and lexical cohesion. This article discusses the cohesion and coherence of discourse through the identification of its cohesive devices. An anecdote entitled Good-Bye is selected due to its simplicity yet intriguing language, therefore the subliminal messages can be delivered and revealed. By using the qualitative approach and method, the results of the analysis, covering the cohesive devices within the text, can be comprehensively described. The analysis was carried based on the theory of functional grammar by MAK Halliday from his book Halliday's Introduction to Functional Grammar by MAK Halliday (revised by Christian MIM Matthiessen), about the cohesive devices. In addition to this one, the theory of cohesive devices from the book Cohesion in English by MAK Halliday and Ruqaiyah Hasan is used as a supporting theory. Within this anecdote, four out of five cohesive devices proposed by Halliday and Hasan were found. They covered the reference, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion (reiteration and collocation). Unfortunately, substitution could not be found.
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Zhmayeva, Natalya, and Olena Blidar. "LEXICAL COLLOQUIALISMS AS AN ISSUE OF LITERARY TRANSLATION." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 18, no. 28 (July 2019): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2019-28-2.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of translation techniques of English lexical colloquialisms into Ukrainian. Lexical colloquialisms are widely represented in the modern fiction that is caused by the tendency to maximal naturalness. Artistic relevance of lexical colloquialisms in a literary text (imitation and stylization of colloquial speech, characteristics of a hero, his / her attitude to the reality) proves the importance of their adequate rendering in the target text. The degree of ethical depth serves as a criterion for singling out the categories of lexical colloquialisms. The lowest degree is attributed to general colloquialisms, the highest one to vulgarisms and the medium degree to slangisms. Stylistic equivalent, descriptive translation, compensation, omission, cause and effect substitution, generalization, antonymic translation, addition are proved to be the main techniques of translating lexical colloquialisms. Significant neutralization of stylistically reduced words in the Ukrainian translation is revealed. The degree of ethical depth of a considerable number of lexical correspondences is proved to be higher than the one of the units of the original text. Decrease of expressiveness (increase of the degree of ethical depth) is extremely evident when translating vulgarisms. Euphemisation of vulgarisms is applied by the translator three times more than disphemisation. The general number of the units of the lexical colloquialisms translated with the preservation of the degree of ethical depth makes 52,6 %, while decrease of the degree of the original ethical depth amounts to 8 % and increase of the related parameter makes 39,4 %. 19,5 % of the units of the English lexical colloquialisms are not rendered into Ukrainian at all. These facts prove distortion of the speech of the main hero caused by its artificial ennoblement.
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Clercq, Karen De, and Guido Vanden Wyngaerd. "On the idiomatic nature of unproductive morphology." Linguistics in the Netherlands 36 (November 5, 2019): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.00026.cle.
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Abstract We present a case study in the marking of the negative prefix in French gradable adjectives, where the productive marker iN- alternates with a number of unproductive prefixes, like dé(s)-, dis-, mal-, mé(s)-. We treat this as a classical case of allomorphy, and present an account of the distribution of these allomorphs in terms of the nanosyntactic mechanism of pointers, by which lexical items may point to other, existing, lexical items in the postsyntactic lexicon. We claim that unproductive lexical items are not directly accessible for the spellout mechanism, but only indirectly, via pointers. We show how the analysis accounts for lexicalised semantics in derivations, as well as cases where the formal relationship between derivational pairs is not concatenative, but substitutive.
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Chang, Ching-Yun, and Stephen Clark. "Practical Linguistic Steganography using Contextual Synonym Substitution and a Novel Vertex Coding Method." Computational Linguistics 40, no. 2 (June 2014): 403–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00176.
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Linguistic steganography is concerned with hiding information in natural language text. One of the major transformations used in linguistic steganography is synonym substitution. However, few existing studies have studied the practical application of this approach. In this article we propose two improvements to the use of synonym substitution for encoding hidden bits of information. First, we use the Google n-gram corpus for checking the applicability of a synonym in context, and we evaluate this method using data from the SemEval lexical substitution task and human annotated data. Second, we address the problem that arises from words with more than one sense, which creates a potential ambiguity in terms of which bits are represented by a particular word. We develop a novel method in which words are the vertices in a graph, synonyms are linked by edges, and the bits assigned to a word are determined by a vertex coding algorithm. This method ensures that each word represents a unique sequence of bits, without cutting out large numbers of synonyms, and thus maintains a reasonable embedding capacity.
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Cigan, Vesna. "Collocations and Term Variation in Mechanical Engineering Discourse." Fluminensia 30, no. 2 (2018): 99–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/f.30.2.3.
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Terminological collocations1 are one of the most typical and very frequent units of representation of concepts in many disciplines. Although traditionally considered to be unwelcome in terminology, synonymy is amply present in specialized languages. Consequently, the same phenomenon is reflected in terminological collocations. This paper aims to investigate synonymous collocations extracted from mechanical engineering texts in terms of the most frequent and relevant types of denominative variation in the selected English collocations as well as of their equivalents in German and Croatian. The analysis of variations in terminological collocations gives insight into the (non)substitutability of collocation constituents as one of the major characteristics of collocations. Extracted collocations are analysed within a two-tier framework structured at a paradigmatic and a syntagmatic level, which allows for the identification of the three types of term variation: morphological, syntagmatic and semantic. Focusing on the collocations with the structure noun + noun and adjective + noun the results show that constituents of both syntactic structures allow substitution. The denominative variants are prevalent in adjective + noun collocations in which synonymous lexical elements functioning as collocates do not entail a concept change (admissible load ↔ allowable load). Lexeme substitutions are also annotated in noun + noun collocations expressing a slightly different dimension or facet of the concept (face gear vs. crown gear vs. crown wheel). The majority of German equivalents are nominal compounds that outnumber their morphological variants offering multiple equivalences.
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Susandhika, I. Gusti Ngurah Mayun. "Kohesi Dan Koherensi Dalam Wacana Komik Bahasa Indonesia." Jurnal Ilmiah Cakrawarti 1, no. 1 (July 7, 2020): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47532/jic.v1i1.109.
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The marker of substitutional cohension can be found in three types: nominal,verbal, and clausal substitutional cohesion. The nominal substitutional cohension hastwo subtypes: personal and non-personal of nominal substitutional cohension. Meanwhile,the marker of ellipsis cohension differentiated into three types: nominal, verbal,and chaulsal ellipsis cohesion. The conjunctive cohension is differentiated into five typemarke: additive, adversative, temporal, continuative, and causal. The lexical cohensionis differentiated into four types: reiterative, synonimy, hyponimy, and colocative lexicalcohension.While in the coherence of comic discourse shows the existence of two systems of theforming coherence, namely coherence based on the cohesion systems, and the coherencebased on the situational aspects. The coherence based on the cohension system canbe differentiated into four types: equal, pposite, successive, situational aspects has twotypes, namely continuity step of situational coherence, and the explanation situasionalcoherence.
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Green, Spence, Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, and Christopher D. Manning. "Parsing Models for Identifying Multiword Expressions." Computational Linguistics 39, no. 1 (March 2013): 195–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00139.
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Multiword expressions lie at the syntax/semantics interface and have motivated alternative theories of syntax like Construction Grammar. Until now, however, syntactic analysis and multiword expression identification have been modeled separately in natural language processing. We develop two structured prediction models for joint parsing and multiword expression identification. The first is based on context-free grammars and the second uses tree substitution grammars, a formalism that can store larger syntactic fragments. Our experiments show that both models can identify multiword expressions with much higher accuracy than a state-of-the-art system based on word co-occurrence statistics. We experiment with Arabic and French, which both have pervasive multiword expressions. Relative to English, they also have richer morphology, which induces lexical sparsity in finite corpora. To combat this sparsity, we develop a simple factored lexical representation for the context-free parsing model. Morphological analyses are automatically transformed into rich feature tags that are scored jointly with lexical items. This technique, which we call a factored lexicon, improves both standard parsing and multiword expression identification accuracy.
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Yan, Hanbo, and Jie Zhang. "Pattern substitution in Wuxi tone sandhi and its implication for phonological learning." International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 3, no. 1 (June 7, 2016): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.3.1.01yan.
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Tone sandhi in Wuxi Chinese involves “pattern substitution,” whereby the base tone on the first syllable is first substituted by another tone, then spread to the sandhi domain. We conducted a wug test to investigate native Wuxi speakers’ tacit knowledge of tone sandhi and found that the substituion aspect of the sandhi is not fully productive, but the extension aspect is, and sandhi productivity is influenced by the phonetic similarity between base and sandhi tones. These results are discussed in the context of how phonological opacity, phonetic naturalness, and lexical frequency influence phonological learning, and a grammatical learning model that can predict Wuxi speakers’ experimental behavior is proposed.