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Journal articles on the topic 'Substrate Height'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Casanovas Cosío, Enrique, Alexis Suárez del Villar Labastida, Nelson Valladares Enriquez, Dayani Quero Machado, and Reyna Reyes Reyes. "Producción de larvas de moscas (Musca domestica L.) con diferentes proporciones de cachaza y gallinaza." Revista Metropolitana de Ciencias Aplicadas 4, no. 1 (2021): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.62452/rhwg2s44.

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The effect of the production of fly larvae in different substrates at different heights was evaluated. For this, a completely randomized bifactorial design was established with the following factors: Factor 1 – quantity of substrate (filter cake and hens manure, %), Factor 2 - height of the substrate in magenta (three and five, cm). A- 100 filter cake; B- 25% hens manure + 75% filter cake; C- 50% hens manure + 50% filter cake; D- 75% hens manure + 25% filter cake; E- 100% hens manure at three centimeters in height and E, F, G, H, I with the same proportions of substrates at five centimeters in

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Słupska, Monika, Ewa Syguła, Piotr Komarnicki, Wiesław Szulczewski, and Roman Stopa. "Simple Method for Apples’ Bruise Area Prediction." Materials 15, no. 1 (2021): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010139.

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From the producers’ point of view, there is no universal and quick method to predict bruise area when dropping an apple from a certain height onto a certain type of substrate. In this study the authors presented a very simple method to estimate bruise volume based on drop height and substrate material. Three varieties of apples were selected for the study: Idared, Golden Delicious, and Jonagold. Their weight, turgor, moisture, and sugar content were measured to determine morphological differences. In the next step, fruit bruise volumes were determined after a free fall test from a height of 10

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DAVOUDOU, Pascaline Sènan, Gilbert ATINDOGBE, Florent Jean-Baptiste QUENUM, Paulin AZOKPOTA, and Jean Cossi GANGLO. "Germination et croissance en pépinière de Treculia africana Decne. var. africana : influence des prétraitements des graines et du substrat." Journal of Applied Biosciences 204 (January 31, 2025): 21600. https://doi.org/10.35759/jabs.205.1.

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RESUME Objectif : de cette étude était d’évaluer l’influence des méthodes de prétraitements sur la germination des graines de Treculia africana ( Arbre à pain d’Afrique) et la croissance de quelques plants en pépinière. Méthodologie et résultats : Les traitements utilisés pour lever la dormance des semences de Treculia africana étaient : (i) le témoin non traité, (ii) le trempage des graines dans l’eau de robinet à température ambiante pendant 24 heures et (iii) le décorticage des graines. Les graines traitées ont été semés sur 04 substrats (sable de Lokoli, sable de Niaouli, sable d’Itchêdè-T

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Owen, James S., and James E. Altland. "Container Height and Douglas Fir Bark Texture Affect Substrate Physical Properties." HortScience 43, no. 2 (2008): 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.2.505.

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A study was conducted to quantify the effect of substrate texture on water-holding capacity of douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] bark (DFB) in containers of varying height. Medium (less than 2.2 cm) and fine (less than 0.9 cm) DFB were packed into 7.6 cm i.d. aluminum cores 3.8, 7.6, and 15.2 cm tall to determine container capacity (CC) and air space (AS) at varying container heights. Increasing container height resulted in a linear decrease in CC and a linear increase in AS. Fine texture DFB bulk density (Db) increased 18% with increasing container height, whereas Db of mediu

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Šimelevičius, Dainius, and Romas Baronas. "Amperometrinių biojutiklių su sinerginių substratų stiprinimu kompiuterinis modeliavimas." Informacijos mokslai 56 (January 1, 2011): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/im.2011.0.3139.

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Šiame straipsnyje yra tiriamas amperometrinis biojutiklis, kuriame biojutiklio atsakas yra stiprinamas chemiškai – sinerginiais substratais. Tokiuose biojutikliuose, be substrato, kurio koncentracija matuojama, naudojamas ir pagalbinis substratas, reikalingas substratų sinergetikai. Biojutiklis yra modeliuojamas naudojant nestacionarias netiesines reakcijos-difuzijos lygtis. Modeliuojami keturi biojutiklio sluoksniai: fermento sluoksnis, kuriame vyksta visos biocheminės reakcijos ir difuzija, dializėsmembrana ir difuzijos sluoksnis, kuriuose vyksta tik difuzija ir reakcijos, kuriose nedalyvauj

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Zhou, Fei, Nianjin Wang, Jinping Zhang, et al. "Formulation of substrates with agricultural and forestry wastes for Camellia oleifera Abel seedling cultivation." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (2022): e0265979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265979.

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Five Camellia oleifera Abel seedling substrates were prepared using the conventional formula, but with the peat substituted by the composts of Camellia oleifera shell, pine chips, palm fiber residues, chicken manure, and sheep manure. The physical and chemical properties of the prepared substrates before and after seedling cultivation were determined and their effects on the growth of Camellia oleifera seedling were analyzed. It was found that the survival rates of the one-year-old seedlings produced from stem cuttings on all substrates at 6 months were greater than 97.5%. As compared with the

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7

Garg, Anshuman, and Anjana Goen. "Substrate Height and Dielectric Constant Dependent Performance of Rectangular Micro Strip Patch Antenna." International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 2, no. 3 (2014): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.020305.

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In this paper, Rectangular Microstrip patch antenna has been designed for different substrate heights and dielectric constants of substrate. This paper proposes a new generation of antenna that applies Meta material properties at ground Plane. The paper analyzes the performance of Micro strip Patch Antenna with and without using the Meta material structure. Effect of bandwidth due to change of substrate height and dielectric constant have been investigated. Finally, bandwidth for each substrate height and dielectric constant is measured for selecting the optimal patch antenna.

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8

Currey, Christopher J., Diane M. Camberato, Ariana P. Torres, and Roberto G. Lopez. "Plant Growth Retardant Drench Efficacy Is Not Affected by Substrate Containing Parboiled Rice Hulls." HortTechnology 20, no. 5 (2010): 863–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.20.5.863.

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Parboiled rice hulls have become a more common component of soilless growing substrates. While there have been reports that some organic substrate components reduce the efficacy of plant growth retardant (PGR) drenches, the influence of rice hulls on PGR drenches is unknown. ‘Callie Deep Yellow’ calibrachoa (Calibrachoa ×hybrid) and ‘Delta Orange Blotch’ pansy (Viola wittrockiana) were planted in containers filled with substrate containing (v/v) 80% peat and 20% perlite or parboiled rice hulls. After planting, 2.5-fl oz drenches containing deionized water or ancymidol, paclobutrazol, or unicon

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9

Xu, Bohao, Xiaodong Tan, Xizhi Gu, et al. "Shape-driven control of layer height in robotic wire and arc additive manufacturing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 25, no. 10 (2019): 1637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-11-2018-0295.

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Purpose Once an uneven substrate is aligned, traditional control theories and methods can be used on it, so aligning is of great significance for the development of wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). This paper aims to propose a shape-driven control method for aligning a substrate with slopes to expand the application of WAAM. Design/methodology/approach A substrate with slopes must be aligned by depositing weld beads with slopes. First, considering the large height differences of slopes, multi-layer deposition is needed, and the number of layer of weld beads must be ascertained. Seco

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Dasoju, Shravan, Michael R. Evans, and Brian E. Whipker. "Paclobutrazol Drench Activity in Coir- and Peat-based Root Substrates." HortTechnology 8, no. 4 (1998): 595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.8.4.595.

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Paclobutrazol drench applications of 0, 2, and 4 mg a.i./pot were applied to `Pacino' potted sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) and `Red Pigmy' tuberous rooted dahlias (Dahlia variabilis Willd.) grown in substrates containing 50%, 60%, 70%, or 80% (by volume) sphagnum peat or coir, with the remainder being perlite, to study the efficacy of paclobutrazol (Bonzi). Potted sunflower plant height differed significantly for peat- and coir-based substrates, with greater plant height being observed in coir-based substrates. Plant diameter was significantly greater at higher percentages of peat or coir

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11

Abaurre, Gustavo Wyse, Jorge Makhlouta Alonso, Orivaldo José Saggin Júnior, and Sergio Miana de Faria. "Sewage Sludge Compared with Other Substrates in the Inoculation, Growth, and Tolerance to Water Stress of Samanea saman." Water 13, no. 9 (2021): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13091306.

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This study evaluated the initial growth and tolerance to water stress after planting Samanea saman seedlings produced with different substrates and inoculation patterns. The experiment used a factorial design (3 × 3), with three substrates: standard (67% subsoil + 33% cattle manure), a commercial substrate (composed mainly of peat), and treated sewage sludge; and three inoculation patterns: control (no inoculation), fertilized (no inoculation + chemical fertilization), and inoculation with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The seedlings were planted in plastic pots ins

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12

Li, Duo Sheng, Xian Liang Zhou, Dun Wen Zuo, and Xiao Zhen Hua. "Synthesis and Numerical Analysis on Velocity and Pressure Field of Convex Diamond Film." Solid State Phenomena 175 (June 2011): 192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.175.192.

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Maths model based on wo-dimensionalhas was built to simulate the velocity and pressure field of the growth of diamond film. Firtstly，the plasma jet flow is supposed as steady state incompressible gas, which meets with Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. The model of the growth of convex diamond film considers different convex height of Mo substrate. The velocity and pressure field were simulated by CFD respectively.The simulational results show that, the distributions of velocity and pressure fields were fluctuant in reaction chamber. When convex height of Mo substrate was 9mm, DC plasm

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Ali, A. M. S., and R. Santhanakrishnan. "On usage of perches by the Spotted Owlet." TAPROBANICA 5, no. 2 (2013): 154–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v5i2.117.

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The Spotted Owlet Athene brama (Temminck, 1821), although a common, native species in India, is poorly studied. The present study examines the use of various perch substrates and perching heights by Spotted Owlets between 2007 and 2009 in Madurai District (9°30’N, 77°28’E), Southern India. Four habitats; rural, urban, riverbanks, and agricultural lands (transects of 4500m length and 50m width were used for each habitat) were selected and surveyed between 18:00 and 22:00 h for usage of perches. In each survey, perching substrate and perching height used (height on which Spotted Owlet perched) w

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14

Zuffo, Alan Mario, Aécio Busch, Fábio Steiner, et al. "Biometric characteristics of fruits, seeds and plants of Hancornia speciosa Gomes. (Apocynaceae)." APRIL 2019 13, (04) 2019 (2019): 622–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.19.13.04.p1651.

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The economic and scientific interest in Hancornia speciosa Gomes (mangabeira) has increased in recent years, especially due to the commercialization of its fruits and the extraction of natural compounds with high pharmacological potential. This paper aims to determine and correlate the main physical and biometric characteristics of fruits and seeds of mangaba tree, as well as identifying the most appropriate substrate for the seedling emergence test. The following physical and biometric traits were measured in 100 fruits and 100 seeds: longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, thickness, fre

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15

Shi, Yunfeng, Xinlong Zhou, Henglin Xiao, Lin Gui, Kaimeng Hu, and Zebang Liu. "Experimental Study of Vegetative Properties in Zeolite–Biochar-Improved Ecological Revetment Substrates." Applied Sciences 14, no. 7 (2024): 2957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14072957.

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The vegetation of the ecological substrate plays a crucial role in restoring shoreline ecology. This study focused on using zeolite and biochar as substrate modifiers, specifically utilizing the Cynodon dactylon from Central China for vegetation. A pot vegetation experiment was carried out to compare the effects of different ratios of zeolite and biochar. The vegetation indices, including germination index, plant height, and coverage rate, were analyzed and discussed. The results revealed that zeolite primarily influenced the germination index of Cynodon dactylon, while biochar had a more sign

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Fields, Jeb S., Kristopher S. Criscione, and James S. Owen. "Assessment of Substrate Physical Properties in Bark- and Peat-based Stratified Substrate Systems." HortScience 59, no. 12 (2024): 1823–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci18188-24.

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Soilless substrate stratification is increasing in popularity in the greenhouse and nursery industry globally. The concept of stratifying substrates entails stacking two substrates with different physiochemical properties to augment vertical moisture balances and redistribution for quicker establishment, greater root growth, and quicker time to market. Stratified substrate research to date has estimated or assumed that the static physical properties of a stratified system as the mean of the individual strata components. No research to date has verified or rejected this assumption using a strat

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Evans, Michael R., and Robert H. Stamps. "Growth of Bedding Plants in Sphagnum Peat and Coir Dust-Based Substrates." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 14, no. 4 (1996): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-14.4.187.

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Abstract Water-holding capacity of substrates increased as the proportion of sphagnum peat and coir increased, and coir-based substrates had greater water-holding capacities than comparable peat-based substrates. There were no significant differences between coir and peat-based substrates with respect to bulk density, percent pore space and percent solids. Air-filled pore space and water-filled pore space decreased and increased, respectively, as the proportion of peat and coir increased. ‘Pink Elite’ geranium plants grown in coir-based substrates had greater root fresh weights than those grow

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18

Xing, Lei, Jinyu Li, Minghu Jiang, and Lixin Zhao. "Dynamic behavior of compound droplets with millimeter-sized particles impacting substrates with different wettabilities." Physics of Fluids 35, no. 2 (2023): 022108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0137505.

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The dynamic behavior of compound droplets, which are made up of a millimeter-sized particle and distilled water, impacting substrates of different wettabilities is investigated via high-speed photography. The effects of the size of the particle within the compound droplet, substrate contact angle, and impact height on the deformation of the droplets and the characteristics of the impact are analyzed. It is found that the collisions of compound droplets with substrates can be classified into four categories based on the observed experimental phenomena that occur during the impact. These categor

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Boene, Horácia Celina Armando Mula, Antonio Carlos Nogueira, Nilton José Sousa, Dagma Kratz, and Paulo Vitor Dutra de Souza. "EFEITOS DE DIFERENTES SUBSTRATOS NA PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE Sebastiania commersoniana." FLORESTA 43, no. 3 (2013): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v43i3.25789.

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O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade técnica da utilização de diferentes substratos para a produção de mudas de Sebastiania commersoniana e relacionar suas características físicas e químicas com a qualidade das mudas produzidas. Para tanto, foram formulados 22 substratos, os quais tiveram suas propriedades físicas e químicas avaliadas, sendo a semeadura realizada em tubetes de 120 cm³, acondicionados em casa de sombra, com irrigação controlada. Para a análise dos resultados, foram feitas avaliações de altura, diâmetro de colo, biomassa seca aérea e radicial, facilidade de

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Palacios, Sthefany dos Santos Maidana, Joyce Wandela Viana Ribeiro, Nilbe Carla Mapeli, Cassiano Cremon, and Ana Maria Mapeli. "Development of scallion (Allium fistulosum L.) in substrate and homeopathic solutions of water hyacinth." Comunicata Scientiae 16 (October 30, 2024): e4223. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v16.4223.

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Scallion (Allium fistulosum) is a widely appreciated condiment in the Brazilian population, with significant economic and nutritional importance. Organic cultivation alternatives for this crop have been sought. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the development of scallion in a substrate produced from the floating aquatic plant known as Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), combined with soil or without it, with the application of homeopathic solutions. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with five replicates and six treatments, namely: Pure Water Hyacinth S

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Han, Ji Sheng, Philip Tanner, Sima Dimitrijev, Qu Shuang, Yan Shen, and Xian Gang Xu. "The Impact of the Surface Treatments on the Properties of Gan/3C-SiC/Si Based Schottky Barrier Diodes." Materials Science Forum 740-742 (January 2013): 1111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.740-742.1111.

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In this work, we studied the effect of surface preparation and substrate temperature during sputter deposition of Schottky contacts on N-GaN/SiC/Si substrates, looking at parameters such as on-resistance, reverse leakage, and contact barrier height. Ti, Ni and Mo were sputtered to form the contacts, and we characterized the I-V curves with the different substrate temperatures during the sputtering as shown in Figure 1. For the Ti Schottky contact, the substrate temperature of 100oC during the sputtering demonstrates the minimum series resistance with Rs about 0.04cm2, while temperatures great

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LIU, SHA, and JING QIU ZHANG. "SURFACE TEMPERATURE FIELD MODEL AND INFLUENCE FACTORS OF HF CVD DIAMOND FILMS ON WC–Co ALLOYS." Surface Review and Letters 13, no. 05 (2006): 661–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x06008621.

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The surface temperature field model of hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HF CVD) diamond films on WC – Co alloys was constructed and calculated by taking into account the influences of both thermal source properties and physical properties of substrates. Under the certain conditions of some parameters, the effects of the influence factors such as the maximum specific heat flux (q m ), the heat conductivity coefficient (λ) of the substrate and the substrate height (h) on the surface temperature field were exhibited quickly and clearly by the computer modeling. The theoretical calculating

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Ding, Zhao Yong, Bao Min Sun, Yong Hong Guo, and Bing Hao Xu. "Effects of Sampling Substrate for Carbon Nanotubes Synthesis." Advanced Materials Research 129-131 (August 2010): 1341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.129-131.1341.

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Pyramid shaped pyrolysis flame is a new method for carbon nanotubes synthesis. Oxy-acetylene flame outside the frustum of pyramid shaped reactor provides the necessary high temperature environment, while carbon monoxide is used as the source of carbon, iron pentacarbonyl (Fe(CO)5) as the source of catalyst precursor in reactor. In this experimental, substrate is the platform on which carbon nanotubes produced. The locations of 304 stainless steel and 201 stainless steel as substrates stayed in flame, 304 stainless steel pretreated or not, and different thickness of red copper and brass were st

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Evans, Michael R., and Andrew A. Waber. "Growth of Euphorbia pulcherrima and Pelargonium ×hortorum in Shredded Rubber-containing Substrates." HortScience 31, no. 4 (1996): 657e—657. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.657e.

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Euphorbia pulcherrima `Freedom' (poinsettia) and Pelargonium ×hortorum `Pink Elite' (geranium) were grown in 75:25:0, 50:50:0, 27:75:0, 75:0:25 50:0:50, 25:0:75 (v/v sphagnum peat: 0.25-grade rubber: 0.10-grade rubber) substrates or in a 50 sphagnum peat: 30 perlite: 20 loam (v/v) standard greenhouse substrate. Geranium root and shoot fresh weights, height, and number of axillary shoots were reduced when grown in rubber-containing substrates compared to plants grown in the standard control. As the proportion of either grade of rubber increased, root and shoot fresh weights, height, and number

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Kortei, N. K., V. P. Dzogbefia, and M. Obodai. "Assessing the Effect of Composting Cassava Peel Based Substrates on the Yield, Nutritional Quality, and Physical Characteristics of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) Kummer." Biotechnology Research International 2014 (December 17, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/571520.

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Cassava peel based substrate formulations as an alternative substrate were used to grow mushrooms. The effect of two compost heights, three composting periods on the mycelia growth, physical characteristics, yield, and nutritional qualities of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) Kummer was studied. Mean mycelia growth of 16.2 cm after a period of seven (7) weeks was the best for 1.5 m compost height. Cap diameter and stipe length differed significantly (P<0.05) with the compost heights (0.8 m and 1.5 m). The yield on compost height of 1.5 m, composted for 5 days, differed significantly (P&lt

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Lin, Nan Ming, Shih Chang Shei, Shoou Jinn Chang, et al. "Gan-Based Leds Grown on Cone-Shaped Patterned Sapphire Substrates with Peripheral Air Voids by Lateral Etching." Advanced Materials Research 422 (December 2011): 542–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.422.542.

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In this study, the authors report that GaN-based LEDs prepared on 1.2μm, 1.4μm, and 1.7μm height of cone-shaped patterned sapphire substrates (CSPSS) with the formation of air voids at GaN/cone-shaped-patterned-sapphire-substrate interface by laser scribing and lateral etching with one-step MOCVD growth. With CSPSS, it can be seen that output powers were all significantly larger than that of LED with flat substrate (FS). Assisted by 20 min lateral etching, it was found that peripheral pyramid-like air-voids were formed on top of each cone of the CSPSS with 1.7μm height and the light output pow

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Sousa, Edilara Leandro de, Karolina Flôres da Silva, Ricardo Moraes Shipitoski, et al. "Growing lettuce seedlings in different organic composts used as substrate." Comunicata Scientiae 15 (July 30, 2024): e4062. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v15.4062.

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Lettuce is the most important vegetable in the world and the most consumed in Brazil. Seedling production with a good quality substrate is very important in the lettuce crop production process. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of organic compost substrates in the production of lettuce seedlings. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, using polyethylene trays containing 128 trapezoidal cells in a completely randomized design with a 5 × 2 factorial scheme consisting of 5 substrates (commercial substrate; compost I; compost II; compost III; compost IV) and P2O5

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Banach, Jacek, Kinga Skrzyszewska, and Łukasz Świeboda. "Substrate influences the height of one- and two-year-old seedlings of silver fir and European beech growing in polystyrene containers." Forest Research Papers 74, no. 2 (2013): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/frp-2013-0012.

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Abstract The effectiveness of different peat-based substrates was compared for the propagation of two mountain tree species (silver fir and European beech). The experiment was set up in the spring of 2006, and seedlings were grown in polystyrene multipots for 2 years. Four types of substrate were applied: (1) a newly prepared 1:1 peat-sawdust mixture; (2) a peat-sawdust mixture which had already been used for five production periods; (3) a peat substrate produced in the ‘Nędza’ container nursery (Rudy Raciborskie Forest District), consisting of peat and perlite; (4) a peat substrate, as descri

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Banach, Jacek, Kinga Skrzyszewska, and Łukasz Świeboda. "Substrate influences the height of one- and two-year-old seedlings of silver fir and European beech growing in polystyrene containers." Forest Research Papers 74 (2) (March 1, 2013): 117–25. https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2013-0012.

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The effectiveness of different peat-based substrates was compared for the propagation of two mountain tree species (silver fir and European beech). The experiment was set up in the spring of 2006, and seedlings were grown in polystyrene multipots for 2 years. Four types of substrate were applied: (1) a newly prepared 1:1 peat-sawdust mixture; (2) a peat-sawdust mixture which had already been used for five production periods; (3) a peat substrate produced in the ‘Nędza’ container nursery (Rudy Raciborskie Forest District), consisting of peat and perlite; (4) a peat substrate, as des

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Saima, Tabassum Mansoori, and Rahul Koshta Prof. "TO STUDY AND SIMULATION OF DUAL BAND H SHAPED RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA USING VARIOUS PARAMETER." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 4, no. 10 (2017): 119–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1051020.

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<strong><em>The substrate which is the first step in designing a patch antenna. Teflon (dielectric constant = 1.33 and height = 3.6 mm) are used as subs for the purpose of designing of Dual Band H Shaped Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna. The dimension of patch, ground plane, feed line width, inset notch etc. the design have important effects on the impedance matching</em>.</strong>

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Urazbekov, A. E., and Yu V. Sakharov. "Features of the formation of aluminum thin films under the influence of ultrasonic vibrations of the substrate." ВЕСТНИК ПЕРМСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА. ФИЗИКА, no. 3 (2023): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1994-3598-2023-3-05-08.

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Atomic force and scanning electron microscopy methods were used to study aluminum thin films grown on sitallic substrates. This study is the first to show that ultrasonic vibrations of the substrate during deposition stimulate the formation of islands on the film surface. However, the average height and lateral dimensions of the islands are not significantly affected by ultrasonic perturba-tions of the substrate.

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Liang, Xiaomin, Donghua Zhong, Congyu Zhang, et al. "Effects of Different Cultivation Substrates on the Growth of Podocarpus macrophyllus and the Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Community Structure." Agronomy 15, no. 5 (2025): 1055. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051055.

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Podocarpus macrophyllus is an evergreen tree with significant ornamental, economic, and medicinal value, widely used in landscape gardening and bonsai production. However, systematic research on the optimal substrate ratios required for its efficient cultivation remains relatively scarce. This study compared the effects of two cultivation substrates (SJ1: 80% native soil + 20% fine sand and SX2: 25% native soil + 25% coarse sand + 25% peat soil + 25% coconut coir) on the growth of P. macrophyllus. Soil physicochemical properties and plant physiological and biochemical indices were measured, an

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Mechergui, Taher, Curtis L. Vanderschaaf, and Marta Pardos. "From Waste to Plant Production: Cattle Dung Compost as an Alternative Nursery Substrate to Commercial Peat for Producing Lettuce Plants." HortScience 59, no. 10 (2024): 1489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci18035-24.

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The limited availability of peat-based substrates, a nonrenewable resource, and the negative environmental impacts associated with their extraction require the conservation of this resource. We assessed the use of cattle dung compost as a stand-alone nursery substrate, replacing peat substrate for the production of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings. A completely randomized design was employed, using cattle dung compost (C) and commercial peat (P, control treatment) in various combinations (100% P; 25% C/75% P; 50% C/50% P; 75% C/25% P; 100% C) to assess their effects on different growth pa

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King, Simon, Stuart McKernan, and C. Barry Carter. "CBED determinations of step-heights on etched and annealed MgO (100) surfaces." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 1158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100151623.

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The annealing in air of acid-etched (100)-oriented MgO substrates at 1350°C for 10 mins or more, has been shown to promote the formation of relatively large and well-defined surface steps. It is the presence of these surface steps which are thought to result in the improvement in the super conducting properties of thin films, such as YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO), deposited onto the surfaces of annealed, as oppose to unannealed, substrates. YBCO, in particular, has been shown to exhibit grapho-epitaxy, in which steps on the surface promote the nucleation of islands and influence the subsequent growth int

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Alem, Peter, Paul A. Thomas, and Marc W. van Iersel. "Use of Controlled Water Deficit to Regulate Poinsettia Stem Elongation." HortScience 50, no. 2 (2015): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.2.234.

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Height regulation is crucial in poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) production for both aesthetics and postharvest handling. Controlled water deficit (WD) offers a potential alternative to plant growth retardants (PGRs) for poinsettia height regulation. We have previously shown that WD can be used to regulate poinsettia stem elongation. However, it is not clear how WD can be used to achieve different plant heights and how it affects aesthetic qualities such as bract size. Our objectives were to determine whether a range of plant heights can be achieved using controlled WD and to investigate pos

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Zhang, Jiaru, Liang Zhang, and Jichun You. "The Characterization of Sliding/Pinning Behaviors of Water Droplets on Highly Adhesive Hydrophobic Surfaces." Surfaces 8, no. 1 (2025): 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/surfaces8010001.

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Sliding angle (SA) has been widely employed to describe the sliding behaviors of water droplets on substrates. However, it does not work on highly adhesive surfaces since droplets cannot slide along the substrate even at a 90° tilt. In this work, a novel strategy has been developed to characterize the sliding/pinning behaviors based on the collision between a tilted substrate and falling droplets released from a certain height. The critical tilted angle of substrate (i.e., secondary sliding angle, SSA) and the critical releasing height (i.e., Hc) of water droplets have been introduced and meas

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Castillo-Campos, Gonzalo, M. Luisa Martínez, Jesús Pale Pale, and José G. Garcia-Franco. "Sandy Paradise or Rocky Hell? Investigating Soil Influence on Thrinax radiata Palm Groves from a Caribbean Island." Plants 14, no. 6 (2025): 853. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060853.

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Palm groves are abundant in southeastern Mexico and have significant economic and socio-cultural relevance. Studies on the production and management of palm groves are abundant in the area. However, an ecological approach is scarce but necessary for conserving these overexploited species. Palm groves are abundant on the island of Cozumel and develop on contrasting substrates: rocky and sandy ones. Thus, we aimed to explore how soil types affected community structure and composition. We sampled a total of 2900 m2 (29 plots of 10 × 10 m) of palm grove, 13 growing in sandy soil and 16 in rocky so

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Veazie, Patrick, M. Seth Balance, Brian E. Whipker, and Ka Yeon Jeong. "Comparison of Peat–Perlite-based and Peat–Biochar-based Substrates with Varying Rates of Calcium Silicate on Growth and Cannabinoid Production of Cannabis sativa ‘BaOx’." HortScience 58, no. 10 (2023): 1250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci17324-23.

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Growers have been searching for alternative horticultural growing media components because of their desire to use sustainable resources. Biochar is a carbon-based material that has been evaluated for use as an alternative aggregate in peat-based soilless substrates. Additionally, silicon (Si) has been examined as a beneficial element to promote plant growth and plant quality in a variety of crops. However, there has been limited research regarding the interaction of biochar as an aggregate and Si in soilless substrates. This study aimed to determine the impact of Si and biochar on plant growth

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Sellmer, James C., Craig R. Adkins, Ingram McCall, and Brian E. Whipker. "Pampas Grass Responses to Ancymidol, Paclobutrazol, and Uniconazole Substrate Drenches." HortTechnology 11, no. 2 (2001): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.11.2.216.

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Plant growth retardant (PGR) substrate drenches (in mg a.i per pot.) of ancymidol at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, or 4; paclobutrazol at 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16; and uniconazole at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 (28,350 mg = 1.0 oz) were applied to pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana). Control of height growth during greenhouse forcing and the residual effects on plant growth in the landscape were evaluated. During greenhouse forcing, plant height exhibited a quadratic dose response to paclobutrazol and uniconazole, while ancymidol treated plants exhibited a linear response to increasing dose. All rates of uniconazole res

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Bharath Kumar, K., and T. Shanmuganantham. "Investigation of SIW directional coupler for 60ghz mm-wave applications." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.8 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.8.9440.

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In this article, 60 GHz directional coupler is designed by using Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) technology using Coplanar waveguide as a transmission path. To design directional coupler RT duriod 5880 substrate material is used. Here directional coupler is analyzed by changing the thickness of copper coating and height of the substrate. By changing the thickness of copper coating and height of substrate examining the directional coupler results like reflection coefficient, insertion loss, coupling factor, isolation loss, VSWR, surface current, Electric field and magnetic field variations

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Maryrose Chikaosolu, Okafor, and Okigbo Raphael Nnajiofor. "Evaluation of Three Organic Agricultural Wastes as Substrates for Cultivation of Mushroom (Pleurotus Tuberregium Fr.)." International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies 4, no. 3 (2024): 1318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.62225/2583049x.2024.4.3.2940.

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Evaluation of three organic agricultural wastes as substrates for cultivation of mushroom (Pleurotus tuberregium Fr.) was investigated in this study. Pleurotus tuberregium was cultivated using three substrates viz 80% saw dust and 20% cassava peels (A), 80% saw dust and 20% yam peels (B) and 80% saw dust and 20% rice bran (C) to determine the substrate with highest growth and yield. The methods used were processing of the organic wastes, bagging, sterilization, inoculation of the spawn, incubation, cropping, watering and harvesting. All treatments for the experiment were laid out using a Compl

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Nah, Jae-Woong, Peter A. Gruber, Paul A. Lauro, and Claudius Feger. "Mask and mask-less injection molded solder (IMS) technology for fine pitch substrate bumping." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2010, no. 1 (2010): 000348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2010-tp5-paper5.

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We report the results of a new pre-solder bumping technology of injection molded solder (IMS) for fine pitch organic substrates. Pure molten solder is injected through a reusable film mask (mask IMS) or directly injected without a mask (mask-less IMS) on the pads of an organic substrate to overcome the limitation of current pre-solder bumping technologies such as solder paste stencil printing and micro-ball mounting. In the case of mask IMS, targeted solder height over the solder resist (SR) is designed into the mask which has desirable thickness and hole sizes. Three different solder bump hei

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Mukundraj Govindrao Rathod. "Substrate dependent growth optimization of Pleurotus florida mushroom on inexpensive substrates." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 13, no. 1 (2023): 322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2023.13.1.0038.

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The oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) is one of the cultivated edible mushrooms and has certain medicinal properties as well as economic and ecological values. Every year, massive amounts of ligno-cellulosic agricultural crop residues are produced worldwide, and not all of them are properly utilized. There are many ways of managing agricultural waste, one of which is mushroom cultivation. This study was conducted to compare the influence of selected consortiums of agricultural residues on the growth of Pleurotus florida. This species was cultivated on different combinations of substrates, vi

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Mukundraj, Govindrao Rathod. "Substrate dependent growth optimization of Pleurotus florida mushroom on inexpensive substrates." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 13, no. 1 (2023): 322–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7947833.

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The oyster mushroom (<em>Pleurotus florida</em>) is one of the cultivated edible mushrooms and has certain medicinal properties as well as economic and ecological values. Every year, massive amounts of ligno-cellulosic agricultural crop residues are produced worldwide, and not all of them are properly utilized. There are many ways of managing agricultural waste, one of which is mushroom cultivation. This study was conducted to compare the influence of selected consortiums of agricultural residues on the growth of <em>Pleurotus florida</em>. This species was cultivated on different combina

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Silva, Ana Veruska Cruz, Evandro Neves Muniz, Juliana Lopes Souza, Adrielle Naiana Ribeiro Soares, and Ana da Silva Ledo. "Morphology and initial development of Hancornia speciosa var speciosa in different substrates." Comunicata Scientiae 16 (January 28, 2025): e4245. https://doi.org/10.14295/cs.v16.4245.

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The impact of commercial demand on fruits explored through extractivism requires sustainable production strategies. Among these strategies is seedling propagation for reforestation and/or commercial plantations. The substrate and its impact on the quantity and quality of propagated plants are critical aspects of seedling propagation. Hancornia speciosa, commonly known as mangabeira, is a native fruit species that has been primarily explored through extractivism; thus, the goal of this study was to assess the early development of H. speciosa var. speciosa seedlings in different substrates using

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Benmahioul, Benamar, Bouâmama Khelil, Meriem Kaïd-Harche, and Florence Daguin. "Étude de la germination et de l’effet du substrat sur la croissance de jeunes semis de I L. Germination study and substrate effect on the growth of young seedlings of Pistacia vera L." Acta Botanica Malacitana 35 (December 1, 2010): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v35i0.2865.

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Français. Des études sur la germination et la croissance de jeunes semis de Pistacia vera L ont été conduites au laboratoire et en serre. Elles ont consisté en des tests de germination et, au suivi de la croissance des plantules sur différents substrats. Les résultats obtenus ont révélé que les meilleurs taux de germination ont été enregistrés avec le lot des graines sans téguments. De plus, le semis direct dans le sable a amélioré les résultats mais la vitesse de germination se trouve ralentie. D’un autre coté, un effet marqué de la nature du substrat sur la croissance en hauteur et en diamèt

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Cordeiro, Kleber Veras, Paula Sara Teixeira de Oliveira, Ramon Yuri Ferreira Pereira, et al. "Formation of pepper seedlings on a substrate formulated by carnauba (Copernicia prunifera Mill.) residue." Australian Journal of Crop Science, no. 18(05):2024 (May 15, 2024): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.05.p3722.

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The consumption of pepper in Brazil stands out in several sectors of the economy, either in natura or processed form, due to its characteristics of profitability and added value. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the biometric characteristics of gold pepper seedlings produced on substrates containing different proportions of carnauba (Copernicia prunifera Mill.) bagana. The proportions of the substrates were: 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% carnauba bagana, plus soil. The following were evaluated: percentage of emergence, number of leaves; leaf area; plant height; stem diameter; root length;

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Salifu, K. Francis, Michael A. Nicodemus, Douglass F. Jacobs, and Anthony S. Davis. "Evaluating Chemical Indices of Growing Media for Nursery Production of Quercus rubra Seedlings." HortScience 41, no. 5 (2006): 1342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.5.1342.

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We evaluated suitability of chemical indices of three media formulations or substrates (A, B, and C) consisting of composted pine bark, coconut coir pith, sphagnum peatmoss, processed bark ash, and perlite in varied proportions for growing northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings. These substrates were ranked according to their ability to promote seedling growth. The low-yielding substrate (A) was devoid of pine bark and perlite and the medium-yielding substrate (B) contained no peatmoss or processed bark ash. The high-yielding substrate (C) contained all components. Additionally, we test

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Krug, Brian A., Brian E. Whipker, and Ingram McCall. "Flurprimidol Is Effective at Controlling Height of `Star Gazer' Oriental Lily." HortTechnology 15, no. 2 (2005): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.2.0373.

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Flurprimidol preplant soaks, foliar sprays, and substrate drenches were compared to commercially recommended concentrations of uniconazole as a preplant bulb soak and a foliar spray for height control of `Star Gazer' oriental lily (Lilium hybrids). Foliar sprays of uniconazole at 10 mg·L–1 (ppm) did not control plant height and foliar sprays of flurprimidol concentrations ≥80 mg·L–1 provided only minimal height control. Substrate drenches of flurprimidol at 0.5 mg/pot a.i. (28,350 mg = 1 oz) controlled plant height, resulting in plants 45.3 cm (17.83 inches) tall, which were 24% shorter than t

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Wischhoff, U., F. Marques-Santos, and M. Rodrigues. "Foraging behavior and diet of the vulnerable Cinereous Warbling-finch Poospiza cinerea (Aves, Emberizidae)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 74, no. 4 (2014): 821–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.04213.

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The Cinereous Warbling-finch Poospiza cinerea is a globally vulnerable Emberizidae passerine, patchily distributed and rare in the open savannah of central South America. Attributes of rare species include niche specificity such as feeding habits. To verify possible niche specialization in this species we aimed to describe its foraging habits related to substrate use, foraging and substrate height, attack maneuvers, and consumed food items. We monitored two groups at two study sites and sampled foraging events with intervals of 15 minutes. The substrates used in greater frequency were foliage

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