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1
VanderZaag, A. C., K. J. Campbell, R. C. Jamieson, A. C. Sinclair, and L. G. Hynes. "Survival of Escherichia coli in agricultural soil and presence in tile drainage and shallow groundwater." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 90, no. 3 (August 1, 2010): 495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss09113.
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Animal agriculture and the use of manure as a soil amendment can lead to enteric pathogens entering water used for drinking, irrigation, and recreation. The presence of Escherichia coli in water is commonly used as an indicator of recent fecal contamination; however, a few recent studies suggest some E. coli populations are able to survive for extended time periods in agricultural soils. This important finding needs to be further assessed with field-scale studies. To this end, we conducted a 1-yr study within a 9.6-ha field that had received fertilizer and semi-solid dairy cattle manure annually for the past decade. Escherichia coli concentrations were monitored throughout the year (before and after manure application) in the effluent from tile drains (at approximately 80 cm depth) and in 5- to 8-m-deep groundwater wells. Escherichia coli was detected in both groundwater and tile drain effluent at concentrations exceeding irrigation and recreational water-quality guidelines. Within two of the monitoring wells, concentrations of E. coli, and frequency of detections, were greatest several months after the manure application. In two monitoring wells and one tile drain the frequency of E. coli detections was higher before manure was applied than after. This suggests the presence and abundance of E. coli was not strongly related to the timing of manure application. A laboratory study using naladixic acid resistant E. coli showed the bacteria could survive at least two times longer in soil samples collected from the study field than in soil from the adjacent riparian area, which had not received manure applications. Together, field and lab results suggest that a consistent source of E. coli exists within the field, which may include “naturalized” strains of E. coli. Further studies are required to determine the specific source of E. coli detected in tile drainage water and shallow groundwater. If the E. coli recovered in subsurface water is primarily mobilized from naturalized populations residing within the soil profile, this indicator organism would have little value as an indicator of recent fecal contamination. Key words: Bacterial survival, naturalized Escherichia coli, groundwater, tile drainage
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Morrison, J., C. A. Madramootoo, and M. Chikhaoui. "Modeling the influence of tile drainage flow and tile spacing on phosphorus losses from two agricultural fields in southern Québec." Water Quality Research Journal 48, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2013.053.
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Tile drainage is a widely adopted water management practice in the eastern Canadian provinces of Québec and Ontario. It aims to improve the productivity of poorly drained agricultural fields. Nevertheless, studies have also shown that subsurface drainage is a significant pollution pathway to surface water. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of tile drain spacing on surface runoff, subsurface drainage flows, and phosphorus (P) loss from two tile-drained agricultural fields located near Bedford, Québec. Field data were used with the DRAINMOD model, and in developed regression models in order to perform the analysis. Both DRAINMOD and the regression models showed good performance. Simulation results indicated that when lateral tile drain spacing is increased, the volume of subsurface drain flow decreases, and the volume of surface runoff increases, at sites with sandy and clay loam soils. For every 5 m increase in drain spacing, total phosphorus (TP) loads in subsurface drainage decreased by 6% at a site with sandy loam soil, and increased by 20% at a site with clay loam soil. TP loads in surface runoff increased as a result of increased drain spacing.
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Nelson, Kelly A. "Soybean Yield Variability of Drainage and Subirrigation Systems in a Claypan Soil." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 33, no. 6 (2017): 801–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12276.
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Abstract. Claypan soils with less than 1% slope are poorly drained because of an argillic claypan layer 45 to 60 cm below the soil surface. Field research was conducted near Bethel, Missouri, to evaluate soybean ( [L.] Merr.) grain yields and plant populations above subsurface drain tile lines and 3.1 m distances from the tile lines of laterals installed at 6.1 and 12.2 m wide spacings for drainage (DO) or drainage plus subirrigation (DSI). The site was arranged as a split-plot design with four replications. In some years, sub-sub-plots included multiple cultivars or fungicide/insecticide management systems. This resulted in 30 year-cultivar-management (YCM) treatments from 2002 to 2015. Averaged over all of the 30 YCM systems, the highest yields (4,050 kg/ha) were observed above the 6.1 m DSI drainage tile line. Subsurface drainage tile spacings (6.1 and 12.2 m) and distances from the tile lines for DO or DSI yielded 11% to 21% greater than the ND control. Due to extreme weather events among YCM systems, data were separated into low (LYE, <3,360 kg/ha) and high (HYE, >3,360 kg/ha) yield environments. In LYEs, yields were more variable above the tile line and generally decreased as the distance from the subsurface tile lines increased for DSI, but yields were greater and more variable between the tile lines for DO. In HYEs, yields were greatest and more variable between the 6.1 or 12.2 m spaced DO treatments, while yields were greatest above the drain tiles with lower variability compared to between the tile lines with DSI. A narrower drain tile spacing may be needed to reduce yield variability in LYEs, but this was less evident in HYEs. Keywords: Claypan, Drain tile spacing, Drainage, Subirrigation, Water management.
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Aide, Michael, Indi Braden, Neil Hermann, David Mauk, Wesley Mueller, Sven Svenson, and Julie Weathers. "Assessment of a Large Subsurface Controlled Drainage and Irrigation System: III. Water chemistry of the tile effluent and its potential impact on surface water resources." Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science 44-45, no. 2010-2011 (January 1, 2010): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30956/0544-540x-44.2010.11.
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Abstract Controlled subsurface drainage irrigation systems promote crop productivity; however, these land management systems also allow an efficient pathway for the transport of elements from soils to surface water resources. The nitrate and macro-element effluent concentrations from tile-drainage involving a 40 ha controlled subsurface drainage irrigation system are described and compared to soil nitrate availability. Soil nitrate concentrations generally show an increase immediately after soil nitrogen fertilization practices and are sufficiently abundant to promote their transport from the soil resource to the tile-drain effluent waters. The data indicates that: (1) the transport of nitrate-N in tile-drain effluent waters is appreciable; (2) denitrification pathways effectively reduce a portion of the soil nitrate-N when the controlled drainage system establishes winter-early spring anoxic soil conditions, and (3) the best strategy for reducing nitrate-N concentrations in tile-drain effluent waters is adjusting N fertilization rates and the timing of their application. The development of bioreactors for simulating wetland conditions may further limit nitrate concentrations in surface waters because of soil drainage.
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Ahmed, Imran, Ramesh Rudra, Kevin McKague, Bahram Gharabaghi, and John Ogilvie. "Evaluation of the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) for Southern Ontario: Part I. Sensitivity Analysis, Calibration, and Validation." Water Quality Research Journal 42, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 202–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2007.024.
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Abstract This study focuses on the performance of the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) for corn production in southern Ontario. The model was used to simulate the amount of subsurface tile drainage, residual soil nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), NO3-N in subsurface drainage water, and crop yield. A precalibration sensitivity analysis of the model was conducted for several key parameters using field data collected at the study site. The RZWQM's hydrology component was most sensitive to the Brooks and Corey fitting parameters and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), while the tile drain flow and the water table depth were sensitive to the Brooks and Corey fitting parameters of bubbling pressure (ψbp) and pore-size-distribution index (λ). The fraction of dead-end pores had relatively little effect on tile drain N loss. The crop yield is most affected by N uptake, age, and evapotranspiration rate. RZWQM simulated evapotranspiration was within the range (568 ± 55 mm) of the observed evapotranspiration. The model simulated corn yield very well (-0.1% difference) at the calibration site; however, it underestimated yield (-14.1%) at the validation site. Overall, the RZWQM simulated tile drain flow, NO3-N loss to tile drainage water, and crop yield with reasonable accuracy, but tended to underestimate the amount of soil NO3-N (mean deviation, -0.971). The inability of the model to handle the spatial and temporal variability of the soil may have affected its prediction accuracy. The model also needs improvement in simulating early spring snowmelt hydrology.
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CHOW, T. L., and H. W. REES. "IDENTIFICATION OF SUBSURFACE DRAIN LOCATIONS WITH GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 69, no. 2 (May 1, 1989): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss89-023.
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Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical tool designed for subsurface probing of materials with contrasting dielectric properties. The applicability of this technique to locate agricultural drain tiles or tubes under some soil types and moisture conditions found in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia was evaluated. A method using GPR graphical outputs from adjacent, paired parallel traverses was developed to verify tile drain signatures. Over 50 drains, installed from 1 to 50 years ago, in soils developed in morainal till, glaciofluvial, and glaciomarine deposits were detected with the GPR system and confirmed by excavation. These included both clay and plastic drains. With experience, reliability was found to be close to 100%. The possibility of using the system for determining depth to the drain is also discussed briefly. Key words: Ground-penetrating radar, tube drain location, apparent dielectric constant, propagation time, electromagnetic wave, propagation velocity
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Qi, Hongkai, and Zhiming Qi. "Simulating phosphorus loss to subsurface tile drainage flow: a review." Environmental Reviews 25, no. 2 (June 2017): 150–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2016-0024.
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Agricultural land is a major source of phosphorus (P) loss, and artificial drainage is one of the pathways for phosphorus transport. In this paper, we reviewed the methods and equations related to phosphorus loss through subsurface tile drain in water quality models. This review is presented through three topics: subsurface hydrology, fate and transport of phosphorus in soil, and phosphorus transport into tile drains. Major simulation methods and some recent updates are reviewed, and calculations in specific models are presented. Nine existing water quality models (ADAPT, ANIMO, APEX, EPIC, HYDRUS, ICECREAM, MACRO, PLEASE, SWAP) can be used to simulate P transport to tile drainage, where three of them (HYDRUS, MACRO, SWAP) do not have a specific phosphorus module but P can be simulated using a general chemical module. Models that are not suitable for simulating fate and transport of P to tile drains under their current status, for example, AnnAGNPS, DRAINMOD, GLEAMS, RZWQM2, SurPhos, SWAT, are also reviewed due to their strength in one of the aspects: subsurface drainage or P dynamics. Based on the methods used in those models, ICECREAM could be the most current comprehensive model for P loss through tile drains from agricultural fields.
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Okuda, Yukio, Junya Onishi, Yulia I. Shirokova, Iwao Kitagawa, Yoshinobu Kitamura, and Haruyuki Fujimaki. "Water and Salt Balance in Agricultural Lands under Leaching with Shallow Subsurface Drainage Used in Combination with Cut-Drains." Water 12, no. 11 (November 16, 2020): 3207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113207.
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Secondary salinization of irrigated lands in drylands is often caused by rising groundwater levels. Open drainage is widely employed to control groundwater. However, salinity levels tend to remain high under malfunctioning drainage conditions. Shallow subsurface drainage may be a possible solution to prevent salt accumulation, although it is difficult for farmers to apply conventional tile drainage systems owing to construction costs. In this regard, we proposed a low-cost shallow subsurface drainage system used in combination with a new mole-drain drilling technology (cut-drain) developed in Japan, whose drainage capacity is similar to tile drain. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the proposed system. The system was installed in a farmland, Uzbekistan. The experimental field was set with/without the system to observe the differences in the balance of water and salt. The results revealed that the remaining infiltrated water in the field decreased by approximately 26% and the removed net mass of salt was 14 Mg ha−1. The direction of salt movement changed from the deeper zone or surrounding field to the open drainage. Therefore, the proposed system can enhance salt removal from fields.
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Stillman, Jennifer S., Nathan W. Haws, R. S. Govindaraju, and P. Suresh C. Rao. "A semi-analytical model for transient flow to a subsurface tile drain." Journal of Hydrology 317, no. 1-2 (February 2006): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.04.028.
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Reinhart, Benjamin D., Jane R. Frankenberger, Christopher H. Hay, Laura C. Bowling, and Benjamin G. Hancock. "Development and Sensitivity Analysis of an Online Tool for Evaluating Drainage Water Recycling Decisions." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 6 (2020): 1991–2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13900.
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HighlightsA modeling framework for drainage water recycling (DWR) was developed to estimate irrigation and water quality benefits.Global sensitivity analysis was used to identify most and least influential input parameters affecting model outputs.Parameters controlling total available water had the most influence on applied irrigation and captured tile drain flow.The modeling framework and sensitivity results were used to develop an open-source, online tool for evaluating DWR.Abstract. The U.S. Midwest is experiencing growth in both irrigation and subsurface (tile) drainage. Capturing, storing, and reusing tile drain water, a practice called drainage water recycling (DWR), represents a strategy for supporting supplemental irrigation while also reducing nutrient loads in tile-drained landscapes. This article describes the development and testing of an open-source online tool, Evaluating Drainage Water Recycling Decisions (EDWRD), which integrates soil and reservoir water balances for a tile-drained field and estimates potential benefits of DWR systems across multiple reservoir sizes. Irrigation benefits are quantified by applied irrigation and its relation to the irrigation demand, while water quality benefits are quantified by the amount and percentage of tile drain flow captured by the reservoir. Global sensitivity analysis identified input parameters affecting total available water as the most influential factors in estimating outputs. Initial and mid-season crop coefficients, irrigation management, and reservoir seepage rates were also influential. Curve number, fraction of wetted surface during irrigation, crop coefficients for the end of crop growth and frozen soil conditions, and the non-growing season residue amount were identified as low-sensitivity parameters. Results from the sensitivity analysis were used to prioritize and simplify user interaction with the tool. EDWRD represents the first open-source tool capable of evaluating DWR systems and can be used by multiple user groups to estimate the potential irrigation and water quality benefits of this innovative practice. Keywords: Drainage water recycling, Dual crop coefficient, Open-source model, Sensitivity analysis, Subsurface drainage, Supplemental irrigation.
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Magner, J. A., and S. C. Alexander. "Geochemical and isotopic tracing of water in nested southern Minnesota corn-belt watersheds." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 9 (May 1, 2002): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0199.
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Land-use changes over the last century in southern Minnesota have influenced riverine water chemistry. A nested watershed approach was used to examine hydrologic pathways of water movement in this now agriculturally intensive region. From field scale subsurface tile-drains of the Beauford ditch to the respective outlets of the Cobb River and Blue Earth River, more than 125 samples were collected for major dissolved ions and isotopes between March 1994 and June 1996 over a range of climatic conditions that included snowmelt and storm-flows. Results indicate that riverine water chemistry is dominated by subsurface tile-drained row crop agriculture. In the mid-1990s, regional ground water discharge into the Cobb and Blue Earth Rivers comprised less than 10% of the total flow based on ionic mixing calculations. Ammonia, present in manure or as anhydrous, is readily exchanged in the soil. This ion exchange releases increasing ratios of magnesium, sodium and strontium relative to calcium, the dominant cation. Soil thaw and snowmelt recharge influenced March–April tile-drain and ditch water isotopic values. Light δD values increased as spring infiltration-derived water was displaced from the soil zone by heavier summer precipitation. δ15N followed a similar but opposite pattern with relatively heavy March–April tile-drain and ditch values trending to lighter δ15N through the growing season. The future of southern Minnesota riverine water quality is closely linked to the management of the landscape. To improve the riverine environment, land owners and managers will need to address cropping systems, fertilization practices and drainage.
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Rudra, Ramesh Pal, Satish C. Negi, and Neelam Gupta. "Modelling Approaches for Subsurface Drainage Water Quality Management." Water Quality Research Journal 40, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2005.006.
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Abstract Contamination of surface waters by agricultural activities is a serious problem. Two different modelling approaches to simulate nutrient and pesticide transport in subsurface drained soils were investigated in this study. First, artificial neural network (ANN) models, a trainable fast back-propagation (FBP) network and a self-organizing radial basis function (RBF) network, were developed for simulation of NO3--N concentration in tile effluent. Second, a hydrologic model, DRAINMOD, was linked with a chemical transport model, GLEAMS, to simulate chemical transport of atrazine through the soil into subsurface drain outflow. The ANN models and linked DRAINMOD-GLEAMS model were calibrated and validated against experimental data collected at the Greenbelt Research Farm of Agriculture Canada during the years 1988, 1989 and from 1991 to 1994. Several statistical parameters were calculated to evaluate model performance. A comparison of results indicated that the RBF neural network model was superior to the FBP model in predicting drain outflow and NO3--N concentration. Results obtained from the linked DRAINMOD-GLEAMS model demonstrate that atrazine simulations were underpredicted in subsurface drain outflows for spring and fall seasons. Both modelling approaches provide a useful tool for management of fertilizer/manure and pesticides transport through soil and crop root zones into surface water.
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Adhikari, Nidhi, Paul C. Davidson, Richard A. Cooke, and Ruth S. Book. "Drainmod-Linked Interface for Evaluating Drainage System Response to Climate Scenarios." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 36, no. 3 (2020): 303–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13383.
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Abstract.This article presents the development of a drainage-climate interface that incorporates climatological data, crop drainage requirements, and drainage theory into a procedure for characterizing drainage system response under different climate scenarios. The drainage-climate interface is suitable for assessing potential county-level impacts of climate change on crop production, soil hydrology and subsequently on subsurface drainage design. Climate model projections from two general circulation models (GCMs), namely CCSM4 (Community Climate System Model) and MIROC5 (Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate), were used to create the climatological database for the drainage-climate interface. DRAINMOD was integrated into the Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) portion of the interface to simulate the performance of subsurface drainage systems in Illinois for the near future (2040 to 2069) and the far future (2070 to 2099) periods. Case studies were developed with the interface for Adams and Champaign Counties in Illinois for their predominant soil types. Hydrologic simulations from the interface were used to determine the optimal depth and spacing of tile drains that maximize crop yield for corn and soybean during the mid and late 21st century. Drainage water management (DWM) was incorporated into the drainage-climate interface to investigate the potential of DWM in the future climate scenarios to maintain water quality, reduce nutrient losses and minimize pollutant loading from drained fields by controlling the timing and amount of water discharged from agricultural drainage systems. Results from DRAINMOD simulations with MIROC5 show a significant decline in crop yield due to extreme heat stress. Corn yield in the future showed a severe reduction while the yield for soybean demonstrated a gradual decline over the years. DWM had only a minimal effect on future crop yield trends. The drainage-climate interface simulated subsurface drainage conditions and made evident the consequences of environmental conditions on crop physiological processes under scenarios of climate change predicted by MIROC5. Keywords: Agricultural system models, Climate change impacts, Drainage-climate interface, Drainage water management, Subsurface drainage, Tile drain depth, Tile drain spacing.
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Aide, Michael, Indi Braden, Neil Hermann, David Mauk, Wesley Mueller, Sven Svenson, and Julie Weathers. "Assessment of a Large Subsurface Controlled Drainage and Irrigation System: I. Design, Soil Properties, and Water Management." Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science 44-45, no. 2010-2011 (January 1, 2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.30956/0544-540x-44.2010.1.
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Abstract Controlled subsurface drainage irrigation systems have been designed to promote agronomic performance and to limit overland transport of nutrients during high rainfall events. In this manuscript we describe the design of a 40 ha controlled subsurface drainage irrigation system, describe the soil resource and describe the soil water contents influenced by drainage and irrigation operations. With the use of the Subsurface controlled irrigation/drainage system, crop yields approach regional yield thresholds and soil water contents were maintained between field capacity and the maximum allowed soil water deficit, thus optimizing crop growth and development. In companion manuscripts we describe agronomic performance of corn (Zea mays L.), nutrient uptake patterns, and nutrient concentrations from tile drain effluents and note their potential impact on surface water resources.
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Dils, R. M., and A. L. Heathwaite. "The controversial role of tile drainage in phosphorus export from agricultural land." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 12 (June 1, 1999): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0529.
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Field drainage, in the form of permanently installed pipes or temporary mole drains, is extensively used in Britain to reduce the incidence of waterlogging, and increase the length of the grazing season. Whereas the installation of artificial drains significantly improves the structural stability of the soil, water quality in recipient streams may be adversely affected by the accelerated rate of nutrient transport, and the circumvention of critical storage areas such as buffer zones. This research investigates the importance of phosphorus (P) loss in tile drainage for a mixed agricultural catchment (120 ha) in the UK. Phosphorus concentrations in drain discharge were low (<100 μg Total P l−1) and stable during base-flow periods (<0.5 1 min−1), and generally lower than in the receiving stream. In contrast, temporary (hours) elevated P peaks exceeding 1 mg Total P l−1 were measured in drain-flow during high discharge periods (>10 1 min−1). Large sediment-associated particulate P losses were measured during the first major drain-flow events of the autumn. Field drains are evidently effective conduits for P export from agricultural catchments. Recommendations for controlling P loss from diffuse agricultural sources are therefore critically dependent on a better understanding of surface and subsurface transport pathways.
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Tuohy, Patrick, James O’Loughlin, and Owen Fenton. "Modeling Performance of a Tile Drainage System Incorporating Mole Drainage." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 1 (2018): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12203.
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Abstract. Mole drain performance is known to vary temporally and spatially due to variations in soil properties, installation conditions, mole channel integrity, and weather patterns. In fine-textured, low-permeability soil profiles, moles can be installed to supplement an underlying tile drain system. However, moles are often not included in such designs. The objective of this modeling study was to investigate the performance impacts of variations in mole integrity and design in such a soil profile during a range of rainfall event scenarios. A finite element software package (SEEP/W) was used to model a field site having (system 1) subsurface tile drains (0.9 m depth, 15 m spacing) with gravel aggregate(10 to 50 mm) and intersecting mole drains (0.6 m depth, 1.4 m spacing). The field site was subjected to a pedological survey to characterize the soil profile, while an on-site weather station and end-of-pipe flowmeters provided rainfall and discharge data from which the model could be calibrated. The calibrated model showed close agreement between modeled and observed subsurface discharge in the validation period (coefficient of mass residual = 0.12, index of agreement = 0.94, model efficiency = 0.74). The model was then used to evaluate the impact of three alternative designs: tile drains only, a common practice in similar soils (system 2); a design similar to system 1 but with the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) of the mole-drained layer decreased to mimic a reduction in mole drain integrity and effectiveness (system 3); and a design similar to system 1 but with Ks of the mole-drained layer increased to mimic improved soil disturbance and fissuring during installation (system 4). These systems were analyzed using the calibration (event A) and validation (event B) rainfall events as well as two notional rainfall scenarios: a “fixed rainfall” scenario (event C) with a rainfall rate of 2 mm h-1 applied to all systems for 50 h and a “historical rainfall” scenario (event D) with annual (30 year) average daily values for the area (taken as the average monthly totals divided by the number of days per month) applied over a year. Results showed that the modeled designs exhibited similar relative behavior in all simulated rainfall scenarios. Systems 1 and 4 consistently outperformed systems 2 and 3 in terms of average and peak discharge and water table control capacity. Across rainfall events, system 2 (without mole drains) was the least effective and was seen to decrease drain discharge by an average of 63% and reduce mean water table depth by an average of 72% relative to systems 1 and 4. Results showed the importance of mole channels in supplementing tile drainage on fine soils, as well as the importance of mole integrity for optimal performance. Such a tool could provide decision support in the drainage system design process and assess the implications of design variations on cost, expected performance, and likely returns to the landowner by estimating seasonal variations in drainage discharge and water table position. Identifying and characterizing the major soil types on a farm through soil profile pedological descriptions and collation of real soil physical and meteorological data is essential to prescribe appropriate drainage designs and prioritize areas for drainage installation in light of technical feasibility and cost estimates. With high-resolution data, the software can be calibrated for other drainage system and climate change scenarios. Keywords: Mole drainage, Rainfall, SEEP/W, Simulation, Soil physical properties, Subsurface drainage.
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Dattamudi, Sanku, Prasanta K. Kalita, Saoli Chanda, A. S. Alquwaizany, and B. S.Sidhu. "Agricultural Nitrogen Budget for a Long-Term Row Crop Production System in the Midwest USA." Agronomy 10, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 1622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111622.
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In the Midwestern United States, subsurface drainage (commonly known as tile drains) systems have been extensively used for sustaining agricultural production. However, the tile drains have raised concerns of facilitating the transport of agricultural chemicals from the fields to receiving waters. Data from a long-term field experiment in the Little Vermilion River (LVR) watershed of east-central Illinois, USA, shows that the tile drain systems have contributed to increased nitrate N (NO3-N) to the receiving water body, Georgetown Lake Reservoir, over time. We conducted more than 10 years of research on fate and transport of NO3-N in tile drain water, surface runoff and soil N. Corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) were planted in rotation for this watershed. We evaluated N balance (inputs and outputs) and transfer (runoff and leaching) components from three sites with both surface and subsurface flow stations within this watershed, and N budgets for individual sites were developed. Nitrogen fertilizer application (average 192 kg ha−1 y−1) and soil N mineralization (average 88 kg ha−1 y−1) were the major N inputs for corn and soybean, respectively in this watershed. Plant N uptake was the major N output for both crops during this entire study period. Annual N uptake for the LVR watershed ranged from +39 to +148 (average +93) kg ha−1 and −63 to +5 (average −32) kg ha−1, respectively, for corn and soybeans. This data indicates that most of the soil mineralized N was used during soybean production years, while corn production years added extra N in the soil. Surface runoff from the watershed was negligible, however, subsurface leaching through tile drains removed about 18% of the total rainfall. Average NO3-N concentrations of leaching water at sites A (15 mg L−1) and B (16.5 mg L−1) exceeded maximum contaminant level (MCL; 10 mg L−1) throughout the experiment. However, NO3-N concentrations from site E (6.9 mg L−1) never exceeded MCL possibly because 15–22% lower N was received at this site. We estimated that the average corn grain yield would need to be 28% higher to remove the additional N from this watershed. Our study suggests that N application schemes of the LVR watershed need to be reevaluated for better N management, optimum crop production, and overall environmental sustainability.
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Ahmed, Imran, Ramesh Rudra, Kevin McKague, Bahram Gharabaghi, and John Ogilvie. "Evaluation of the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) for Southern Ontario: Part II. Simulating Long-Term Effects of Nitrogen Management Practices on Crop Yield and Subsurface Drainage Water Quality." Water Quality Research Journal 42, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2007.025.
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Abstract Loss of nitrogen from the agricultural production system is of concern in Ontario. The challenge for researchers and farmers is to fulfill crop water requirements while limiting chemical movement with surface and subsurface runoff. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of current N management practices for corn production for two different soil types using the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) for southern Ontario conditions. The model simulated the amount of subsurface tile drainage, residual soil nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), NO3-N in subsurface drainage water, and crop yield. The validated RZWQM for silt loam and sandy loam soils showed that the relative long-term effectiveness of the most economic rate of nitrogen (MERN) for corn production fluctuates significantly from year-to-year in response to weather patterns. In addition, soil type had a small but significant effect on the MERN. Side-dress application of N on sandy loam resulted in significant reduction in corn yield and NO3-N loss to shallow groundwater. Also, crop rotation from corn-soybean to corn-soybean-soybean resulted in a greater reduction of NO3-N loads in the tile outflow on silt loam soil than on sandy loam soil. Overall, the RZWQM simulated tile drain flow, NO3-N loss, and crop yield with reasonable accuracy. However, more field work is needed to assist with identifying suitable values for a number of coefficients used in the RZWQM's nutrient component for Ontario conditions.
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Chrétien, François, Isabelle Giroux, Georges Thériault, Patrick Gagnon, and Julie Corriveau. "Surface runoff and subsurface tile drain losses of neonicotinoids and companion herbicides at edge-of-field." Environmental Pollution 224 (May 2017): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.002.
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Gerke, H. H., J. Dusek, and T. Vogel. "Mass transfer effects in 2-D dual-permeability modeling of field preferential bromide leaching with drain effluent." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 3 (June 22, 2011): 5917–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-5917-2011.
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Abstract. Subsurface drained experimental fields are frequently used for studying preferential flow (PF) in structured soils. Considering two-dimensional (2-D) transport towards the drain, however, the relevance of mass transfer coefficients, apparently reflecting small-scale soil structural properties, for the water and solute balances of the entire drained field is largely unknown. This paper reviews and analyzes effects of mass transfer reductions on Br− leaching for a subsurface drained experimental field using a numerical 2-D dual-permeability model (2D-DPERM). The sensitivity of the "diffusive" mass transfer component on bromide (Br−) leaching patterns is discussed. Flow and transport is simulated in a 2-D vertical cross-section using parameters, boundary conditions (BC), and data of a Br− tracer irrigation experiment on a subsurface drained field (5000 m2 area) at Bokhorst (Germany), where soils have developed from glacial till sediments. The 2D-DPERM simulation scenarios assume realistic irrigation and rainfall rates, and Br-application in the soil matrix (SM) domain. The mass transfer reduction controls preferential tracer movement and can be related to physical and chemical properties at the interface between flow path and soil matrix in structured soil. A reduced solute mass transfer rate coefficient allows a better match of the Br− mass flow observed in the tile drain discharge. The results suggest that coefficients of water and solute transfer between PF and SM domains have a clear impact on Br− effluent from the drain. Amount and composition of the drain effluent is analyzed as a highly complex interrelation between temporally and spatially variable mass transfer in the 2-D vertical flow domain that depends on varying "advective" and "diffusive" transfer components, the spatial distribution of residual tracer concentrations, and the lateral flow fields in both domains from plots of the whole subsurface drained field. The local-scale soil structural effects (e.g., such as macropore wall coatings), here conceptualized as changes in mass transfer coefficients, can have a clear effect on leaching at the plot and field-scales.
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Vigovskis, Janis, Aivars Jermuss, Daina Sarkanbarde, and Agrita Svarta. "The Nutrient Concentration in Drainage Water in Fertilizer Experiments in Skriveri." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 2 (June 17, 2015): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2015vol2.277.
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<p>The paper describes the influence of long term (more than 30 years) fertilizer application to nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium leaching through subsurface drainage in small experimental catchment. The effect of crop and cultivation practice on nutrient concentrations in drainage water is analyzed. This paper presents leaching data during 2011-2013 when spring oilseed rape (OSR), spring barley (SB) and perennial grasses (GC) were grown.</p><p>The research has been carried out at the Research Institute of Agriculture of Latvian University of Agriculture in the long-term subsurface drainage field established in Skrīveri in 1981 under the guidance of professor J. Štikāns. The long-term drainage field was established in the uncultivated gleyic sod-podzolic <em>Hypostagnic</em> <em>Endogleyic Albeluvisol (Hypereutric), stw-ng-AB(he) </em>loam that had not been used in agriculture for 20 years before. The experimental field was established with four rates of mineral fertilizers: without fertilizers, N45P30K45; N90P60K90 N135P90K135 calculated in form of P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> and K<sub>2</sub>O. Since 1994 a seven-year crop rotation has been organized: 1) winter triticale, 2) potatoes, 3) spring wheat, 4) spring oilseed rape, 5) spring barley + perennial grasses (red clover, timothy), 6) perennial grasses, 1st year of using, and 7) perennial grasses 2nd year of using. The total area (1.6 ha) of the experimental field was divided into 16 plots (15x50 m). Each plot was supplied with a seepage tile drain at the depth of 80-100 cm and an inspection well for drain water sampling and measurement of total water amount.</p><p>The nitrate nitrogen content in subsurface drain water was significantly affected by fertilizer rate and crop species. The concentration of nitrogen in drain water was significantly lower from non-fertilised plots than from other treatments and was considerably lower growing grass without autumn soil tillage than with conventional ploughing. Different fertilizer rates (applying 30, 60 or 90 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> of phosphorus and no fertilizer) had no significant effect on phosphorus concentration in drain water. However, concentration of potassium in drain water depended remarkably (<em>p</em><0.001) on fertilization rate and was lower from non-fertilized plots. Without autumn ploughing and providing vegetation potassium leaching was significantly lower. The use of fertilizers increased the subsurface water concentration of calcium and magnesium considerably.</p>
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Aide, Michael, Indi Braden, Neil Hermann, David Mauk, Wesley Mueller, Sven Svenson, and Julie Weathers. "Assessment of a Large Subsurface Controlled Drainage and Irrigation System: II. Corn Performance." Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science 44-45, no. 2010-2011 (January 1, 2010): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.30956/0544-540x-44.2010.8.
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Abstract Controlled subsurface drainage irrigation systems have been designed to promote agronomic production by optimizing water availability. In a previous manuscript we described the design of a 40 ha controlled subsurface drainage irrigation system, the soil resource and indicated the soil water properties. In this manuscript we describe the performance of corn (Zea mays L.) using a controlled subsurface drainage/irrigation system, with a focus on nutrient uptake at black layer formation. In a subsequent manuscript we will describe nutrient concentrations from tile drain effluents and note their potential impact on surface water resources. Crop yields using the controlled subsurface drainage/irrigation system substantially increased grain yields in 2008, 2011 and 2012 relative to previous corn production prior to the installation of the controlled subsurface drainage/irrigation system. Nutrient uptake (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, B, Cu, and Zn) was partitioned into leaf blades (blades), leaf sheaths (sheaths), culm (stem), tassel, ear leaves, shank, cob and grain. Nutrient concentrations in plant parts were estimated using plant tissue analysis, plant populations and dry matter production and expressed on a field basis (kg ha−1). The nutrient uptake by plant part at black layer showed that N, P, and S were more than 50% vested with grain. The remaining nutrients were primarily associated with the non-grain plant parts, especially K, Ca and B.
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Gökkaya, Kemal, Milan Budhathoki, Sheila F. Christopher, Brittany R. Hanrahan, and Jennifer L. Tank. "Subsurface tile drained area detection using GIS and remote sensing in an agricultural watershed." Ecological Engineering 108 (November 2017): 370–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.06.048.
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Beauchemin, S., R. R. Simard, M. A. Bolinder, M. C. Nolin, and D. Cluis. "Prediction of phosphorus concentration in tile-drainage water from the Montreal Lowlands soils." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 83, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s02-029.
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Subsurface drainage systems can be a significant pathway for P transfer from some soils to surface waters. The objective of the study was to determine P concentration in tile-drainage water and its relationship to P status in surface soils (A horizons) from an intensively cultivated area in the Montreal Lowlands. The profiles of 43 soil units were characterized for their P contents and pedogenic properties. Tile-drainage water P concentrations were monitored over a 3-y r period on a weekly basis on 10 soil units, and four times during each growing season for the other 33 units. The soil units were grouped into lower and higher P sorbing soils using multiple discriminant equations developed in an earlier related study. The A horizons of the lower P sorbing soils had an elevated P saturation degree [mean Mehlich(III) P/Al = 17%] associated with total P concentrations in tile-drainage water consistently greater than the surface water quality standard of 0.03 mg total P L-1. Conversely, low P concentrations in tile-drainage waters (< 0.03 mg L-1) and a moderate mean Mehlich(III) P/Al ratio of 8% were observed in the higher P sorbing soil group. Total P concentrations in drainage systems were significantly related to soil P status in surface soils. Grouping soils according to their P sorption capacities increased the power of prediction based on only one soil variable. However, accurate predictions in terms of drain P concentration can hardly be obtained unless large dataset and other factors related to field management practices and hydrology of the sites are also considered. Therefore, a better alternative to predict the risk of P leaching is to work in terms of risk classes and rely on a multiple factor index. Key words: Tile-drainage water, phosphorus, P transfer, P loss, degree of soil P saturation, phosphorus index
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Koganti, Triven, Ellen Van De Vijver, Barry J. Allred, Mogens H. Greve, Jørgen Ringgaard, and Bo V. Iversen. "Mapping of Agricultural Subsurface Drainage Systems Using a Frequency-Domain Ground Penetrating Radar and Evaluating Its Performance Using a Single-Frequency Multi-Receiver Electromagnetic Induction Instrument." Sensors 20, no. 14 (July 14, 2020): 3922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20143922.
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Subsurface drainage systems are commonly used to remove surplus water from the soil profile of a poorly drained farmland. Traditional methods for drainage mapping involve the use of tile probes and trenching equipment that are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and invasive, thereby entailing an inherent risk of damaging the drainpipes. Effective and efficient methods are needed in order to map the buried drain lines: (1) to comprehend the processes of leaching and offsite release of nutrients and pesticides and (2) for the installation of a new set of drain lines between the old ones to enhance the soil water removal. Non-invasive geophysical soil sensors provide a potential alternative solution. Previous research has mainly showcased the use of time-domain ground penetrating radar, with variable success, depending on local soil and hydrological conditions and the central frequency of the specific equipment used. The objectives of this study were: (1) to test the use of a stepped-frequency continuous wave three-dimensional ground penetrating radar (3D-GPR) with a wide antenna array for subsurface drainage mapping and (2) to evaluate its performance with the use of a single-frequency multi-receiver electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor in-combination. This sensor combination was evaluated on twelve different study sites with various soil types with textures ranging from sand to clay till. While the 3D-GPR showed a high success rate in finding the drainpipes at five sites (sandy, sandy loam, loamy sand, and organic topsoils), the results at the other seven sites were less successful due to the limited penetration depth of the 3D-GPR signal. The results suggest that the electrical conductivity estimates produced by the inversion of apparent electrical conductivity data measured by the EMI sensor could be a useful proxy for explaining the success achieved by the 3D-GPR in finding the drain lines.
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Koganti, Triven, Ehsan Ghane, Luis Rene Martinez, Bo V. Iversen, and Barry J. Allred. "Mapping of Agricultural Subsurface Drainage Systems Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery and Ground Penetrating Radar." Sensors 21, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 2800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082800.
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Agricultural subsurface drainage systems are commonly installed on farmland to remove the excess water from poorly drained soils. Conventional methods for drainage mapping such as tile probes and trenching equipment are laborious, cause pipe damage, and are often inefficient to apply at large spatial scales. Knowledge of locations of an existing drainage network is crucial to understand the increased leaching and offsite release of drainage discharge and to retrofit the new drain lines within the existing drainage system. Recent technological developments in non-destructive techniques might provide a potential alternative solution. The objective of this study was to determine the suitability of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery collected using three different cameras (visible-color, multispectral, and thermal infrared) and ground penetrating radar (GPR) for subsurface drainage mapping. Both the techniques are complementary in terms of their usage, applicability, and the properties they measure and were applied at four different sites in the Midwest USA. At Site-1, both the UAV imagery and GPR were equally successful across the entire field, while at Site-2, the UAV imagery was successful in one section of the field, and GPR proved to be useful in the other section where the UAV imagery failed to capture the drainage pipes’ location. At Site-3, less to no success was observed in finding the drain lines using UAV imagery captured on bare ground conditions, whereas good success was achieved using GPR. Conversely, at Site-4, the UAV imagery was successful and GPR failed to capture the drainage pipes’ location. Although UAV imagery seems to be an attractive solution for mapping agricultural subsurface drainage systems as it is cost-effective and can cover large field areas, the results suggest the usefulness of GPR to complement the former as both a mapping and validation technique. Hence, this case study compares and contrasts the suitability of both the methods, provides guidance on the optimal survey timing, and recommends their combined usage given both the technologies are available to deploy for drainage mapping purposes.
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Zhang, B., J. L. Tang, Ch Gao, and H. Zepp. "Subsurface lateral flow from hillslope and its contribution to nitrate loading in streams through an agricultural catchment during subtropical rainstorm events." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 10 (October 18, 2011): 3153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3153-2011.
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Abstract. Subsurface lateral flow from agricultural hillslopes is often overlooked compared with overland flow and tile drain flow, partly due to the difficulties in monitoring and quantifying. The objectives of this study were to examine how subsurface lateral flow generated through soil pedons from cropped hillslopes and to quantify its contribution to nitrate loading in the streams through an agricultural catchment in the subtropical region of China. Profiles of soil water potential along hillslopes and stream hydro-chemographs in a trenched stream below a cropped hillslope and at the catchment outlet were simultaneously recorded during two rainstorm events. The dynamics of soil water potential showed positive matrix soil water potential over impermeable soil layer at 0.6 to 1.50 m depths during and after the storms, indicating soil water saturation and drainage processes along the hillslopes irrespective of land uses. The hydro-chemographs in the streams, one trenched below a cropped hillslope and one at the catchment outlet, showed that the concentrations of particulate nitrogen and phosphorus corresponded well to stream flow during the storm, while the nitrate concentration increased on the recession limbs of the hydrographs after the end of the storm. All the synchronous data revealed that nitrate was delivered from the cropped hillslope through subsurface lateral flow to the streams during and after the end of the rainstorms. A chemical mixing model based on electricity conductivity (EC) and H+ concentration was successfully established, particularly for the trenched stream. The results showed that the subsurface lateral flow accounted for 29% to 45% of total stream flow in the trenched stream, responsible for 86% of total NO3−-N loss (or 26% of total N loss), and for 5.7% to 7.3% of total stream flow at the catchment outlet, responsible for about 69% of total NO3−-N loss (or 28% of total N loss). The results suggest that subsurface lateral flow through hydraulically stratified soil pedons have to be paid more attention for controlling non-point source surface water pollution from intensive agricultural catchment particularly in the subtropical areas with great soil infiltration.
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Hertzberger, Allan J., Cameron M. Pittelkow, R. Daren Harmel, and Laura E. Christianson. "Analysis of the MANAGE Drain Concentration Database to Evaluate Agricultural Management Effects on Drainage Water Nutrient Concentrations." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 4 (2019): 929–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13230.
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Abstract. Agricultural systems are substantial contributors of nonpoint-source nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) pollution, and loss of dissolved forms of these nutrients is exacerbated in subsurface-drained (tile-drained) landscapes. The majority of reviews summarizing drainage nutrient losses have focused on N and P loads, but closer inspection of drainage concentrations is necessary to more directly link cropping management factors with water quality outcomes. More than 1,500 recently compiled site-years of drainage N and P concentration in the Measured Annual loads from AGricultural Environments (MANAGE) Drain Concentration database were used to analyze the impacts of crop selelction, nutrient management, and tillage type on annual drainage nutrient concentrations. The highest annual flow-weighted mean NO3-N concentrations across the database were from corn, corn and soybean (grown within the same plot in the same year), and soybean site-years (14.0, 13.5, and 12.1 mg L-1, respectively). However, crop selection was not a significant predictor for annual average dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) concentrations in drainage. Nitrogen application rates below 75 kg ha-1 for corn did not significantly reduce annual NO3-N concentrations compared to rates of 75 to 149 kg ha-1 or 150 to 224 kg ha-1, although the three largest application rate categories (75 to 149 kg ha-1, 150 to 224 kg ha-1, and >224 kg ha-1, respectively) resulted in significantly increasing NO3-N concentrations. The stepwise regression approach was used to reduce and select predictors to model annual NO3-N and DRP concentrations. Regression analysis of NO3-N concentrations had an overall model R2 of 0.59 (n = 254) and indicated that N application rate had the greatest effect on NO3-N concentrations in corn site-years, followed by fertilizer timing and tillage type. Regression analysis of DRP concentrations had an overall R2 of 0.94, and although the model was less robust due to the small sample size (n = 47), fertilizer timing was most closely correlated with annual DRP concentrations. The MANAGE database will continue to evolve and remain a resource for new exploratory efforts to better understand and reduce nutrient losses from agricultural systems. Keywords: Concentration, Drainage, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Water quality.