Journal articles: 'Subtle sexism'

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Swim, Janet K., Robyn Mallett, and Charles Stangor. "Understanding Subtle Sexism: Detection and Use of Sexist Language." Sex Roles 51, no. 3/4 (August 2004): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:sers.0000037757.73192.06.

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Manoussaki, Kallia, and Valentina Gosetti. "Blame is in the eye of the beholder: Assessing the Role of Ambivalent Sexism on Subtle Rape Myth Acceptance." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 284–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.82.9669.

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The aim of the present study was to determine whether ambivalent sexism predicts subtle rape myth acceptance. Respondents comprised of 211 university students, who completed the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (Glick & Fiske, 1996) and the updated version of the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance scale (McMahon & Farmer, 2011). Results indicated that while benevolent sexism significantly predicted acceptance of subtle rape myths, hostile sexism did not. Additionally, male participants reported more ambivalent sexism and subtle rape myth acceptance than females. These findings add to the literature investigating gender inequality and rape mythology by giving a first account on the link between subtle rape myths and ambivalent sexist attitudes.

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Swim, Janet K., and Laurie L. Cohen. "Overt, Covert, And Subtle Sexism." Psychology of Women Quarterly 21, no. 1 (March 1997): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00103.x.

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The Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS) is routinely used as a general measure of sexism. In this article, it is argued that the AWS (Spence, Helmreich, & Stapp, 1973) actually measures overt or blatant sexism (harmful and unequal treatment of women that is intentional, visible, and unambiguous), whereas the Modern Sexism Scale (MS) measures covert or subtle forms of sexism (sexism that is either hidden and clandestine or unnoticed because it is built into cultural and societal norms). Support for this distinction is shown by way of (a) confirmatory factor analyses, (b) correlations with affective reactions to different categories of women and men (i.e., women and men in general, traditional women and men, feminists, and chauvinists), and (c) correlations with perceptions of sexual harassment. These analyses indicate that the AWS and MS scales measure distinct but related constructs.

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Barthel, Diane, Nijole V. Benokraitis, and Joe R. Feagin. "Modern Sexism: Blatant, Subtle, and Covert Discrimination." Social Forces 67, no. 1 (September 1988): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2579123.

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Marciano, Teresa D., N. V. Benokraitis, and J. R. Feagin. "Modern Sexism: Blatant, Subtle, and Covert Discrimination." Teaching Sociology 14, no. 4 (October 1986): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1318395.

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Kemp, Alice Abel, Nijole V. Benokraitis, and Joe R. Feagin. "Modern Sexism: Blatant, Subtle, and Covert Discrimination." Contemporary Sociology 16, no. 5 (September 1987): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2069738.

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Serio, Tricia. "Speak up about subtle sexism in science." Nature 532, no. 7600 (April 2016): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/532415a.

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Swim, Janet K., Robyn Mallett, Yvonne Russo-Devosa, and Charles Stangor. "Judgments of Sexism: A Comparison of the Subtlety of Sexism Measures and Sources of Variability in Judgments of Sexism." Psychology of Women Quarterly 29, no. 4 (December 2005): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00240.x.

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We compared the subtlety of four measures of sexism and sources of variation in male and female psychology students' judgments that beliefs from these scales and everyday behaviors were sexist. Participants judged traditional gender role and hostile sexist beliefs as more sexist than benevolent and modern sexist beliefs, indicating the latter were more subtle measures of sexism. Participants also judged traditional gender role behaviors as more sexist than unwanted sexual attention, suggesting the latter may less readily be identified as sexist. Variation in judgments of beliefs as sexist was related to differences in likelihood of endorsing such beliefs. This relation fully accounted for the tendency for men to be less likely to judge beliefs as sexist in comparison to women. Endorsement of Modern and Hostile Sexist beliefs was related to judgments of behaviors as sexist. The implications of the results for scale usage and identifying sexist behavior are discussed.

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Fonow, Mary Margaret, Nijole V. Benokraitis, and Deborah L. Rhode. "Subtle Sexism: Current Practice and Prospects for Change." Contemporary Sociology 27, no. 2 (March 1998): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2654778.

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Humardhiana, Ana, and Yayah Nur Hidayah. "Confronting Subtle Sexism in An Indonesian EFL Textbook." ELT Echo : The Journal of English Language Teaching in Foreign Language Context 5, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.24235/eltecho.v5i2.7386.

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Shear, Marie. "Little Cat Feet: Subtle Sexism and the Writer's Craft." Bulletin of the Association for Business Communication 50, no. 1 (March 1987): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108056998705000105.

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Esteban Ramiro, Beatriz, and Patricia Fernández Montaño. "¿Actitudes sexistas en jóvenes?: Exploración del sexismo ambivalente y neosexismo en población universitaria = Young people have sexist attitudes?: Exploration of ambivalent sexism and neosexism in University students." FEMERIS: Revista Multidisciplinar de Estudios de Género 2, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/femeris.2017.3762.

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Resumen. El presente artículo pretende poner de manifiesto la necesidad de seguir abriendo nuevos enfoques, desde diferentes perspectivas interdisciplinares, en el análisis del sexismo en España. Se ofrece una aproximación a las actitudes sexistas y neosexistas de una franja poblacional sobre la que a priori, se tiende a pensar libre de sexismo (entendido de forma “tradicional”). Se expone un estudio sobre las representaciones del sexismo en jóvenes universitarios/as a través de una muestra (N 420) de estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de una universidad española (Universidad de Castilla La Mancha). Siguiendo la línea teórica definida por Glick y Fiske (1996) conocida como la Teoría del Sexismo Ambivalente, integrada por los componentes de sexismo benevolente y sexismo hostil y complementándola con los preceptos teóricos del Neosexismo propuestos por Tougas, Brown, Beaton y Joly (1995), se utilizaron las versiones en castellano de las escalas propuestas por estos autores. Los resultados evidencian la presencia de actitudes sexistas enmascaradas con diferencias en las informaciones vertidas según sexo y estudios en curso que ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de continuar trabajando en el análisis, comprensión y prevención de las actitudes sexistas de las nuevas generaciones, así como de desarrollar investigaciones interdisciplinares que aborden esta cuestión de manera integral y ofrezcan enfoques adaptados a las nuevas expresiones que de forma general son más sutiles y difíciles de percibir.Palabras clave: sexismo ambivalente, población universitaria, neosexismo, desigualdad de género.Abstract. This paper examines expressions of sexism in youth based on an exploratory study conducted among students (N420) of the Faculty of Social Sciences of a Spanish university (Castilla La Mancha University). The authors developed Spanish rating scales based on the theoretical viewpoint defined by Glick and Fiske (1996), known as the ambivalent sexism theory, comprising the components of benevolent sexism and hostile sexism and complementing it with the neosexism precepts proposed by Tougas, Brown, Beaton and Joly (1995). The results show the need to continue working on the analysis, understanding and prevention of sexist attitudes of the younger generation and to develop interdisciplinary research to address this issue comprehensively and provide tailored approaches to new expressions of sexism, which in general, are more subtle and difficult to perceive.Keywords: ambivalent Sexism, students, neosexism, gender inequality.

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Melgoza, Alberto R., and Julie Wolfram Cox. "Subtle sexism: Re-informing intergroup bias and regulating emotion in an Australian police organization." Journal of Management & Organization 15, no. 5 (November 2009): 652–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1833367200002480.

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AbstractFrom a liberal feminist perspective, we argue that gender can both inform, and should continue to be informed by, social identity studies in efforts to understand and manage subtle sexism in contemporary workplaces. We investigated the presence of a form of subtle sexism, affective aversive sexism, in an Australian male-dominated organization: a police force. To do this we surveyed 159 policemen and examined relationships between individual emotional experience, emotional intensity and emotion regulation. Results indicated that, in a subtle display of intergroup bias, policemen experienced both higher positive and higher negative emotions in the presence of other policemen than of policewomen who, we argue, may be less central in the men's identities and relationships at work. Implications for research, training, and emotion management in the workplace are discussed and it is suggested that liberal feminist research can contribute much to understanding the dynamics that reproduce structural segregation in the workplace.

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Melgoza, Alberto R., and Julie Wolfram Cox. "Subtle sexism: Re-informing intergroup bias and regulating emotion in an Australian police organization." Journal of Management & Organization 15, no. 5 (November 2009): 652–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.15.5.652.

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AbstractFrom a liberal feminist perspective, we argue that gender can both inform, and should continue to be informed by, social identity studies in efforts to understand and manage subtle sexism in contemporary workplaces. We investigated the presence of a form of subtle sexism, affective aversive sexism, in an Australian male-dominated organization: a police force. To do this we surveyed 159 policemen and examined relationships between individual emotional experience, emotional intensity and emotion regulation. Results indicated that, in a subtle display of intergroup bias, policemen experienced both higher positive and higher negative emotions in the presence of other policemen than of policewomen who, we argue, may be less central in the men's identities and relationships at work. Implications for research, training, and emotion management in the workplace are discussed and it is suggested that liberal feminist research can contribute much to understanding the dynamics that reproduce structural segregation in the workplace.

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Seyfrit, Carole L. "Book Review: Review of Modern Sexism: Blatant, Subtle, and Covert Discrimination." Humanity & Society 10, no. 3 (August 1986): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016059768601000311.

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Zizevskaia, E. S., and M. A. Shchukina. "Foreign tests used for psychological assessment of sexism." Современная зарубежная психология 8, no. 3 (2019): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2019080308.

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We pay attention on the problems of Russian modern studies of sexism, which are suffering from the lack of relevant psychodiagnostic tools. We examine and describe foreign experience in diagnosing sexism. диагностики сексизма. The development of sexism interpretations and its measurement methodologies in the concepts of N. Benokraitis and J. Feagin (overt/blatant, covert, and subtle sexism), P. Glick and S. Fiske (hostile and benevolent sexism) are analyzed. The review presents the main theoretical concepts of sexism and related tests such as Attitudes Toward Women Scale by J. Spence and R. Helmreich; Modern Sexism Scale by J. Swim, K. Aikin, W. Hall, B. Hunter; Neosexism Scale by F. Tougas, R. Brown, A. Beaton, A. Joly; Ambivalent Sexism Inventory by P. Glick and S. Fiske; Implicit Association Test by A. Greenwald, D. McGhee and J. Schwartz.

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Friesem, Elizaveta. "“I don’t care” or “It’s their fault”: System justification and the lack of empathy as complementary obstacles to dealing with the modern sexism." Multidisciplinary Journal of Gender Studies 8, no. 3 (October 25, 2019): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/generos.2019.4699.

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In this paper, we analyzed college students’ perceptions of their experiences with sexism through the frameworks of the benevolent sexism theory and the theory of system justification. These theories describe the complexity of sexism and explain obstacles of dealing with it in the modern Western world. We qualitatively analyzed students’ responses to an open-ended question about sexism on their campuses. While many informants did describe sexism as a problem, others indicated that it is not important. Respondents displayed negative emotions that often took the form of blame directed both ways. There were almost no responses describing the complexity of the dynamics of the modern sexism, which the theories of system justification and ambivalent sexism highlight. We conclude that the subtle nature of the modern sexism combined with people’s reluctance to empathize with the other side (whether they are negatively affected by sexism or not) contribute to the persistence of sexism in the modern world.

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Annin, Collins, and Francis Ebenezer Godwyll. "Perpetuation of Racism and Sexism in the US: Subtle Reinforcement by Popular Culture." International Journal of Diversity in Organizations, Communities, and Nations: Annual Review 6, no. 4 (2007): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1447-9532/cgp/v06i04/39205.

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Paul, David, and Jessi L. Smith. "Subtle Sexism? Examining Vote Preferences When Women Run Against Men for the Presidency." Journal of Women, Politics & Policy 29, no. 4 (November 2008): 451–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15544770802092576.

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Parikh, Pulkit, Harika Abburi, Niyati Chhaya, Manish Gupta, and Vasudeva Varma. "Categorizing Sexism and Misogyny through Neural Approaches." ACM Transactions on the Web 15, no. 4 (June 11, 2021): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3457189.

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Sexism, an injustice that subjects women and girls to enormous suffering, manifests in blatant as well as subtle ways. In the wake of growing documentation of experiences of sexism on the web, the automatic categorization of accounts of sexism has the potential to assist social scientists and policymakers in studying and thereby countering sexism. The existing work on sexism classification has certain limitations in terms of the categories of sexism used and/or whether they can co-occur. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work on the multi-label classification of sexism of any kind(s). 1 We also consider the related task of misogyny classification. While sexism classification is performed on textual accounts describing sexism suffered or observed, misogyny classification is carried out on tweets perpetrating misogyny. We devise a novel neural framework for classifying sexism and misogyny that can combine text representations obtained using models such as Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers with distributional and linguistic word embeddings using a flexible architecture involving recurrent components and optional convolutional ones. Further, we leverage unlabeled accounts of sexism to infuse domain-specific elements into our framework. To evaluate the versatility of our neural approach for tasks pertaining to sexism and misogyny, we experiment with adapting it for misogyny identification. For categorizing sexism, we investigate multiple loss functions and problem transformation techniques to address the multi-label problem formulation. We develop an ensemble approach using a proposed multi-label classification model with potentially overlapping subsets of the category set. Proposed methods outperform several deep-learning as well as traditional machine learning baselines for all three tasks.

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Hindman, Lauren C., and Nefertiti A. Walker. "Sexism in Professional Sports: How Women Managers Experience and Survive Sport Organizational Culture." Journal of Sport Management 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2018-0331.

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Women remain the minority in sport organizations, particularly in leadership roles, and prior work has suggested that sexism may be to blame. This study examines women’s experiences of both overt and subtle sexism in the sport industry as well as the impact such experiences have on their careers. Based on interviews and journal entries from women managers working in a men’s professional sports league, the findings suggest that the culture of sport organizations perpetuates sexism, including the diminishment and objectification of women. Sexism occurs in women’s everyday interactions with their supervisors and coworkers, as well as others that they interact with as part of their jobs. Such experiences result in professional and emotional consequences, which women navigate by employing tactics that enable their survival in the sport industry.

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Hideg, Ivona, and Winny Shen. "Why Still so Few? A Theoretical Model of the Role of Benevolent Sexism and Career Support in the Continued Underrepresentation of Women in Leadership Positions." Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 26, no. 3 (May 13, 2019): 287–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1548051819849006.

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We advance our understanding of women’s continued underrepresentation in leadership positions by highlighting the subtle, but damaging, role benevolent sexism, a covert and socially accepted form of sexism, plays in this process. Drawing on and integrating previously disparate literatures on benevolent sexism and social support, we develop a new theoretical model in which benevolent sexism of both women and those in their social networks (i.e., managers and intimate partners) affect women’s acquisition of career social support for advancement at two levels, interpersonal and intrapersonal, and across multiple domains, work and family. At the interpersonal level, we suggest that managers’ and intimate partners’ benevolent sexism may undermine their provision of the needed career support to advance in leadership positions for women. At the intrapersonal level, we suggest that women’s personal endorsement of benevolent sexism may undermine their ability to recognize and willingness to seek out career support from their family members (i.e., intimate partners) and managers for advancement to leadership positions. Implications for theory and future research are discussed.

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Sáez, Gemma, Inmaculada Valor-Segura, and Francisca Expósito. "Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Experiences: Psychological and Social Well-Being Consequences for Women." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 4 (April 27, 2016): 741–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516645813.

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Sexual objectification as a form of sexist discrimination accounts for the higher prevalence of psychological problems among women. More specifically, sexual objectification manifests itself in different ways with different intensities, in turn affecting women’s psychological well-being differently. On one hand, experiences of body evaluation are more subtle and work by perpetuating sexist attitudes among women themselves. On the other hand, more explicit forms of sexual objectification (unwanted explicit sexual advances) are linked to higher levels of anxiety and lower levels of self-esteem. The first study, on a sample of 343 Spanish women, aims to analyze the consequences of different forms of sexual objectification on women’s psychological well-being and the effect of sexism and enjoyment of objectification on these consequences. The second study, on a sample of 144 Spanish women, focuses on analyzing the ideological variables that have an effect on response to acts of sexist discrimination. Both studies reveal the significance of the more subtle experiences of sexual objectification as a mechanism that plays a part in keeping women in a subordinate position, where they end up feeling that this process is positive or pleasing.

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Poon, Stephen T. F. "Objectification and Sensibility: A Critical Look at Sexism as Subtext in Postfeminist Advertising." Asian Social Science 17, no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v17n2p17.

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This paper explores the phenomenon of sex in advertising to understand the relationship between objectification of gender, sex, sexuality and representations of femininity through advertising subtexts, processes and discourses. Literature shows the usage of sexism in advertising and marketing veers in extreme scopes between blatant explicitness and stylish subtlety, depending on the cultural contexts and norms of the target market. Using qualitative case examples, advertising campaigns highlight objectification of sexual desires as an antithesis of postfeminist thought. Rhetorical analysis was performed on advertisement samples, building from postfeminist perspectives in marketing theories. Examples of visual rhetoric in beer, feminine product commercials and social cause campaigns are discussed. Findings demonstrate cultural expressions of postfeminist sensibility adapted for specific femininity contexts. Overall, sexism subtexts are shown to be a continued challenge in developing persuasive advertising rhetoric for the postfeminist era. Non-translatability and cultural adaptations to consumer segments suggests that the use of sex to visually communicate marketing information to an increasingly diverse marketplace face much social pressure today than in the past. Femininity themes in postfeminist advertising could be more effectively portrayed through subtle techniques such as irony and sarcasm, and in more inclusive, diverse, pragmatic and respectful femininity representations.

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Barthel, D. "Modern Sexism: Blatant, Subtle, and Covert Discrimination. By Nijole V. Benokraitis and Joe R. Feagin. Prentice-Hall. 187 pp. $14.95." Social Forces 67, no. 1 (September 1, 1988): 268–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/67.1.268.

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Bevan, Valerie, and Mark Learmonth. "‘I wouldn’t say it’s sexism, except that … It’s all these little subtle things’: Healthcare scientists’ accounts of gender in healthcare science laboratories." Social Studies of Science 43, no. 1 (December 4, 2012): 136–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312712460606.

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Wright, LaTrice N., and Jioni A. Lewis. "Is Physical Activity a Buffer? Gendered Racial Microaggressions and Anxiety Among African American Women." Journal of Black Psychology 46, no. 2-3 (March 2020): 122–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798420929112.

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The purpose of this study was to explore the relations between gendered racism (i.e., the simultaneous experience of racism and sexism) and anxiety among African American women. The study also tested the moderating role of physical activity in the link between gendered racism and anxiety. It was hypothesized that a subtle form of gendered racism (i.e., gendered racial microaggressions) would significantly predict anxious arousal. We also hypothesized that physical activity would buffer the relations between gendered racial microaggressions and anxiety. Participants were 249 African American women residing in the United States, who completed an online survey. Results from hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that a greater frequency and stress appraisal of gendered racial microaggressions significantly predicted greater anxious arousal. Results also suggested that physical activity did not buffer the association between gendered racial microaggressions and anxiety. This study has implications for highlighting the importance of exploring variables that might serve to buffer African American women against the stress of gendered racism experienced in their everyday lives.

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Díaz-Meneses, Gonzalo, Neringa Vilkaitė-Vaitonė, and Miriam Estupiñan-Ojeda. "Gaining Insight into Violence from Gender Stereotypes and Sexist Attitudes in the Context of Tourism." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 12, 2020): 9405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229405.

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It is difficult to identify, but there is a type of harassment grounded in gender stereotyping in the context of tourism. It would be useful to discover the hidden relationships between gender harassment and certain beliefs about women as travellers, tourism professionals and sex objects in the field of hospitality. Methodologically, a survey was carried out reaching a sample of ±684 units by means of a convenience sampling procedure. The measuring instruments consisted of a structured questionnaire divided into two kinds of Likert beliefs scales comprising general statements and statements related to tourism. The survey respondent data were also gathered as regards sociodemographic characteristics. This paper presents empirical evidence to identify the causal factors of gender violence by considering general and particular stereotyping in tourism. Firstly, by performing three exploratory factor analyses, three female stereotyping dimensions were labelled in the field of tourism (occupational sexism, ambivalent sexist discrimination, and sex as a commodity), as well as three general prejudices about women (dysfunctional romantic relationships, ethically challenged presumptions, and aesthetical manners conventions) and the gender harassment factor. Secondly, a linear regression analysis was carried out to demonstrate that both general stereotyping related to a broader “life” framework and sectorial prejudices in tourism cause gender harassment. Finally, this research proves that general stereotyping determines sectorial prejudices in the field of tourism. The practical implications could be to enhance gender equality and combat gender harassment by revealing unintentional and unobserved prejudices that occur in a general life setting and in the tourism sphere against women as neglected professionals, under the subtle and ambivalent condition of travellers, and even as objects of consumption.

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Vukotić, Vuk. "What does “language” mean for its users? Constructing a theoretical model of a notion of language in the public space." Taikomoji kalbotyra, no. 8 (February 12, 2016): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/tk.2016.17504.

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Research into language ideologies is a fast growing field of research, especially within its critical paradigm, highlighting reproductions of dominant and often repressive ideologies about language (racism, sexism, nationalism, etc.). On the other hand, the other, cognitive paradigm has contributed to the field of language ideology by way of closer insights into the world of the speaker, providing a more subtle understanding of the cognitive processes at work behind attitudes to language and ideologies of language. Some of the studies employing the cognitive approach have also looked to how “language” is conceptualised in public discourse. In spite of the differences in the material and the foci in these studies, re-occurring patterns have begun to emerge. This paper offers a systematic review of these studies in order to answer the question “What elements of notions of language have been identified in the research on public debates about language?”. The aim of this review is to create a theoretical model of the “public notions of language”, which would explain differences in understanding of language in public debates. A total of 12 studies examining public notions of language have been collected, analysed and their findings synthesized into a model of a public notion of language. Three key elements construct the notion of language: (1) the function of language, (2) the identification of linguistic expertise, or who the bearer of true/good language is and (3) the identification of language variety which is representative of the language users.

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Herron, Rachel, Christine Kelly, and Katie Aubrecht. "A Conversation about Ageism: Time to Deinstitutionalize Long-Term Care?" University of Toronto Quarterly 90, no. 2 (June 2021): 183–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/utq.90.2.09.

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Ageism is arguably one of the least challenged forms of discrimination globally and manifests in many obvious and subtle ways. Situating our conversation within the context of COVID-19, we discuss peculiar and unchallenged forms of ageism in current times as well as the intersections with other forms of discrimination such as ableism, racism, sexism, and heterosexism. We highlight the limits of current understandings of ageism, specifically those that seek to identify positive aspects of ageism without appreciating how these forms of ageism reinforce inequalities among older adults. With regards to spatial manifestations of ageism, we explore the failure of critiques of institutionalization to include older people. Only in the context of “mass death” during COVID-19 has the public eye turned toward the problems of long-term residential care facilities as spaces of care, yet disabled, mad, and D/deaf people and allies have challenged the mass institutionalization of disabled people for decades, highlighting how physical and social segregation constitutes an obvious form of ableism. Institutions are notorious for their physical, spiritual, and emotional harms, but when it comes to residential long-term care for older people, especially older people living with dementia, responses to segregation and isolation have generally been ambivalent. Even aging studies scholars call for “transformation” but do not call for the elimination of large-scale institutions (e.g., Theurer et al.). We discuss this softer critique from aging studies, raising questions about whether institutionalized and segregated congregate living for older people is inherently discriminatory, and we consider the implications for families, health care administrators, researchers, and scholars working in the field of long-term residential care.

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Bergman, Bodil, Pernilla Larsman, and Jesper Löve. "Psychometric evaluation of the “Men's Polarized Gender Thinking Questionnaire (MPGQ)”." Gender in Management: An International Journal 29, no. 4 (May 27, 2014): 194–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-07-2013-0077.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop and validate a new measure of gender equality at male-dominated workplaces, allowing quantitative analyses of men's beliefs about gender-based inequality at work. Design/methodology/approach – The present paper examines a questionnaire developed from qualitative interviews based on grounded theory methodology and designed to assess men's beliefs about gender inequality. A 23-item version of the Men's Polarized Gender Thinking Questionnaire (MPGQ) was completed by a sample of 220 men from three different male-dominated organizations in Sweden. Recommended psychometric testing procedures were conducted. Findings – Confirmatory factor analysis supported a six-factor model of male attitudes to gender-based inequality: different views on success, stereotypical gender roles – different jargons, benevolent sexism, conscious of gender order, conscious of the male norm system and strategies for gender equality at work. The final model showed acceptable fit to data. All six factors were positively intercorrelated. Practical implications – It was concluded that the MPGQ provides a useful tool for further studies of men's sometimes polarized views of gender equality in male-dominated workplaces. Hence, MPGQ may allow researchers and practitioners to go deeper in their understanding of persistent and often hidden gender-based inequality at work. Originality/value – Equality plans are difficult to fulfill if people do not know on which subtle mechanisms the concept gender-based inequality is founded. The MPGQ illustrates how they are manifested at a specific workplace. Because of the scarcity of this type of workplace measures, this study may make a contribution of concern to the literature. By measuring these sometimes polarized beliefs, management strategies aiming at decreasing barriers to gender equality at work could become more accurate and efficient.

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Wiedemann, Claudia. "The subtle difference between the sexes." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 8, no. 9 (September 2007): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2226.

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Nielsen, Laura Beth. "Subtle, Pervasive, Harmful: Racist and Sexist Remarks in Public as Hate Speech." Journal of Social Issues 58, no. 2 (January 2002): 265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00260.

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Mahmoudi, Nagissa, Maria Modanu, Yoni Brandt, and Maydianne C. B. Andrade. "Subtle pedipalp dimorphism: a reliable method for sexing juvenile spiders." Journal of Arachnology 36, no. 3 (December 2008): 513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1636/sh07-81.1.

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Chopra, Radhika. "Three Texts, One Issue Vishaka and Others vs State of Rajasthan and Others, Judgement dated 13 August 1997. Scale, Vol. 5, 1997. Benokraitis, Nijole, V. (ed.), Subtle Sexism: Current Practice and Prospects for Change, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, 1997. Sexual Harassment in Delhi University: A Report. Gender Study Group, Delhi, 1996." Indian Journal of Gender Studies 5, no. 1 (March 1998): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097152159800500109.

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Telles, Shirley. "Oriental Approaches to Masculine and Feminine Subtle Energy Principles." Perceptual and Motor Skills 100, no. 2 (April 2005): 292–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.100.2.292-294.

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According to ancient Indian and Chinese texts the subtle energy ( prana or chi) flows through several thousand anatomically indistinguishable channels or meridians ( nadis). Three channels are especially important ( ida, pingala, and sushumna). The ida and pingala channels correlate with left and right uninostril breathing, respectively. Like yin and yang, they are considered to represent the masculine and feminine principles present in all creation irrespective of sex. From this perspective these principles are assumed to be present simultaneously in persons of both sexes. This suggests that any sex-specific effects of uninostril breathing may be associated with sex-based physiological differences, not with ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’ attributes of the channels (and the corresponding nostrils).

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Burton, Laura, Lucy Gilson, Caren Goldberg, and Kevin Lowe. "Does being an athlete help a woman? Examining how subtle bias in perceptions of leadership potential differentially impact male and female athletes." Review of Global Management 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.19083/rgm.v2i1.682.

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El presente trabajo estudia las percepciones con relación al potencial de liderazgo de atletas hombres y mujeres, evaluando particularmente como aquellos que sostienen un sesgo sutil hacia las mujeres influencian estas percepciones. Se evaluaron doscientos treinta y un participantes (n = 231), atletas hombres o mujeres (en un deporte de género neutro o género especifico) u hombres o mujeres no atletas, con relación a su potencial de liderazgo en un contexto simulado de empleo. Adicionalmente, se midió el nivel de sexismo entre los participantes. Se analizaron los resultados para evaluar la interacción entre participación en deportes, sexo del postulante y nivel de sexismo del participante. Por sí misma, la participación en deportes no afectó el puntaje de potencial de liderazgo de las mujeres postulantes a un trabajo, sin embargo, los hallazgos apoyaron la presencia de un sutil sesgo hacia las atletas y no atletas mujeres, entre cierto tipo de evaluadores. Específicamente, los evaluadores que calificaron más alto en sexismo, tendieron a evaluar a las mujeres atletas tan alto en potencial de liderazgo como a las mujeres no atletas. Estos hallazgos se discuten en el contexto de la teoría de congruencia de rol.

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Clark, Christopher J., and David Rankin. "Subtle, pervasive genetic correlation between the sexes in the evolution of dimorphic hummingbird tail ornaments*." Evolution 74, no. 3 (December 10, 2019): 528–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.13881.

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Gul, Pelin, and Tom R. Kupfer. "Benevolent Sexism and Mate Preferences: Why Do Women Prefer Benevolent Men Despite Recognizing That They Can Be Undermining?" Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, no. 1 (June 29, 2018): 146–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218781000.

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Benevolent sexism (BS) has detrimental effects on women, yet women prefer men with BS attitudes over those without. The predominant explanation for this paradox is that women respond to the superficially positive appearance of BS without being aware of its subtly harmful effects. We propose an alternative explanation drawn from evolutionary and sociocultural theories on mate preferences: Women find BS men attractive because BS attitudes and behaviors signal that a man is willing to invest. Five studies showed that women prefer men with BS attitudes (Studies 1a, 1b, and 3) and behaviors (Studies 2a and 2b), especially in mating contexts, because BS mates are perceived as willing to invest (protect, provide, and commit). Women preferred BS men despite also perceiving them as patronizing and undermining. These findings extend understanding of women’s motives for endorsing BS and suggest that women prefer BS men despite having awareness of the harmful consequences.

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Sawangproh, Weerachon, Chetsada Phaenark, Supatra Chunchob, and Paiphan Paejaroen. "Sexual dimorphism and morphometric analysis of Filopaludina martensi martensi (Gastropoda: Viviparidae)." Ruthenica, Russian Malacological Journal 31, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35885/ruthenica.2021.31(2).4.

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Sexual dimorphism is the condition where individuals of different sex in the same species exhibit different characteristics beyond the differences in their sexual organs. In this study, individuals of a viviparid species Filopaludina martensi from the Kwai Yai River in Kanchanaburi Province (Thailand) were examined for eight shell and operculum characteristics. Sexual differences were observed in size of shell and operculum, with females being larger than males. The results indicated that morphometric analyses are useful to detect subtle differences between sexes in this species.

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Kian, Edward M., Janet S. Fink, and Marie Hardin. "Examining the Impact of Journalists’ Gender in Online and Newspaper Tennis Articles." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 20, no. 2 (October 2011): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.20.2.3.

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This study examined content differences in the framing of men’s and women’s tennis coverage based on the sex of sports writers. Articles on the 2007 U.S. Open in six popular Internet sites and newspapers were examined. Results showed both female and male writers wrote a higher percentage of articles exclusively on men’s tennis than on women’s tennis. Female journalists accounted for more overall newspapers articles than male reporters, whereas online articles were mostly written by male authors. Framing results showed female journalists largely reinforced hegemonic masculinity through the use of sexist and stereotypical descriptors that de-valued the athleticism and accomplishment of female athletes. In contrast, male journalists were more likely to challenge the traditional gendering of sport media content by praising the athleticism of female athletes. The contrasts suggest the potential presence of subtle shifts in traditional, masculine framing of sports by male reporters, who dominate the ranks of sportswriters.

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Janz, Teresa A., and Sandra W. Pyke. "A Scale to Assess Student Perceptions of Academic Climates." Canadian Journal of Higher Education 30, no. 1 (April 30, 2000): 89–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v30i1.183347.

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Sandler and Hall (1986) define a chilly academic climate as the "... subtle ways women are treated differently — ways that communicate to women that they are not quite first-class citizens in the academic community" (p. 1). This paper describes the construction of a scale to assess university students' perceptions of the chilly climate. An initial pool of 123 items was refined based on statistical analyses of the responses of 192 students to produce a 28-item Perceived Chilly Climate Scale (PCCS). Factor analysis identified five factors: Climate Students Hear About; Sexist Treatment; Climate Students Experience Personally; Classroom Climate; and Safety. To investigate further the reliability and validity of the scale, the PCCS, an Alienation Scale (Dean, 1961) and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (Reynolds, 1982) responses were gathered from 327 students. As expected, the PCCS was significantly related to alienation but unrelated to socially desirable responding. Additional evidence supporting the reliability and validity of the PCCS is presented.

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Hayward, Adam D., Jari Holopainen, Jenni E. Pettay, and Virpi Lummaa. "Food and fitness: associations between crop yields and life-history traits in a longitudinally monitored pre-industrial human population." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1745 (August 15, 2012): 4165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1190.

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Severe food shortage is associated with increased mortality and reduced reproductive success in contemporary and historical human populations. Studies of wild animal populations have shown that subtle variation in environmental conditions can influence patterns of mortality, fecundity and natural selection, but the fitness implications of such subtle variation on human populations are unclear. Here, we use longitudinal data on local grain production, births, marriages and mortality so as to assess the impact of crop yield variation on individual age-specific mortality and fecundity in two pre-industrial Finnish populations. Although crop yields and fitness traits showed profound year-to-year variation across the 70-year study period, associations between crop yields and mortality or fecundity were generally weak. However, post-reproductive individuals of both sexes, and individuals of lower socio-economic status experienced higher mortality when crop yields were low. This is the first longitudinal, individual-based study of the associations between environmental variation and fitness traits in pre-industrial humans, which emphasizes the importance of a portfolio of mechanisms for coping with low food availability in such populations. The results are consistent with evolutionary ecological predictions that natural selection for resilience to food shortage is likely to weaken with age and be most severe on those with the fewest resources.

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Borczyk, Bartosz, Łukasz Paśko, Jan Kusznierz, and Stanisław Bury. "Sexual dimorphism and skull size and shape in the highly specialized snake species, Aipysurus eydouxii (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae)." PeerJ 9 (April 20, 2021): e11311. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11311.

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Background Snakes exhibit sexual dimorphism in both head size and shape. Such differences are often attributed to different reproductive roles and feeding habits. We aim to investigate how sexual dimorphism is displayed in the highly specialised fish-egg-eating snake, Aipysurus eydouxii, by analysing two complementary features: body size and skull morphology. Methods We used data on body length, weight, and skull shape from 27 measurements of 116 males and females of A. eydouxii. We investigated both sexual dimorphism and allometric (multivariate and bi-variate) properties of skull growth in the analysed data set. Results We found that although there was female-biased sexual size dimorphism in body length, females were not heavier than males, contrary to what is commonly observed pattern among snakes. Moreover, females tend to possess relatively smaller heads than males. However, we only found very subtle differences in skull shape reflected in nasal width, mandibular fossa, quadrate crest and quadrate length. Discussion We suggest that the feeding specialisation in A. eydouxii does not allow for an increase in body thickness and the size of the head above a certain threshold. Our results may be interpreted as support for prey-size divergence as a factor driving skull dimorphism since such species in which the sexes do not differ in prey size also shows very subtle or no differences in skull morphology.

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Cott, P. A., T. A. Johnston, and J. M. Gunn. "Sexual dimorphism in an under-ice spawning fish: the burbot (Lota lota)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, no. 10 (October 2013): 732–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0083.

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Sexual dimorphic characteristics arise in response to differing selective pressures on the sexes and can be used to attract mates or signal reproductive readiness. How sexual dimorphism is expressed where visual cues may be of limited use is an underexplored aspect of reproductive ecology. The burbot (Lota lota (L., 1758)) is a common boreal fish that is not overtly sexually dimorphic. It spawns mid-winter in a light-limited under-ice environment. We examined a variety of morphological and reproductive characteristics in burbot from a northern lake over one full year to assess both seasonal and sex-based variation. Spawning occurred under ice in early February. Seasonal variation was more pronounced in females for many of the traits examined. Growth, fin lengths, swim bladder mass, and liver lipid concentration did not differ between the sexes. Male burbot had significantly higher body condition, larger gas glands, and smaller livers. Males also had significantly larger gonads than females, unusual for boreal fishes. The high gonadal investment of male burbot suggests that sperm competition may be intense in this species. This study demonstrates that sexual dimorphism can be subtle and is present in a seemingly monomorphic species—the burbot.

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Datto, Jeffrey P., Anna K. Shah, Johana C. Bastidas, Kristopher L. Arheart, Alexander E. Marcillo, W. Dalton Dietrich, and Damien D. Pearse. "Use of the CatWalk Gait Device to Assess Differences in Locomotion between Genders in Rats Inherently and following Spinal Cord Injury." Dataset Papers in Science 2016 (March 28, 2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6276348.

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A possible cause of differences in recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) is gender. The effect of gender on locomotor recovery following SCI, however, remains controversial and has produced conflicting results regarding gender’s impact on outcome. A significant shortcoming of previous studies was small sample size. The current work tested what, if any, significant differences existed between genders after SCI with CatWalk Gait Analysis that uses an automated device to measure the foot placement and gait of animals as they voluntarily cross an illuminated glass runway. We hypothesized that, by employing larger sample sizes in a reproducible and clinically relevant contusive SCI paradigm, subtle distinctions in locomotor recovery between sexes, if they exist, would be elucidated. During 13 weeks of functional assessment after SCI, a number of CatWalk parameters, including swing, single stance, and stride length, were significantly affected by gender only as identified by use of ANCOVA analysis, considering age, weight, and baseline performance as covariates. We report here our findings for 197 parameters that were assessed before and after SCI. Evaluating differences in locomotor recovery between sexes after SCI could point to a gender-related advantage and provide novel directions for the development of future therapeutics.

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Bakkannavar, Shankar M., Francis N. P. Monteiro, M. Arun, and G. Pradeep Kumar. "Mesiodistal width of canines: a tool for sex determination." Medicine, Science and the Law 52, no. 1 (November 25, 2011): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/msl.2011.010152.

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Teeth, in the living as well as the dead, are the most useful objects in the field of forensic investigation. Their ability to survive in situations like mass disasters makes them important tools in victim identification. Though the morphology and structure is similar in both men and women, there are subtle differences. Variation in dental size can give a clue about differences between the sexes. Many authors have measured the crowns of teeth in both men and women and found certain variations. Canines, reported to survive air crash and hurricane disasters, are perhaps the most stable teeth in the oral cavity because of the labiolingual thickness of the crown and the root anchorage in the alveolar process of the jaws. Measurement of mesiodistal width of the mandibular and maxillary canines provides good evidence of sex identification due to dimorphism.

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Power, A. J., and B. F. Keegan. "Seasonal patterns in the reproductive activity of the red whelk, Neptunea antiqua (Mollusca: Prosobranchia) in the Irish Sea." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 81, no. 2 (April 2001): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315401003708.

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The red whelk, Neptunea antiqua (Mollusca: Prosobranchia) is a dioecious prosobranch species with internal fertilization, and lecithotrophic larval development. Sexual dimorphism, sexual ratio, the size and age at sexual maturity, and the annual breeding and hatching periods of this subtidal neogastropod were investigated in the central western Irish Sea. Sexual dimorphism was evident as female whelks were larger in both length and weight. Subtle differences in shell morphology were also detected between the sexes. All samples taken together indicated an equal male to female sexual ratio for the studied population. Size and age at sexual maturity were noted to differ between sexes, occurring at 75–90 mm (shell length), or four to five years in males, and 95–110 mm, or six to nine years in females. Quantitative and qualitative techniques identified an annual spawning period between late spring and early summer. Egg masses containing between 14 and 84 egg capsules were observed attached to the dorsal surface of whelk shells in the succeeding months. An average fecundity of 63·78 juveniles was estimated per egg mass deposited. Juveniles were observed to hatch after 6–7 months in laboratory maintained aquaria, indicating a hatching period from October to January in the Irish Sea.

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Rhee, Suk Koo. "Suki Kim’s The Interpreter." Genre 53, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 159–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00166928-8562682.

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This article argues that Suki Kim’s The Interpreter (2003) is influenced by and, at the same time, critically revises early American hard-boiled crime fiction, the genre with which it is least likely to be associated. Although dead bodies do not pile up in the novel, the urban world in which Kim’s protagonist operates, attempting to solve the case of her parents’ murder, is as treacherous as the world portrayed in early hard-boiled detective fiction. Kim has inherited from early hard-boiled crime fiction such elements as its rugged individualism, a cynical-but-sentimental worldview, and not least, its social concerns about economic inequality and corruption among the powerful. At the same time, Kim’s novel subtly reconfigures her hard-boiled sleuth as well as adapts the genre to a contemporary racial context. In this revision, both the institutional and personal practices of racism are placed on trial. Female solidarity is also celebrated as a means to counter the violence and corruption of a racialized society. In so doing, Kim’s novel subverts both the sexism and racism of the traditional detective genre. The conclusion of this article is that the novel legitimates a female immigrant and person of color’s right to belong and challenges the white masculine hegemony that the traditional hard-boiled genre maintains.

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Jackson, Carlton D., Gerald M. Cronin, and Theodore W. Stone. "Subchronic Studies of Thenyldiamine in B6C3F1 Mice." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 10, no. 2 (March 1991): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915819109078634.

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Thenyldiamine was administered as an admixture in the feed to male and female B6C3F, mice for 14 days or for 90 days. Dose levels of 0, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 ppm thenyldiamine were administered in both studies. There was little toxicity observed in the 14-day study. Male and female mice in the 4000 ppm dose groups gained less weight in the first week but appeared to recover and weighed essentially the same as controls at the end of the second week. No significant abnormal clinical observations were made during the study and no treatment-related lesions were observed at necropsy. Microscopic lesions were confined to focal necrosis of the liver with associated inflammatory cell infiltration. In the 90-day study, a more pronounced reduction of weight gain was seen in both males and females of the 4000 ppm dose group. Clinical observations were unremarkable. No abnormal lesions were observed at necropsy. Treatment-related microscopic lesions were confined to the liver of males and parotid salivary gland of both sexes. The parotid gland exhibited necrosis of individual acinar cells randomly distributed throughout the gland. Due to the physiological nature of the parotid gland, the toxicological significance of this lesion is questionable. The liver changes were very subtle, although the zone of affected cells was often extensive. The changes consisted of cytomegaly and karyomegaly of the hepatocytes which was centrilobular and diffuse. Whether the subtle changes represent a possible carcinogenic and/or promoting effect will require further studies to resolve. The results indicate an appropriate maximum tolerated dose for a lifetime chronic study would be between 2000 and 4000 ppm thenyldiamine.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Subtle sexism'

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