Relevant bibliographies by topics / Subtype

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Subtype'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Subtype"

1

You, Zhen, and L. Frank Huang. "EPCO-33. MULTI-OMICS ANALYSIS REVEALS SUBTYPE-SPECIFIC ENHANCER-TARGET NETWORKS AND TUMOR CELL OF ORIGIN IN GROUPS 3 AND 4 MEDULLOBLASTOMA." Neuro-Oncology 22, Supplement_2 (2020): ii76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.312.

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Abstract Medulloblastoma (MB), one of the most common malignant childhood brain cancer, consists of heterogeneous subgroup of cerebellar tumors. Four molecular subgroups are classified, of which Groups3 and 4 are poorly characterized. Additionally, MB subtype tumorigenesis and cellular composition remain elusive. Here, we combined multi-omics data, including bulk ChIP-Seq, RNA-Seq data, and scRNA-Seq from medulloblastoma patients with primary tumors, and integrated with whole-genome sequencing data, to address the tumors development and cellular heterogeneity in MB subgroups. First, we identified subgroup-specific enhancers and their targets based on the differential accessibility of H3K27ac signatures and further acquired subgroup-enriched transcription factors. Three distinct transcriptional signatures were extracted from RNA-seq of groups 3 and 4 MB respectively using non-negative matrix factorization and consensus clustering. To illustrate the subtype-specific expressed genes in those subtypes, we applied the Shannon entropy approach to discover genes and lncRNAs that are exclusively active or quiescent in a certain subtype. Single-cell transcriptome analysis demonstrated that SHH subgroup mostly consisted of mature and proliferating GNPs; Group3 tumors contained divergent cells, e.g. GNPs, UBCs, and excitatory CN; while Group4 subgroup derived mainly from UBCs and GluCN. Moreover, deconvolution of bulk RNA-Seq revealed that Group3 subtype1 mostly resembled mitosis and mature GNPs; and subtype2 resembled mitosis GNPs, excitatory CN, and OPCs; while subtype3 resembled UBCs, mitosis and mature GNPs, indicating the cellular origin difference within Group3 tumorigenesis. Genes and lncRNAs specifically expressed in subtype and cell type linked to the subtype MB tumor development and intertumoral cellularity. Taken together, these data enabled us to constructed novel enhancers-target networks that give rise to MB subtyping and cellular heterogeneity and permits the discovery of novel driver genes and pathways in medulloblastoma.
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Kessler, Harald H., Doris Deuretzbacher, Evelyn Stelzl, Elisabeth Daghofer, Brigitte I. Santner, and Egon Marth. "Determination of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtypes by a Rapid Method Useful for the Routine Diagnostic Laboratory." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, no. 5 (2001): 1018–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.8.5.1018-1020.2001.

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ABSTRACT The existence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtypes has many important implications for the global evolution of HIV and for the evaluation of pathogenicity, transmissibility, and candidate HIV vaccines. The aim of this study was to establish a rapid method for determination of HIV-1 subtypes useful for a routine diagnostic laboratory and to investigate the distribution of HIV-1 subtypes in Austrian patients. Samples were tested by a subtyping method based on a 1.3-kb sequence of the polymerase gene generated by a commercially available drug resistance assay. The generated sequence was subtyped by means of an HIV sequence database. Results of 74 routine samples revealed subtype B (71.6%) as the predominant subtype, followed by subtype A (13.5%) and subtype C (6.8%). Subtypes E, F, G, and AE (CM240) were also detected. This subtyping method was found to be very easy to handle, rapid, and inexpensive and has proved suitable for high-throughput routine diagnostic laboratories. The specific polymerase gene sequence, however, must be existent.
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Ashton, F. E., L. Mancino, A. J. Ryan, J. T. Poolman, H. Abdillahi, and W. D. Zollinger. "Serotypes and subtypes of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B strains associated with meningococcal disease in Canada, 1977–1989." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 37, no. 8 (1991): 613–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m91-104.

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Typing of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B disease isolates was carried out using a panel of serotype- and subtype-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Three hundred and sixty-two strains isolated from 1977 to 1986 were typed using five serotyping and seven subtyping reagents and outer membrane vesicles as antigens. Serotype 2b accounted for 30% of the disease isolates. The most common subtype was P1.2, which occurred on 18.5% of all strains or 48.6% of the serotype 2b strains. Of the 362 strains typed, 135 (37.3%) were serotyped and 122 (33.7%) were subtyped. Overall, 185 (51.1%) of the strains could be assigned a serotype and (or) subtype. Strains (221) isolated during the years 1987–1989 were typed using a panel of 6 serotyping and 12 subtyping reagents by whole-cell ELISA. Strains of serotypes 4 (21.7%) and 15 (20.8%) were the most common and carried a wide variety of subtypes. The most common subtypes were P1.2 (11.8%) and P1.16 (9.5%). Of the 221 strains analyzed, 132 (59.7%) were assigned a serotype and 123 (55.7%) a subtype and with all 18 MAbs, 192 (86.9%) of the strains were serotyped and (or) subtyped. Two different MAbs to the four epitopes 2a, 15, P1.2, and P1.16 gave discordant reactions of 0.3, 6.6, 2.6, and 2.2%, respectively, when used to analyze over 300 strains of N. meningitidis. Key words: meningococcal serotypes, subtypes.
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Li, Jiayu, Fuxian Yang, Ruobing Liang, et al. "Subtype Characterization and Zoonotic Potential of Cryptosporidium felis in Cats in Guangdong and Shanghai, China." Pathogens 10, no. 2 (2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020089.

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Cryptosporidiumfelis is an important cause of feline and human cryptosporidiosis. However, the transmission of this pathogen between humans and cats remains controversial, partially due to a lack of genetic characterization of isolates from cats. The present study was conducted to examine the genetic diversity of C. felis in cats in China and to assess their potential zoonotic transmission. A newly developed subtyping tool based on a sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene was employed to identify the subtypes of 30 cat-derived C. felis isolates from Guangdong and Shanghai. Altogether, 20 C. felis isolates were successfully subtyped. The results of the sequence alignment showed a high genetic diversity, with 13 novel subtypes and 2 known subtypes of the XIXa subtype family being identified. The known subtypes were previously detected in humans, while some of the subtypes formed well-supported subclusters with human-derived subtypes from other countries in a phylogenetic analysis of the gp60 sequences. The results of this study confirmed the high genetic diversity of the XIXa subtype family of C. felis. The common occurrence of this subtype family in both humans and cats suggests that there could be cross-species transmission of C. felis.
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Triques, K., J. Coste, J. L. Perret, et al. "Efficiencies of Four Versions of the AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR Test for Quantification of Different Subtypes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 1 (1999): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.1.110-116.1999.

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Three versions of a commercial human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) load test (the AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR Test versions 1.0, 1.0+, and 1.5; Roche Diagnostics, Branchburg, N.J.) were evaluated for their ability to detect and quantify HIV-1 RNA of different genetic subtypes. Plasma samples from 96 patients infected with various subtypes of HIV-1 (55 patients infected with subtype A, 9 with subtype B, 21 with subtype C, 2 with subtype D, 7 with subtype E, and 2 with subtype G) and cultured virus from 29 HIV-1 reference strains (3 of subtype A, 6 of subtype B, 5 of subtype C, 3 of subtype D, 8 of subtype E, 3 of subtype F, and 1 of subtype G) were tested. Detection of subtypes A and E was significantly improved with versions 1.0+ and 1.5 compared to that with version 1.0, whereas detection of subtypes B, C, D, and G was equivalent with the three versions. Versions 1.0, 1.0+, and 1.5 detected 65, 98, and 100% of the subtype A-infected samples from patients, respectively, and 71, 100, and 100% of the subtype E-infected samples from patients, respectively. Version 1.5 yielded a significant increase in viral load for samples infected with subtypes A and E (greater than 1 log10 HIV RNA copies/ml). For samples infected with subtype B, C, and D and tested with version 1.5, only a slight increase in viral load was observed (<0.5 log10). We also evaluated a prototype automated version of the test that uses the same PCR primers as version 1.5. The results with the prototype automated test were highly correlated with those of the version 1.5 test for all subtypes, but were lower overall. The AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR Test, version 1.5, yielded accurate measurement of the HIV load for all HIV-1 subtypes tested, which should allow the test to be used to assess disease prognosis and response to antiretroviral treatment in patients infected with a group M HIV-1 subtype.
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Gulhan, Baris, Merve Aydin, Mehtap Demirkazik, et al. "Subtype distribution and molecular characterization of Blastocystis from hemodialysis patients in Turkey." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 14, no. 12 (2020): 1448–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.12650.

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Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the Blastocystis prevalence and subtypes in hemodialysis patients in Turkey. Methodology: Eighty-four patients diagnosed with end-stage renal failure who were undergoing hemodialysis and 20 healthy volunteers were enrolled. Blastocystis presence was investigated by native-Lugol, trichrome staining, PCR using STS primers, and DNA sequencing analysis. Results: Among the stool samples from the hemodialysis patients, 9.52% (8/84) were found to be Blastocystis-positive with the native-Lugol and trichrome staining. Seven of the eight Blastocystis isolates were subtyped using STS primers. Blastocystis subtype distribution was as follows: one had ST1, two had ST2, two had ST3, two had ST3+ST6, and one was not subtyped. Blastocystis positivity was detected in two healthy control (2/20, %10), one subject had ST1, and the other was not subtyped. All subtypes identified by PCR were confirmed by the sequencing analysis. In the two samples that had mixed subtypes (ST3+ST6) when using the STS primers, only ST3 was detected in the sequencing analysis. Although some patients have multiple symptoms, the most common symptoms in Blastocystis positive patients were bloating (5/8), diarrhea (4/8), nausea and vomiting (2/8), and gas and weight loss (1/8). Also, only one patient had Giardia intestinalis. Conclusions: This was the first study to determine the Blastocystis subtypes in hemodialysis patients. A rare subtype, ST6, was identified in two of the patients. Thus, the ST6 infections were attributable to transmission from poultry infections. The presence of this unusual subtype suggests the need for further extensive studies of hemodialysis patients.
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Jakupi, Xhevat, Jana Mlakar, Maja Lunar, et al. "Phylogenetic analysis confirms hepatitis C virus transmission among hemodialysis patients in Kosovo." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 13, no. 12 (2019): 1142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.12099.

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Introduction: It has recently been demonstrated that there is a very high prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among hemodialysis patients in Kosovo with HCV subtype 1 being the most prevalent subtype. In this study, we further detail the molecular epidemiology of HCV outbreaks occurring in seven dialysis centers in Kosovo. Methodology: In total, 273 samples obtained from HCV RNA positive patients undergoing hemodialysis at one of the seven centers in Kosovo were selected for this study: 171 subtype 1a samples, 91 subtype 4d samples, and 11 subtype 1b samples. A partial HCV NS5B region was amplified and sequenced. Subtype-specific phylogenetic analyses were performed with the inclusion of control sequences and transmission clusters were identified. Results: NS5B sequences were successfully obtained in 257/273 (94.1%) of samples; 162 subtype 1a, 84 subtype 4d, and 11 subtype 1b sequences. Phylogenetic analyses showed a high degree of phylogenetic clustering of HCV sequences subtyped 1a (99.4%), 1b (63.6%), and 4d (76.2%). Distinct phylogenetic clusters of sequences obtained from hemodialysis patients were observed for all three subtypes studied. In addition, several smaller clusters within the large clusters were identified, mainly from a single dialysis center. Conclusions: Phylogenetic analyses confirmed nosocomial transmission during dialysis as a major factor in the spread of HCV at the seven dialysis centers in Kosovo.
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Mynarek, Martin, Denise Obrecht, Martin Sill, et al. "MBCL-06. RISK STRATIFICATION IMPROVEMENT OF THE HIT2000 AND I-HIT-MED COHORTS USING MOLECULAR SUBTYPES I-VIII OF GROUP 3/4 MEDULLOBLASTOMAS." Neuro-Oncology 22, Supplement_3 (2020): iii388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa222.482.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE Molecular subtypes of Group 3/4 medulloblastoma have been identified by unsupervised clustering methods in different studies. We hypothesized that risk stratification using these subtypes I-VIII improves outcome prediction. PATIENTS AND METHODS n=340 patients with Group 3 or Group 4 medulloblastoma defined by DNA methylation array profiling enrolled into the HIT2000 study and HIT-MED registries were subtyped by the Heidelberg Medulloblastoma Classifier. The discovery cohort consisted of n=162 previously published samples, the validation cohort of n=178 newly analyzed samples. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: n=300/340 (88%) MBs could be assigned to one of the subtypes with confidence (score &gt;0.8; Heidelberg Medulloblastoma classifier). Subtype II,III and V showed a poor PFS and OS and were classified as HR (discovery:5y-PFS 45%[95%-CI:33–62], 5y-OS 50%[37–67]; validation:5y-PFS 32%[20–50], 5y-OS 40%[27–61]). Subtypes I, IV, VI-VIII fared better (discovery:5y-PFS 67%[58–77], 5y_OS 84%[77–91]; Validation:5y-PFS 70%[58–83], 5y-OS 89%[81–99]). Survival prediction by subtype-based risk assessment was improved compared to Group 3 versus 4 differentiation in both cohorts in univariate and multivariable Cox regression models (PFS:Hazard ratio HR versus LR 2.474, p&lt;0.001; Group 3 versus Group 4 1.842, p=0.003; adjustment for anaplasia, age and metastatic disease). Patients older than 4 with subtype IV tumors (mainly Group 3) treated with radiotherapy achieved a 100% PFS, while subtype V patients (mainly Group 4) had poor survival. CONCLUSION We showed that molecular subtypes I-VIII improved risk stratification of Group 3/4 medulloblastomas. Group 3 subtype IV MB treated with RT had very high cure rates.
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Kumar, Sandeep, Shalmoli Bhattacharyya, Ashim Das, Gurpreet Singh, and Amanjit Bal. "In vitro effect of PIK3CA/mTOR inhibition in triple-negative breast cancer subtype cell lines." Breast Disease 41, no. 1 (2022): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bd-210066.

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BACKGROUND: Agents targeting the PI3K pathway in triple negative breast cancer did not show any significant efficacy so far mostly because of the complex nature of these targeted inhibitors. Targeting the cancer cells with the combination of inhibitors may help in decelerating the regulatory pathways further achieving optimum clinical benefit. In this study, we investigated the effect of PIK3CA and mTOR inhibition in-vitro in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: Three TNBC cell lines; MDA MB231, MDA MB468, and MDA MB453 were subtyped using immunohistochemistry and were screened for hotspot mutations in PIK3CA and AKT1. All cell lines were treated with different concentrations of inhibitors; PI3K inhibitor (BKM 120), mTOR inhibitor (AZD 8055), and dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor (BEZ 235), and cell viability was assessed by MTT (3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide), Trypan blue and Annexin-V/PI Assays. RESULTS: Using immunohistochemistry, TNBC cell lines were subtyped as; mesenchymal subtype-specific cell line (MDA MB231), basal subtype-specific cell line (MDA MD468), and Luminal androgen receptor (LAR) subtype-specific cell line (MDA MB453). PIK3CA hot spot mutation (p.H1047R) in exon 20 was identified in the Luminal androgen receptor subtype (MDA MB453 cells) cell line. Cell viability assays showed that the Mesenchymal subtype-specific cell line (MDA MB231) was the most resistant to all inhibitors and the Luminal Androgen subtype (MDA MB453 cells) cell line was more sensitive to BKM120 (PI3K inhibitor) inhibition compared to other subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified that the Luminal androgen receptor subtype of triple-negative breast cancer with PIK3CA mutation may be targeted with PIK3CA inhibitors with a favorable outcome.
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Neilson, Joel R., Grace C. John, Jean K. Carr, et al. "Subtypes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Disease Stage among Women in Nairobi, Kenya." Journal of Virology 73, no. 5 (1999): 4393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.5.4393-4403.1999.

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ABSTRACT In sub-Saharan Africa, where the effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) have been most devastating, there are multiple subtypes of this virus. The distribution of different subtypes within African populations is generally not linked to particular risk behaviors. Thus, Africa is an ideal setting in which to examine the diversity and mixing of viruses from different subtypes on a population basis. In this setting, it is also possible to address whether infection with a particular subtype is associated with differences in disease stage. To address these questions, we analyzed the HIV-1 subtype, plasma viral loads, and CD4 lymphocyte levels in 320 women from Nairobi, Kenya. Subtype was determined by a combination of heteroduplex mobility assays and sequence analyses of envelope genes, using geographically diverse subtype reference sequences as well as envelope sequences of known subtype from Kenya. The distribution of subtypes in this population was as follows: subtype A, 225 (70.3%); subtype D, 65 (20.5%); subtype C, 22 (6.9%); and subtype G, 1 (0.3%). Intersubtype recombinant envelope genes were detected in 2.2% of the sequences analyzed. Given that the sequences analyzed represented only a small fraction of the proviral genome, this suggests that intersubtype recombinant viral genomes may be very common in Kenya and in other parts of Africa where there are multiple subtypes. The plasma viral RNA levels were highest in women infected with subtype C virus, and women infected with subtype C virus had significantly lower CD4 lymphocyte levels than women infected with the other subtypes. Together, these data suggest that women in Kenya who are infected with subtype C viruses are at more advanced stages of immunosuppression than women infected with subtype A or D. There are at least two models to explain the data from this cross-sectional study; one is that infection with subtype C is associated with a more rapid disease progression, and the second is that subtype C represents an older epidemic in Kenya. Discriminating between these possibilities in a longitudinal study will be important for increasing our understanding of the role of specific subtypes in the transmission and pathogenesis of HIV-1.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Subtype"

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Huang, Yi. "Localization of alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtypes using subtype-specific antibodies." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187223.

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Three subtypes of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors (α₂AR) have been identified: α₂A, α₂B and α₂C. α₂ARs are known to mediate a number of functions in many tissues. It is not clear, however, what the distribution of α₂AR subtypes is in these tissues. The distribution of α₂AR subtypes is fundamental to understanding receptor function and the development of more effective and specific α₂-adrenergic agents for therapeutic use. The working hypothesis for this dissertation is that there are specific subtypes of α₂ARs in tissues and in cells that have discrete localizations and may subserve different physiological function. To test this hypothesis two specific aims have been raised. The first aim was: the generation of subtype-specific antibodies. Experiments were conducted to express fusion proteins containing part of the third intracellular loop of each α₂AR. Chickens were immunized with fusion proteins and antibodies were purified from the yolk of the chicken eggs. The antibodies have complete subtype specificity as characterized by immunofluorescence studies on COS-7 cells transfected with DNA encoding the α₂ARs. The second aim was: the immunohistochemical localization of α₂AR subtypes in the primary culture of rat spinal cord, anterior segments of human and rabbit eyes and transfected COS-7 cells. Experiments were conducted to localize the α₂AR subtypes in cultured cells and tissues using indirect immunofluorescence techniques. The immunofluorescence results were confirmed by alternative approaches, e.g. reverse transcription-PCR, ligand binding and cAMP assay. The experimental results showed that multiple α₂AR subtypes are expressed in one tissue and that specific subtypes of α₂ARs are expressed in different tissues. Using a dual-labeling technique, two subtypes were co-localized in the same neuronal cell of the rat spinal cord. Furthermore, the immunofluorescence studies on the transfected COS-7 cells showed that the three subtypes of α₂ARs displayed different subcellular localization. Taken together the results of the studies presented in this dissertation provide evidence in support of the working hypothesis. The present work has provided a new opening in the study of the localization of α₂AR subtypes. This information provides new insights into the understanding of α₂AR functions in tissues.
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Albarrán, Juárez Julián Alberto [Verfasser], and Lutz [Akademischer Betreuer] Hein. "Subtype-specific signal transduction of neuronal adrenoceptors = Subtyp-spezifische Signaltransduktion neuronaler Adrenozeptoren." Freiburg : Universität, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1123461074/34.

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Klempan, Rosalinde. "Premenstrual affective subtype differentiation." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5381.

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Meyer, Bahiah. "The role of HIV-1 subtype B Envelope transmission motifs in subtype C variant infectivity." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29420.

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Transmitted founders (TF) might carry motifs that provide a phenotypic advantage that enables human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) to overcome immune barriers within the female genital tract. One study compared over 5000 subtype B TF and mismatched chronic infection envelope (env) sequences and identified two putative transmission motifs: Histidine at position 12 of the signal peptide (His12) and a potential N-glycan site (PNG) at position 413-415. Although, His12 was shown to be important for subtype B Env expression and viral infectivity, in our own sequence analysis subtype C variants did not carry the transmission motifs and the aim of this study was to determine whether His12 and PNG413 was important for subtype C Env expression, processing, function and viral replication. Mutagenesis of a subtype C Env clone indicated that His12 decreased pseudovirion (PSV) entry efficiency without influencing Env expression, secretion and cleavage with no changes in the N-glycosylation profile. This suggested that His12 had a fitness cost and was thus selected against. However, His12 significantly enhanced the entry efficiency of infectious molecular clones (IMCs), suggesting that it might be beneficial for in vivo replication. The variation between the PSV and IMC entry of TZM-bl cells could be due to differences in assay conditions. On the other hand deletion of PNG413 enhanced Env expression, secretion, cleavage and PSV and IMC entry efficiency of TZM-bl cells. This would suggest that subtype C TFs carrying a PNG at 413-413 would have lower viral replicative capacity due to poor expression and processing of Env. The benefit of this phenotype on HIV-1 subtype C transmission needs to be further investigated. Unfortunately, PSV and IMC entry of TZM-bl cells could not be confirmed by IMC replication in peripheral blood monocytes because the clones could not replicate to measurable levels in these cells over the culture period. Overall, this study has shown that amino acid residues at positions 12 and 415 do play a role in modulating Env processing and function however the actual mechanism by which these polymorphisms impact viral fitness most likely differ to that of subtype B, explaining why His12 is absent and PNG413 is present in subtype C TFs.
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Milne, S. A. "Further characterisation of the EP4-receptor subtype." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.657821.

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The Rabbit Jugular vein (RJV) and Pig Saphenous vein (PSV) were used to further characterise the EP4-receptor. Organ bath studies with an array of EP-agonists and antagonists produced data which confirmed the PSV as an EP4-receptor containing preparation and that the RJV, after comparing agonist potency profiles, also contained the EP4-receptor subtype. The agonist potency profile obtained was PGF2 ≥ 11-deoxy PGE1 = 16, 16-dimethyl PGE2 > butaprost >> AH13205. The Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell line was used as an alternative to the smooth muscle cells to study the EP4-receptor subtype. Studies using the effects of EP-agonists and an EP-antagonist AH23848 on cyclic AMP production confirmed that the cell line expressed the EP4-receptor. Binding studies were attempted with CHO cell membranes but were inconclusive. Mononuclear phagocytic cells (monocytes) originate in the bone marrow, are resident in the blood and migrate to tissues where they differentiate into macrophages. Monocyte/macrophages are phagocytic cells which release many substances including reactive oxygen metabolites such as superoxide anion and cytokines such as IL-1α and IL-1β when stimulated. PGE2 has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on monocytes and the characterisation of the EP-receptor subtype(s) was attempted and the second messenger pathway was investigated. In human monocytes tested with an array of EP-agonists and antagonists, cAMP measurements indicated the involvement of the EP4 receptor giving a similar agonist potency profile as the smooth muscle studies. Further studies measuring IL-1α and IL-1β showed PGE2 to have an inhibitory effect but were unable to classify the receptor involved. Superoxide anion generation measurement from the human monocyte showed PGE2 to have an inhibitory effect in the human monocyte although it did not indicate which EP-receptor was involved. Second messenger studies using this preparation showed cAMP to be involved in PEG2 mediated inhibition of superoxide anion generation.
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Curling, Louise. "Psychotherapeutic intervention for morbid jealousy (obsessive subtype)." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4734/.

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Rubino, Alfonso. "Parkinson Disease subtype: morphostructural and neurobiological correlates." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/4032.

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The current view of malady reconsider PD as a complex clinicopathological entity, where the proteiform multiorgan involvement results from convergent multifactorial biomolecular substrates. It follows that, from a clinical point of view, PD presents as an extremely heterogeneous disorder with a wide range of symptoms and scarcely predictable progression trajectories. Therefore, it become necessary subtyping PD in order to better define the pathogenic process, the clinical progression and the response to treatment. However, the precise mechanistic insights are hindered by the lack of understanding of how risk variants and environment functionally connect to the pathogenesis and progression of PD. In this term, the subtypes in Parkinson disease could not be easily ascribable to discrete clinical entities, but rather the resultant of a multifactorial continuum influenced by several genetic, epigenetic, age-related and environmental factors.
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Stevens, Miata Yvette. "Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor subtype 1 and subtype 2 mRNA expression and protein localization in the myometrium in pregnancy." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0005/MQ34091.pdf.

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Eller, Leigh Anne. "Acute HIV infection in non-subtype B populations." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-185496.

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Caioni, Massimo. "Epstein-Barr virus subtype distribution in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy /." [S.l : s.n.], 1994. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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Books on the topic "Subtype"

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Stevens, Miata Yvette. Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor subtype 1 and subtype mRNA expression and protein localization in the myometruim in pregnanct. National Library of Canada, 1998.

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Mogavero, Geraldine Teresa. Migraine and psychopathology: An analysis by migraine subtype. s.n.], 1988.

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Norovich, Amy L. Proprioceptor subtype identity specified by limb-derived signals. [publisher not identified], 2017.

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1939-, Rourke Byron P., ed. Neuropsychology of learning disabilities: Essentials of subtype analysis. Guilford Press, 1985.

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Liu, Frang. Cloning and expression of a novel melatonin receptor subtype. National Library of Canada, 1996.

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Zheng, Chaogu. Genetic Basis of Neuronal Subtype Differentiation in Caenorhabditis elegans. [publisher not identified], 2015.

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Costanza, Rino Michelangelo. Dopamine receptor subtype involvement in the behavioural effects of cocaine. University of Birmingham, 1999.

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Tabár, László. Casting type calcifications: Indicators of a subtype with unpredictable outcome. Thieme, 2007.

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Hoang, Phuong Thi. Subtype diversification and synaptic specificity of stem cell-derived spinal inhibitory interneurons. [publisher not identified], 2017.

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Croft, Gist Fralley. Defining and Controlling the Subtype Identity of Human Stem Cell-Derived Motor Neurons. [publisher not identified], 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Subtype"

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Morgan, Michael M., MacDonald J. Christie, Luis De Lecea, et al. "Subtype." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_559.

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Weik, Martin H. "subtype." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary. Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_18523.

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Zugliani, Morena Mourao, Rafael Christophe R. Freire, and Antonio Egidio Nardi. "Panic Disorder Respiratory Subtype." In Panic Disorder. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12538-1_6.

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Kozsik, Tamás. "Tutorial on Subtype Marks." In Central European Functional Programming School. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11894100_7.

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Sjödahl, Gottfrid. "Molecular Subtype Profiling of Urothelial Carcinoma Using a Subtype-Specific Immunohistochemistry Panel." In Urothelial Carcinoma. Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7234-0_5.

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Griebel, Guy, Ghislaine Perrault, and David J. Sanger. "Subtype-selective benzodiazepine receptor ligands." In Anxiolytics. Birkhäuser Basel, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8470-9_6.

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Luo, Xu, and Zongyi Xie. "Prostaglandin E2 Receptor EP2 Subtype." In Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67199-4_101753.

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Luo, Xu, and Zongyi Xie. "Prostaglandin E2 Receptor EP2 Subtype." In Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules. Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6438-9_101753-1.

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Thymann, M., B. Eriksen, and H. Broksø. "Haptoglobin Subtype Determination of Bloodstains." In Advances in Forensic Haemogenetics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75496-8_72.

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Hayward, Gary S., and Denise Whitby. "KSHV Epidemiology and Subtype Evolution." In DNA Tumor Viruses. Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68945-6_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Subtype"

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Kudrjavtseva, E. N., M. I. Korabelnikova, T. A. Semenenko, Ya V. Panasyuk, and S. N. Kuzin. "THE IMPORTANCE OF ANTI-HCV SCREENING IN PATIENTS OF LARGE MULTIFIELD HOSPITALS." In Molecular Diagnostics and Biosafety. Federal Budget Institute of Science 'Central Research Institute for Epidemiology', 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/978-5-9900432-9-9-49.

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In the studied cohort, HCV subtypes 1b and 3a prevailed — 47,7% and 38,9%, respectively HCV genotype 2 was detected in 7,2% of cases and HCV subtype 1a — in 5,8% of cases. HCV genotype was not determined in 0,4% of patients. Difference between a frequency of detection of subtypes 1b and 3a of HCV in men and women were recorded. Subtype 3a HCV was determined in men in 44,8% of cases, and in women — in 31,7% of cases (p < 0.01). HCV subtype 1b in women was determined with a higher frequency (55,0%, р < 0, 01), than in men (41,8%).
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Belluco, Rosana Zabulon Feijó, Melissa de Andrade Baqueiro, Flávio Lúcio Vasconcelos, Paulo Eduardo Silva Belluco, and Carmelia Matos Santiago Reis. "MOLECULAR SUBTYPES OF BREAST CANCER IN WOMEN SEEN AT A PUBLIC HOSPITAL IN THE FEDERAL DISTRICT." In XXIV Congresso Brasileiro de Mastologia. Mastology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942022v32s1057.

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Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common neoplasm among women worldwide. The advent of genetic studies and DNA microarrays and their proteins had made it possible to correlate the patterns of gene expression of each type of cancer in different women, associate them with other prognostic factors, and verify the clinical evolution and therapeutic response. The immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique is based on the detection of protein cellular constituents — antigens — and based on the identification and classification of specific cells in the tissue sample. Immunohistochemical panels have been traced to determine breast cancer subtypes, to reproduce gene expression profiles, which have specific treatments. Different molecular subtypes have been established associated with differences in survival and treatment. The four main types in clinical practice are luminal A, luminal B, HER2 overexpression, and triple negative. Objective: The aim of this study was to trace the epidemiological profile of the molecular subtypes of breast cancer in women treated at the Hospital Regional da Asa Norte-Brasília, DF. Methods: Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and retrospective study through the analysis of 138 electronic medical records stored on the TrakCare® platform of cases of women diagnosed with breast cancer, with known histological type, and who underwent IHC examination to determine the molecular subtype. The study included women who attended between January 2015 and December 2020, in the Mastology Department of Hospital Regional da Asa Norte (HRAN). Results: The most common molecular subtype was luminal B, with 65 of the total cases, equivalent to 47.1%. Luminal A subtype was the subtype of 41 cases, equivalent to 29% and being the second most observed subtype. Triple negative was recorded in 21 of the cases, corresponding to 15.2%. The least observed subtype was HER2 overexpression, with 11 cases and 7.9% of the cases. Two participants had local recurrence within less than 2 years of diagnosis, changing from luminal A to luminal B, and luminal B to luminal A. The mean age of the women in the study at the time of diagnosis of breast cancer was 51.5 years, with age extremes of 17 and 86 years. Conclusion: The most prevalent molecular subtype in this sample studied was luminal B, corroborating other studies carried out in the Brazilian population and diverging from the international literature, in which it is the luminal A subtype. Epidemiological knowledge can guide the elaboration of public policies to improve the quality of care, such as drug planning and neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatments with the best results.
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Hutchins, DeLesley S. "Pure subtype systems." In the 37th annual ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium. ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1706299.1706334.

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del-Valle, Matheus, Moises Oliveira dos Santos, Emerson Soares Bernardes, and Denise Maria Zezell. "Breast Cancer Subtype Classification Using a One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network in Hyperspectral Images." In Latin America Optics and Photonics Conference. Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/laop.2022.m4b.5.

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Chen, Peikai, Y. S. Hung, Yubo Fan, and Stephen T. C. Wong. "An integrative bioinformatics approach for identifying subtypes and subtype-specific drivers in cancer." In 2012 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (CIBCB). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cibcb.2012.6217227.

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Gui, Chenwei, Ranyi Zeng, Kenji Takahashi, Naoki Herai, and Kazuhiro Aoyama. "Genetic Algorithm-Based Clustering Method to Formulate Standard Specifications for Merchant Ship Preliminary Design." In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-69245.

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Abstract In the preliminary design of merchant ships, shipbuilders generally modify some of the standard specifications to fulfill shipowner needs, which is time-consuming owing to the complex techno-economic constraints of ship design. Therefore, an appropriate standard specifications formulation method is necessary to improve the efficiency of the preliminary design. In this study, we performed genetic algorithm-based clustering to determine the subtypes of a specific type of merchant ship and formulated the standard specification for each subtype. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, experiments were performed using 98 specification documents to formulate the standard specifications. The results showed that feature relations among each determined subtype were significantly simpler than those of the main type; thereby, the formulated standard specifications were desirable in the preliminary design of merchant ships.
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Fatima, Kiran, and Hammad Majeed. "Meningioma subtype classification: A survey." In 2010 International Conference on Emerging Technologies (ICET). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icet.2010.5638382.

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Aiken, Alexander, and Manuel Fähndrich. "Dynamic typing and subtype inference." In the seventh international conference. ACM Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/224164.224201.

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Padhye, Rohan, and Koushik Sen. "Efficient fail-fast dynamic subtype checking." In the 11th ACM SIGPLAN International Workshop. ACM Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3358504.3361229.

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Sontrop, H., W. Verhaegh, Rene van den Ham, M. Reinders, and P. Moerland. "Subtype specific breast cancer event prediction." In 2010 IEEE International Workshop on Genomic Signal Processing and Statistics (GENSIPS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gensips.2010.5719684.

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Reports on the topic "Subtype"

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Liskov, Barbara, and Jeannette M. Wing. A New Definition of the Subtype Relation. Defense Technical Information Center, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada265548.

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Lilly, B. Media Subtype Registration for Media Type text/troff. RFC Editor, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc4263.

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Vogt, Brent A. Receptor Subtype Alterations: Bases of Neuronal Plasticity and Learning. Defense Technical Information Center, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada232655.

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Nakshatri, Harikrishna, and Kasi R. McCune. Can Diabetes Change the Intrinsic Subtype Specificity of Breast Cancer? Defense Technical Information Center, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada492747.

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McMahon, Jean. Benevolent Racism? : The Impact of Race and Sexual Subtype on Ambivalent Sexism. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1970.

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Rudin, Charles M. Genetic and Epigenetic Determinants of Lung Cancer Subtype: Adenocarcinoma to Small Cell Conversion. Defense Technical Information Center, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada623599.

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Desineni, H., and Q. Xie. RTP Payload Format for the Enhanced Variable Rate Wideband Codec (EVRC-WB) and the Media Subtype Updates for EVRC-B Codec. RFC Editor, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc5188.

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Malkinson, Mertyn, Irit Davidson, Moshe Kotler, and Richard L. Witter. Epidemiology of Avian Leukosis Virus-subtype J Infection in Broiler Breeder Flocks of Poultry and its Eradication from Pedigree Breeding Stock. United States Department of Agriculture, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586459.bard.

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Objectives 1. Establish diagnostic procedures to identify tolerant carrier birds based on a) Isolation of ALV-J from blood, b) Detection of group-specific antigen in cloacal swabs and egg albumen. Application of these procedures to broiler breeder flocks with the purpose of removing virus positive birds from the breeding program. 2. Survey the AL V-J infection status of foundation lines to estimate the feasibility of the eradication program 3. Investigate virus transmission through the embryonated egg (vertical) and between chicks in the early post-hatch period (horizontal). Establish a model for limiting horizontal spread by analyzing parameters operative in the hatchery and brooder house. 4. Compare the pathogenicity of AL V-J isolates for broiler chickens. 5. Determine whether AL V-J poses a human health hazard by examining its replication in mammalian and human cells. Revisions. The: eradication objective had to be terminated in the second year following the closing down of the Poultry Breeders Union (PBU) in Israel. This meant that their foundation flocks ceased to be available for selection. Instead, the following topics were investigated: a) Comparison of commercial breeding flocks with and without myeloid leukosis (matched controls) for viremia and serum antibody levels. b) Pathogenicity of Israeli isolates for turkey poults. c) Improvement of a diagnostic ELISA kit for measuring ALV-J antibodies Background. ALV-J, a novel subgroup of the avian leukosis virus family, was first isolated in 1988 from broiler breeders presenting myeloid leukosis (ML). The extent of its spread among commercial breeding flocks was not appreciated until the disease appeared in the USA in 1994 when it affected several major breeding companies almost simultaneously. In Israel, ML was diagnosed in 1996 and was traced to grandparent flocks imported in 1994-5, and by 1997-8, ML was present in one third of the commercial breeding flocks It was then realized that ALV-J transmission was following a similar pattern to that of other exogenous ALVs but because of its unusual genetic composition, the virus was able to establish an extended tolerant state in infected birds. Although losses from ML in affected flocks were somewhat higher than normal, both immunosuppression and depressed growth rates were encountered in affected broiler flocks and affected their profitability. Conclusions. As a result of the contraction in the number of international primary broiler breeders and exchange of male and female lines among them, ALV-J contamination of broiler breeder flocks affected the broiler industry worldwide within a short time span. The Israeli national breeding company (PBU) played out this scenario and presented us with an opportunity to apply existing information to contain the virus. This BARD project, based on the Israeli experience and with the aid of the ADOL collaborative effort, has managed to offer solutions for identifying and eliminating infected birds based on exhaustive virological and serological tests. The analysis of factors that determine the efficiency of horizontal transmission of virus in the hatchery resulted in the workable solution of raising young chicks in small groups through the brooder period. These results were made available to primary breeders as a strategy for reducing viral transmission. Based on phylogenetic analysis of selected Israeli ALV-J isolates, these could be divided into two groups that reflected the countries of origin of the grandparent stock. Implications. The availability of a simple and reliable means of screening day old chicks for vertical transmission is highly desirable in countries that rely on imported breeding stock for their broiler industry. The possibility that AL V-J may be transmitted to human consumers of broiler meat was discounted experimentally.
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Wang, Zekun, kangxiang Ji, and Qi Fang. Endovascular thrombectomy for stroke due to acute basilar-artery occlusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0063.

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Review question / Objective: The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the efficacy and safety of endovascular thrombectomy with best medical management for treating patients with acute basilar-artery occlusion. Condition being studied: Posterior circulation stroke (PCS) accounts for approximately a fifth of all strokes. As an important subtype of PCS, acute basilar artery occlusion is relatively rare, causing only 1% of all ischemic strokes and 5% of strokes due to large vessel occlusion. However, acute basilar artery occlusion is assosciated with poor outcomes, high risks of mortality and disability.
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Rogers, Buck E. Induction of Human Somatostatin Receptor Subtype 2 on Breast Tumors with an Adenoviral Vector for Their Treatment and Detection with a Radiolabeled Peptide. Defense Technical Information Center, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada409493.

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