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Journal articles on the topic 'Subunit vaccines'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Milic, Nenad, Jakov Nisavic, Andrea Zoric, Dejan Krnjaic, Marina Radojicic, and Aleksandar Stanojkovic. "Overview of current advances in the development of subunit and recombinant vaccines against Newcastle disease virus." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 33, no. 1 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1701001m.

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Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is one of the most important viral pathogens of avian species and the causative agent of atypical fowl plague, a highly contagious and economically important disease characterized by high mortality rates and reduction of egg production. The HN and F proteins are the main targets for immune response to NDV. Vaccination of poultry with live and inactivated NDV vaccines is the most effective method of control and prevention of Newcastle disease, however due to their disadvantages, efforts are being invested into developing subunit vaccines. To this end, the NDV HN an

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McCraw, Dustin M., John R. Gallagher, and Audray K. Harris. "Characterization of Influenza Vaccine Hemagglutinin Complexes by Cryo-Electron Microscopy and Image Analyses Reveals Structural Polymorphisms." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 23, no. 6 (2016): 483–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00085-16.

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ABSTRACTInfluenza virus afflicts millions of people worldwide on an annual basis. There is an ever-present risk that animal viruses will cross the species barrier to cause epidemics and pandemics resulting in great morbidity and mortality. Zoonosis outbreaks, such as the H7N9 outbreak, underscore the need to better understand the molecular organization of viral immunogens, such as recombinant influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) proteins, used in influenza virus subunit vaccines in order to optimize vaccine efficacy. Here, using cryo-electron microscopy and image analysis, we show that recombina

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Svetoch, E. A., I. A. Dyatlov, N. N. Kartsev, B. V. Eruslanov, M. E. Kanashenko, and N. K. Fursova. "Development of candidate vaccines against infection caused by shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli. Part 2." Bacteriology 5, no. 3 (2020): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/2500-1027-2020-3-47-59.

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Prevention and treatment of hemorrhagic colitis (HC) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) continues to be a public health concern. The main reason for the problem is the lack of vaccines and lack of evidence for using of antibacterial etiotropic drugs to treat this infection. A promising scientific approach to create specific agents against STEC infection is the development of subunit recombinant vaccines. The analysis of experimental studies presented in this review shows that effective subunit vaccines against STEC infection can be creat

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Seo, Yu Bin, Won Suk Choi, Jacob Lee, Joon Young Song, Hee Jin Cheong, and Woo Joo Kim. "Comparison of the Immunogenicity and Safety of the Conventional Subunit, MF59-Adjuvanted, and Intradermal Influenza Vaccines in the Elderly." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 21, no. 7 (2014): 989–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00615-13.

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ABSTRACTThe influenza vaccination is known as the most effective method for preventing influenza infection and its complications in the elderly. Conventional subunit (Agrippal S1; Novartis), MF59-adjuvanted (Fluad; Novartis), and intradermal (IDflu15; Sanofi Pasteur) influenza vaccines are widely used throughout South Korea. However, few comparative studies evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of these vaccines are available. Prior to the beginning of the 2011-2012 influenza season, 335 healthy elderly volunteers randomly received one of three seasonal trivalent influenza vaccines, the con

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Bai, Chunxiang, Lijun Zhou, Junxia Tang, et al. "Fusion Cytokines IL-7-Linker-IL-15 Promote Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine to Induce Central Memory like T Cell-Mediated Immunity." Vaccines 8, no. 4 (2020): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040715.

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Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), is among the most serious infectious diseases worldwide. Adjuvanted protein subunit vaccines have been demonstrated as a kind of promising novel vaccine. This study proposed to investigate whether cytokines interliukine-7 (IL-7) and interliukine-15 (IL-15) help TB subunit vaccines induce long-term cell-mediated immune responses, which are required for vaccination against TB. In this study, mice were immunized with the M. tuberculosis protein subunit vaccines combined with adnovirus-mediated cytokines IL-7, IL-15, IL-7-I

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BURNETTE, W. "Recombinant subunit vaccines." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2, no. 6 (1991): 882–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-1669(05)80126-0.

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7

Neal Burnette, W. "Recombinant subunit vaccines." Current Biology 2, no. 2 (1992): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-9822(92)90232-y.

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8

Isaacs, David. "Viral subunit vaccines." Lancet 337, no. 8751 (1991): 1223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)92893-7.

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9

Van der Weken, Hans, Eric Cox, and Bert Devriendt. "Advances in Oral Subunit Vaccine Design." Vaccines 9, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9010001.

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Many pathogens invade the host at the intestinal surface. To protect against these enteropathogens, the induction of intestinal secretory IgA (SIgA) responses is paramount. While systemic vaccination provides strong systemic immune responses, oral vaccination is the most efficient way to trigger protective SIgA responses. However, the development of oral vaccines, especially oral subunit vaccines, is challenging due to mechanisms inherent to the gut. Oral vaccines need to survive the harsh environment in the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by low pH and intestinal proteases and need to r

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Hanke, Tomáš, Andrew J. McMichael, and Lucy Dorrell. "Clinical experience with plasmid DNA- and modified vaccinia virus Ankara-vectored human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clade A vaccine focusing on T-cell induction." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 1 (2007): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82493-0.

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Candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines focusing on T-cell induction, constructed as pTHr.HIVA DNA and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA).HIVA, were delivered in a heterologous prime–boost regimen. The vaccines were tested in several hundred healthy or HIV-1-infected volunteers in Europe and Africa. Whilst larger trials of hundreds of volunteers suggested induction of HIV-1-specific T-cell responses in <15 % of healthy vaccinees, a series of small, rapid trials in 12–24 volunteers at a time with a more in-depth analysis of vaccine-elicited T-cell responses proved to

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Xu, Han, Jing Huang, Zhaolu Liu, et al. "Expression of Bordetella pertussis Antigens Fused to Different Vectors and Their Effectiveness as Vaccines." Vaccines 9, no. 6 (2021): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060542.

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Pertussis is an acute respiratory tract infection caused by Bordetella pertussis. Even though its current vaccine coverage is relatively broad, they still have some shortcomings such as short protection time and might be incapable of blocking the spread of the disease. In this study, we developed new pertussis vaccine candidates by separately fusing three pertussis antigens (B. pertussis fimbriae 2 “Fim2”, pertussis toxin S1 subunit “PtxS1”, and filamentous hemagglutinin “FHA1877–2250”) to each of two immune-boosting carrier proteins (B subunits of AB5 toxin family: cholera toxin B subunit “CT

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Williamson, Yulanda M., Hercules Moura, David Schieltz, et al. "Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Multiple Pertussis Toxins and Toxoids." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/942365.

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Bordetella pertussis(Bp) is the causative agent of pertussis, a vaccine preventable disease occurring primarily in children. In recent years, there has been increased reporting of pertussis. Current pertussis vaccines are acellular and consist of Bp proteins including the major virulence factor pertussis toxin (Ptx), a 5-subunit exotoxin. Variation in Ptx subunit amino acid (AA) sequence could possibly affect the immune response. A blind comparative mass spectrometric (MS) analysis of commercially available Ptx as well as the chemically modified toxoid (Ptxd) from licensed vaccines was perform

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NOON, JASON B., and RAFFI V. AROIAN. "Recombinant subunit vaccines for soil-transmitted helminths." Parasitology 144, no. 14 (2017): 1845–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118201700138x.

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SUMMARYSoil-transmitted helminths (STHs) collectively infect one fourth of all human beings, and the majority of livestock in the developing world. These gastrointestinal nematodes are the most important parasites on earth with regard to their prevalence in humans and livestock. Current anthelmintic drugs are losing their efficacies due to increasing drug resistance, particularly in STHs of livestock and drug treatment is often followed by rapid reinfection due to failure of the immune system to develop a protective response. Vaccines against STHs offer what drugs cannot accomplish alone. Beca

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Kharit, S. M., D. A. Lioznov, A. A. Ruleva, I. V. Fridman, N. V. Chirun, and V. A. Aprjatina. "Comparative Assessment of Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of Commercial Influenza Inactivated Vaccines: Polymer-Subunit Grippol plus, Subunit Influvac, Split Vaccine Waxigrip." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 16, no. 2 (2017): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2017-16-2-24-30.

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Objective. To compare the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of inactivated influenza vaccines: Grippol Plus polymer subunit vaccine, Influvac subunit vaccine, and Vaxigrip split vaccine as part of influenza prevention in people aged 18 - 55 with no pre-existing conditions. Materials and methods. Comparative study of three groups of volunteers with no pre-existing conditions using coded serum samples. Randomisation: 1:1:1. Group 1:100 people vaccinated with Grippol® Plus, Group 2:100 people vaccinated with Influvac, Group 3: 100 people vaccinated with Vaxigrip. The study looked into the levels

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15

Schaad, U. B., U. Bühlmann, R. Burger, et al. "Comparison of Immunogenicity and Safety of a Virosome Influenza Vaccine with Those of a Subunit Influenza Vaccine in Pediatric Patients with Cystic Fibrosis." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44, no. 5 (2000): 1163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.44.5.1163-1167.2000.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to compare the immunogenicity and safety of a single-dose regimen and a two-dose regimen of a trivalent virosome influenza vaccine (Inflexal Berna V) with those of a trivalent subunit influenza vaccine (Influvac) in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF). In an open, randomized, multicenter study with parallel groups, 11 young children with CF (1 to 6 years old) and 53 older children and adolescents with CF (>6 years old) were randomly assigned to one of the following immunization regimens: virosome vaccine at 0.5 ml on study day 0 or 0.2

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Mougin, Bruno, and Fabian Wild. "Measles virus subunit vaccines." Virus Research 3 (September 1985): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1702(85)90375-2.

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Mustafa, Abu Salim. "Adjuvants and Antigen-Delivery Systems for Subunit Vaccines against Tuberculosis." Vaccines 9, no. 9 (2021): 972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9090972.

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The only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis is BCG. However, BCG has failed to provide consistent protection against tuberculosis, especially pulmonary disease in adults. Furthermore, the use of BCG is contraindicated in immunocompromised subjects. The research towards the development of new vaccines against TB includes the use of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens as subunit vaccines. Such vaccines may be used either alone or in the prime-boost model in BCG-vaccinated people. However, the antigens for subunit vaccines require adjuvants and/or delivery systems to induce appropriate and pro

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Bauza, Karolis, Erwan Atcheson, Tomas Malinauskas, Andrew M. Blagborough, and Arturo Reyes-Sandoval. "Tailoring a Combination Preerythrocytic Malaria Vaccine." Infection and Immunity 84, no. 3 (2015): 622–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01063-15.

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The leading malaria vaccine candidate, RTS,S, based on thePlasmodium falciparumcircumsporozoite protein (CSP), will likely be the first publicly adopted malaria vaccine. However, this and other subunit vaccines, such as virus-vectored thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (TRAP), provide only intermediate to low levels of protection. In this study, thePlasmodium bergheihomologues of antigens CSP and TRAP are combined. TRAP is delivered using adenovirus- and vaccinia virus-based vectors in a prime-boost regime. Initially, CSP is also delivered using these viral vectors; however, a reduction o

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19

Guo, Sihan, Dongwei Fu, Assem Utupova, et al. "Applications of polymer-based nanoparticles in vaccine field." Nanotechnology Reviews 8, no. 1 (2019): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2019-0014.

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Abstract Polymer-based nanoparticles have good solubility, stability, safety, and sustained release,which increases the absorption of loaded drugs, protects the drugs from degradation, and prolongs their circulation time and targeted delivery. Generally, we believe that prevention and control of infectious diseases through inoculation is the most efficient measure. However, these vaccines including live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, recombinant subunit vaccines, synthetic peptide vaccines and DNA vaccines have several defects, such as immune tolerance, po

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Kostina, L. V., A. D. Zaberezhnyy, T. V. Grebennikova, N. V. Antipova, T. I. Aliper, and E. A. Nepoklonov. "Vaccines against avian influenza in poultry." Problems of Virology, Russian journal 62, no. 2 (2017): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0507-4088-2017-62-2-53-60.

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The review presents the latest data about the types of vaccines against avian influenza that are used in current medical practice or are under development. Inactivated whole virion vaccines, live vector vaccines, as well as experimental vaccines developed using genetic engineering techniques (e.g. subunit vaccines, VLP vaccines, DNA vaccines) were considered. The efficiency of influenza reverse genetic technology for the development of prototype vaccine strains was noted.

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21

Chua, Tze-Hoong, Connie Y. H. Leung, H. E. Fang, et al. "Evaluation of a Subunit H5 Vaccine and an Inactivated H5N2 Avian Influenza Marker Vaccine in Ducks Challenged with Vietnamese H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus." Influenza Research and Treatment 2010 (June 27, 2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/489213.

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The protective efficacy of a subunit avian influenza virus H5 vaccine based on recombinant baculovirus expressed H5 haemagglutinin antigen and an inactivated H5N2 avian influenza vaccine combined with a marker antigen (tetanus toxoid) was compared with commercially available inactivated H5N2 avian influenza vaccine in young ducks. Antibody responses, morbidity, mortality, and virus shedding were evaluated after challenge with a Vietnamese clade 1 H5N1 HPAI virus [A/VN/1203/04 (H5N1)] that was known to cause a high mortality rate in ducks. All three vaccines, administered with water-in-oil adju

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Peng, Tao, Lisa Shubitz, Julie Simons, Robert Perrill, Kris I. Orsborn, and John N. Galgiani. "Localization within a Proline-Rich Antigen (Ag2/PRA) of Protective Antigenicity against Infection with Coccidioides immitis in Mice." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 7 (2002): 3330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.7.3330-3335.2002.

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ABSTRACT Subunits of a proline-rich coccidioidal antigen (Ag2/PRA) of Coccidioides immitis were analyzed by comparison as vaccines in mice. The optimal dose of plasmid vaccine encoding full-length Ag2/PRA was determined to be between 10 and 100 μg. Mice vaccinated with plasmids encoding amino acids (aa) 1 to 106 were as protective as full-length Ag2/PRA (aa 1 to 194). The subunit from aa 27 to 106 was significantly but less protective. Plasmids encoding aa 90 to 151 or aa 90 to 194 were not protective. Analogous results were obtained with recombinant vaccines of the same amino acid sequences.

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Skwarczynski, Mariusz, Saranya Chandrudu, Berta Rigau-Planella, et al. "Progress in the Development of Subunit Vaccines against Malaria." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (2020): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030373.

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Malaria is a life-threatening disease and one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the human population. The disease also results in a major socio-economic burden. The rapid spread of malaria epidemics in developing countries is exacerbated by the rise in drug-resistant parasites and insecticide-resistant mosquitoes. At present, malaria research is focused mainly on the development of drugs with increased therapeutic effects against Plasmodium parasites. However, a vaccine against the disease is preferable over treatment to achieve long-term control. Trials to develop a safe and ef

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W., Niedbalski, and Fitzner A. "New generation vaccines against bluetongue virus." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 1 (2018): 6039–2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6039.

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Over the last three decades, a variety of approaches have been investigated to develop new types of bluetongue virus (BTB) vaccines, ranging from baculovirus-expressed subunit vaccines to live vector vaccines. DNA vaccines against BTV consist of DNA plasmid expressing different BTV proteins after inoculation of the animals. The recombinant viral vector vaccines against BTV are based on recombinant viruses that express desired BTV antigens in the host upon inoculation. Viruses such as vaccinia, modified vaccinia Ancara (MVA), capripox, canarypox, herpes, myxoma and fowlpox viruses have been use

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Desi Irawati, Adinda, and Hotimah Masdan Salim. "Dengue Vaccine Development at the Dengue virus serotypes." International Islamic Medical Journal 1, no. 1 (2019): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33086/iimj.v1i1.1360.

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Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a disease caused by dengue virus (DENV1-4) and is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. However, in 2015, official data from the member countries, WHO reported more than 3.2 million cases, including 10,200 severe dengue cases and 1181 deaths. The protein encoded by the genome of dengue virus. Major structural and non structural proteins making up the genome of dengue. From genomic data several studies found that mechanism of vaccine that can use in dengue virus. Several vaccines was establish in the world for example Live attenuated Vaccine, Chimera Vacci

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Adams, Justin R., and Surya K. Mallapragada. "Enhancing the immune response through next generation polymeric vaccine adjuvants." TECHNOLOGY 02, no. 01 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2339547814300017.

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The search for improved vaccine adjuvants has intensified recently with the growing popularity of subunit vaccines. These vaccines can induce efficient antibody response and cellular immunity without the safety constraints of live vaccines, but must overcome their poor immunogenicity. Next-generation vaccine adjuvants offer several advantages over conventional adjuvants and can be rationally designed to meet the requirements of the antigen. This review analyzes current research in the field of vaccine adjuvant design, with an emphasis on polymeric vaccine adjuvants.

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Berman, P. W. "Synthetic peptides as virus vaccines: Recombinant subunit vaccines." Annales de l'Institut Pasteur / Virologie 138, no. 2 (1987): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0769-2617(87)80012-6.

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Turner, Hannah L., Raiees Andrabi, Christopher A. Cottrell, et al. "Disassembly of HIV envelope glycoprotein trimer immunogens is driven by antibodies elicited via immunization." Science Advances 7, no. 31 (2021): eabh2791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abh2791.

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Rationally designed protein subunit vaccines are being developed for a variety of viruses including influenza, RSV, SARS-CoV-2, and HIV. These vaccines are based on stabilized versions of the primary targets of neutralizing antibodies on the viral surface, namely, viral fusion glycoproteins. While these immunogens display the epitopes of potent neutralizing antibodies, they also present epitopes recognized by non-neutralizing or weakly neutralizing (“off-target”) antibodies. Using our recently developed electron microscopy polyclonal epitope mapping approach, we have uncovered a phenomenon whe

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Taroncher-Oldenburg, Gaspar. "Subunit boost for TB vaccines." Science-Business eXchange 2, no. 9 (2009): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scibx.2009.345.

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Rybalkin, Mykola, Natalia Khokhlenkova, Yuliia Azarenko, Olha Kaliuzhnaia, and Illya Podolsky. "The study of the therapeutic effectiveness of the associated inactivated and subunit vaccines based on Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis fungi." Pharmacia 68, no. 1 (2021): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.68.e49384.

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Candidiasis can be in various forms, the most dangerous of them are systemic and visceral candidiases. Many researchers believe that using drugs that are able to stimulate a protective immune response against candidal infections, i.e. immunobiological drugs, is a promising direction in the fight against candidiasis, and that these drugs are an alternative to antifungal agents. The aim of the work was to compare the therapeutic properties of the inactivated and subunit vaccines of cells of C. albicans and C. tropicalis fungi. Previously, animals were infected with the candidal infection. In 5 d

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Tsoras, Alexandra N., and Julie A. Champion. "Protein and Peptide Biomaterials for Engineered Subunit Vaccines and Immunotherapeutic Applications." Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 10, no. 1 (2019): 337–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060718-030347.

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Although vaccines have been the primary defense against widespread infectious disease for decades, there is a critical need for improvement to combat complex and variable diseases. More control and specificity over the immune response can be achieved by using only subunit components in vaccines. However, these often lack sufficient immunogenicity to fully protect, and conjugation or carrier materials are required. A variety of protein and peptide biomaterials have improved effectiveness and delivery of subunit vaccines for infectious, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. They are biodegradable and

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Stewart, Triccas, and Petrovsky. "Adjuvant Strategies for More Effective Tuberculosis Vaccine Immunity." Microorganisms 7, no. 8 (2019): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7080255.

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Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is responsible for the most deaths by a single infectious agent worldwide, with 1.6 million deaths in 2017 alone. The World Health Organization, through its “End TB” strategy, aims to reduce TB deaths by 95% by 2035. In order to reach this goal, a more effective vaccine than the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine currently in use is needed. Subunit TB vaccines are ideal candidates, because they can be used as booster vaccinations for individuals who have already received BCG and would also be safer for use in immunocompromise

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Przedpelski, Amanda, William H. Tepp, Abby R. Kroken, et al. "Enhancing the Protective Immune Response against Botulism." Infection and Immunity 81, no. 7 (2013): 2638–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00382-13.

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ABSTRACTThe need for a vaccine against botulism has increased since the discontinuation of the pentavalent (ABCDE) botulinum toxoid vaccine by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The botulinum toxins (BoNTs) are the primary virulence factors and vaccine components against botulism. BoNTs comprise three domains which are involved in catalysis (LC), translocation (HCT), and host receptor binding (HCR). Recombinant HCR subunits have been used to develop the next generation of BoNT vaccines. Using structural studies and the known entry properties of BoNT/A, an HCR subunit vaccine again

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Cid, Raquel, and Jorge Bolívar. "Platforms for Production of Protein-Based Vaccines: From Classical to Next-Generation Strategies." Biomolecules 11, no. 8 (2021): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11081072.

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To date, vaccination has become one of the most effective strategies to control and reduce infectious diseases, preventing millions of deaths worldwide. The earliest vaccines were developed as live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens, and, although they still represent the most extended human vaccine types, they also face some issues, such as the potential to revert to a pathogenic form of live-attenuated formulations or the weaker immune response associated with inactivated vaccines. Advances in genetic engineering have enabled improvements in vaccine design and strategies, such as recombinan

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Kostinov, Mikhail P., Alexander P. Cherdantsev, Nelli K. Akhmatova, et al. "Immunogenicity and safety of subunit influenza vaccines in pregnant women." ERJ Open Research 4, no. 2 (2018): 00060–2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00060-2017.

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Pregnancy is a condition of modulated immune suppression, so this group of patients has increased risk of infectious diseases.Trivalent subunit vaccines, unadjusted Agrippal S1 (group I) and immunoadjuvant Grippol Plus (group II), containing 5 μg of actual influenza virus strains, were administered respectively to 37 and 42 women in the second and third trimester of physiological pregnancy.The administration of subunit influenza vaccines was accompanied by the development of local reactions in no more than 10% of patients, compared with 4.9% of the 41 pregnant women in the placebo group (group

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Adegbite, Ayobami, and Pumtiwitt C. McCarthy. "Recent and Future Advances in the Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Homogeneous Glycans for Bacterial Glycoconjugate Vaccine Development." Vaccines 9, no. 9 (2021): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9091021.

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Vaccines are important in preventing disease outbreaks and controlling the spread of disease in a population. A variety of vaccines exist, including subunit, recombinant, and conjugate vaccines. Glycoconjugate vaccines have been an important tool to fight against diseases caused by a number of bacteria. Glycoconjugate vaccines are often heterogeneous. Vaccines of the future are becoming more rationally designed to have a defined oligosaccharide chain length and position of conjugation. Homogenous vaccines could play an important role in assessing the relationship between vaccine structure and

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Harakuni, Tetsuya, Hideki Sugawa, Ai Komesu, Masayuki Tadano, and Takeshi Arakawa. "Heteropentameric Cholera Toxin B Subunit Chimeric Molecules Genetically Fused to a Vaccine Antigen Induce Systemic and Mucosal Immune Responses: a Potential New Strategy To Target Recombinant Vaccine Antigens to Mucosal Immune Systems." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 9 (2005): 5654–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.9.5654-5665.2005.

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ABSTRACT Noninvasive mucosal vaccines are attractive alternatives to parenteral vaccines. Although the conjugation of vaccine antigens with the B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) is one of the most promising strategies for vaccine delivery to mucosal immune systems, the molecule cannot tolerate large-protein fusion, as it severely impairs pentamerization and loses affinity for GM1-ganglioside. Here we report a new strategy, in which steric hindrance between CTB-antigen fusion subunits is significantly reduced through the integration of unfused CTB “molecular buffers” into the pentamer unit, maki

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Tukhvatulin, Amir, Alina Dzharullaeva, Alina Erokhova, et al. "Adjuvantation of an Influenza Hemagglutinin Antigen with TLR4 and NOD2 Agonists Encapsulated in Poly(D,L-Lactide-Co-Glycolide) Nanoparticles Enhances Immunogenicity and Protection against Lethal Influenza Virus Infection in Mice." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (2020): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030519.

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Along with their excellent safety profiles, subunit vaccines are typically characterized by much weaker immunogenicity and protection efficacy compared to whole-pathogen vaccines. Here, we present an approach aimed at bridging this disadvantage that is based on synergistic collaboration between pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) belonging to different families. We prepared a model subunit vaccine formulation using an influenza hemagglutinin antigen incorporated into poly-(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles adjuvanted with monophosphoryl lipid A (TLR4 agonist) and muramyl dipep

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Fletcher, Mark A. "Vaccine candidates in STD." International Journal of STD & AIDS 13, no. 1_suppl (2002): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646202762226155.

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Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are caused by organisms that infect the mucosal surfaces of the genitourinary tract. In spite of its public health importance, current STD vaccine research lags behind work against pathogens that target another mucosal region, the respiratory tract. In the latter case, live-attenuated viral vaccines, killed whole-cell bacterial vaccines, subunit/protein bacterial vaccines, and bacterial polysaccharide vaccines have been enormously successful. To move STD vaccine research forward, complex issues must be resolved. Those include selection of an appropriate ant

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Turlewicz-Podbielska, Hanna, Anna Kuriga, Rafał Niemyjski, Grzegorz Tarasiuk, and Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól. "African Swine Fever Virus as a Difficult Opponent in the Fight for a Vaccine—Current Data." Viruses 13, no. 7 (2021): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13071212.

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Prevention and control of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in Europe, Asia, and Africa seem to be extremely difficult in view of the ease with which it spreads, its high resistance to environmental conditions, and the many obstacles related to the introduction of effective specific immunoprophylaxis. Biological properties of ASFV indicate that the African swine fever (ASF) pandemic will continue to develop and that only the implementation of an effective and safe vaccine will ensure a reduction in the spread of ASFV. At present, vaccines against ASF are not available. The latest approaches to

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Liu, Hui, Lorraine Gemmell, Rui Lin, et al. "DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS (EBV) NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY ASSAY TO FACILITATE DEVELOPMENT OF A PROPHYLACTIC GP350-SUBUNIT EBV VACCINE." Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 12, no. 1 (2020): e2020016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2020.016.

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No licensed vaccine is available for prevention of EBV-associated diseases, and robust, sensitive, and high-throughput bioanalytical assays are needed to evaluate immunogenicity of gp350 subunit-based candidate EBV vaccines. Here we have developed and improved analytical tools for such a vaccine’s pre-clinical and clinical validation including a gp350-specific antibody detection assay and an EBV-GFP based neutralization assay for measuring EBV specific antibodies in human donors. The sensitivity of our previously published high-throughput EBV-GFP fluorescent focus (FFA)-based neutralization as

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Araujo, Sergio C., Lennon R. Pereira, Rubens P. S. Alves, et al. "Anti-Flavivirus Vaccines: Review of the Present Situation and Perspectives of Subunit Vaccines Produced in Escherichia coli." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (2020): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030492.

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This article aims to review the present status of anti-flavivirus subunit vaccines, both those at the experimental stage and those already available for clinical use. Aspects regarding development of vaccines to Yellow Fever virus, (YFV), Dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are highlighted, with particular emphasis on purified recombinant proteins generated in bacterial cells. Currently licensed anti-flavivirus vaccines are based on inactivated, attenuated, or virus-vector vaccines. However, technological advances in the generati

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Thompson, Afton L., and Herman F. Staats. "Cytokines: The Future of Intranasal Vaccine Adjuvants." Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2011 (2011): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/289597.

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Due to its potential as an effective, needle-free route of immunization for use with subunit vaccines, nasal immunization continues to be evaluated as a route of immunization in both research and clinical studies. However, as with other vaccination routes, subunit vaccines often require the addition of adjuvants to induce potent immune responses. Unfortunately, many commonly used experimental vaccine adjuvants, such as cholera toxin andE. coliheat-labile toxin, are too toxic for use in humans. Because new adjuvants are needed, cytokines have been evaluated for their ability to provide effectiv

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Kaufman, David R., Jaap Goudsmit, Lennart Holterman, et al. "Differential Antigen Requirements for Protection against Systemic and Intranasal Vaccinia Virus Challenges in Mice." Journal of Virology 82, no. 14 (2008): 6829–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00353-08.

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ABSTRACT The development of a subunit vaccine for smallpox represents a potential strategy to avoid the safety concerns associated with replication-competent vaccinia virus. Preclinical studies to date with subunit smallpox vaccine candidates, however, have been limited by incomplete information regarding protective antigens and the requirement for multiple boost immunizations to afford protective immunity. Here we explore the protective efficacy of replication-incompetent, recombinant adenovirus serotype 35 (rAd35) vectors expressing the vaccinia virus intracellular mature virion (IMV) antige

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Mustafa, A. S., Y. A. Skeiky, R. Al-Attiyah, M. R. Alderson, R. G. Hewinson, and H. M. Vordermeier. "Immunogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigens in Mycobacterium bovis BCG-Vaccinated and M. bovis-Infected Cattle." Infection and Immunity 74, no. 8 (2006): 4566–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01660-05.

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ABSTRACT The development of novel vaccine strategies supplementing Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG) constitutes an urgent research challenge. To identify potential subunit vaccine candidates, we have tested a series of eight recently identified Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in M. bovis-infected and BCG-vaccinated cattle. These antigens were characterized on the basis of their ability to induce in vitro gamma interferon responses in infected or BCG-vaccinated calves. We were able to establish a hierarchy of these antigens based on how frequently they were recognized in both groups of animals

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Park, Jang Hyun, and Heung Kyu Lee. "Delivery Routes for COVID-19 Vaccines." Vaccines 9, no. 5 (2021): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050524.

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The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, has resulted in a pandemic with millions of deaths. To eradicate SARS-CoV-2 and prevent further infections, many vaccine candidates have been developed. These vaccines include not only traditional subunit vaccines and attenuated or inactivated viral vaccines but also nucleic acid and viral vector vaccines. In contrast to the diversity in the platform technology, the delivery of vaccines is limited to intramuscular vaccination. Although intramuscular vaccination is safe and effective, mucosal vaccination could improve the local immune re

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Jeong, Soo-Kyung, Yoon-Ki Heo, Jei-Hyun Jeong, et al. "COVID-19 Subunit Vaccine with a Combination of TLR1/2 and TLR3 Agonists Induces Robust and Protective Immunity." Vaccines 9, no. 9 (2021): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9090957.

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The development of COVID-19 vaccines is critical in controlling global health issues under the COVID-19 pandemic. The subunit vaccines are the safest and most widely used vaccine platform and highly effective against a multitude of infectious diseases. An adjuvant is essential for subunit vaccines to enhance the magnitude and durability of immune responses. In this study, we determined whether a combination of toll-like receptor (TLR)1/2 and TLR3 agonists (L-pampo) can be a potent adjuvant for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) subunit vaccine. We measured a neutraliz

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Park, Youngmin, Hyangju Kang, Kyungmin Min, et al. "Rabies virus glycoprotein produced in Nicotiana benthamiana is an immunogenic antigen in mice." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 57, No. 1 (2021): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/25/2020-cjgpb.

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Rabies remains an infectious disease among humans and animals, and requires the development of an effective vaccine essential to prevent rabies. Advances in molecular biology and biotechnology have led to the development and improvement of many rabies vaccines. Before the third-generation of the vaccine, rabies vaccines were based on the virus itself. Thus, even if effective, these vaccines may not be completely safe, resulting in a strong demand for the development of effective subunit vaccines that do not raise concerns about virus replication and infection in the host. This study investigat

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Isaacs, Ariel, Zheyi Li, Stacey T. M. Cheung, et al. "Adjuvant Selection for Influenza and RSV Prefusion Subunit Vaccines." Vaccines 9, no. 2 (2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020071.

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Subunit vaccines exhibit favorable safety and immunogenicity profiles and can be designed to mimic native antigen structures. However, pairing with an appropriate adjuvant is imperative in order to elicit effective humoral and cellular immune responses. In this study, we aimed to determine an optimal adjuvant pairing with the prefusion form of influenza haemagglutinin (HA) or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion (F) subunit vaccines in BALB/c mice in order to inform future subunit vaccine adjuvant selection. We tested a panel of adjuvants, including aluminum hydroxide (alhydrogel), QS21, A

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Davila, Jose, Lixin Zhang, Carl F. Marrs, Riza Durmaz, and Zhenhua Yang. "Assessment of the Genetic Diversity ofMycobacterium tuberculosis esxA, esxH, andfbpBGenes among Clinical Isolates and Its Implication for the Future Immunization by New Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccines Ag85B-ESAT-6 and Ag85B-TB10.4." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010 (2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/208371.

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The effort to develop a tuberculosis (TB) vaccine more effective than the widely used Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has led to the development of two novel fusion protein subunit vaccines: Ag85B-ESAT-6 and Ag85B-TB10.4. Studies of these vaccines in animal models have revealed their ability to generate protective immune responses. Yet, previous work on TB fusion subunit vaccine candidate, Mtb72f, has suggested that genetic diversity amongM. tuberculosisstrains may compromise vaccine efficacy. In this study, we sequenced theesxA, esxH,andfbpBgenes ofM. tuberculosisencoding ESAT-6, TB10.4, and Ag

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