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Journal articles on the topic 'Suburban villas'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 24 April 2022

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1

Ormos, Bálint. ""Micsoda gazdaság (villa) az, ha nincsenek városi díszítményei, sem falusi kelléktára"." Belvedere Meridionale 31, no. 1 (2019): 49–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/belv.2019.1.4.

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This paper examines three main terms: otium (leisure), suburbium (suburb) and villa suburbana (suburban villa). I mostly used ancient literary sources from this period for the examination. I wanted to point out what the ancient Romans had thought about city and countryside through these terms. It is important to note that the sources I selected are referring to the contemporary elitist concept of this theme. It is difficult to separate the many meanings of these terms. I handled the terms in this paper in the following way. The suburbium was the suburban realm of the ancient city, Rome. Its development reached approximately 40-50 kilometres from the city centre. The otium was the cultivated form of leisure, which the Roman elite pursued for example in their elegant country villas. The villa suburbana could be a lavish leisuring spot or have another social, economical and land-using interests, too. But these terms were very subjective, flexible and always changed. They have exact definition neither in the ancient Roman thought and nor among the modern scholars. The selected literary sources do not make a clear distinction between these terms, either. Because of this fact I can state that these terms always depended on the contemporary individuals who wrote down their estimates or ideas in the survived pieces of Roman literature.

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2

Gerhold, Dorian. "London's Suburban Villas and Mansions, 1660–1830." London Journal 34, no. 3 (2009): 233–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/030580309x12496474606986.

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3

Kurek, Jan. "CHARM OF PAST MEMORIES – VILLA ARCHITECTURE IN JAŚKOWA DOLINA IN GDAŃSK-WRZESZCZ." space&FORM 2020, no. 44 (2020): 317–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2020.44.e-02.

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Wrzeszcz is one of the oldest suburban districts, incorporated into Gdańsk in 1814. In the nineteenth century, the district gained railway and tram connections and it developed dynamically. Rural buildings quickly gave way to manor houses, new villa districts were created. In the picturesque surroundings of forested hills, new eclectic villas were built along Jaśkowa Dolina Street. Most of them survived World War II and still enchants us with their beauty.

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4

Spencer, Diana. "VI Spaces and Places." New Surveys in the Classics 39 (2009): 135–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383510000434.

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Pictures and spaces, like literary texts, tell a story. This chapter, together with the Survey's envoi, tackles a range of these stories. At our first two sites we focus on painted landscapes in suburban villas (the Villa ‘Farnesina’, and the Villa of Livia at Prima Porta, near Rome). The next two, the famous but now mostly lost Horti Sallustiani and Porticus of Pompey, open a window onto the political and civic role of peri-urban Roman landscape gardens. Rounding off the survey, a stroll around the parkland of the emperor Hadrian's villa near Tibur (modern Tivoli) uses the contemporary site to reflect on villa visits then and now.

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5

Cunningham, Gail. "HOUSES IN BETWEEN: NAVIGATING SUBURBIA IN LATE VICTORIAN WRITING." Victorian Literature and Culture 32, no. 2 (2004): 421–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150304000579.

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Oh it really is a wery pretty garden And Chingford to the eastward could be seen; Wiv a ladder and some glasses You could see to 'Ackney marshes If it wasn't for the 'ouses in between. “WHAT A PLEASANT THING IT MUST BE…to have ancestors,” muses Alma in George Gissing'sThe Whirlpool. This reflection is prompted by response to her location, living as she does neither in country village nor metropolitan center but in suburbia. Recognition of this brings her bleakly down to earth: “Nobody's ancestors ever lived in a semi-detached villa” (342; pt. 3, ch. 4). Genealogically speaking, of course, Alma has as many ancestors as anyone else, as Gissing knew perfectly well; his point, however, is to signal through Alma–as he does throughout the novel–the degree to which the explosion in suburban living that characterized late nineteenth-century London had disturbed and fractured identities. Alma's ancestors may have existed, but not in any spatial, social, or temporal dimension to which she, a dweller in the new semi-detached suburbia, can relate. Like all suburban dwellers of thefin de siècle, she has moved beyond the bounds of the historically known and culturally defined. Floundering between fantasies of rural idylls and illusions of metropolitan glamour, she is fatally unable to settle the new territory she now actually inhabits, aterra incognitaof domesticity in redbrick villas, of streets, gardens, commuters, of atomized family units in homogenized streetscapes. She has no social or historical chart by which to navigate.

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6

Cividino, Sirio, Gianluca Egidi, and Luca Salvati. "Unraveling the (Uneven) Linkage? A Reflection on Population Aging and Suburbanization in a Mediterranean Perspective." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (2020): 4546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114546.

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A complex interplay between socioeconomic transformations and demographic dynamics has characterized the long-term development of European countries. As a characteristic example of such linkage, the present study focuses on the spatial relationship between metropolitan growth and population age structure. Preferences for urban and suburban locations reflect complex socioeconomic phenomena such as sprawl, class segregation, gentrification and filtering. However, the spatial linkage between sprawl and demographic transitions was relatively poorly analyzed, and should be more extensively investigated in relation with population dynamics and socioeconomic structures at local scale. By reviewing pertinent literature, this study outlines how space exerts a non-neutral impact on population age structures in Europe, shaping housing needs and influencing settlement patterns and processes of urban transformation. While suburban locations have concentrated younger families and larger households in Northern and Western Europe, the socio-demographic composition of new settlements is increasingly dominated by older inhabitants in the Mediterranean region. Results of this work suggest how discontinuous urban expansion was specifically associated with an elder, wealthy population with high standard of living and a preference for specific housing locations such as detached villas with gardens and swimming pools.

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7

Gorse, George L. "The Villa of Andrea Doria in Genoa: Architecture, Gardens, and Suburban Setting." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 44, no. 1 (1985): 18–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990058.

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This paper reconsiders Andrea Doria's 16th-century villa in Genoa as an architectural and garden monument in relation to its original suburban setting. The villa has thus far been discussed primarily as a decorative monument, with scholars focusing their attention upon the interior fresco and stucco decorations of Perino del Vaga and façade paintings by Perino, Beccafumi, and Pordenone. However, these paintings have not been understood fully in terms of the architectural, garden, and suburban context of the villa, which serves as the focus of this study. A biographical sketch of Doria is followed by a building history of his villa, tracing its classical and Renaissance prototypes, the development of the building plan, and phases of construction. Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli's gardens of the 1540s are reconstructed from visual and literary sources, then related to the villa architecture and its suburban environs. A discussion of urban planning around the villa during the 1530s and 1540s shows how the villa functioned as a ceremonial entry monument into Genoa. Concluding remarks on the triumphal receptions of Emperor Charles V and Philip II at the Villa Doria during the mid-16th century underscore the importance of the villa's architecture, gardens, and suburb as a unified work of art.

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8

Górski, Marcin, and Wiktor Lach. "“Świdermajer”, the Architecture of Historic Wooden Summer Villas in the Polish Landscape: A Study of Distinctive Features." Land 11, no. 3 (2022): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11030374.

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The article covers the results of the study of a historical wooden holiday architectural ensemble called Świdermajer, located on the outskirts of Warsaw in Poland. The fashion for traveling and resting within natural surroundings emerged in the 19th century, contributing to the popularization of a new model of spending free time. It had an impact on the development of a new type of architecture, including the “Swiss style”, today representing an extremely picturesque European architectural heritage integrated into the landscape. The area of Otwock is one of a very few of such places in Poland, where the entire complexes of suburban wooden holiday buildings from the late 19th and early 20th century have survived. This paper aims to show an overview of a development of the local wooden building trend on the “Otwock Line” within its historical and social background. The main goal of the study focuses on identifying the characteristic features of the architectural wooden local style. As a final outcome of the study, the article presents the method applied for the recording and assessment of historic wooden summer villas. The conducted study confirmed the distinctiveness of the phenomenon represented by cultural values and, at the same time, its strong links with the Alpine style of architecture.

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9

Peats, Richard. "Forty Hall, Enfield: Continuity and Innovation in a Carolean Gentry House." Architectural History 51 (2008): 33–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066622x00003014.

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Forty Hall, built in 1629 for Nicholas Rainton (1569–1646), is one of a group of Jacobean and Carolean suburban villas around London. This type of house has its antecedents in medieval secret houses and Tudor lodges, and was influenced by Italian Renaissance models. It provided a convenient escape from the bustle and squalor of the City, whilst being close enough to stay in touch with business or court, and so was popular with aristocrats and merchants alike.Rainton was one of the latter, a wealthy London merchant who imported fine textiles, principally satin and taffeta, from Florence and Genoa. He took an active part in the corporate and political life of the City, including serving as Alderman of Aldgate Ward from 1621, Sheriff of the Ward in 1622 and Lord Mayor in 1632–33. He was also master of the Haberdashers’ Company in 1622–23 and 1632–33. His religious sympathies were firmly Puritan, and he consistently sided with Parliament in its disputes with the Crown in events leading up to the Civil War.

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10

Bilston, Sarah. "QUEENS OF THE GARDEN: VICTORIAN WOMEN GARDENERS AND THE RISE OF THE GARDENING ADVICE TEXT." Victorian Literature and Culture 36, no. 1 (2008): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150308080017.

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The nineteenth century was an era of enormous changes in garden design and garden practice. A wealth of new and exotic plants, located and shipped back by adventurous plant hunters from southern Europe and other, warmer continents, changed the look and character of the garden beyond recognition. The repeal of the glass tax and advances in iron and glass production initiated the craze of the glass house. “Bedding out” consequently became popular, a system in which delicate plants grown under glass could be planted straight outside in warmer months, producing instant colour and ending the frustrating months of bare beds during which gardeners waited for native perennials to bloom. And there were many other important technological advances to ease the lot of the Victorian gardener, such as the patenting of the first lawn mower in 1830 and improvements in tool design. Moreover, with huge advances in printing press technology and distribution, a slew of gardening magazines and gardening manuals sprang up to educate and aid the amateur gardener. The rise of the middle class, housed in suburban terraces and villas with small gardens front and back, produced a ready market for such texts.

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11

ROBERTS, MATTHEW. "‘VILLA TORYISM’ AND POPULAR CONSERVATISM IN LEEDS, 1885–1902." Historical Journal 49, no. 1 (2006): 217–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x05005108.

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This article is a contribution to the continuing debate on the character and electoral fortunes of the Conservative party in late Victorian England. Using the West Riding borough of Leeds as a case study, this article focuses on suburban Conservatism (villa toryism) and situates it within the broader context of urban Conservatism in and beyond Leeds. It explores the nature of Conservative electoral dominance in the period after the Third Reform Act. In doing so, it further challenges conventional interpretations about the rise of class-based politics. As the example of Leeds demonstrates, villa toryism was not the political expression of a socially homogeneous, innately conservative suburban middle class. The intense electoral competition that ensued challenges assumptions about suburbia being politically quiescent and dull. Popular Conservatism, it is argued, was a protean and socially heterogeneous political culture, of which villa toryism was one distinctive strand. Villa toryism was the suburban incarnation of respectable, self-reliant, hierarchical, and domesticated popular Conservatism. This villa toryism was distinct from, but related to, the working-class Conservatism of the older industrial districts of urban England.

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12

Mills, Philip, and Ulla Rajala. "THE ROMAN CERAMIC MATERIAL FROM FIELD WALKING IN THE ENVIRONS OF NEPI." Papers of the British School at Rome 79 (October 31, 2011): 147–240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246211000055.

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This paper explores the ceramic assemblage of the Nepi Survey Project from the third century bc to the seventh century ad. The surface collection allows the detailed characterization of chronology, ware, fabric supply and functional characteristics. The assemblage shows a settlement explosion in the early second century bc, with another major rise from the Augustan period. The sharp decline in the late second to early third centuries ad is visible here, as it is throughout the region. The later peaks of the late fourth to mid-fifth and the mid-sixth centuries ad conform to the late Roman sequence from Mola di Monte Gelato. The dominant pottery class is oxidized coarse-wares, at 73%. The distribution of the different fabrics, including some of regional supply, suggests a number of different marketing mechanisms. Fine-wares and terra sigillata combined at 3% is what would be expected in the fringes of the Empire. The amphora class makes up over 5% of the assemblage, with the most variety exhibited at large villas and suburban halos. The most important supply originated from North Africa, with fish sauce as the main import. The functional analysis allows the definition of a ritual structure in the proximity of the cemeteries of the Massa area with highly varied types related to eating and drinking. The ceramic building material shows the importance of Campanian contacts, although the lack of imbrices suggests that many tile scatters derive from reused material.

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13

Platts, Hannah. "G. Adams, The Suburban Villas of Campania and Their Social Function (BAR International Series 1542). Oxford: Archaeopress, 2006. Pp. ix + 175, 72 figs, 42 graphs. ISBN 1-84171-974-9. £38.00." Journal of Roman Studies 99 (November 2009): 282–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3815/007543509789745269.

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14

Álvarez Meneses, Tannia. "PROCESOS DE TRANSFORMACIÓN DE LA TRAZA URBANA ANTE EL DESARROLLO DEL TURISMO A ESCALA LOCAL. VILLA DE LEYVA, COLOMBIA." Cuadernos de Turismo, no. 47 (May 28, 2021): 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/turismo.474061.

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El turismo en Villa de Leyva como actividad económica dominante ha incidido en una gestión pública orientada hacia el desarrollo turístico en donde la comunidad local percibe esta actividad en beneficio de la conservación del patrimonio cultural como el camino para el fortalecimiento de la inversión local y el mayor valor del suelo en un proceso de expansión urbana y suburbana. El análisis de las transformaciones socioespaciales se realizó desde la geografía del turismo. Tourism in Villa de Leyva as the main economic activity has influenced public management focused on tourism development where the local community perceives this activity to the benefit of the preservation of cultural heritage as the way to strengthen local investment and greater land value in a process of urban and suburban expansion. The analysis of the socio-space transformations was carried out from the geography.

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15

Popilian, Gheorghe, Ştefan Chiţu, and M. Vasilescu. "Villa suburbana de la Romula, jud. Olt / Villa suburbana de Romula, dép. d’Olt." Materiale şi cercetări arheologice 17, no. 1 (1992): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/mcarh.1992.1939.

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16

Kurg, Andres. "Estonia: expanding suburbia - White Neomodernist villas and beyond." Architectural Design 76, no. 3 (2006): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ad.267.

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17

Stamp, Gavin. "Neo-Tudor and its Enemies." Architectural History 49 (2006): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066622x00002690.

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Has any architecture – even the concrete ‘shoe boxes’ of the 1960s – received such consistent abuse as the neo-Tudor of the first half of the twentieth century – especially in its middle-class, suburban manifestations (Fig. 1)? ‘The abominable Tudoristic villa of the By-pass road’, ‘The worst bogus Tudor housing estates’, and ‘Those repellent, jerry-built, sham-Tudor houses that disfigure England’ are some contemporary judgements. And as far as that enthusiast for the modern, Anthony Bertram, in his 1935 book,The House: A Machine for Living In, was concerned:The man who builds a bogus Tudoresque villa or castellates his suburban home is committing a crime against truth and tradition: he is denying the history of progress, denying his own age and insulting the very thing he pretends to imitate by misusing it.

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18

Funari, Pedro Paulo A. "Rome and the Social Role of Élite Villas in its Suburbs." Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, no. 19 (December 17, 2009): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2448-1750.revmae.2009.89897.

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19

Béland, François. "Les dimensions de hiérarchie dans cinq villes du Québec. Une analyse de stratification socio-écologique." Articles 19, no. 3 (2005): 366–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/055806ar.

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Dans la perspective des études de strates sociales, l'auteur procède à une analyse factorielle des données de recensement pour cinq villes du Québec, découpées en cinq types d'aires urbaines : Montréal, Québec, Montréal suburbain, Québec suburbain et le groupe Hull/ Sherbrooke/Trois-Rivières.:Trois questions sont traitées : Est-ce qu'un seul ensemble de variables est suffisant pour expliquer les variations de la distribution des caractéristiques selon le type d'aire urbaine? Sinon, est-il possible d'identifier un sous-ensemble de variables communes à toutes les villes? Est-il possible de résumer à un seul score la place d'une aire urbaine dans une échelle de stratification socio-spatiale?

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20

COETZEE, FRANS. "Villa Toryism Reconsidered: Conservatism and Suburban Sensibilities in Late-Victorian Croydon." Parliamentary History 16, no. 1 (2008): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-0206.1997.tb00572.x.

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21

Fontana, Sergio, and Fabrizio Felici. "Importazioni italiche in Tripolitania nella prima e media età imperiale." Libyan Studies 34 (2003): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900003411.

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AbstractThe present contribution considers Italic imports into Tripolitania between the end of the 1st century BC and the 3rd century AD with special reference to the city of Lepcis Magna and its territory. The imports consist mainly of fine ceramic tableware and amphorae. The archaeological context is varied and highlights the diverse use of Italic goods. A wealth of information has been derived from the study of subterranean tombs excavated in the suburbs of Lepcis by the Libyan Department of Antiquities and by the University of Rome III mission. The assemblages consist of grave goods dated to between the middle of the first century BC and the 3rd century AD. Here we consider a sample of ten subterranean tombs not all of which have been published. They are located in the necropolis of the western suburbs of Lepcis with the exception of a tomb at Gelda, in the southern suburbs, and the Ganima tombs in the countryside to the east of Lepcis. Burial in subterranean tombs apparendy was reserved for the nobility while the majority of the population were buried in surface cemeteries often nearby. A contextual study of the early and middle Imperial period of the villa of Wadi er-Rsaf—excavated between 1995 and 1998—provided more data. Further surface reconnaissance surveys of various sample areas near Lepcis were carried out by the same mission in 1999-2000. Special emphases is placed on the survey in the Silin area on the coast some 15 km west of Lepcis and another inland in W Tareglat, now semi-desert, 40 km SE of Lepcis. The quality of the documentation is uneven but good enough to reveal the presence of Italic goods in different contexts: the ritual setting of a necropolis, everyday life in a prosperous suburban home, and rural settlements in the hinterland.

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22

Marling, Sven. "Tätheten av gransångare Phylloscopus c. collybita och lövsångare Phylloscopus trochilus i ett sydsvenskt villaområde." Ornis Svecica 24, no. 3–4 (2014): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v24.22555.

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The expansion of the Chiffchaff Phylloscopus c. collybita in southern Sweden during the last decades is well documented. Regionally the densities of the Chiffchaff now even exceed the densities of the ubiquitous Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus. However, there are few quantitative studies on Chiffchaff densities, not least from urban areas. During spring 2013 a survey of singing Chiffchaffs and Willow Warblers, complemented by territory mapping, was conducted in three villa suburb areas (total ea 1.27 km2) and a nearby recreational area in the southwestern parts of the city of Malmö, Sweden. The villa areas held a substantially higher number of Chiffchaffs (16.5 pairs/km2) than Willow Warblers (6.3 pairs/ km2). In one villa sub-area, with little undergrowth and denser housing, there were no Willow Warblers at all, in contrast to the recreational area close to the villa areas, where the Willow Warbler dominated (10.9 pairs/km2). The Chiffchaff had its highest density (18.7 pairs/km2) in the sub-area that had the largest trees. Thus, in the investigated villa suburb, the Chiffchaff clearly outnumbered the Willow Warbler as a breeding bird.

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23

Elgmork, Kåre. "Dynamics of garden birds at a feeding station in a suburban area near Oslo, Norway, 2000–2008." Ornis Svecica 21, no. 2–4 (2011): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v21.22605.

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The presence of birds visiting a feeding site near a villa in a suburban area to the west of Oslo was observed daily at close range during 2000–2008. The bird assemblage consisted of 17 species. Some species were present throughout the year, whereas others occurred during different seasons. Most species showed a stable occurrence from year to year and was little influenced by climatic factors. When comparing with the bird community in a spruce forest about three kilometres away, only 36% of the forest species occurred regularly at the suburban site, showing a considerable loss of diversity when a forest is changed into a suburban habitat. Abundance was recorded by the time it took the birds to consume one kilo of sunflower seeds. Maximum consumption occurred during summer and minimum during late winter. A general decrease in consumption in all years of study started during autumn followed by another marked decrease at the time of the first snowfall, which obviously acted as a signal for emigration out of the area.

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24

Meijer, Bert W. "Lambert Sustris in Padua: fresco's en tekeningen." Oud Holland - Quarterly for Dutch Art History 107, no. 1 (1993): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187501793x00072.

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AbstractThe Amsterdam painter Lambert Sustris stayed in Padua in the 1540s. During this period he worked, among other things, on a number of murals in palazzi and ville suburbane, and also in villas outside Padua and near Vicenza. Some of these murals still exist, others have vanished. A few drawings by Sustris associated with lost murals have however survived. In Padua, Sustris first worked in a subordinate position under Domenico Campagnola and Gualterio Padovano; later, having attained an independent status, he collaborated with the latter and with Andrea Schiavone, among others. Most of the buildings and mural decorations were designed to recreate and renew Classical Antiquity. Some were influenced by Raphael and the artistic climate in Rome and Mantua after 1530, in which followers such as Giulio Romano figured so prominently. Before going to Padua, Sustris had very likely been in Rome and perhaps in Mantua as well. His patrons in Padua, men like Alvise Cornaro and Marco Mantova Benavides, were members of the city's humanist circles, which were strongly orientated towards Rome and Classical Antiquity. The Amsterdam artist is largely responsible for the importance of the landscape in these paintings with their air of antiquity, paintings which in the case of the villas represent the earliest phase of villa decoration in the Veneto. Sustris' landscapes and figures alike clearly bear witness to a connection with Titian, whose paintings Sustris had probably furnished with landscapes earlier on. Further influences on Sustris' work during this period were primarily Raphael, Francesco Salviati and Parmigianino. Partly on the basis of the murals and drawings attributed here to Sustris, there are justifiable grounds for concluding that in recent decades the influence and position of Giuseppe Porta Salviati in Venice and Padua has been overestimated, to Sustris' disadvantage. Except for during his Padua period, the Amsterdam artist received few public commissions. He consequently sank into almost total oblivion fairly soon after his death. From as early on as the late sixteenth century some of his paintings, by virtue of their style and high quality, were taken for masterpieces by Titian.

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25

Carré, Jacques. "Loisir et production : la villa suburbaine au 18ème siècle." Cahiers Charles V 9, no. 1 (1988): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/cchav.1988.1002.

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26

Kingsbury, Pamela D. "The Tradition of the Soffitto Veneziano in Lord Burlington's Suburban Villa at Chiswick." Architectural History 44 (2001): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1568743.

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Ayantunde, A. A., M. Blummel, E. Grings, and A. J. Duncan. "Price and quality of livestock feeds in suburban markets of West Africa’s Sahel: Case study from Bamako, Mali." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 67, no. 1 (2014): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10155.

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Dans les villes du Sahel Ouest africain, les activités liées à l’élevage, comme la production laitière des petits exploitants et l’engraissement du bétail (bovins, ovins et caprins), sont devenues très répandues pour satisfaire aux besoins en alimentation du ménage et pour générer des revenus. L’importance accrue de l’agriculture urbaine et périurbaine, en particulier des activités d’élevage dans la région, a contribué à une croissance rapide du cheptel dans la plupart des grandes villes. En réponse à cette croissance et, ainsi, à la demande accrue en aliments, des marchés des aliments du bétail se sont développés dans plusieurs grandes villes du Sahel Ouest africain. Une enquête sur les marchés des aliments du bétail a été conduite au Mali dans cinq marchés de Bamako. Le prix des aliments a été suivi mensuellement de janvier à décembre 2010. En outre, des échantillons d’aliments ont été collectés pour analyser leur qualité nutritionnelle. Les résultats ont montré que les prix de la fane de niébé et de la fane d’arachide étaient plus élevés que ceux des autres aliments tout au long de l’année. Le prix de la fane de niébé a varié entre 367 FCFA/kg de matière sèche (1 USD ≈ 500 FCFA) en octobre, soit juste après la récolte, et 667 FCFA/kg en août, pendant la saison humide. Les résultats ont également montré qu’il n’y avait pas de relation entre le prix et la qualité pour tous les types d’aliments. Cependant, leur prix et leur qualité ont considérablement varié en fonction des saisons, indiquant que la saison était un déterminant majeur du prix des aliments de bétail dans les zones périurbaines du Sahel Ouest africain.

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Rowland, Ingrid D. "Render Unto Caesar the Things Which are Caesar's: Humanism and the Arts in the Patronage of Agostino Chigi." Renaissance Quarterly 39, no. 4 (1986): 673–730. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2862323.

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In accounts of Rome's “Golden Age of the Renaissance,” the Sienese banker Agostino Chigi (1466-1520) has never quite faded from notoriety. His proverbial wealth and flamboyant personality survive in scattered anecdotes as a glittering sideshow to the grander enterprises of Julius II, Leo X, Raphael, and Michelangelo. Indisputably the richest man in Rome between 1500 and 1520, he is best known today for three artistic commissions connected with Raphael: a chapel in Santa Maria della Pace, his mortuary chapel in Santa Maria del Popolo, and the suburban villa known since 1579 as the Farnesina.

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Conejo Delgado, Noé. "Registro monetario de la “villa romana” de Huerta de San Nicolás: apuntes para la historia romana de Ávila." Lucentum, no. 34 (December 15, 2015): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/lvcentvm2015.34.16.

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En el año 2002 fueron descubiertos en la zona SO de la ciudad de Ávila los restos de una villa romana suburbana con una cronología aproximada del siglo I d.C. al siglo II d.C. En este trabajo se estudian las monedas halladas en esta intervención. Además de la catalogación de estas monedas y la valoración conjunta de todos los elementos exhumados, nos aproximamos a la historia romana de la ciudad de Ávila.

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Richardson, A. J. H. "Canada's First Suburb: Transplanting the Villa to Early Québec." Lumen: Selected Proceedings from the Canadian Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies 19 (2000): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1012327ar.

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Lee, Jin Hi. "A Research about the Centrality and Outer Form of Suburban Houses Since 1900 - focused on Villa Rotonda and Villa Emo in Italy -." Journal of the Korean housing association 24, no. 6 (2013): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.6107/jkha.2013.24.6.123.

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Vukelić, Vlatka, and Eva Katarina Glazer. "Siscijanska villa suburbana na lokalitetu „Mrcinište“. Primjer gospodarsko-proizvodnog kompleksa u panonskom suburbiju." Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest Filozofskoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu 47 (2016): 579–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17234/radovizhp.47.28.

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Gilkes, Oliver J., Susanna Passigli, and Robyn Schinke. "Porta Pia: excavation and survey in an area of suburban Rome, Part 2." Papers of the British School at Rome 62 (November 1994): 101–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246200010059.

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PORTA PIA: SCAVO E RILEVAMENTO DI UN'AREA DELLA ROMA SUBURBANA. PARTE 2A seguito del resoconto presentato nei PBSR 61 sugli scavi eseguiti a Porta Pia nel 1969, questo articolo discute i risultati di un altro rilevamento effettuato nel 1969 e degli scavi del 1991 e 1994. Queste sezioni sono seguite da una rassegna della topografia classica e medievale dell'area di Porta Pia.Ulteriori scavi furono intrapresi nel 1991 ed integrati da un breve sondaggio effettuato nel 1994. Questo lavoro ha permesso la ricostruzione di una sequenza che essenzialmente conferma i risultati ottenuti all'inizio del secolo da Rodolfo Lanciani a Villa Patrizi. Una massiccia opera di livellamento nel periodo alto imperiale fu seguita dall'utilizzo dell'area circostante come cimitero; un tomba costruita nelle mura aureliane fu investigata nel 1969. Dal IV secolo d.C. in poi l'area fu adibita a scarico di rifiuti. L'abbandono dell'area in epoca medievale fu seguita dal suo riuso come vigneto nel XVI secolo. Tale vigneto fu poi integrato in una delle nuove ville della Roma aristocratica nel XVII secolo.

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Kadurina, A. O. "SYMBOLISM OF ROSES IN LANDSCAPE ART OF DIFFERENT HISTORICAL ERAS." Problems of theory and history of architecture of Ukraine, no. 20 (May 12, 2020): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2519-4208-2020-20-148-157.

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Background.Rosa, as the "Queen of Flowers" has always occupied a special place in the garden. The emergence of rose gardens is rooted in antiquity. Rose is a kind of “tuning fork” of eras. We can see how the symbolism of the flower was transformed, depending on the philosophy and cultural values of society. And this contributed to the various functions and aesthetic delivery of roses in gardens and parks of different eras. Despite the large number of works on roses, today there are no studies that can combine philosophy, cultural aspects of the era, the history of gardens and parks with symbols of the plant world (in particular roses) with the identification of a number of features and patterns.Objectives.The purpose of the article is to study the symbolism of rosesin landscape gardening art of different eras.Methods.The historical method helps to trace the stages of the transformation of the symbolism of roses in different historical periods. The inductive method allows you to move from the analysis of the symbolism of roses in each era to generalization, the identification of patterns, the connection of the cultural life of society with the participation of roses in it. Graph-analytical method reveals the features of creating various types of gardens with roses, taking into account trends in styles and time.Results.In the gardens of Ancient Greece, the theme of refined aesthetics, reflections on life and death dominated. It is no accident that in ancient times it was an attribute of the goddesses of love. In antiquity, she was a favorite flower of the goddess of beauty and love of Aphrodite (Venus). In connection with the legend of the goddess, there was a custom to draw or hang a white rose in the meeting rooms, as a reminder of the non-disclosure of the said information. It was also believed that roses weaken the effect of wine and therefore garlands of roses decorated feasts, festivities in honor of the god of winemaking Dionysus (Bacchus). The rose was called the gift of the gods. Wreaths of roses were decorated: statues of the gods during religious ceremonies, the bride during weddings. The custom of decorating the floor with rose petals, twisting columns of curly roses in the halls came to the ancient palace life from Ancient Egypt, from Queen Cleopatra, highlighted this flower more than others. In ancient Rome, rose gardens turned into huge plantations. Flowers from them were intended to decorate palace halls during feasts. In Rome, a religious theme was overshadowed by luxurious imperial greatness. It is interesting that in Rome, which constantly spreads its borders, a rose from a "female" flower turned into a "male" one. The soldiers, setting out on a campaign, put on pink wreaths instead of helmets, symbolizing morality and courage, and returning with victory, knocked out the image of a rose on shields. From roses weaved wreaths and garlands, received rose oil, incense and medicine. The banquet emperors needed so many roses, which were also delivered by ships from Egypt. Ironically, it is generally accepted that Nero's passion for roses contributed to the decline of Rome. After the fall of the Roman Empire, rose plantations were abandoned because Christianity first associated this flower with the licentiousness of Roman customs. In the Early Middle Ages, the main theme is the Christian religion and roses are located mainly in the monastery gardens, symbolizing divine love and mercy. Despite the huge number of civil wars, when the crops and gardens of neighbors were violently destroyed, the only place of peace and harmony remained the monastery gardens. They grew medicinal plants and flowers for religious ceremonies. During this period, the rose becomes an attribute of the Virgin Mary, Jesus Christ and various saints, symbolizing the church as a whole. More deeply, the symbolism of the rose was revealed in Catholic life, when the rosary and a special prayer behind them were called the "rose garden". Now the rose has become the personification of mercy, forgiveness, martyrdom and divine love. In the late Middle Ages, in the era of chivalry, roses became part of the "cult of the beautiful lady." Rose becomes a symbol of love of a nobleman to the wife of his heart. Courtesy was of a socially symbolic nature, described in the novel of the Rose. The lady, like a rose, symbolized mystery, magnificent beauty and temptation. Thus, in the Late Middle Ages, the secular principle manifests itself on a par with the religious vision of the world. And in the Renaissance, the religious and secular component are in balance. The theme of secular pleasures and entertainments was transferred further to the Renaissance gardens. In secular gardens at palaces, villas and castles, it symbolized love, beauty, grace and perfection. In this case, various secret societies appear that choose a rose as an emblem, as a symbol of eternity and mystery. And if the cross in the emblem of the Rosicrucians symbolized Christianity, then the rose symbolized a mystical secret hidden from prying eyes. In modern times, secular life comes to the fore, and with it new ways of communication, for example, in the language of flowers, in particular roses. In the XVII–XVIII centuries. gardening art is becoming secular; sesame, the language of flowers, comes from Europe to the East. White rose symbolized a sigh, pink –an oath of love, tea –a courtship, and bright red –admiration for beauty and passionate love [2]. In aristocratic circles, the creation of lush rose gardens is in fashion. Roses are actively planted in urban and suburban gardens. In modern times, rose gardens carry the idea of aesthetic relaxation and enjoyment. Many new varieties were obtained in the 19th century, during the period of numerous botanical breeding experiments. At this time, gardening ceased to be the property of the elite of society and became publicly available. In the XX–XXI centuries. rosaries, as before, are popular. Many of them are located on the territory of ancient villas, palaces and other structures, continuing the tradition.

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Baston, Lewis. "Rising Damp in the Suburbs. Or ‘Whatever Happened to the Villa Tory?’." Political Quarterly 90, no. 1 (2019): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-923x.12641.

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Divitiis, Bianca de. "Giuliano da Sangallo in the Kingdom of Naples." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 74, no. 2 (2015): 152–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2015.74.2.152.

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In 1488 Giuliano da Sangallo arrived in Naples with his model for a new royal palace commissioned by Lorenzo de’ Medici for the king of Naples, Ferrante of Aragon. In Giuliano da Sangallo in the Kingdom of Naples: Architecture and Cultural Exchange, Bianca de Divitiis examines the design of this royal palace in the context of the cultural and diplomatic relationship between Naples and Florence, considering the architect’s attempt to respond to the ceremonial and practical requirements of the Neapolitan court and to integrate “foreign” models with elements derived from local antiquities. De Divitiis analyzes the origins of the palace design and other important projects by Florentine architects in Naples, such as the suburban villa Poggioreale. The article looks at the knowledge, stimuli, and contacts that Giuliano acquired during his sojourn in the Kingdom of Naples and the legacy he left there.

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Stobart, Jon. "‘So agreeable and suitable a place’: The Character, Use and Provisioning of a Late Eighteenth-Century Suburban Villa." Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 39, no. 1 (2014): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1754-0208.12279.

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Muñoz Domínguez, José. "La Fuente de la Sábana y la etapa barroca de la villa suburbana El Bosque de Béjar." VLC arquitectura. Research Journal 5, no. 1 (2018): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vlc.2018.7980.

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<p><em>Most of the studies published on the suburban village </em>El Bosque de Béjar <em>(Salamanca) focus on its Renaissance period, when it was created by Duke Francisco de Zúñiga y Sotomayor, leaving in the background the contributions of other later dukes. The article documents the Baroque reforms of French inspiration projected in the period 1705-1727 by Juan Manuel Diego Lopez de Zúñiga y Castro, XI attenuated, who began with the construction of the so-called </em>Fuente de la Sábana <em>(ca. 1705) and included a walk with “gazon” bands, a “potager”, large pots with orange trees, a park and a “fondería” (distillery) attended by botanist masters. The projects, probably inspired by the Abbe Emmanuel Jouin, were partly executed and are among the earlier ones of the first Bourbon period within the environment of the nobility.</em></p>

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Snodin, Michael. "Part Two: The Site." Architectural History 38 (1995): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066622x00001908.

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The wholly suburban and institutional surroundings which characterize Strawberry Hill today have done much to conceal the close link that once existed between Walpole’s famous Gothic villa and its setting. More crucially for architectural history, they have obscured the topography of the land which Walpole found when he arrived at the site in 1747, and which played an important part in the future developments at Strawberry Hill. Indeed, it can be argued that the situation as he found it tended to encourage the retention and accretive development of a pre-existing structure as described above by Peter Guillery. Having decided on retention, the topography and pattern of land ownership seem to have made almost inevitable the asymmetrical plan, created from 1758, which has earned Strawberry Hill a place in architectural history. Finally, the timing of these developments can be seen to have been greatly influenced by Walpole’s progress in land acquisition.

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Lowe, K. J. P. "A Florentine prelate's real estate in Rome between 1480 and 1524: the residential and speculative property of Cardinal Francesco Soderini." Papers of the British School at Rome 59 (November 1991): 259–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246200009739.

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LA PROPRIETA DI UN PRELATO FIORENTINO TRA IL 1480 E IL 1524: LA PROPRIETA RESIDENZIALE E QUELLA SPECULATIVA DEL CARDINALE FRANCESCO SODERINIL'articolo tratta dell'acquisto e dell'incremento, tra il 1480 e il 1524, della proprietà romana del Card. Francesco Soderini, vescovo di Firenze. Si concentra sulla questione di come il Soderini rispose alle condizioni abitative ed edilizie del mercato durante questo periodo e del rapporto di tale risposte con le esigenze famigliari e quelle dell'suo ufficio e livello sociale. Oltre a realizzare i progetti dei propri palazzi egli era anche interessato alla speculazione edilizia di negozi e piccoli appartamenti. Si discute a proposito delle proprietà Soderini in via Alessandrina, in Borgo, ai SS. Apostoli e a Tor Sanguigna, ed anche della sua villa suburbana alle falde del Gianicolo.

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Birge, David, and Alan M. Berger. "Transitioning to low-carbon suburbs in hot-arid regions: A case-study of Emirati villas in Abu Dhabi." Building and Environment 147 (January 2019): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.09.013.

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Gustiana, Wily Alfi. "Perbedaan Harga Lahan Sebagai Akibat Terjadinya Fenomena Percampuran Ruang Bermukim di Wilayah Pinggiran Kota Semarang (Studi Kasus Perumahan Formal dan Informal di Kelurahan Pedalangan & Bulusan)." Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan 1, no. 3 (2013): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jwl.1.3.215-226.

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<p class="Abstract"><em>Suburbanization is a process to shape built areas as an impact urban development expansion (Wiratmaja, 2002:33). The real form of suburbanization is shift settlements activity towards suburban area. Therefore, many new development settlements are made to accommodate city core inhabitants at this time. Pedalangan Subdistrict and Bulusan which are part of Banyumanik District also Tembalang has been filled by new formal settlements such as Graha Estetika, Graha Sapta Asri, Grand Tembalang Regency, Villa Tembalang, and Korpri. Whereas, urban settlements in Pedalangan Subdistrict also Bulusan is not only consist of estate that is part of formal settlements but also Kampong which is a part of informal settlements. Mostly, new developments of formal settlements build nearby informal settlements that have been there first. These things have a potential thing to emerge disparity related social, economic, cultural, physical, and spatial aspect. One of the most spatial impacts that will appear is the land price differentiation between formal and informal settlements. Based on that phenomenon is formulated statement research “There was land price differentiation as an impact of mix urban settlements between formal and informal settlements in suburban area.” This research aims to identify land price differentiation that occurred as an impact of mix urban settlements in suburban area. In order to achieve that purpose, the process of identification and analysis need to carry on towards factors that could affect the land price such as land physic characteristic, accessibility, facility and infrastructure availability, ownership status, and environmental quality. This research will use quantitative descriptive analysis with descriptive statistics based on the results of questionnaires and observation. Based on findings, that indicate there are only two factors that can be land price differentiation between formal and informal settlements is the ease of accessibility and facility and infrastructure availability. The land physic characteristic, ownership status, and environmental quality can not to identify land price differentiation because of these characteristics of each these factors are almost equally between formal and informal settlements. Based on the results of the study findings it can be concluded that there are land price differentiation between formal and informal settlements caused by mix urban settlements. It also need a form of problem solve such as zoning regulation, land conversion regulation, land transaction regulation, land taxation, and regulation of new building that aims to control development of suburban areas to be more focused by considering the integration process physical, social, and economic community.</em></p><em></em>

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Gabrielle M. Lanier. "Architecture and Suburbia: From English Villa to American Dream House, 1690–2000 (review)." Buildings & Landscapes: Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum 16, no. 2 (2009): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bdl.0.0026.

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Rees, Amanda. "Architecture and Suburbia: From English Villa to American Dream House, 1690-2000 (review)." American Studies 50, no. 1 (2009): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ams.2011.0060.

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Petryshyn, Halyna, and Roman Liubytskyy. "FOREST TERRITORIES IN THE PLANNING STRUCTURE OF LVIV." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 59 (March 1, 2021): 232–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2021.59.232-247.

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The sphere of life of a large city includes forests as a natural resource and areas of its expansion and now they serve to implement modern eco-trends. In the evolution of Lviv we can distinguish several stages of relation to forested areas: 1 - exemption from forests of areas suitable for farming, horticulture and construction; 2 – the early 19th century. - planting of new forests for economic and rehabilitation purposes; 3 - the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries - the development of the recreational function of forests under the influence of hygienists, especially at water sources; 4 - the end of the 19th century and before 1939 - the development of the city of Lviv with new streets and compact plots according to the urban concepts of "villa in the park" and "garden city", which are wedged into the forest park areas; 5 - the second half of the 20th century. The rapid territorial development of industrial Lviv causes the emergence of large residential areas on the outskirts of the city. According to strict regulatory requirements for providing residents with green areas, part of the suburban forests were allocated for the establishment of local parks. A trade union recreation centers are developing around the city; 6 - 1980s - under the influence of the concept of a polarized landscape in conditions of state ownership of land and its resources, in suburban forests and in the city, separate plots with unique characteristics are distinguished, on the basis of which objects of nature reserve fund are created; 7 - from the 1990s and until now - the spreading of the city and the defragmentation of forests are observed. At the same time, the creation of new nature reserve facilities in Lviv and in the suburban area were performed as well as the formation of new reserves and their inclusion into European ecological networks. At the same time, the process of permanent alienation of forest areas in favor of the spread of development is intensifying. The most vulnerable are the territories of Bryukhovychi and Vynnyky forest parks, which are fully included in the united territorial community of Lviv approved in 2020.

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Hervier, Dominique. "Une étude de la demeure suburbaine dans l'Inventaire général des monuments et richesses artistiques de la France." Villes en parallèle 14, no. 1 (1989): 256–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/vilpa.1989.1065.

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Hoon Leh, Oliver Ling, Muhammad Hanif Abdul Aziz, Norseha Mohd Mahbot, Marlyana Azyyati Marzukhi, and Na'asah Nasrudin. "A STUDY OF URBAN LIVEABILITY IN A CITY AND A SUBURBAN. CASE STUDY: KUALA LUMPUR AND PUNCAK ALAM, MALAYSIA." Journal of Surveying, Construction & Property 11, no. 2 (2020): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jscp.sp2020no1.2.

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Urban always being the main catalyst of growth in most of the countries. However, due to the high concentration of population, urbans encounter various challenges, i.e. environmental degradation, social unhealthiness, low sense of security, unhealthy lifestyle and traffic congestion. These phenomenon affect the liveability of urban dwellers. Liveability is affected by physical environmental and social aspects. A liveability study had been carried out in Kuala Lumpur city (with Mandy Villa as the study area) and a suburban (Puncak Alam). This paper is prepared with the aim to analyse the liveability of the residents in these areas and the relationship with the physical and social aspects. With a questionnaire survey, the respondents with diverse social and demographic background were mostly felt that the study areas were liveable. Relationship analysis via correlation tests showed that some of the physical aspects and most of the social aspects were positively and significantly related to the liveability level. With the research findings, urban managers, planners, private company and public agencies can come out with better strategies to improve the urban liveability. Nevertheless, more studies should be carried out in future for different locality for a better understanding of the urban liveability and the determining factors.

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Jones, Peter Blundell. "Admirably perverse: tectonic expression and the puzzles of Galerie Goetz." Architectural Research Quarterly 13, no. 3-4 (2009): 220–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135510000072.

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The Galerie Goetz is a small art gallery built between 1989 and 1992, one of the early works of Herzog & de Meuron which helped to win them such commissions as Tate Modern and launched their spectacular international career. At first sight this box-like building standing at the far end of a villa garden in a Munich suburb seems rather dead-pan and understated: from the street [2] you register only the upper floor, a box measured out in five bays, for the ground level is perfectly obscured by the garden fence, an apparently banal element carefully remade by the architects.

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Munzi, Massimiliano, Fabrizio Felici, Jabar Matoug, Isabella Sjöström, and Andrea Zocchi. "The Lepcitanian landscape across the ages: the survey between Ras el-Mergheb and Ras el-Hammam (2007, 2009, 2013)." Libyan Studies 47 (November 2016): 67–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lis.2016.9.

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AbstractSince 2007, the Archaeological Mission of Roma Tre University has conducted surveys in the territory of Lepcis Magna, in a peri-urban area between Ras el-Mergheb and Ras el-Hammam. To date, 168 sites have been surveyed. From the analysis of this data collection can be drawn a synthesis of the landscape's evolution from the Hellenistic to the end of the Ottoman period (including the analysis of battlefields and military structures related to the Italo-Turkish War and World War I). As elsewhere in Tripolitania, the Roman productive and settlement system was based on the villae and farms with torcularia for olive (and wine) production. However, the ancient suburban landscape was here characterised by local limestone quarry activities and funerary monuments, the research on which has given significant new data. The Late Antique and medieval periods, with their conjunctures of growth and contraction, as well as the Karamanli/Ottoman phase have been analysed for their agricultural peculiarities and forms of settlement. The Late Antique and medieval defensive system (gsur, the Ras el-Hammam and Ras el-Mergheb castles) and the Ottoman religious landscape (marabouts or ‘shrines’, today almost completely demolished) have also been taken into consideration.

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Matlock, Daniel. "DR. SMILES AND THE “COUNTERFEIT” GENTLEMEN: SELF-MAKING AND MISAPPLICATION IN MID-NINETEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN." Victorian Literature and Culture 46, no. 1 (2018): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106015031700033x.

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On the morning of 15 May 1855, career criminal Edward Agar and his associate, William Pierce, walked away from the London Bridge Station of the South-Eastern Railway Company with over £14,000 in stolen gold. The bullion was the property of the City of London merchants, whose intention had been to ship the bars via train to Dover and then on to Calais by ferry. Security was comprehensive and the success of Agar's en route interception was made possible only through labor-intensive planning and meticulous execution. It was the type of job in which the thief specialized. Even before what would become known as the “Great Bullion Robbery,” Agar's criminal diligence and self-drive had provided him with the monetary resources to establish himself in the wealthy, middle-class suburb of Cambridge Villas, where he enjoyed a reputation as a consummate gentleman. Throughout Agar's planning of the bullion heist, his neighbors remained entirely unaware that his home was headquarters to an extensive criminal ring.

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