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Journal articles on the topic 'Subways – History'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Gilbert, Dale, and Claire Poitras. "‘Subways are Not Outdated’: Debating the Montreal Metro, 1940–60." Journal of Transport History 36, no. 2 (2015): 209–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/tjth.36.2.5.

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This article discusses how a subway was represented in debates on its merits as public transit for Montreal, Canada, during the 1940s and 1950s. Opponents argued that subways were obsolete in the automobile age, but supporters saw subway construction as a key tool for stimulating urban development and maintaining the city's prestige in the context of rising competition from Canada's second city, Toronto. Subway supporters regarded the project as being complementary to expressway construction, not as an alternative. A new technology developed in France provided the symbolic power that brought t

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2

Middleton, William D. "New York Subways: An Illustrated History of New York City's Transit Cars (review)." Technology and Culture 46, no. 3 (2005): 668–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2005.0136.

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3

Cheape, Charles W., and Clifton Hood. "722 Miles: The Building of the Subways and How They Transformed New York." Journal of American History 81, no. 3 (1994): 1342. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2081560.

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4

Foster, Mark S., and Clifton Hood. "722 Miles: The Building of the Subways and How They Transformed New York." American Historical Review 100, no. 1 (1995): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2168154.

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5

Taylor, Lawrence D. "The monorail ‘revolution’ of the 1950s and 1960s and its legacy." Journal of Transport History 37, no. 2 (2016): 236–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022526616667955.

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The paper uses a variety of primary and secondary sources to analyse why monorail proposals initiated by Goodell, Alweg, Lockheed and other manufacturers during the 1950s and 1960s failed to gain preference among transport planning authorities over alternative modes of transport such as conventional rail, subways, buses and eventually light rail. The article examines the ways in which improved versions of the monorail models developed during these two decades. In time, these changes led to a more dynamic market in which monorails continued to be built not only for use in amusement parks and ex

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6

Kinsht, A. V., and A. A. Shamets. "Cultural and aesthetic functions of Soviet and Russian metro." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 23, no. 1 (2021): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2021-23-1-34-49.

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The article examines the cultural and aesthetic function in the large closed space, namely the metro, where the need for variety, including aesthetic, is most clearly manifested. The metro diversity is a necessary socio-economic function.The metro variety is realized through the use of cultural and aesthetic functions that reflect the history and culture. A dramatic expansion of diversity were first used in the design and construction of the Moscow metro.Such an experience is analyzed using the architecture of the Moscow and Novosibirsk subways. It is shown that the cultural and aesthetic func

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7

Glasser, R. "Underground Harmonies: Music and Politics in the Subways of New York, by Susie J. Tanenbaum. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995. 270 pp. Hardbound, $37.50; Softbound, $14.95." Oral History Review 24, no. 1 (1997): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ohr/24.1.123.

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8

Omar, Priyanka, MVN Siva Kumar, and Subbarao Yarramsetty. "Management of Various Safety Parameters in Tunnel Construction: A Critical Review." E3S Web of Conferences 170 (2020): 06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017006003.

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Population is growing rapidly and so are vehicles on roads. This leads to enormous need of tunnels and subways for easy locomotion and mobilization. From conventional tunnels, for sewage and water facilities to modern electrified tunnels, for mass transit and underwater highways, method of construction of a tunnel to its safety inspection and maintenance has taken a wide leap. Tunnel construction requires wide range of resources like human, technology, machinery, materials, energy, and finance. To handle all these resources simultaneously becomes complex and requires good management. Even with

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9

Reilly, Michael D. "Clifton Hood, 722 Miles: The Building of the Subways and How They Transformed New York. New York: Simon Schuster, 1993. 75 + 260pp. 5 maps. $25.00." Urban History 21, no. 2 (1994): 314–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800011263.

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10

Gutkin, David. "The Modernities of H. Lawrence Freeman." Journal of the American Musicological Society 72, no. 3 (2019): 719–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jams.2019.72.3.719.

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H. Lawrence Freeman's “Negro Jazz Grand Opera,” Voodoo, was premiered in 1928 in Manhattan's Broadway district. Its reception bespoke competing, racially charged values that underpinned the idea of the “modern” in the 1920s. The white press critiqued the opera for its allegedly anxiety-ridden indebtedness to nineteenth-century European conventions, while the black press hailed it as the pathbreaking work of a “pioneer composer.” Taking the reception history of Voodoo as a starting point, this article shows how Freeman's lifelong project, the creation of what he would call “Negro Grand Opera,”

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11

Quan, Deng Zhou, Yan Dai, and Hong Jie Guan. "Methods and Prospects of Seismic Research on Subway Structures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 1961–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.1961.

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With the rapid development of underground space exploration in Chinese cities, the construction scale of underground subway structures expands continuously. This thesis elaborates the development history of seismic research on underground subway structures, summaries the seismic response characteristics of the structures, and analyzes the seismic research methods of underground subway structures including the prototype observation, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and experimental research and discusses the characteristics and usages of each research method. At last, several importan

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12

Guo, Yixiao. "Beijing Subway and the Political and Economic Development of China." Public Administration Research 8, no. 1 (2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/par.v8n1p23.

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This research paper analyses the main purposes the Beijing subway system, which served from 1969 to now as a tool of political defense as well as a transportation system. The notion to construct the system arose in 1953, but the first section of today&rsquo;s Line 1 did not open until September 1969. &nbsp;Today, the Beijing subway system is the world&rsquo;s busiest in terms of annual ridership and the world&rsquo;s second longest subway system, ranking only behind Shanghai&rsquo;s. (Xinhua News Agency, 2017, http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2017-12/30/c_1122188643.htm.)

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13

Chen, Liang, and De Jian Yang. "Analysis of Equivalent Static Method for Subway Station." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 1382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.1382.

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Structural integrity of Subway station is a very important indicator when the earthquake happens as it is a densely populated venue. Time-history analysis of Tianjin metro line 3 based on the theory of coupling seismic load was done with the finite-element software ANSYS. Consequently, numerical expression of the equivalent load was fixed and the procedure of seismic check of subway station structure gets further simplified and necessary theoretical basis.

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14

Zhao, Nan, Kai Ma, Hai Xia Geng, and Ting Li. "Analysis of Vertical Isolation and Earthquake Prevention on Isolation Structure." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 2546–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.2546.

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According to Fast Fourier Transform we can work out main frequency of vertical vibration wave. Combining natural frequency of vibration of the structure we evaluate whether isolation layer have effect. Combine with a multi-tower with a large base structure located above subway, We use time history method and consider different vertical tensile-compressive stiffness of rubber bearing, Storey acceleration response of the structure under vertical earthquake and subway vibration was calculated. The result shows that it have no effect that isolation layer with regard to vertical earthquake, but hav

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15

Gabay, D. "Fire safety: a short history in the Paris subway." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 17, no. 2 (2002): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0886-7798(02)00016-0.

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16

Bian, Jin, Lian Jin Tao, Wen Pei Wang, and Bo Zhang. "Dynamic Responses of RC Underground Subway Station and Soil during the Strong Earthquake." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 2018–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.2018.

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Underground subway RC structures suffered significant damage during many earthquakes, so it is important to study the seismic behavior on RC subway structure. The shaking table model test is made of the Beijing typical subway station structure. In this article, the test is introduced briefly; then, the acceleration history curves are analyzed. By the test, it is found that the interaction exits between structure and soil. Under the low intensity earthquake, the underground structure will exert a very small influence on soil and vibrates with soil; under the high intensity earthquake, the soil

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17

Masterson-Algar, Araceli. "The Subte as Looking Machine into the City." Transfers 4, no. 2 (2014): 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2014.040206.

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Moebius (1996) is the first cinematographic production of the “Universidad del Cine” of Buenos Aires. It is the collective project of forty-five film students under the general direction of Gustavo Mosquera. The film narrates the mysterious disappearance of a subway train along the last addition to its underground network: the “línea perimetral.” In search for answers, a topologist named Daniel Pratt initiates an allegorical journey into Moebius, a subway trajectory that is timeless but includes all times. This article explores the role of Moebius' subway as a metaphor to understand the urban.

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18

Adler, S. "The Great Society Subway: A History of the Washington Metro." Journal of American History 93, no. 4 (2007): 1281–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25094703.

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19

IWAMOTO, Atsushi. "The Technical History of the Subway Vehicle in Ginza Line." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 118, no. 1162 (2015): 566–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.118.1162_566.

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20

Maclean, Alexandra A., Andrea M. O'Neill, H. Leon Pachter, and Maurizio A. Miglietta. "Devastating Consequences of Subway Accidents: Traumatic Amputations." American Surgeon 72, no. 1 (2006): 74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480607200118.

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The efficiencies of the subway system are tempered by the occurrence of accidents, some with devastating injuries. The purpose of this study is to examine our experience with traumatic amputations after subway accidents. A retrospective trauma registry review (1989–2003) of 41 patients who presented to Bellevue Hospital, New York City, with amputations from subway accidents was undertaken to examine the following end points: age, sex, Injury Severity Score, time and mechanism of accident, history of psychiatric disorders and alcohol use, admission vital signs, Glasgow Coma Scale score, amputat

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21

Thompson, Gregory Lee. "The Great Society Subway: A History of the Washington Metro (review)." Technology and Culture 48, no. 1 (2007): 216–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2007.0044.

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22

McMahan, Jane. "Subway Performance: An Excavation." Journal of Popular Culture 29, no. 4 (1996): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3840.1996.00159.x.

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23

Leidenberger, Georg. "Zachary M. Schrag.The Great Society Subway: A History of the Washington Metro.:The Great Society Subway: A History of the Washington Metro.(Creating the North American Landscape.)." American Historical Review 112, no. 4 (2007): 1210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.112.4.1210a.

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24

Cui, Yu Ping, Wei Ze Sun, Jun Dong, and Fei Dong. "Dynamic Response Analysis of Lining Structure with Primary Defects for Tunnel under Moving Train Loading." Key Engineering Materials 525-526 (November 2012): 573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.525-526.573.

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Considering the background of vibration engineering of lining structure of subway tunnel with primary defects under moving train loading, and according to the measured information of a dynamic loading spectrum of subway in Beijing, dynamic response of the lining structure with differently primary defects caused by neighboring tunnel construction has been investigated for different cases including one-way and two-way trains in this paper. The results show that the curves of dynamic time history analysis are similar with each other for displacement and stress under different cases with different

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25

Qi, Feng, Yong Xiang Wu, and Wen Jin Zhang. "Study on Fiber Concrete Impermeability Test and its Application in Subway Station." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.280.

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Standard impermeability test is used to evaluate the impermeability of concrete without bearing history. For having no test to evaluate fiber concrete with load-supporting history under service environment, a new test, splitting tensile permeability test is proposed in the paper. The proposed test method involves two parts called splitting tensile test and load holding permeability test. The splitting tensile test is used to get fiber concrete specimen with tiny crack which impermeability measured by the load holding permeability test. Based on the concept of water proof grade in underground e

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26

Richmond, Jonathan. "The Great Society Subway: A History of the Washington Metro by Zachary M. Schrag." Journal of Urban Affairs 30, no. 5 (2008): 583–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2008.00419_3.x.

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27

Shen, Dao Ming, Lai Dong Zhang, Jin Hong Xia, and Song Tao Xue. "Analysis on Ground Vibration Induced by Subway under Three Track Structures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 2511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.2511.

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On the purpose of investigation for damping effect of different track supporting, In-situ experiments of vertical ground vibration acceleration induced by underground railway traffic under three track structures were performed at line 8 in shanghai. Time history and 1/3 octave for ground vibration were analyzed and the variation between ground vibration and track supporting structure as well as train velocity was summarized. The results show that reducing vibration effects of different track structure is determined to its own stiffness, various track velocity has little influence to VLzmax of

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28

Shi, Weixing, Ligang Bai, and Jianping Han. "Subway-Induced Vibration Measurement and Evaluation of the Structure on a Construction Site at Curved Section of Metro Line." Shock and Vibration 2018 (December 2, 2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5763101.

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Metro property buildings developed rapidly in metropolitan cities over last several years in China. The subway-induced vibration, which may influence the serviceability of the buildings and the comfortability of their occupants over or near the metro lines, has been paid more and more attention by professional and academic experts. Based on the vibration measurement data of a construction site over Shenzhen Metro line No. 1, this paper utilizes the reasonable and completed data processing method to handle and analyse the measured data. Through the analysis of the data, the subway-induced vibra

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29

Lobenstein, R. W. "History - The power to move a city electrification of the New York City Subway System." IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 2, no. 4 (2004): 80–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mpae.2004.1310884.

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30

Smith, Graham. "The Subway Grate Scene in The Seven Year Itch: “The Staging of an Appearance-As-Disappearance”1." Hors dossier 14, no. 2-3 (2005): 213–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/026010ar.

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Abstract The subway grate scene in The Seven Year Itch is placed in context, creating a “montage of attractions” that illuminates the iconic images of Marilyn Monroe. Parallels in earlier films situate these images in cinematic history, while later references to them demonstrate their continuing modernity. The “wondrous revealment” of women’s undergarments is also a common theme in literature. Freud’s writings on sexuality explain this preoccupation, while Barthes’s focus upon the erotic character of “intermittence” points to fundamental differences between “appearance-as-disappearance” in cin

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31

VASILIEVA, Daria I., Margarita N. BARANOVA, Andrey V. MALTSEV, Svetlana V. SOKOLOVA, and Inessa P. SHIMANCHIK. "SAMARA CITY UNDERGROUND URBANIZATION DEVELOPMENT AND ITS CONSEQUENCES." Urban construction and architecture 11, no. 2 (2021): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2021.02.12.

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Nowadays the area of cities is almost everywhere increasing - the territory urbanization is developing. At the same time, due to lack of land resources, the underground space development intensifi es, and the underground construction volume increases, i.e., underground urbanization takes place. This process has undoubtedly positive results, as it can help solve territorial, transport, environmental and other problems of cities while preserving the unique appearance of buildings in the historical centers of cities. At the same time, some engineering and geological processes may be activated as

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32

Woo, Jung Hyun. "Classification of TOD Typologies Based on Pedestrian Behavior for Sustainable and Active Urban Growth in Seoul." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (2021): 3047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063047.

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Transit-oriented development (TOD) pursues sustainable urban development through compact growth, mixed-use zoning, and pedestrian-friendly neighborhood design in cooperation with transportation planning. Seoul has actively developed urban rail transit since the 1970s based on a TOD concept, and each station’s areas have differently evolved throughout the history of urbanization in Seoul. In response to investigating the complications of current TOD, this paper evaluates TOD characteristics through accessibility and clustering analysis methods and categorizes TOD types using the targeted 246 su

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33

Yoshihara, Mari. "How to Reach Japan by Subway: America's Fascination with Japanese Culture, 1945–1965." Journal of American History 106, no. 1 (2019): 240–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaz290.

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34

Seitz, John. "American Catholics and Emptiness." Church History 85, no. 2 (2016): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640716000068.

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As I read Corrigan's book over the last few months, I encountered it on several occasions with an acute sense of displacement. The margins of my copy are filled with notes reflecting the strange feelings that come from reading a book about emptiness on the #1 train between 225th Street and 66th Street in New York. Each day, as my fellow subway riders and I jam aboard the increasingly-crowded train, we struggle to settle ourselves in acceptable spots; eventually and inevitably this means our bodies find an uneasy peace in a space directly touching those alongside us—legs bumping legs, shoulders

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35

Meng, Zhao Bo, Shi Cai Cui, Teng Fei Zhao, and Liu Qin Jin. "The Finite Element Model Determination in the Loess Regions under Subway Vibration Loads." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 2586–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.2586.

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According to measured shear wave velocity of Xi’an Bell Tower area (Loess Area), the dynamic parameters of site soil are determined by using the relationship between shear wave velocity and compression wave velocity. Using Matlab program, the finite element size for low frequency subway vibration is obtained by analyzing soil dispersion phenomenon. On this basis, two-dimensional model with viscous - elastic boundaries is established by using the ANSYS program. The load-time history of the train is applied to the right tunnel, and the effects of the depth and breadth of the different models on

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36

Wang, Guofu, Jinhua Shang, Xianfeng Ma, and Xiyong Xu. "Equivalent Inertial Force Method of Seismic Calculation for Subway Station in Soft Site." Shock and Vibration 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4751071.

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On the basis of the structural characteristics of subway stations, structural inertial force can be simplified as multiple concentrated force acting on the member connecting node by using equivalent inertial force method of seismic calculation in soft site, and then internal forces of the structure will be analyzed. According to the principle that the maximum bending moment values of equivalent inertial force method and dynamic time-history analysis method are equal and the location is the same, the value of equivalent inertial force is determined, and the shear and axial force are ensured by

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37

Semaan, Nabil, and Youssef Dib. "Comparison between the predicted performance curve and the Markov Chain models for structural performance of infrastructure components." MATEC Web of Conferences 289 (2019): 08006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928908006.

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This paper compares the PPC model to a Markov Chain (MC) stochastic deterioration model. First, inspection data from the Société de Transport de Montréal (STM) is gathered and analyzed. Then Transition Probability Matrices (TPM) are developed, and, using Matlab, MC deterioration curves are developed. Comparison between MC and the PPC deterioration curves is performed for subway station walls and slabs. The comparison has shown that the useful service life can be as low as 2 years for components having many inspection history records, and very high as 30 years for components having very few ins

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38

Koszarski, Richard. "Subway Commandos: Hollywood Filmmakers at the Signal Corps Photographic Center." Film History: An International Journal 14, no. 3-4 (2002): 296–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/fil.2002.14.3-4.296.

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39

Pendleton, Mark. "Going Underground with Murakami Haruki: storytelling, oral history and “the japanese psyche” after Tokyo subway sarin attack." Ethnologie française 173, no. 1 (2019): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ethn.191.0141.

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40

Hood, Clifton, and Peter Derrick. "Tunneling to the Future: The Story of the Great Subway Expansion That Saved New York." Journal of American History 89, no. 1 (2002): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2700859.

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41

Griffith, Sarah M. "Review: How to Reach Japan by Subway: America’s Fascination with Japanese Culture, 1945–1965 by Meghan Warner Mettler." Pacific Historical Review 88, no. 3 (2019): 506–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2019.88.3.506.

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42

Díaz, Rodrigo, Hui Wang, Herbert Mang, Yong Yuan, and Bernhard Pichler. "Numerical Analysis of a Moderate Fire inside a Segment of a Subway Station." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (2018): 2116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112116.

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A 1:4 scaled fire test of a segment of a subway station is analyzed by means of three-dimensional Finite Element simulations. The first 30 min of the test are considered to be representative of a moderate fire. Numerical sensitivity analyses are performed. As regards the thermal boundary conditions, a spatially uniform surface temperature history and three different piecewise uniform surface temperature histories are used. As regards the material behavior of concrete, a temperature-independent linear-elastic model and a temperature-dependent elasto-plastic model are used. Heat transfer within

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43

Hainge, Greg. "Three Non-Places of Supermodernity in the History of French Cinema: 1967, 1985, 2000. Playtime, Subway and Stand-by." Australian Journal of French Studies 51, no. 2-3 (2014): 234–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/ajfs.2014.19.

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44

Hainge, Greg. "Three Non-Places of Supermodernity in the History of French Cinema: 1967, 1985, 2000. Playtime, Subway and Stand-by." Australian Journal of French Studies 45, no. 3 (2008): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/ajfs.45.3.197.

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45

Wells, Christopher W. "Tunneling to the Future: The Story of the Great Subway Expansion that Saved New York (review)." Technology and Culture 43, no. 4 (2002): 803–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2002.0191.

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46

McKevitt, Andrew C. "Meghan Warner Mettler. How to Reach Japan by Subway: America’s Fascination with Japanese Culture, 1945–1965." American Historical Review 124, no. 5 (2019): 1912–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz1046.

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47

Sanz, Luis, Francisco A. Leguizamón R., and Guillermo Edelberg. "The privatization process in Argentina: the case of the Buenos Aires subway system." Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración 28, no. 3 (2015): 309–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arla-06-2015-0130.

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Abstract This case study examines the Argentinian privatization process that occurred in the early 1990s and which marked the start of the third phase of the history of public services in the country. The research focusses on the role played by a group of private companies in the privatization of the Buenos Aires Subway, an icon of the modernization of mass passenger transportation. It explores the background to the process, the alternative selling options available to the government and concerning the degree of public control that would be retained. It examines the effects of privatization on

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48

WANG, CHING-JONG. "SIMULATION OF COLLISION CONTACTS AMONG DISJOINED SOIL-STRUCTURE BODIES UNDER SEISMIC MOTIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 09n11 (2008): 1544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208047055.

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Structure bodies and surrounding soils in certain types of bridges and tunnels may be prone to collisions during earthquake. A dynamic system composed of discrete and finite elements is developed using explicit formulation for equations of motion, and nonlinearities in soils and at interfaces of disjoined regions are implemented. Time history solutions are carried out to examine the plastic deformation in soils as well as the integrity of structures. Two case studies are presented in which collisions among disjoined regions are anticipated in the event of extremely large earthquakes. Case one

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49

Yang, Min, Hongru Li, Ning Li, and Shun Yang. "Effect of Subway Excavation with Different Support Pressures on Existing Utility Tunnel in Xi’an Loess." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (September 21, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8818949.

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The interaction between two shield tunnels and the integrated pipe corridor is complicated and still lacks understanding. This paper investigated the influence of the double-track subway construction on the deformation characteristics of the existing comprehensive pipe corridor based on numerical simulation on a case history in Xi’an, China. First, loess is a special kind of clayed soil. In the theoretical calculation of overburden earth pressure of shield tunnel, the loose earth pressure theory under the incomplete soil arching effect can be used for calculation when considering the soil arch

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50

Lee, C. J., S. H. Yoon, J. Y. Lee, and J. S. Kim. "Design and construction of the Geum Ho riverbed tunnel in the 2nd Dae Gu subway construction project: A case history." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 21, no. 3-4 (2006): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2005.12.097.

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