Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Succession écologique'
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Picaud, Frédérique. "Succession écologique chez les insectes orthoptères : application aux haldes de mines." Limoges, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LIMO0045.
Full textBouchet, Diane. "Succession écologique et influence de la fauche dans des communautés végétales de talus routiers en région méditerranéenne française." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT119.
Full textThe success of revegetation or ecological restauration highly depends on our knowledge of mechanisms underlying changes in composition and structure of the vegetation along the ecological succession. Natural or human-induced disturbances of varying intensity and frequency often occur simultaneously to influence vegetation temporal dynamics. However, the influence of a recurrent disturbance combined with ecological changes along plant succession remains poorly documented.Plant communities growing on road slopes are particularly appropriate to study this issue. Construction work and management history are well documented, so that the age of the vegetation and its disturbance regime by mowing can be precisely informed. Thus, road slopes plant communities represent an in situ quasi-experimental framework particularly adapted to study processes affecting community assembly along the ecological succession under the influence of a recurrent disturbance.The principal objective of this study is to characterise the successional dynamic initiated after road slope construction in the Mediterranean area, and to identify the ecological processes and environmental factors influencing this dynamic. We particularly focused on the influence of recurrent mowing on this dynamic.We studied the floristic composition and the diversity of functional traits (mainly leaf traits and flowering phenology traits) in a 70-year long chronosequence of French Mediterranean (Hérault, France) road slopes, each including both mown and unmown vegetation.The analysis of taxonomical variations between road slopes plant communities reveals a large species turnover along the ecological succession. This floristic turnover relates with functional changes within communities. These functional changes are structured by environmental filters influencing flowering synchrony within communities on one hand, and the diversity of a combination of functional traits between communities of similar age on the other hand. These environmental filters changing along the succession relate with changing soil parameters and increasing spatial heterogeneity of light and temperature conditions with canopy closure.Mowing alters floristic and functional trajectories along the succession, notably through the decrease of speed in resource-use strategy changes along the succession in mown communities compared to unmown communities. In addition, this recurrent disturbance increases taxonomic and functional diversity within communities, while it decreases taxonomic and functional turnover between communities of the same age. Finally, mowing acts as an additional environmental filter on community assembly along the succession and homogenises vegetation between communities of the same age.The conclusions of this study provide basic knowledge in ecology. It also has implications for the management of road slopes plant communities in the perspective of their revegetation after construction work. Our conclusions suggest, amongst others, that combining mown and unmown vegetation could provide habitats for a higher diversity of associated fauna. In addition, it would allow vegetation to be pleasant to road users, while still ensuring a good visibility for road safety
Leca, Sauze Lucette. "Etude des epibiontes associes a l'huitre perliere. Pinctada margaritifera (l) var. Cumingii (jameson) dans deux atolls de polynesie francaise." Pacifique, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PACI0002.
Full textPerez, Gabriel. "Etude des relations entre les compartiments épigé et endogé dans un contexte dynamique." Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUES008.
Full textVile, Denis. "Significations fonctionnelle et écologique des traits des espèces végétales : exemple dans une succession post-culturale méditerranéenne et généralisations." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2005. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5080.
Full textPellissier, Vincent. "Conséquences de l'urbanisation sur la dynamique de la végétation." Rennes 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN1S101.
Full textFuhr, Marc. "Structure et dynamique de la forêt côtière du Gabon. Implications pour une succession secondaire dérivant de la forêt monodominante à okoumé (Aucoumea klaineama Pierre)." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20227.
Full textArancio, Marc. "Etude théorique des interactions entre des dinoflagellés et des parasitoïdes eucaryotes en environnement mélangé : persistance du système et succession phytoplanctonique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10223.
Full textMany species of autotrophic dinoflagellates can be parasitized by multiple eukaryotic parasitoids. These parasitoids have a specific life cycle resulting in the death of the host and the release of hundreds of zoospores that can infect a new host. Several studies have demonstrated their potential to control the host population in a few days as well as their great diversity and suggests a very complex dynamics of infection in this kind of environment. The objective of this thesis is to understand the parasitoid-dinoflagellates infection dynamics in a highly mixed estuary and a better understanding of the different interactions taking place within this system. To address this problem, we used the modeling approach (IBM). This approach has enabled to show that the hosts excystment process, also used by the parasites to survive the winter, helps to explain the persistence of the system. It has also demonstrated the potential influence of different types of parasitoid on the dynamics infection and succession of dinoflagellates species, with increased diversity of the host population in the presence of specialists and decreased with generalists. The estimation improvement of the parameter used to calculate the rate of encounter between hosts and parasites with experimental and numerical methods was also attempted. The results showed a significant change in this parameter depending on behavior and the need to take it into account for a better parameterization
Chaïb, Jérôme. "Flore et végétation des milieux aquatiques et amphibies de Haute-Normandie : Chorologie, phytosociologie, écologie, gestion." Rouen, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ROUES041.
Full textAfter a short presentation, of the physical geography of Upper-Normandy, where we can find more widely shown unpublished climatic datas, we describe all the ecologic factors which govern the aquatic and amphibious ecosystems of this area : ponds, watercourses, pool, alluvial gravel-pits, canals, dykes, marshes, moorlands. Then we examine how the notion of ecological niche, of ecocomplex, of vegetal sequencies could be applied, to these environments. From a pattern extracted from 300 plant distribution maps drawn for this research, a chorologic study founded, for the major part, on climatic datas shows a close correlation between the distribution of some species with peculiar repartition and the setting up of 3 contrasted climatic regions : a wide zone with an oceanic regime, several areas marked by a more or less strong continentality, an important zone penetrated by south influences. The phytosociologic study is based on a previous reflexion in order to restore the classical approach of aquatic and amphibious environments. The whole "stucturalist" knowledge is analysed : morphological structures and adaptation to the environment, the structure of communities in space and time, the structures in relation with the partition of the ecological niche. From the notion of adaptation which is very bound with aquatic communities liable to change under numerous forms, we suggest the notion of "waiting sociations". This notion enables us, more especially, to better understand the place occupied by some phytocenoses in the ecocomplex and to introduce the synsystem in a more natural way. The we study, with 160 associations, from Lemnetea to Alnetea, the application of these new concepts and a revision of the customary classifications, more especially for Potametea. Finally, to organize the protection of aquatic environment, solutions of ecologic management oriented on the control of flood are purposed. Those solutions are illustrated by experiments conducted in Upper-Normandy for ten years
Croteau, Dany, and Dany Croteau. "Succession saisonnière et écophysiologie des diatomées arctiques : relation entre l'habitat, la niche lumineuse et la stratégie photoadaptative." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37724.
Full textL’environnement lumineux de l’Océan Arctique est unique en raison d’interactions complexes entre la lumière et le couvert de glace de mer enneigé, et les oscillations de photopériodes extrêmes. Le succès des organismes photosynthétiques arctiques suggère donc des mécanismes de régulation flexibles qui permettent la survie lors de longues périodes d’obscurités, la capture de photons dans la pénombre sous la glace et la photoprotection rapide lors d’éclairements excessifs soudains. Les diatomées sont les producteurs primaires arctiques principaux. Elles exploitent le continuum de niches lumineuses induit par la transformation saisonnière de leur habitat au cours d’une succession de formes de vie sympagiques (glace) et planctoniques (eau). Lorsque la photosynthèse sature, les diatomées dissipent l’énergie lumineuse excessive en chaleur via le quenching non-photochimique (NPQ), principalement contrôlé par l’action du cycle des pigments xanthophylles (XC). Généralement, chez les diatomées, l’opération de ces mécanismes de photoprotection est finement adaptée à leur niche lumineuse. Cependant, peu d’études se sont intéressées aux souches arctiques, malgré les profonds contrastes de niches lumineuses qu’elles surmontent (glace, sous la glace, eaux de fontes, eaux libres). Ce manque de données entrave nos capacités à anticiper l’impact de l’intensification de l’environnement lumineux de l’océan Arctique, causée par la réduction de la superficie et de l’épaisseur du couvert neige-glace, sur l’intégrité écosystémique. Nous avons étudié les réponses à la lumière de cinq espèces de diatomées arctiques représentatives des différentes phases et habitats de leur succession saisonnière. Les espèces sympagiques ont exprimé une stratégie photoadaptative survivaliste, caractérisée par une croissance saturée à faible éclairement et un fort NPQ longuement maintenu à l’obscurité. Les espèces planctoniques ont montré une plus grande flexibilité d’exploitation de la lumière et une importante photoprotection activée par des éclairements intense et l’obscurité prolongée. Ces stratégies photoadaptatives divergentes gouverneront probablement des réponses hétérogènes à l’intensification de l’environnement lumineux arctique.
Over their highly productive seasonal succession, Arctic diatoms occupy shifting habitats and contrasted light climates defined by snow/ice cover dynamics and extreme photoperiod variations. These unique light environment features suggest Arctic diatoms are well adapted to survive prolonged darkness periods, exploit minimal light in snow-covered sea-ice and overcome spontaneous excessive, and potentially harmful, light exposures. Diatoms mitigate photooxidative damages by dissipating oversaturating light energy as heat via the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), mainly regulated by the xanthophyll cycle (XC). How heterogeneous light niches influence Arctic diatoms photoadaptative traits remains largely unknown and a crucial missing link to apprehend Arctic Ocean’s response to shrinking sea-ice and increasing illumination. To address this question, we selected five Arctic diatoms species harbouring diverse life traits and representative of distinct phases across the seasonal light niche continuum: from snow-covered dimly lit bottom sea-ice to summer stratified waters. To access how Arctic diatoms cope with a heterogeneous light environment, we studied their acclimation to two light intensities and subsequent darkness incubations, and parametrized NPQ-XC induction upon light shifts. Our results highlight the sea-ice cover as a strong selective force shaping Arctic diatoms photoadaptative strategies. Ice-related species exhibited a survivalist photoadaptive strategy with growth saturating at low irradiance and strong photoprotective capabilities sustained even in darkness. Open-water species photophysiology was more dynamic, expressing flexible light utilisation capacities and great photoprotection capacities triggered by high light and darkness. Ice-edge species showed strong adaptation to light fluctuations and dark physiology fine-tuned depending upon light history. We argue that diverging photoadaptative strategies foster Arctic diatom success in their respective seasonal niches and will likely drive uneven responses to a transforming Arctic Ocean.
Over their highly productive seasonal succession, Arctic diatoms occupy shifting habitats and contrasted light climates defined by snow/ice cover dynamics and extreme photoperiod variations. These unique light environment features suggest Arctic diatoms are well adapted to survive prolonged darkness periods, exploit minimal light in snow-covered sea-ice and overcome spontaneous excessive, and potentially harmful, light exposures. Diatoms mitigate photooxidative damages by dissipating oversaturating light energy as heat via the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), mainly regulated by the xanthophyll cycle (XC). How heterogeneous light niches influence Arctic diatoms photoadaptative traits remains largely unknown and a crucial missing link to apprehend Arctic Ocean’s response to shrinking sea-ice and increasing illumination. To address this question, we selected five Arctic diatoms species harbouring diverse life traits and representative of distinct phases across the seasonal light niche continuum: from snow-covered dimly lit bottom sea-ice to summer stratified waters. To access how Arctic diatoms cope with a heterogeneous light environment, we studied their acclimation to two light intensities and subsequent darkness incubations, and parametrized NPQ-XC induction upon light shifts. Our results highlight the sea-ice cover as a strong selective force shaping Arctic diatoms photoadaptative strategies. Ice-related species exhibited a survivalist photoadaptive strategy with growth saturating at low irradiance and strong photoprotective capabilities sustained even in darkness. Open-water species photophysiology was more dynamic, expressing flexible light utilisation capacities and great photoprotection capacities triggered by high light and darkness. Ice-edge species showed strong adaptation to light fluctuations and dark physiology fine-tuned depending upon light history. We argue that diverging photoadaptative strategies foster Arctic diatom success in their respective seasonal niches and will likely drive uneven responses to a transforming Arctic Ocean.
Millan, Mathieu. "Analyse de la variabilité des traits architecturaux des formes de croissance dans les communautés végétales." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT151.
Full textThe growth forms of plant have been studied many times but they still represent nowadays a fuzzy set, often modified because of the inconsistency and the heterogeneity of the methods used in their analysis. This lack of precision often leads to an inconsistency of the use of the growth forms as a trait in the studies of plants communities and their dynamics. We tried to remedy this situation by applying to some of them the architectural analysis initiated by Hallé and Oldeman, which has been relevant for the understanding of the tree growth form.This study aimed to 1) interpret these growth forms and their variability by means of architectural concepts, 2) study architectural traits variation within roadsides plants communities during succession and in a mowing context. Our resultats show that 1) the architectural concepts and traits are applicable to herbaceous, treelet and bush grosth forms, 2) the expression of the reiteration is the main source of structural variation of growth forms at specific and intraspecific levels and 3) that traits values are changing during succession within the communities : Plants living at early successionnal stages got a simple architectural unit and reiterate at the base of the individual while plants living at late successional stages got complex architectural unit and acrotonic reiteration.These resultats lead us to discuss the holistic value of the architectural analysis for growth forms charaterisation, of biological processes allowing for growth form variation and the interest of the use of architectural traits in plant communities studies
Diaz-Castaneda, Victoria. "Étude expérimentale in situ de la succession écologique lors de la recolonisation d'un sédiment defauné par pollution en Méditerranée et en Mer du nord." Lille 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL10178.
Full textArancio, Marc. "Etude théorique des interactions entre des dinoflagellés et des parasitoïdes eucaryotes en environnement mélangé : persistance du système et succession phytoplanctonique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10223/document.
Full textMany species of autotrophic dinoflagellates can be parasitized by multiple eukaryotic parasitoids. These parasitoids have a specific life cycle resulting in the death of the host and the release of hundreds of zoospores that can infect a new host. Several studies have demonstrated their potential to control the host population in a few days as well as their great diversity and suggests a very complex dynamics of infection in this kind of environment. The objective of this thesis is to understand the parasitoid-dinoflagellates infection dynamics in a highly mixed estuary and a better understanding of the different interactions taking place within this system. To address this problem, we used the modeling approach (IBM). This approach has enabled to show that the hosts excystment process, also used by the parasites to survive the winter, helps to explain the persistence of the system. It has also demonstrated the potential influence of different types of parasitoid on the dynamics infection and succession of dinoflagellates species, with increased diversity of the host population in the presence of specialists and decreased with generalists. The estimation improvement of the parameter used to calculate the rate of encounter between hosts and parasites with experimental and numerical methods was also attempted. The results showed a significant change in this parameter depending on behavior and the need to take it into account for a better parameterization
Aubert, Michaël. "Biodiversité et processus écologiques à l'interface sol-végétation dans les hêtraies sur limon de Haute-Normandie." Rouen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ROUES009.
Full textThe aim of the thesis is to assess the consequences of the mixture Hornbeam-Beech on the structure and the functioning of the soil-vegetation interface. The general approach used is a hierarchical approach divided into : (1) a between sites approach : comparative analysis of the pattern of variation of (a) plant communities diversity (structure, composition and organisation) and (b) humic epipedon throughout the silvicultural cycle of a pure beech forest and a mixed beech-hornbeam forest by the mean of a space for time substitution procedure ; (2) a within site approach : spatial analysis of the consequences of the presence of hornbeam in the canopy on (a) the variability and heterogeneity of humic epipedon and (b) the variability and heterogeneity of soil macrofauna communities ; (3) a functional approach : (a) study of the influence of hornbeam on nitrogen mineralization and nitrification and (b) study of the effect of different mixtures of tree species on litter decomposition rate
Chenot, Julie. "Réhabilitation écologique d’écosystèmes dégradés par l’exploitation des carrières : faire avec, refaire ou laisser faire la nature ?" Thesis, Avignon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AVIG0344/document.
Full textRestoration ecology is a scientific discipline that has emerged forty years ago to try to compensate the negative impacts of society development on ecosystems. Today, following global meta-analyzes revealing the relative success of ecological restoration, a new question emerges: should we actively or passively restore degraded ecosystems? It is in this context that this thesis project took place with a multidisciplinary approach and focused on the study of quarrying impacts on the Mediterranean steppe of Crau (Bouches-du-Rhône, France). Two cases were taken into account: (i) old quarries operated in the 1970s and abandoned then, presenting a variety of exploitation types or rehabilitation modalities, and (ii) a quarry still in the process of exploitation, the legislation now requiring repairs. The aim is to better identify possible scientific obstacles in the field of knowledge for ecological restoration and better define societal expectations in order to finally propose a general strategy intended to serve the future management of these ecosystems. The research of this thesis was based on two major questions, reflections: (1) Do ecological restoration actions restore the reference ecosystem (= the pre-existing ecosystem)? By comparing different long-term restoration treatments (various types of soil transfers, anthropogenic deposits, lack of rehabilitation), we were able to show that soil transfer is still the best method, especially when the initial characteristics of the soil are respected. However, it still does not compensate in the medium term (35 years) for the destruction of the pre-existing ecosystem: the soil and the plant community of the reference steppe are not completely restored yet. A second soil mixing technique used when the original soil is no longer available has also been tested, but it is not very successful either in the short-term (3 years). A second question arose in parallel: (2) Without active restoration, what is the value of biodiversity generated by human activities? And more generally, what kind of nature do we want? Quarries have destroyed the pre-existing steppe ecosystem but have also created new conditions (soil, new habitats) that support the functioning and connectivity of pioneer species and shelter important heritage biodiversity that is absent from the pre-existing ecosystem. In addition, the comparison between the quarry landscapes and the reference ecosystem landscapes with different stakeholders and the general public has shown that the old quarries are perceived as being much more natural than the reference steppe and that they are also associated to an important biodiversity. These results could therefore reorient the choice of restoration or management, in order to choose between 1) what is currently recommended (active restoration applied after the end of quarry exploitation with the historical ecosystem as a reference) and 2) the free expression of feral nature also called passive restoration (with or without reclamation, i.e. where the reference ecosystem is different from the pre-existing ecosystem)
Paule, Armelle. "Dynamique des communautés microbiennes des biofilms phototrophes à différents niveaux d'intégration biologique : des successions écologiques aux réponses à l'exposition à un herbicide." Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1648/.
Full textThe intensive use of pesticides causes many disturbances in aquatic ecosystems, which are well known to offer a range of "ecological services" for society. In terms of ecotoxicology, environmental issue is not limited to the risk assessment of a pollutant toxicity on organisms but it expands to the ability to assess, at the ecosystem scale, the consequences of a disturbance and the use of bio-indicators. In this context, for aquatic ecosystems, phototrophic biofilms provide a particularly relevant model, based on their complex microbial community structures, spatial and temporal dynamics and variety of functions. In a first experiment our results suggested that microbial aggregates from different habitats (activated sludge and phototrophic biofilm) are characterized by comparable potential of an herbicide biodegradation: alachlor. Using an ecological approach, a manipulation of the structure of phototrophic biofilms microbial communities was explored in "natural" conditions in rivers exhibiting different physicochemical characteristics, and in "controlled" conditions with a photosynthetic bioreactor prototype (Taylor - Couette flow type). These experiments suggested that the microbial community structures are driven by autogenic and allogenic factors, depending upon maturation state. Finally using an ecotoxicological approach, structural and functional responses of phototrophic biofilms exposed to alachlor were evaluated, integrating the maturation stage (autogenic factors) and history (allogenic factors) of phototrophic biofilms. This work allowed us to undertake an ecotoxicological approach integrating the concepts of ecological succession in microbial communities. Our results demonstrate that phototrophic biofilms are promising tools as bio-indicators of water quality when they are characterized by a multi-metric approach including functional and structural descriptors
Paule, Armelle. "Dynamique des communautés microbiennes des biofilms phototrophes à différents niveaux d'intégration biologique : des successions écologiques aux réponses à l'exposition à un herbicide." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00741353.
Full textGrossi, Jean-Luc. "Caractérisation écologique et statut dynamique des écosystèmes post-culturaux dans différentes situations bioclimatiques alpines : intéret des descripteurs liés à l'humus." Grenoble 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10091.
Full textKlein, Cécile. "Etude des dynamiques du phytoplancton en Manche orientale et occidentale : Approche écophysiologique : [thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN2016.
Full textTwo contrasted areas of the English Channel which show important shellfish farming (Baie des Veys -BDV- and Lingreville-sur-mer -LGV- Eastern and Western coasts of Cotentin) have been studied. The temporal variations (seasonal to long-term) of phytoplankton communities, primary production and photosynthetic parameters have been analysed according to environmental forces using multivariate analyses. A different phytoplankton dynamic between the two studied sites was observed. At the BDV site, it followed a seasonal cycle dependant on temperature, light and nutrients stocks whereas at the LGV, this dynamic was largely dependant on hydrodynamism (wind, tidal currents). This study has also demonstrated that phytoplankton assemblage was dominated by different species according to the year illustrating a continuous interspecific competition controlled by environmental parameters variations and by physiological capacities of each species. To understand the mechanisms of the end of phytoplankton bloom in the water column, a time series of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was made. The quantification of those excretions according to environmental parameters showed that EPS were affected by nitrogen concentrations (NO3, NH4) in spring and by hydrodynamic forces in autumn. The Pseudo-nitzschia spp succession at the BDV site was finally studied, indicating the occurrence of 6 species and the possible development of a toxic species, P. Australis, in autumn when temperatures are high and a Si limitation is observed
Jouenne, Fabien. "Dynamique de la production primaire phytoplanctonique et structure de la communauté microalgale au sein d'un écosystème estuarien microtidal : la Baie des Veys (Manche Est)." Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN2002.
Full textRomagnan, Jean-Baptiste. "Les communautés planctoniques des bactéries au macroplancton : dynamique temporelle en Mer Ligure et distribution dans l'océan global lors de l'expédition Tara Oceans. - Approche holistique par imagerie -." Thesis, Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE4050.
Full textPlankton constitutes the bulk of pelagic biomass and plays a major role in the global biogeochemical cycles that regulate the earth system. It encompasses all the organisms that drift with the water masses movements, from bacteria to giant medusae. Studies of the entire community are scarce, and plankton has been traditionally studied by fractions. The Tara Oceans expedition is the first attempt to simultaneously collect plankton in every size classes at the global scale. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, samples of plankton from bacteria to gelatinous macroplankton were collected weekly over ten months at a reference site (point B), in Villefranche Bay, northwestern Mediterranean, and analyzed using imaging techniques. Imaging enabled us to compare 1) the functional taxonomic information as derived from the analysis of 18 Plankton Ecological Groups (PEGs), and 2) the size structure of the same planktonic community over 6 orders of magnitude in size. The plankton dynamics at point B are driven by a complex succession process involving all plankton groups, from bacteria to macroplanktonic gelatinous predators. Environmental impulsive events such as wind events trigger sharp community level reorganizations via interplay of bottom-up controls followed by top-down controls. However, the total biovolume of the planktonic community varies within only one order of magnitude over the period studied. In addition, the size structure of the entire community does not vary significantly over time. The total biovolume and size structure stability suggest that strong and compensative mechanisms drive community dynamics within a narrow range of biomass variation. The use of both taxonomic and size structured data reveals a reorganization of the food web between winter and summer. In winter and spring the microplanktoniczooplanktonic food web is shaped by the grazing function. In summer, it is shaped by the predation function (chaetognaths and gelatinous predators). In summer, the food web self organizes in two distinct food chains discriminated by size relations between predators and preys. This reorganization underlines the key role of zooplankton and predation in structuring planktonic communities. In parallel to this temporal dynamics study, we used the Tara Oceans expedition samples to study the global scale distribution of mesozooplankton. We showed that characteristic mesozooplanktonic communities were associated with distinct environmental conditions, at the global scale. Using a similar methodology as for the temporal study we found that three different mesozooplanktonic communities were associated with 1) productive environments (e.g. upwellings), 2) Oxygen Minimum Zones, and 3) Oligotrophic oceanic gyres. This work is the first typology of mesozooplanktonic communities at the global scale. It will be further developed in the future by the integration of other planktonic compartments and particulate organic matter fluxes data, to improve our knowledge on the relations between phytoplankton, zooplankton and particulate organic matter fluxes
Jouval, Florian. "Successions écologiques et potentiel de récupération des communautés coralliennes : structure, démographie et recrutement dans le sud-ouest de l'océan Indien." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0019.
Full textCoral reefs support millions of people’s livelihood around the world. However, the effects of climate change and the increase in frequency and intensity of disturbances are leading to their accelerated degradation and to the decline of scleractinian coral communities. Current concerns relate to the resilience of these vulnerable ecosystems. In this context, it is essential to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying maintenance of coral communities, which may also improve conservation and management efforts that are urgently needed for these ecosystems. This PhD work aims to analyze demographic processes, including recruitment, and the structure of coral assemblages at several scales in different island environments of the southwestern Indian Ocean region. These descriptors were addressed through ecological succession on reefs and underwater lava flows of Reunion Island, and through the assessment of the reef recovery potential of five island systems in the area. Results show that coral recruitment in the Mascarene Islands (Reunion and Rodrigues) is low and highly variable at all spatial scales, from a few centimeters to several hundreds of kilometers. This spatial variability is also observed between sites in terms of benthic cover, density, size structure, mortality and recovery potential of coral communities. However, this spatial variability is not clearly linked to the protection levels of the sites, nor to the theoretical patterns of ecological succession (studied in Reunion Island). A succession pattern is yet highlighted through the increase in coral size and species richness over time until interspecific interactions (e.g. competition for space) lead to their decline. In addition, a strong dominance of the Pocillopora genus is recorded at all lava flow sites, confirming its pioneering and competitive nature. The recovery index (RI) that we developed suggests that the recovery potential of the reefs of the Mozambique Channel is higher (especially for Europa) than that of the reefs of the Mascarene Islands, which are more subject to direct anthropogenic pressures. These results are consistent with past observations of recovery trajectories of the studied reefs following various disturbances. The addition of recruitment rates to the calculation of RI for Reunion and Rodrigues islands clearly modifies the recovery potential of these islands sites: the sites with the highest recruitment rates are also those with the highest RI. This project thus provides essential information on Indian Ocean reef communities that may improve management strategies for coral reef conservation
Bangirinama, Frédéric. "Processus de la restauration écosystémique au cours de la dynamique post-culturale au Burundi: mécanismes, caractérisation et séries écologiques." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210090.
Full textLaslier, Marianne. "Suivi des impacts d’un arasement de barrage sur la végétation riveraine par télédétection à très haute résolution spatiale et temporelle." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN20037/document.
Full textRivers are the object of legislation encouraging their restoration, and dam removal operations represent one of the solution to achieve it in France. Riparian vegetation plays a fundamental role in stabilizing and maintaining fluvial systems, being at the interface between terrestrial and aquatic environments. It is therefore a very important component which has to be evaluated in river restoration operations. One of the consequences of dam removal on riparian vegetation is the colonization of the dewatered sediments in the reservoir. The objective of the thesis are to define short term colonization dynamics of vegetation in context of dam removal (Sélune River, Normandy), and to develop long term indicators for the monitoring of riparian vegetation. First, an analysis of intra and interannual colonization dynamics revealed the potential of using drone images to map riparian vegetation, and fast successional dynamics with high passive restoration and sediment stabilization potential. Secondly, the analysis of 3D point clouds extracted from LiDAR data acquired in winter and summer highlighted the complementarity of the two acquisition dates to map indicators of riparian status at large scale, such as main riparian species, shading or density of herbaceous and shrubby strata. These results make it possible to discuss the methodological and operational dimensions of the use of remote sensing approaches for the monitoring of riparian vegetation
Pannard, Alexandrine. "Dynamique du phytoplancton et flux sédimentaires en réponse aux perturbations par le vent et la pluie dans les systèmes lentiques." Rennes 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN1S018.
Full textAsselin, Maxime. "Dynamique holocène de la végétation et des feux d'un paysage contemporain dominé par des espèces de début de succession au sein de la Pessière à mousses de l'Ouest du Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27176.
Full textRoubeix, Vincent. "Transformations biogéochimiques et transfert du silicium dans la zone de transition fleuve-mer: le rôle des diatomées planctoniques." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210638.
Full textLa construction d’un modèle global du cycle de Si le long du continuum aquatique continent-océan a permis de mettre en évidence l’importance de la zone de transition fleuve-mer pour le transfert du silicium continental vers les océans. Ce transfert est influencé par les diatomées planctoniques qui fixent le DSi et, en sédimentant, retiennent une partie du silicium continental dans les sédiments des estuaires.
Les modifications des flux de Si continentaux par les diatomées planctoniques dans les estuaires ont été clarifiées par :
1) des expériences sur l’écophysiologie d’une diatomée d’eau douce euryhaline (Cyclotella meneghiniana) particulièrement peu affectée par l’augmentation de salinité subi par le plancton lors de son transport des fleuves à la mer,
2) l’étude de la dissolution de la silice biogénique (bSiO2) qui constitue la coque externe des diatomées, et notamment l’effet de la salinité et des bactéries sur ce processus de recyclage du DSi,
3) la reconstitution du mélange des eaux et des diatomées dans un estuaire par l’expérimentation (3 espèces de diatomées dans un gradient salin artificiel) et par la construction et l’utilisation d’un modèle de Si dans la zone de mélange estuarienne.
Les résultats soulignent notamment l’importance des variations de salinité, de la turbidité de l’eau, de la nature des diatomées de rivière (sténohalines versus euryhalines) et de la viabilité des cellules sur les transformations et la rétention du silicium dans la zone de transition fleuve-mer.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Laflamme, Jason. "Comparaisons des paysages forestiers préindustriels (1804 – 1864) et actuels (1982 – 2006) sur la base de la classification écologique dans la vallée de la rivière Gatineau, Québec, Canada." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29362/29362.pdf.
Full textSchapira, Mathilde. "Dynamique spatio-temporelle de Phaeocystis globosa en Manche orientale : effets de la turbulence et des apports sporadiques en sels nutritifs." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Schapira.pdf.
Full textDujardin, Gaylord. "Dynamique des communautés herbacées d'un coteau calcaire de Haute-Normandie : étude des mécanismes impliqués dans les processus de maintien et de remplacement des espèces végétales." Rouen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ROUES013.
Full textDuring the late 50s, the gradual abandonment of agro-pastoral practices in chalk hillsides initiated secondary succession dynamics which resulted in significant changes from the initial vegetation and led to structuring of a vegetation mosaic including herbaceous (short grasslands, tall grasslands and encroached grasslands) and woody communities (shrubs and forests). The present study aims at improving the knowledge of mechanisms responsible for the structuring and dynamics of herbaceous communities of a chalk hillside. To identify these mechanisms, taxonomic, comparative and functional approaches were used in field surveys and controlled conditions experiments. The first part of the thesis is devoted to the description of the herbaceous communities and analysis of successional dynamics. The main results reveal significant differences in structure, composition, diversity and species abundance between communities. The increase of social grasses and shrub encroachment are the two ecological mechanisms causing these changes. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the study of plant performance and their ability to respond to ecological changes in their local environment. The measurements of biological traits of dominant species identified phenotypic plasticity as an essential feature for their persistence during succession. Finally, the last part of this work proposes the characterization of nitrogen dynamics and water availability in different soils. These results highlighted the key role of water factor as an abiotic filter influencing the structuring of communities. Overall, the results obtained in this study clarify the mechanisms involved in the process of species persistence and replacement within the different communities, and provide new ground for the management and conservation of calcareous grasslands
Romagnan, Jean-Baptiste. "Les communautés planctoniques des bactéries au macroplancton : dynamique temporelle en Mer Ligure et distribution dans l'océan global lors de l'expédition Tara Oceans. - Approche holistique par imagerie -." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE4050.
Full textPlankton constitutes the bulk of pelagic biomass and plays a major role in the global biogeochemical cycles that regulate the earth system. It encompasses all the organisms that drift with the water masses movements, from bacteria to giant medusae. Studies of the entire community are scarce, and plankton has been traditionally studied by fractions. The Tara Oceans expedition is the first attempt to simultaneously collect plankton in every size classes at the global scale. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, samples of plankton from bacteria to gelatinous macroplankton were collected weekly over ten months at a reference site (point B), in Villefranche Bay, northwestern Mediterranean, and analyzed using imaging techniques. Imaging enabled us to compare 1) the functional taxonomic information as derived from the analysis of 18 Plankton Ecological Groups (PEGs), and 2) the size structure of the same planktonic community over 6 orders of magnitude in size. The plankton dynamics at point B are driven by a complex succession process involving all plankton groups, from bacteria to macroplanktonic gelatinous predators. Environmental impulsive events such as wind events trigger sharp community level reorganizations via interplay of bottom-up controls followed by top-down controls. However, the total biovolume of the planktonic community varies within only one order of magnitude over the period studied. In addition, the size structure of the entire community does not vary significantly over time. The total biovolume and size structure stability suggest that strong and compensative mechanisms drive community dynamics within a narrow range of biomass variation. The use of both taxonomic and size structured data reveals a reorganization of the food web between winter and summer. In winter and spring the microplanktoniczooplanktonic food web is shaped by the grazing function. In summer, it is shaped by the predation function (chaetognaths and gelatinous predators). In summer, the food web self organizes in two distinct food chains discriminated by size relations between predators and preys. This reorganization underlines the key role of zooplankton and predation in structuring planktonic communities. In parallel to this temporal dynamics study, we used the Tara Oceans expedition samples to study the global scale distribution of mesozooplankton. We showed that characteristic mesozooplanktonic communities were associated with distinct environmental conditions, at the global scale. Using a similar methodology as for the temporal study we found that three different mesozooplanktonic communities were associated with 1) productive environments (e.g. upwellings), 2) Oxygen Minimum Zones, and 3) Oligotrophic oceanic gyres. This work is the first typology of mesozooplanktonic communities at the global scale. It will be further developed in the future by the integration of other planktonic compartments and particulate organic matter fluxes data, to improve our knowledge on the relations between phytoplankton, zooplankton and particulate organic matter fluxes
Ibanez, Thomas. "Dynamiques des forêts denses humides et des savanes en réponse aux incendies en Nouvelle-Calédonie." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00681865.
Full textPréfontaine-Dastous, Gabrielle. "Bilan des cortèges végétaux, de la croissance individuelle de l’épinette noire et du rendement forestier : En tourbières forestières boréales récoltées après 20 ans de drainage forestier." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30727/30727.pdf.
Full textLe, Fur Ines. "Rôle des macrophytes dans la restauration des milieux lagunaires : successions écologiques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG006/document.
Full textThe growing awareness of the negative impacts of the degradation of the water quality in coastal lagoons because of eutrophication has resulted in public action aiming at the reduction of the nutrient loadings into these lagoons. Hence, some of these coastal lagoons are currently undergoing ecological restoration and have shown a clear improvement of their water quality linked to decreasing phytoplankton biomass in the last 10 years. However, the response of the benthic macrophytes appears more complex, particularly by showing non-linear behaviour. By using complementary approaches including statistical analyses of long-term observations (1998-2015) and in situ measurements, this thesis aims to describe the dynamics of the macrophytes in space and time and to study their functional role during the oligotrophication process. Salinity, depth and nutrient concentrations in the water column represent the main factors that statistically explain the distribution of the benthic macrophyte communities in Mediterranean coastal lagoons. The first steps of the ecological restoration in eutrophied polyhaline and euhaline lagoons has been inferred from the statistical analysis of time series in 21 coastal lagoons. The reduction of the external nutrient loading results in a rapid regime shift (3-4 years) from a phytoplankton-dominated system to a macroalgae-dominated system, with particularly Ulva species. The decreasing inorganic nitrogen concentrations due to uptake by Ulva spp. in the water column appears to facilitate the development of Gracillaria spp. (red algae) and Chaetomorpha spp. (green filamentous algae). While the appearance of these macroalgal species is the result of the ecological restoration, these species also play a central role in this process by regulating the biogeochemical element fluxes. This way these species create more favourable conditions for perennial species. Although for re-oligotrophication trajectories in coastal lagoons our theory describes a tendency towards the return of perennial species, so far, we have not been able to document their return after a long period of absence. This shows, that among other factors, the internal nutrient loading and ecological connectivity are important factors to take into account for the recolonization of angiosperms in coastal lagoons
Dasnias, Philippe. "Successions végétales : synthèse bibliographique et dynamisme à l'ubac montagnard de la Moyenne Tarentaise (Savoie)." Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10047.
Full textLoranger, Jessy. "Assemblage des communautés d’herbacées : une approche fonctionnelle." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS034/document.
Full textThere are two main factors which, combined together, allow understanding community assembly : i) the environment (both abiotic and biotic), which acts as a filter selecting species according to how well-adapted they are to given conditions, and ii) functional traits, on which this environmental filtering occurs since they represent species adaptations to particular conditions. It is thus essential to establish reliable relationships between environmental conditions and the functional structure of communities in order to identify and understand the mechanisms driving community assembly. However, several factors such as cross-scale interactions between environmental variables complicate the situation. This is why, despite a growing body of studies on the subject, processes of community assembly are still poorly understood and are difficult to generalize. The purpose of this thesis is to i) better define and quantify the trait-environment relationships in herbaceous systems across different spatial scales and ii) determine the influence of those relationships on community assembly and on ecosystem functioning. To realize these objectives, I worked with data from programs which assembled taxonomic and functional data on herbaceous communities across France (DivHerbe and DivGrass) and, to a lesser extent, Europe (VISTA). These databases thus cover large regional climatic gradients, as well as more local environmental gradients related to soil quality and disturbances. I first tested the importance of simultaneously considering local and regional environmental variables as well as their interactions to determine the taxonomic and functional structure of communities. Then, I studied how the relative importance of processes leading to either functional convergence or divergence can change along a successional gradient, and how these two types of processes influence our ability to predict community assembly from functional traits. Finally, I presented how the results at the community-level can be used to study the ecosystem-level. The results of this thesis demonstrate that regional climatic variables strongly interact with local environmental variables in driving the local processes responsible for community assembly. Assessing the regional context is thus necessary in order to avoid erroneous interpretations of observed assembly patterns. Working with those two levels of environmental variation, important discrepancies were found between taxonomic and functional variations across communities, reflecting the importance of considering several aspects of biodiversity in order to understand community dynamics. The results also demonstrated that the assembly processes leading to functional convergence and divergence have a very different and predictable impact on the relationships between traits and species relative abundances, i.e. on our ability to predict community assembly from traits. Finally, these notions related to trait-environment relationships and to trait-based community assembly were used in a functional biogeography framework: It was possible to build maps of functional traits values in permanent grasslands across France using environmental variables. These maps then allowed predicting particular ecosystem properties. Thus, this work allowed illustrating some challenges that we are facing in using our knowledge in functional ecology to build sustainable conservation and exploitation plans for our ecosystems
Jaunatre, Renaud. "Dynamique et restauration d’une steppe méditerranéenne après changements d’usages (La Crau, Bouches-du-Rhône, France)." Thesis, Avignon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AVIG0324/document.
Full textEcosystem restoration has been identified as one approach to slow down the loss of biodiversity and to protect all the biodiversity-based goods and services from which humankind benefits. Restoration feeds from knowledge coming from both community ecology and restoration ecology. The objectives of the thesis are to provide insights on both the dynamics of a mediterranean steppe after changes in land-use and the implementation of techniques which could be applied to restore this ecosystem after severe anthropogenic disturbances. The thesis takes as a study object the La Crau Mediterranean steppe, and especially former cultivated fields to study the recovery after cultivation and the Cossure large scale rehabilitation project to experiment rehabilitation and restoration techniques. Concerning dynamics after severe exogenous anthropogenic disturbances, we confirmed the low resilience of the steppe plant community both at mid- (30-40 years) and long-term (150 years) while the resilience of soil parameters and mycorrhizal infestation rate are effective on the long-term. Moreover we confirmed the role played by the three filters in the plant community recovery and found that for the La Crau steppe, this is firstly driven by the abiotic filter, then by the dispersion filter and finally by the biotic filter. Given this low resilience, we tested several restoration techniques applied at large-scale within the Cossure rehabilitation project: nurse species seeding, topsoil removal, hay transfer and soil transfer. In order to assess the efficiency of restoration techniques we developed indices to measure the community structure integrity, disentangling lower and higher abundances compared to the reference. The best results were obtained with soil transfer, followed by topsoil removal, then nurse species seeding and finally hay transfer. The research conducted for this thesis shows that current knowledge in ecological restoration makes it possible to restore at least partially some La Crau ecosystem components, but ought to lead us to understand the importance of in situ conservation of natural habitats as a better alternative to restore them after they were destroyed
Bonnet, Marie-Paule. "Fonctionnement d'un écosystème lacustre : modélisation des successions planctoniques de la retenue de Villerest (Loire, France)." Paris, ENMP, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ENMP0001.
Full textDhib, Amel. "Contribution à l'étude des successions écologiques du phytoplancton dans la lagune de Ghar El Melh." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA2033/document.
Full textWe explored the distribution of the microphytoplankton community in relation to both abiotic (temperature, salinity and nutrients) and biotic factors (epiphytes microalgae, dinoflagellate cysts, ultraplankton and ciliates) in Ghar al Melh Lagoon at 5 stations during (i) a biweekly sampling from January 2011 to January 2012 and (ii) a seasonal sampling from november 2012 to march 2013. The results pointed out a seasonal variation of all parameters with high water temperature and salinity in summer and exceptional concentrations of nutrients in autumn and winter. Microphytoplankton was mainly dominated by dinoflagellates and diatoms with sequences of harmful species proliferation attaining more than 70 % of total phytoplankton. These sporadic proliferations occurred throughout the year with exacerbation in the inner parts of the lagoon mainly related to temperature and total nitrogen, nitrogen and orthophosphate. An important contribution of epiphytic species to phytoplankton abundance was recorded with especially the presence of the toxic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima. Microphytoplankton was dominated by Prorocentrum micans (> 28 %) and other non-cyst former species consistent with the low dinoflagellate cysts found at sediment surface (maximum = 229 cysts g-1 DS). Urtraplankton was chiefly represented by nanophytoplankton and heterotrophic prokaryotes, with low microphytoplanktonic abundance. This indicates that the lagoon is undergoing eutrophication. Significant correlations were reported between phytoplankton and microzooplankton suggesting a potential role of the former in controlling harmful microalgae proliferations
Terrado, Ramon. "Diversité et succession des protistes dans l'océan Arctique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27849/27849.pdf.
Full textJaunatre, Renaud. "Dynamique et restauration d'une steppe méditerranéenne après changements d'usages (La Crau, Bouches-du-Rhône, France)." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00862398.
Full textHoulès, Anne. "Principe de facilitation appliqué à la restauration écologique de sites miniers dégradés : suivi des communautés ectomycorhiziennes au cours de successions végétales assistée par Acacia spirorbis." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT158/document.
Full textAcacia spirorbis is an endemic species of New Caledonia, capable of forming symbiosis with soil micro-organisms, including ectomycorrhizae and developing on a very wide variety of soils. In order to test the capacities of this species to initiate a process of ecological restoration of ecosystems degraded by mining activities, a nursery trial and three field trials were setted up. These trials highlight the ability of A. spirorbis to play, through facilitation, a nurse plant role for target species of the genus Tristaniopsis in the frame of ecological restoration processes. Thus, we first described the diversity of the ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with A. spirorbis and then we described their ability to associate in the field with Tristaniopsis thanks to the initial presence of A. spirorbis. The capacities of A. spirorbis to facilitate the implantation of other target species by improving their survival, growth and allowing them to access to a diversified range of ectomycorrhizal fungal partners are described. These results led to propose a technical itinerary for ecological restoration of degraded mining maquis, an itinerary based on facilitation between species using A. spirorbis as a nurse plant
Caron, Catherine. "Le phénomène de boisement des tourbières : l'exemple de la tourbière de la base de plein air de Sainte-Foy, Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69717.
Full textSawtschuk, Jérôme. "Restauration écologique des pelouses et des landes des falaises littorales atlantiques : Analyse des trajectoires successionnelles en environnement contraint." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00662843.
Full textLe, Borgne Hélène. "Processus écologiques déterminant les changements fauniques le long d'une chronoséquence après coupe en forêt boréale." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27811.
Full textUnderstanding how communities change over time and the process influencing species distribution are recurrent themes in ecological research. Although changes in animal communities following disturbances have been widely examined, few studies have investigated the process structuring communities, particularly during ecological succession resulting from anthropogenic disturbances. The main objective of my thesis was to better understand the biological processes influencing the organization of small mammal and beetle communities, as well as the distribution of a key species, the red-backed vole (Myodes gapperi), during forest succession in managed boreal forests. First, we examined how forest succession influences the process structuring species assemblages. Then, we focused more specifically on red-backed voles to investigate the processes influencing their spatial organization along a chronosequence of post-logging stands. Finally, we studied their use of habitat at a fine scale (micro-habitat) by assessing the interplay between their movements and habitat attributes characterizing post-harvested stands during ecological succession. The study showed that assemblages 50-60 years after clearcutting were similar to those found in old-growth forests. Generally, community assembly during forest succession seem to be driven by both stochastic and deterministic processes, the latter being linked to interspecific interactions more strongly than to vegetation attributes. Then, we combined habitat selection and optimal foraging theories to evaluate the processes that can explain the increase in red-backed vole abundance during post-logging forest succession in boreal ecosystems. Our results suggest that apparent competition with deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) limits the density of red-backed voles, and changes in the relative strength of this process during forest succession can explain patterns of vole distribution and abundance. Sustainable management must maintain habitat features needed for the recovery of species typical of mature forest, an objective that may be challenging because animal-habitat relationships can vary dynamically during succession. We thus identified key habitat attributes for red-backed voles, and then tried to explain some variations in the use of those attributes during forest succession by studying fine-scale movements during forest succession. We found, for example, that voles selected coarse woody debris as a travel path during forest succession, and that this selection was weaker in mid-seral forests than in recent cuts and old-growth forests. Such variations in animal-habitat relationships observed during forest succession can be explained by behavioural adjustments to changes in the availability of canopy cover occurring as stands mature. Overall, this thesis improves our knowledge of the processes driving wildlife distribution dynamics, by its combination of studies on community assembly, population dynamics and animal behaviour.
Grondin, Pierre-Luc. "Rôle des propriétés physiques et chimiques du milieu dans la succession des protistes marins lors de la floraison printanière en baie de Baffin." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35841.
Full textWith ongoing climate change in the Arctic, a decrease in the extent of sea ice and in the spring snow cover thickness has been observed. A modification of the ice and snow dynamics is predicted to impact the onset, the duration and the decline of microalgae spring blooms, as well as the succession among groups and species of primary producers. The main goals of the present study were (i) to characterize the ice-associated algae and phytoplankton communities and (ii) to identify the main drivers associated with the microalgal main taxonomic groups succession during an under-ice bloom in Baffin Bay in 2015 and 2016. With high-resolution time series of environmental parameters and using an Imaging FlowCytobot for the identification and enumeration of algal cells (<150 μm) within the sea ice bottom and in the underlying water column, we address the role of light and nutrients availability in controlling spring bloom phenology. Pennate diatoms dominated the sympagic community, with different genera dominating for each year. The phytoplankton community was initially alike that found in sea ice, suggesting a possible seeding of the pelagic bloom by the ice algal community. Light availability seemed to be the main factor controlling the onset of both sympagic and pelagic blooms, with a threshold value of 0.1 mol photons m-2 d-1. Through spring, snow and sea ice melting in association with melt pond onset caused the decline of the sympagic bloom, while the increase in under-ice irradiance likely favored centric diatoms, which dominated the protists assemblage during the phytoplankton blooms. Nutrients limitation in sea ice was not observed, while nitrate seemed to play a major role in the decline of the phytoplankton bloom. Our results suggest that there is a potential for early and massive under ice blooms, which are mostly light limited early in the season.
Anso, Jérémy. "Maintien à long terme de communautés d'insectes forestiers dans un contexte de changement global : Réponses écologiques des communautés d'Orthoptères dans une succession forestière et face à la progression d'espèces invasives." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NCAL0005/document.
Full textIn the context of global biodiversity crisis at world scale, research of efficient environmental proxies are urgently required, especially in tropical island ecosystems, to better assess environment quality and select conservation priorities. In New Caledonia ecosystems, crickets have a dominant contribution to natural communities, according to their richness, diversity and range of colonized habitats. They are highly abundant in ecosystems and also have a high contribution to the soundscape with their ability to produce species-specific airborne signals. In this context of search of efficient environmental proxies, we measured the response of cricket communities in a ecological succession on utlramafic soils and facing the spread of 2 invasive ants (Wasmannia auropunctata and Anoplolepis gracilipes). Through both classical community census and bioacoustic approach through passive acoustic monitoring, we have been able to characterize specific cricket assemblage of species in each succession stage, with a striking sensitivity for biological invasions. Also, a global acoustic analysis of soundscape, greatly dominated by crickets, provides similar results without taxonomic or acoustic identification or knowledge. These preliminary results provide critical insights for the management of ecosystems, Our findings open up promising field of research in order to generalized innovative bio-indication concepts using cricket community in other cricket rich tropical regions
Blanchard, Grégoire. "Assemblage des communautés d'arbres des forêts de basse altitude de Nouvelle-Calédonie face à un environnement hétérogène dans l’espace et dans le temps." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG065.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to study how spatio-temporal variations of the environment affect the composition of New Caledonia's fragmented lowland forests, using a multi-scale approach - regional, landscape, local scales - and by integrating deterministic and stochastic aspects of ecological dynamics. Using a functional approach, we first analyze how regional and local water availability gradients influence community assembly processes from the regional species pool. In a second step, we combine empirical data and mechanistic modelling to assess the temporal effect of fragmentation and habitat loss on neutral extinction-immigration dynamics and environmental filters. At the local scale, we analyze the successional trajectories guiding the spatio-temporal dynamics of forest recolonization on degraded environments under the influence of edge effects. At the regional level, we show that variations in annual rainfall patterns generate environmental filters that determine the composition of species subpools at the landscape level. Topography then plays a major role in assembling communities at the landscape level, filtering species according to their drought resistance or resource use strategies based on the precipitation context. The balance between immigration and extinction in communities depends on landscape structure, but these stochastic processes are slow, and we show that their influence is delayed in case of rapid landscape change. On the other hand, edge creation affects environmental filters and entails rapid changes community composition. Finally, our results reveal that the recolonization of the forest on disturbed environments follows a succession trajectory driven by deterministic processes, and characterized by a transition from stress resistance to competition for light. Overall, this thesis provides new elements for understanding the spatio-temporal dynamics of New Caledonia's forests, as well as for planning their conservation
Coiffait-Gombault, Clémentine. "Règles d’assemblages et restauration écologique des communautés végétales herbacées méditerranéennes : le cas de la Plaine de La Crau (Bouches-du-Rhône, France)." Thesis, Avignon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AVIG0322/document.
Full textMediterranean herbaceous ecosystems which are characterized by a high biodiversity have been submitted to a lot of changes in use. Their conservation is not sufficient enough and ecological restoration seems to be an adapted solution to improve conservation efforts as it can mitigate damages induced by human activities. To develop restoration methods adapted to these ecosystems, preliminary researches on the different communities composing an ecosystem and the filters which are responsible for community assemblage before and after disturbance are necessary. Representative of numerous Mediterranean steppe ecosystems, the “Coussouls de Crau” and their ex-arable-fields (Bouches-du-Rhône, France) are the biological models used to identify and study the principal filters potentially responsible for organizing the plant communities. Sheep grazing, trophic changes, competition and reproduction and /or species dispersal, were identified in a first study on steppe regeneration; these filters were then the core of the following three research experiments. We carried out two in-situ restoration protocols (hay transfer and sowing foundation species) and one ex-situ experiment testing interactions between a selection of steppe species. The main results show that reproduction, seed dispersal, soil trophic level, competition, extensive sheep grazing are filters which have a determinant role in structuring the communities, in determining plant composition and partly in explaining the slow dynamics towards the reference steppe. Also, we show that filters interact between them. For applied restoration, the tested methods promote steppe vegetation come back, but in the short term (two or three years after restoration), the composition of restored areas remains different to the reference ecosystem. Even if we understand better the different factors which explain community organization, these results demonstrate that it is difficult to restore it integrally because it is not easy to manipulate and find an equilibrium between the different filters actions. Now it is necessary to continue these fundamental and applied researches, in particular on the maturation and structure of the old herbaceous plant communities
Fily, Marc. "Succession post-culturale et pression de pâturage dans les Pyrénées centrales : étude à l'échelle de l'écosystème, de la communauté et d'une population de Dactylis glomerata L. prise comme modèle." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30132.
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