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1
STANLEY HOWELL, PETER, PETRUS BULAN, NUR ASHIKIN PSYQUAY ABDULLAH, NORAINI BUSRI, and MAKE JIWAN. "Effect of Sago Palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) Maturity on Sucker Food Reserve and Survivability during Nursery Stage." Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology 7, no. 2 (December 27, 2017): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.596.2017.
Full textAbstract:
Sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) which accumulates starch in its trunk can be propagated through suckers which are normally nursed for at least six months before planting them to the field. Using suckers had been long practiced by local sago farmers as it is the most reliable source of planting materials for sago cultivation. However, effective and efficient sago suckers selection and extraction methodology had yet to been documented. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of sago palm maturity that influences the sucker food reserve availability and survivability during nursery stage. Sucker survivability was recorded from the observation and monitoring on nursed suckers using polyethylene nursery bag for six months. Chemical analysis on the sucker’s rhizome for sugar and starch content were determined using Anthrone and Somogyi-Nelson method, respectively. The result showed that sucker derived from mature mother palm have higher survival rate of 82.5 % than those from young mother palm with only 45% during nursery stage. Chemical analysis on the rhizome for sucker from mature mother palm showed higher percentage of starch and sugar with 29.21% and 4.38%, respectively as compared to suckers from young mother palm with only 9.37% starch and 3.92% sugar. The result showed that sago suckers derived from mature mother palm have higher food reserve stored in their rhizome for roots and leaves development which was critical for their survivability. This outcome strongly suggested that only sago suckers from mature mother palm are suitable to be selected as planting material than those from young mother palm.
Keywords: Food reserve, nursery stage, palm maturity, sucker survivability
2
Tramacere, Francesca, Alexander Kovalev, Thomas Kleinteich, Stanislav N. Gorb, and Barbara Mazzolai. "Structure and mechanical properties of Octopus vulgaris suckers." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11, no. 91 (February 6, 2014): 20130816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0816.
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In this study, we investigate the morphology and mechanical features of Octopus vulgaris suckers, which may serve as a model for the creation of a new generation of attachment devices. Octopus suckers attach to a wide range of substrates in wet conditions, including rough surfaces. This amazing feature is made possible by the sucker's tissues, which are pliable to the substrate profile. Previous studies have described a peculiar internal structure that plays a fundamental role in the attachment and detachment processes of the sucker. In this work, we present a mechanical characterization of the tissues involved in the attachment process, which was performed using microindentation tests. We evaluated the elasticity modulus and viscoelastic parameters of the natural tissues ( E ∼ 10 kPa) and measured the mechanical properties of some artificial materials that have previously been used in soft robotics. Such a comparison of biological prototypes and artificial material that mimics octopus-sucker tissue is crucial for the design of innovative artificial suction cups for use in wet environments. We conclude that the properties of the common elastomers that are generally used in soft robotics are quite dissimilar to the properties of biological suckers.
3
Matsumoto, Yuta, Isao Kurashige, and Kan Yoneda. "Development of Concrete Inspection Robot with Dual Stage Suckers." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 31, no. 6 (December 20, 2019): 816–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2019.p0816.
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To automate nondestructive inspections for concrete walls by measuring their air permeability, we developed a wall climbing robot with suckers. It is configured to move by alternately moving the central body and the four leg tip suckers forward. The central sucker is a triple ring type, making it useful for climbing and measuring as well as acquiring the air permeability data in the depth direction. The leg tip suckers use a sponge material to ensure good sealing with the concrete wall and are double suckers when incorporated with bellows to generate power that sticks them fast, by pressing the bellows at the beginning of the fast-sticking process. The dual stage fast-sticking process first sucks by using the bellows only and then the whole sucker follows after the sponge parts are almost fast stuck. To automate the dual stage fast-sticking process, we developed two automatic switching systems: one switches relative to the distance between the sucker and the wall surface and the other, relative to the pressure in the bellows. We experimentally demonstrated that with both switching systems, when the sucker approaches a concrete wall with a weak force, the first stage fast-sticking process takes 1 s or lesser and the complete fast-sticking process, approximately 5 s. We also proved that the developed wall climbing robot incorporating the above-mentioned fast-sticking mechanism can climb a concrete wall at approximately 440 mm/min to acquire the concrete’s nondestructive air permeability test data.
4
Salter, B., G. D. Bonnett, and R. J. Lawn. "Morphology of young sugarcane stalks produced at different stages of crop development." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 2 (2008): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07049.
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Sugarcane suckers are tillers that appear late in crop development. They dilute the sucrose content of the harvested cane at the mill, reducing grower profitability. Suckers appear to have different morphology from other sugarcane stalks. Experiments were established to quantify some of these morphological differences, to determine whether these differences were conserved across a vegetatively propagated generation, and to investigate the influence of the mature stalk to which the sucker is attached on sucker morphology. Experiments were established in northern Queensland, Australia, using cvv. Q117, Q138, and Q152 to compare suckers with young primary stalks in a plant crop and/or young ratoon stalks. Leaf lamina length, breadth, area, height to last fully expanded leaf, internode diameter, and growth measurements were taken. Suckers had broader leaves, resulting in a smaller leaf length/breadth ratio, longer leaf sheaths, and lower specific leaf area at least for the first 3 leaves. Sucker stalks were thicker than normal stalks. Sucker growth was highly variable, but some were able to outgrow young primary stalks in a plant crop. When mature stalks, to which suckers were attached, were removed, the leaves produced by suckers were more similar to leaves on normal stalks with larger length/breadth ratio. The morphological differences were not carried over into plants arising from the buds on suckers. Although the reasons for these morphological differences are unknown, it is likely that the transfer of some factor(s) from the stalks to which suckers are attached, and/or an altered light environment within the canopy, may contribute to the morphology of sucker shoots.
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Dion, R., M. Richardson, L. Roy, and F. G. Whoriskey. "Spawning patterns and interspecific matings of sympatric white (Catostomus commersoni) and longnose (C. catostomus) suckers from the Gouin reservoir system, Quebec." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-026.
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White (Catostomus commersoni) and longnose (C. catostomus) suckers from the Gouin reservoir, Quebec, and a small upstream lake (Lac des Cinq Miles) spawned in the same stream. White suckers numerically dominated the runs in all years; however, abundances of both species decreased eightfold during a year when the reservoir level was lowered for maintenance. Return rates of individuals of both species tagged during the spawning run were poor in the following year, and only a few fish (<0.6%) skipped a year to spawn 2 years later. Although some individuals of both species occurred at all monitored spawning areas, white suckers concentrated their spawning activity over sites with boulders, whereas longnose suckers were most abundant over gravel. Differences in the courtship behaviour of the two species initially discouraged interspecific matings. However, white sucker males ultimately participated in 32% of the female longnose sucker matings, though spawning of male longnose suckers with female white suckers was not observed. White suckers spawned in groups or in pairs, whereas in all instances longnose suckers spawned with two or more males.
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de Souza, Larissa Larocca, and Marcelo L. Moretti. "Chemical control of suckers in hazelnut orchards of western Oregon." Weed Technology 34, no. 6 (July 20, 2020): 863–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2020.78.
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AbstractHazelnut naturally grows as a multi-stemmed tree. The basal sprouts, known as suckers, grow throughout the season. Suckers are removed to promote a single trunk that facilitates production mechanization and increased yield. In western Oregon, herbicides are the most common method of sucker control, and at least four applications per season are performed in the spring and summer seasons. This study evaluated the efficacy of foliar-applied herbicides currently registered for sucker control in hazelnuts. Season-long and short-term field studies were conducted to assess the efficacy of herbicides to control hazelnut suckers. In the season-long studies, four consecutive applications of treatments that contained 2,4-D, glufosinate, or paraquat provided 50% to 80% control, maintained sucker height at 50 cm or less as compared to 155 cm for the nontreated control, and reduced sucker biomass by 87% as compared to the nontreated control. The short-term study results confirmed the efficacy of 2,4-D, glufosinate, and paraquat for sucker control, and in this study, carfentrazone and saflufenacil reduced sucker biomass to a level comparable to 2,4-D or glufosinate treatment. These results confirm that 2,4-D, glufosinate, paraquat, carfentrazone, and saflufenacil can be used for sucker control in hazelnut and emphasize the necessity of multiple applications during the growing season to control suckers in hazelnut. Proper herbicide selection is important to control suckers with success.
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Smith, A. "Cephalopod sucker design and the physical limits to negative pressure." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 949–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.4.949.
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Two factors determine the strength of pressure-based adhesive mechanisms such as suction: the magnitude of the pressure differential that their musculature and mechanics can produce and the pressure differential that water can sustain. This paper compares the adhesive strength of the primary cephalopod sucker types: the stalked suckers of decapods (cuttlefish and squid) and the unstalked suckers of octopods. These results are compared with the physical limits imposed by cavitation, the failure of water under negative pressure. The maximum pressure differentials that suckers can produce were measured using a wettable pressure transducer or by measuring their force of attachment on a wettable surface and dividing by the area exposed to reduced pressure. The maximum pressure differentials that water can sustain on a typical marine surface were measured in a Z-tube. Fifteen cephalopod species representing three orders were studied. At sea level, cavitation limits all suckers to the same range of pressure differentials (100-200 kPa), regardless of their morphology. As ambient pressure increases with depth, cavitation ceases to be limiting. In this case, stalked decapod suckers produce greater pressure differentials than unstalked octopod suckers. In addition, small suckers produce greater pressure differentials than large suckers. Suckers larger than 7.5 mm2, both decapod and octopod, typically achieve pressure differentials of 100 kPa. As their size decreases below 7.5 mm2, octopod suckers get slightly stronger, sometimes producing pressure differentials of 250-300 kPa, while decapod suckers get exponentially stronger, sometimes producing pressure differentials near 800 kPa. There were no differences in sucker strength among the four octopod species, but seven of the ten decapod species differed from the overall decapod regression curve. The strongest suckers belonged to the fast-swimming, open-water species in the decapod sub-order Oegopsida.
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Fraser, Erin C., Victor J. Lieffers, and Simon M. Landhäusser. "Wounding of aspen roots promotes suckering." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-009.
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In early May, 1-m sections of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) roots in a forest cutblock were carefully exposed and examined for damage. Undamaged roots were subjected to one of three wounding treatments (scrape, sever, or uninjured control) and were then reburied to either the full normal organic layer depth or to one third of the normal depth. Following one growing season, the roots were reexposed and assessed for aspen sucker numbers and growth rates. Results indicate that injured roots produced suckers nearly twice as often as uninjured roots. Further, injured roots produced more suckers per root, and these suckers were taller and had greater leaf area. Roots buried under shallow organic layers also generated more suckers, regardless of injury type. The side of injury (distal or proximal) did not affect any of the measured variables. The present study suggests that moderate wounding of aspen roots increases initial sucker numbers and growth rates.Key words: trembling aspen, root sucker, root injury, regeneration.
9
Ashango, Taye Buke. "EFFECT OF CORM AND CORM PIECES ON REGENERATION AND MULTIPLICATION OF ENSET (ENSETE VENTRICOSUM (WELW.) CHEESMAN)." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 5 (May 31, 2017): 281–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i5.2017.1860.
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A field study was conducted on ‘enset’ propagation at Humbo, Wolayta. The experiments of this study were executed with the objectives of determining size of whole corms and corm pieces for better sucker production. Five whole corm sizes (0.75, 3, 7, 11and15 kg), five bigger (0.8, 1.75, 2.3, 3.5 and 4.6) and three smaller (0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 kg) corm pieces, three corm piece positions (lower, middle and top) of horizontal cut. There were significant (p<0.01) differences among corms and corm pieces in the number of suckers. Whole corms with 7 kg gave the highest number of suckers; similarly, corm pieces with 3.5 kg. The mean number of suckers produced ranged from 9.5-28.4 for whole corms, 3.7-38.1 for corm piece. There was no positive and significant relationship between total number of suckers and growth. Many of the other growth parameters are associated with each other. The highest sucker number was recorded using corms of 7 kg corm and 3.5 kg corm pieces.
Significant variations among corms and corm pieces in the number of suckers formed, with whole corms, corms with 7 and 3 kg weights scored the highest number of suckers. With corm pieces, those with 3.5, 4.6, and1.75 kg sizes scored the highest sucker numbers. Compared for whole corms, corm pieces gave the greatest overall number of suckers.
The size of corms and corm pieces had a significant effect on leaf width and leaf length; and sucker height, pseudostem length leaf width, leaf length and leaf number respectively.
The position of the corm from which pieces were taken affected their regeneration capacity. Corm pieces from the apical end of the corm were able to regenerate.
10
Xi, Peng, Qian Cong, Jin Xu, and Kun Qiu. "Design, experiment and adsorption mechanism analysis of bionic sucker based on octopus sucker." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 233, no. 12 (October 16, 2019): 1250–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411919879358.
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The vacuum chuck is widely used in industrial and daily life. By observing the macroscopic and microscopic morphology of octopus sucker, it is found that the sucker surface has concave–convex continuous wave shape with large number of non-smooth morphologies. The sealing mechanism of octopus sucker is analyzed according to its surface morphology before and after adsorption, and the non-smooth morphology is found to greatly enhance the adsorption. Based on the bionics theory, the non-smooth surface morphology of octopus sucker is applied to improve the sucker adsorption. And the bionic suckers with three types of grooves are designed. According to the model of standard and bionic suckers, the sucker entities are obtained by the method of three-dimensional printing and casting. And the tensile tests of suckers are carried out. The stress of suckers is analyzed by finite element method, and the sealing mechanism is discussed. According to the test results, the bionic sucker has larger adsorption force. And the ring sucker possesses the best adsorption performance. Compared with the standard sucker, the maximum adsorption force of the bionic sucker is increased by 12.2% in the air and 25.2% underwater. The adsorption force of bionic sucker becomes larger with the increase in the groove number; when the groove number increases to a certain extent, the adsorption force becomes smaller. The deformation of non-smooth morphology during adsorption makes the bionic sucker have a larger contact area. That is the reason why the bionic sucker has good adsorption performance. The bionic design of sucker can provide a new method to improve its adsorption.
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Webber, P. Aaron, and David Beers. "Detecting Razorback Suckers Using Passive Integrated Transponder Tag Antennas in the Green River, Utah." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/122012-jfwm-104.
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Abstract In order to increase detections of razorback suckers Xyrauchen texanus tagged with passive integrated transponders in the upper Colorado River basin, we deployed two passive instream flat-plate antennas (33 × 68 cm) at a razorback sucker spawning location in the Green River, Utah, during spring of 2012 and 2013. Over the course of 29 d in 2012 and 90 d in 2013, the antennas detected 569 razorback suckers, 19 Colorado pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius, 16 flannelmouth suckers Catostomus latipinnis, and 1 bluehead sucker Catostomus discobolus. Despite extensive sampling via boat electrofishing (rafts and hard-bottom boats) and netting (fyke, trammel, and gill) in wetlands that occurred from the 1990s to present in the upper Colorado River basin, a large number of tagged razorback suckers and Colorado pikeminnow, including a fish released in 1996, were detected for the first time by our antennas. Our data indicate that the detectability of razorback suckers, and precision and accuracy of survival and population estimates might be increased significantly with the addition of data gathered by passive instream flat-plate antennas in the Green River.
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Smith, Christian T., Stewart B. Reid, Lindsay Godfrey, and William R. Ardren. "Gene Flow Among Modoc Sucker and Sacramento Sucker Populations in the Upper Pit River, California and Oregon." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/022010-jfwm-003.
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Abstract The Modoc sucker Catostomus microps received legal protection in the United States based partially on concerns that anthropogenic environmental changes had restricted migration among populations and catalyzed hybridization with a more abundant congener, the Sacramento sucker Catostomus occidentalis. We applied eight microsatellite markers to samples of both species collected from two tributaries to the Pit River, California (Ash Creek and Turner Creek), and one tributary of Goose Lake, Oregon (Thomas Creek). Modoc sucker populations in these three tributaries seemed to be largely isolated from one another: gene flow between Ash Creek and Turner Creek was no greater than that among these two creeks and Thomas Creek. In contrast, divergence estimates among collections of Sacramento suckers indicated greater gene flow between Ash Creek and Turner Creek than between either of these creeks and Thomas Creek. Samples collected at a single site (Ash Valley) were identified based on morphology as Modoc suckers, but genetic data suggested they were much more similar to Sacramento suckers. Interspecific hybrids were detected in all three tributaries. Collections of Modoc suckers yielded 0.0–3.9% hybrids, and collections of Sacramento suckers yielded 0.0–80.0% hybrids. The two collections with the greatest proportions of hybrids (54.5 and 80.0%) were both from tributaries to lower Thomas Creek, and neither of these tributaries is thought to have upstream populations of Modoc suckers. Based on 1) low levels of hybrid detection in all three tributaries, 2) the absence of hybrids from typical parental habitats (upstream habitats for Modoc suckers and Pit River mainstem for Sacramento suckers), and 3) highly significant RST (variance in allele size) values between the species, we conclude that hybridization is common but that significant introgression (i.e., loss of parental genotypes) has not occurred. We also note that hybridization, and subsequent introgression, may become a conservation concern in such cases when the habitat of one or both of these species is eliminated or modified.
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SULAIMAN, NAJWA, NIK SASHA KHATRINA KHAIRUDDIN, MAIZAN ISMAIL, CHEE BENG YEOH, and FARAH KHUWAILAH AHMAD BUSTAMAM. "A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Approach on the Production of Sago Sucker for Cultivation." Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.2948.2021.
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Sago palm is one of the commodities being cultivated and traded in Malaysia for its high starch content. Sago seedling, or commonly referred to as sucker, is the planting material for sago cultivation. This paper discusses the life cycle assessment approach for the calculation of life cycle inventory for the production of one sago sucker. In this study, the functional unit is defined as one sago sucker. The process starts from the reception of suckers from suppliers, raft preparation, planting sago suckers in rafts, fertilization, and ends with transportation of the suckers to the plantation. Interviews and data verification were done on-site at the Crop Research and Application Unit (CRAUN) Sungai Talau Research Station. LCI data showed that water was the main input for the production of sago sucker, followed by diesel for transportation, pesticides, and fertilisers. The outcome of this study provides a basis or guideline to planters in implementing sago best agricultural practices for the production of sustainable sago.
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Jobidon, Robert. "Pin Cherry Sucker Regeneration After Cutting." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 14, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/14.3.117.
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Abstract Root suckers arising after cutting 10 yr old pin cherry in eastern Quebec were studied. Most suckers emerged during the first 2 yr and only a small proportion emerged after 3 or 4 yr. The number of suckers forming a clone was highly variable and was probably influenced by the degree of interspecific competition affecting this shade-intolerant species. No clonal variations were observed in the diameter of parent roots producing suckers, or in the initiation of new roots around the base of suckers up to 5 yr old. Annual growth of sucker basal diameter differed among clones and also within a clone. The oldest suckers had the greatest rates of basal growth. Results from this study indicate that cutting will not prove effective as a mean for controlling pin cherry during cleaning treatments, but will help to maintain dense pin cherry browse for white-tailed deer or moose. North. J. Appl. For. 14(3):117-119.
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DesRochers, Annie, and Victor J. Lieffers. "Root biomass of regenerating aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands of different densities in Alberta." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 1012–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-037.
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In north-central Alberta, 12 plots (9 m2) were hydraulically excavated in young trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) stands (510 years old) of different sucker density to quantify the effects of sucker density on the parental root system, on the formation of new roots and on the growth of suckers. All roots were collected and divided into live and dead parental roots and new root categories. Size and age of parent roots at the time of suckering were determined. Total biomass ranged from 1 to 18 t/ha of live roots. Living root biomass was proportional to stand density and leaf area index (LAI). Low-density stands had a higher proportion of dead roots. Suckers in plots with more parental root biomass/sucker had greater height growth. Root/shoot ratios ranged from 0.46 to 3.52 but were not correlated with stand densities. Stands with larger basal area of suckers and greater mean parent root diameter produced more biomass of new roots. This research suggests that young sucker-origin aspen stands support a large underground biomass and that high sucker densities and LAI are required to prevent loss of parental root biomass.
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Saint-Jacques, Nathalie, Harold H. Harvey, and Donald A. Jackson. "Selective foraging in the white sucker (Catostomus commersoni)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 8 (August 1, 2000): 1320–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-067.
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The white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) is a widespread and often abundant North American species. This benthivore can play an important role in the ecology of both fish and benthic communities in lakes and streams. However, the feeding behaviour and ecology of the white sucker have received limited study beyond a description of gut contents from small samples of fish. In this study, the diet of white suckers was determined in relation to season and depth distribution of the fish, as well as to the abundance and type of zoobenthos sampled at the site of fish capture. Suckers fed predominantly on either zoobenthos or zooplankton, with some seasonal variation. They specialized on particular prey and also on the largest individuals within their "speciality," thus exhibiting both resource partitioning and size-selective predation. These findings demonstrate that white suckers can be extremely flexible in their use of resources as opposed to being simple generalist feeders. This attribute, plus their tolerance of a range of environmental conditions, partly explains the abundance of white suckers and their wide distribution in temperate lakes and streams.
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O'Farrell, PJ, PK Shepherd, and JW Daniells. "Effect of type and weight of nursery produced planting material on the development of banana cv. Williams in North Queensland." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 5 (1989): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890713.
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Bananas cv. Williams grown from planting material produced in a nursery were studied to determine minimum planting weights for planting material from this source. There were 3 weights of both suckers (0.25-0.5, 0.5-1.0, and 1.0-1.5 kg) and bits (0.45-0.6, 0.6-1.0, and 1.0-1.5 kg). Shoot emergence from suckers occurred on average 17 days earlier than from bits. Small and medium bits had shooting failures of 8 and 2% respectively. Medium and large suckers produced 2 bearing plants in the plant crop, the 'first' from the apex, the 'second' (shoot emergence 8 weeks later) from a lateral bud. The 'second' reduced sucker growth and bunch size of the 'first'. High sucker number was more consistent on plants from small suckers, and medium and large bits in the plant crop, which facilitated selection of even-sized followers. Cropping was most uniform in these treatments in ratoons 1 and 2. Yield of medium and large suckers in the plant crop was twice that of the other treatments and represented the combined yields of the 'first' and 'second' plant. However, the average annual yield of medium and large suckers over both the plant and ratoon 1 crops (57 t/ha) was the same as the other treatments, due to both a 12% reduction in yield and a longer period to harvest in ratoon 1. Yield of small suckers, and small, medium and large bits was the same in the plant crop (25 t/ha) and ratoon 1 crop (73 t/ha). Further work is required with nursery material to elucidate its response to time of planting, and the interaction of bud state and weight of bits.
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Fraser, Erin C., Victor J. Lieffers, Simon M. Landhäusser, and Brent R. Frey. "Soil nutrition and temperature as drivers of root suckering in trembling aspen." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 1685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-080.
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In two separate studies, the suckering of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) roots was assessed in response to different daily maximum soil temperatures and in relation to available nutrients (CaSO4 and NH4NO3). In the first study, aspen root sections were incubated under high:low temperature regimes of 12:8, 14:8, 16:8, 18:8, or 20:8°C until 124 degree-days above 8°C had been reached. Daily maximum temperature did not affect the number of suckers produced per square centimetre of root surface area or per root section. However, more time was required to initiate suckers on root sections grown under the 12:8°C temperature regime compared with those grown at 20:8°C. Furthermore, when calculated from a base temperature of 5°C, the number of degree-days needed to initiate aspen suckers was not different across the temperature regimes. In the second study, CaSO4, NH4NO3, or distilled water was added to aspen root sections. While nutrients did not affect the number of suckers produced, the addition of CaSO4 or NH4NO3 significantly increased sucker dry mass. Nutrient addition appeared to stimulate sucker growth and mobilization of stored reserves to support this growth.
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Strickland, P. Andrew, and Christopher R. Middaugh. "Validation of Annulus Formation in Spotted Sucker Otoliths." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/122013-jfwm-080.
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Abstract Spotted suckers Minytrema melanops are found in many river systems from the Midwest to the Southeast United States. Though they are a relatively abundant species, otolith age validation methods have not been reported. The objective of this study was to validate annulus formation on the lapillar otolith for spotted suckers. We collected spotted suckers monthly from December 2005 to November 2006 in the Apalachicola River, Florida. Using marginal incremental analysis on whole browned lapillar otoliths, we validated that spotted suckers form one annulus per year between May and June. We also report population characteristics including a length–weight regression. This study validates otolith aging to provide an avenue for accurately assessing the age composition of spotted sucker populations, which will facilitate a better understanding of growth, recruitment, and mortality of the species.
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Mundell, Theresa L., Simon M. Landhäusser, and Victor J. Lieffers. "Effects of Corylus cornuta stem density on root suckering and rooting depth of Populus tremuloidesThis article is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Poplar Research in Canada." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, no. 11 (November 2007): 1041–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-089.
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Trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.) is capable of regenerating vegetatively through the formation of adventitious shoots (suckers) from roots. This field study investigated how sucker regeneration following harvest of aspen is affected by understories of beaked hazel ( Corylus cornuta Marsh.). Aspen stands with a high density of understory hazel (>45 000 stems per hectare (sph)) or a low density (<5000 sph) were cut in the fall. After one growing season, aspen sucker density and growth were assessed. Soil trenches were excavated to examine the root density and rooting depth of both aspen and hazel. Aspen sucker regeneration was 68 200 sph in areas with low hazel density and 43 600 sph in areas with high hazel density; the cross-sectional surface area of aspen roots in shallow soil layers (0–10 cm) was significantly lower under high densities of hazel. As aspen usually produces most of its root suckers from shallow roots, the reduction of roots in the upper 10 cm of the soil was the likely cause of lower sucker densities. Height growth of the suckers was not influenced by pre-harvest hazel density, possibly owing to high light transmission as a result of the reduced leaf area of the hazel after the harvest.
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Wang, G. Geoff. "Early regeneration and growth dynamics of Populus tremuloides suckers in relation to fire severity." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 10 (October 1, 2003): 1998–2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-123.
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Four boreal mixedwood stands burned by the 1999 Black River wildfire in southeastern Manitoba were sampled to determine the effect of fire severity on density and diameter and height growth of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) suckers during the first three postfire years. Analysis of covariance, using prefire aspen basal area as the covariate, indicated that fire severity significantly affected postfire aspen sucker density, with significantly lower density found on severely burned plots. Changes in aspen sucker density over the three postfire years depended on fire severity, with significant changes observed only on scorched and lightly burned plots. Sucker mortality was positively related to the initial sucker density, with more than 80% of the total variance being explained. Fire severity significantly affected the growth of dominant aspen suckers in the first, but not the second and the third, postfire years. The first year of growth initially increased and then remained stable with the increase in density, while the second and third years of growth were not affected by density. Since fire severity within and (or) among burned stands is inherently heterogeneous, the effect of fire severity must be taken into account in predicting postfire density and growth of aspen suckers.
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Thomas, Philip T., and Patrick T. K. Woo. "In vitro culture and multiplication of Cryptobia catostomi and experimental infection of white sucker (Catostomus commersoni)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-031.
Full textAbstract:
Cryptobia catostomi, a parasitic haemoflagellate of the white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), was cultured in minimum essential medium (MEM) supplemented with Hanks' salts, L-glutamine, and 25% foetal bovine serum (MEM-plus). Parasite numbers were significantly higher in MEM-plus cultures supplemented with white sucker plasma than in unsupplemented cultures. This procedure is useful when large numbers of the parasite are required, e.g., for studies on their nutritional requirements, metabolism, or antigenic nature. Cultures could not be maintained at 10 °C beyond the fourth subculture; this was about 11 months after the primary culture was started. The division process in culture was similar to that reported in fish. The culture forms were infective to white suckers. Parasitaemias in white suckers infected with blood forms increased from 2 to 5 weeks postinfection and stayed relatively constant thereafter. Neither anorexia nor anaemia was evident in infected fish, confirming the nonpathogenicity of C. catostomi to white suckers.
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Nyland, Ralph D. "Origin of Small Understory Beech in New York Northern Hardwood Stands." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/25.3.161.
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Abstract I sampled understory beech with heights that were 4 ft tall or less to determine their origin in 22 northern hardwood stands in New York. The proportion of seedling-origin beech ranged from 5 to 75% across sites. However, in 20 stands, the majority of beech (58–91%) with heights of 2–4 ft tall had a root sucker origin. Coupled with other information from published sources, findings suggest four possibilities about beech regeneration: (1) seed production and/or early seedling survival may have a clonal linkage, with some genotypes producing little viable seed, or with few seedlings surviving after germination; (2) a prevalence of root suckers among the taller understory beech suggests their higher potential for long-term survival and development and limited shifts in the genetic makeup of that species within a stand; (3) at some level of stocking, taller understory beech root suckers may interfere with survival and development of seedling regeneration; and (4) because the taller understory beech has a root sucker origin at most sites, root suckers may just develop more rapidly than seedlings.
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Kota, Andrew M., and Dale L. Bartos. "Evaluation of Techniques to Protect Aspen Suckers from Ungulate Browsing in the Black Hills." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 25, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/25.4.161.
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Abstract Excessive browsing by cattle (Bos taurus L.) and wild ungulates, particularly elk (Cervus elaphus L.), sometimes inhibits growth and maturity of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) suckers in Western North America. In areas where aspen stands are in poor condition or declining, protecting suckers from ungulates may be necessary. This study compared the utility of livestock fences, complete wildlife exclosures, barriers created from slash debris, and tree hinging during 2004 and 2005 in the Black Hills of South Dakota. All of the barriers significantly reduced percentage browsing of aspen suckers compared with the pretreatment average (78%) and posttreatment control (79%). Slash treatments andlivestock fences decreased ungulate browsing by 19%, hinge treatments decreased it by 39%, and wildlife fences eliminated nearly allincidences of sucker browsing. The average length removed per terminal stem for aspen suckers decreased from 20.8 to 14.4 cm across all treatments. After 1 year, the mean number of suckers above 100 cm height in both the hinge and slash treatments were significantly greater than both the fence treatments and control. Data showed that autumn and winter browsing was primarily by wild ungulates. Slash barriers can replace livestock fences where cattle affect aspen suckers. Hinge barriers are more useful than both slash barriers and livestock fences in areas where wild ungulates are the primary browsers.
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Cullen, PJ, and JB Kirkpatrick. "The Ecology of Athrotaxis D. Don (Taxodiaceae). I. Stand Structure and Regeneration of A. cupressoides." Australian Journal of Botany 36, no. 5 (1988): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9880547.
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Athrotaxis cupressoides forms stands of varying size class and age class structure in the high subalpine and alpine environments of Tasmania. As with some other southern hemisphere gymnosperms with great longevity, A. cupressoides does not successfully regenerate in dense forest stands without disturb- ance but does so in many open stands. Vegetative regeneration through root suckers occurs in many such stands. Suckers are most frequent in bogs and least evident in blockstreams. There has been little successful seedling or sucker regeneration in open stands in the east of the range of the species since European occupation of the Central Plateau. Exclosure experiments and field observations show that seedlings, suckers and adult foliage are heavily grazed by introduced placental and native marsupial mammals.
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Larocca de Souza, Larissa, and Marcelo L. Moretti. "Carrier Volume and Nozzle Effect on 2,4-D and Glufosinate Performances in Hazelnut Sucker Control." HortScience 55, no. 11 (November 2020): 1848–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15317-20.
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Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) basal sprouts, or suckers, are removed to train trees as a single trunk, facilitating mechanization. Suckers are routinely controlled with herbicides, often by using nozzles that generate fine droplets and spray volumes as high as 934 L·ha−1, making spray drift a concern. Spray nozzle type and carrier volume can impact herbicide efficacy and drift. Field studies compared the efficacy of 2,4-D and glufosinate in controlling suckers when applied with a flat-fan nozzle, producing fine droplets, to a TeeJet air-induction nozzle, producing ultra-coarse droplets. These nozzles were evaluated at 187 and 374 L·ha−1. Nozzle and carrier volume did not affect the efficacy of 2,4-D based on control, sucker height, or dry weight. The efficacy of glufosinate was unaffected by nozzle type or spray volume in most evaluations. These results indicate that hazelnut suckers can be effectively controlled using drift-reduction nozzles with lower carrier volumes (187 L·ha−1). Drift-reduction nozzles, coupled with lower spray volume, can maintain herbicide efficacy, minimize drift risk, and reduce cost.
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Martelloni, Luisa, Michele Raffaelli, Christian Frasconi, Marco Fontanelli, Andrea Peruzzi, and Claudio D’Onofrio. "Using Flaming as an Alternative Method to Vine Suckering." Agronomy 9, no. 3 (March 21, 2019): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9030147.
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Suckering is the process of removing the suckers that grapevine trunks put out in the spring. Suckering by hand is costly and time consuming and requires constant bending down, getting up and making repetitive motions. The mechanical removal of suckers with rotating scourges can damage the vine plants. Chemical suckering is a limiting factor for wine grape growers interested in sustainable and/or organic agriculture. The aim of this research was to test flaming as an alternative method to vine suckering. A three-year experiment was conducted on a 10-year-old Sangiovese vine (775 Paulsen rootstock). The treatments consisted of flame suckering at different phenological stages, hand-suckering and a no-suckered control. Data on the number of suckers, grape yield components, and grape composition were collected and analysed. The results showed that flaming significantly reduced the initial number of suckers. This effect on the suckers was highest when the main productive shoots of the vines were at the 18-19 BBCH growth stage. Flame-suckering did not affect grape yield components and grape composition. Future studies could investigate the simultaneous use of flaming for both suckering and weed control.
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Al-Soudy, Al-Sayed, Valeria Maselli, Stefania Galdiero, Michael J. Kuba, Gianluca Polese, and Anna Di Cosmo. "Identification and Characterization of a Rhodopsin Kinase Gene in the Suckers of Octopus vulgaris: Looking around Using Arms?" Biology 10, no. 9 (September 19, 2021): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10090936.
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In their foraging behavior octopuses rely on arm search movements outside the visual field of the eyes. In these movements the environment is explored primarily by the suckers that line the entire length of the octopus arm. In this study, for the first time, we report the complete characterization of a light-sensing molecule, Ov-GRK1, in the suckers, skin and retina of Octopus vulgaris. We sequenced the O. vulgaris GRK1 gene, defining a phylogenetic tree and performing a 3D structure model prediction. Furthermore, we found differences in relative mRNA expression in different sucker types at several arm levels, and localized it through in situ hybridization. Our findings suggest that the suckers in octopus arms are much more multimodal than was previously shown, adding the potential for light sensing to the already known mechanical and chemical sensing abilities.
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Baret, Matthieu, and Annie DesRochers. "Root connections can trigger physiological responses to defoliation in nondefoliated aspen suckers." Botany 89, no. 11 (November 2011): 753–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b11-062.
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In species such as aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.), trees are interconnected through their root system owing to their regeneration mode by root suckering. These root connections challenge classic notions of forest dynamics that consider trees as individuals competing for resources, because root connections allow trees to share water, minerals, and carbohydrates. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that trees can directly influence the physiology of other nearby trees through root connections. In the summers of 2007 and 2008, pairs of aspen suckers (i.e., two suckers connected by a parental root) were selected and divided into three height classes and compared with each other (dominant, codominant, suppressed). Suckers distally positioned on the parental root were manually defoliated, and the effects of defoliation on photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and specific leaf area (SLA) were measured on connected but nondefoliated suckers. Results showed that defoliation caused physiological responses in the interconnected trees in summer 2007, which was drier than summer 2008. Defoliation of a connected sucker had a greater effect on suppressed suckers, for which mean photosynthesis rate increased by 17% compared with that of controls. The effect was less important for codominant (14% increase) and dominant (12%) trees. SLA of suppressed suckers also increased, while the increase in SLA values was smaller for codominant and dominant suckers. In summer 2008, no defoliation effect was observed, probably owing to high moisture conditions that resulted in much higher stomatal conductance values compared with those in 2007 (+55%). Under high humidity conditions, leaf specific hydraulic conductance does not constrain stomatal conductance, so the rate of CO2 assimilation was probably at its maximum capacity. This study demonstrated that trees could physiologically interact through root connections, and these interactions should thus be considered in studies of stand dynamics.
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Adalid, Roser, Jordi Torres, Marcos Miñarro, Màrius Vicent Fuentes, and Jordi Miquel. "First finding of Ityogonimus lorum and I. ocreatus co-infection in the Iberian mole, Talpa occidentalis." Acta Parasitologica 63, no. 4 (December 19, 2018): 835–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ap-2018-0102.
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Abstract The Ityogonimus lorum-I. ocreatus co-infection is reported for the first time in the Iberian mole Talpa occidentalis in Asturias (NW Spain). Both Ityogonimus species are stenoxenous helminths of insectivores of the genus Talpa and they have often been found parasitizing the Iberian mole and also the European mole T. europaea, but a mixed infection had not been previously reported. The present study also highlights the main differential morphometric characteristics between I. lorum and I. ocreatus such as the body length, the ventral sucker diameter, the ratio between suckers and the distance between suckers.
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Fraser, Erin, Simon Landhäusser, and Victor Lieffers. "The effect of fire severity and salvage logging traffic on regeneration and early growth of aspen suckers in north-central Alberta." Forestry Chronicle 80, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc80251-2.
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Density and growth of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) were measured in the first two years following wildfire to determine the effects of: 1) fire severity and 2) salvage logging damage on sucker regeneration. Results indicate that stand leaf area was not affected by fire severity, although the greatest number of suckers was produced following high severity burns. In contrast, plots with the highest level of machine disturbance in the salvage-logging study had 60% fewer suckers compared to the non-trafficked plots. These suckers tended to be smaller and had less leaf area than the non-trafficked plots, resulting in a stand leaf area reduction of up to 75%. This suggests that salvage logging could have a negative impact on the future growth and productivity of regenerating aspen stands. Key words: trembling aspen, regeneration, suckering, leaf area, wildfire, fire severity, salvage logging, machine traffic
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Stone, Douglas M., and John D. Elioff. "Soil disturbance and aspen regeneration on clay soils: Three case histories." Forestry Chronicle 76, no. 5 (October 1, 2000): 747–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc76747-5.
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Sustaining forest productivity requires maintaining soil productivity and prompt establishment of adequate regeneration following harvest. We determined effects of commercial, winter-logging of aspen-dominated stands on soil disturbance and development of regeneration on three sites with clay soils. We established transects across each site, recorded pre-harvest stand information, post-harvest site disturbance, and first-year aspen sucker density and height. Use of large logging equipment produced heavy disturbance on 38% of a well-drained site; 45% of the area had no aspen suckers and 82% had less than the recommended minimum of 15 000 (15 k) suckers per ha (6 k ac−1). Mean height of dominant suckers was 45 cm (18 in). Hand felling and a small skidder caused heavy disturbance on 12% of a moderately well-drained site. Sucker density averaged 34 k ha−1 (14 k ac−1) and height was 97 cm (38 in). Cut-to-length (CTL) equipment produced heavy disturbance on 11% of a somewhat poorly-drained site, mean sucker density of 24 k ha−1 (9.6 k ac−1), and height of 101 cm (40 in). These severely disturbed areas essentially are removed from the aspen-producing land base. Retaining the northern hardwood and conifer growing stock would result in less site disturbance and help maintain natural hydrologic and nutrient cycling processes. Key words: aspen management, site disturbance, sustainable management, logging damage, soil rutting, root damage, evapotranspiration, soil aeration, clearcutting with residuals
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Trippel, Edward A., and Harold H. Harvey. "Abundance, growth, and food supply of white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) in relation to lake morphometry and pH." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 558–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-086.
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Associations between the abundance, body growth, and food supply (chironomid and ephemeropteran larvae) of white suckers, and lake morphometry and water chemistry were determined for eight Ontario lakes. White sucker abundance was low in three deep–acid lakes, intermediate in two deep–circumneutral lakes, and high in three shallow–acid lakes. Abundance was negatively correlated with both maximum lake depth (r = −0.71) and mean lake depth (r = −0.67) and positively correlated with the morphoedaphic index (r = 0.67). Generally, 4-year-old white suckers were largest in deep–acid lakes, intermediate in size in deep–circumneutral lakes, and smallest in shallow–acid lakes. Fork length and somatic weight at age 4 were negatively correlated with white sucker abundance (r = −0.76 and −0.80, respectively), positively correlated with density of chironomid larvae (r = 0.62 and 0.68, respectively), and negatively correlated with pH (r = −0.67 and −0.70, respectively). The von Bertalanffy estimates of maximum attainable fork length (Lx) for both sexes were substantially larger in both deep–acid and deep–circumneutral than in shallow–acid lakes. Correlations indicated that oligotrophic lakes contain white suckers with a large Lx, the strongest correlation being with maximum lake depth (female Lx, r = 0.84; male Lx, r = 0.89).
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Basham, J. T. "Decay and stain 10 years later in aspen suckers subjected to scarification at age 3." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 12 (December 1, 1988): 1507–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-232.
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A trembling aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.) sucker stand was scarified at age 3 to benefit subsequently planted white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss). Survivors were examined 4, 6, and 10 years after treatment. The effects of scarification on aspen stem growth, and on external and internal quality of both roots and stems, were assessed at those times. Damage inflicted on the parent root system significantly reduced stem growth after scarification. Ten years after scarification normal height growth had resumed, but diameter growth was still slightly slower than that of unscarified suckers. Scarification wounds on the root systems were common and frequently associated with root and root-collar decay. Both the root systems and stems of scarified suckers had significantly more internal decay and stain than those of unscarified suckers. Stem wounds apparently caused by scarification were present on approximately 75% of the survivors, and accounted for most of the extra defect in scarified stems. The extent of advanced stem decay was closely correlated with the severity of stem wounds. Several basidiomycete fungi known to cause advanced butt and stem decay in mature aspen in Ontario were isolated from decay within the root systems and stems of scarified suckers. In unscarified suckers these basidiomycetes were not isolated or were isolated much less frequently. The large numbers of surviving suckers, their nearly normal growth rates, and the relatively small size of the planted spruce 10 years after scarification indicate that the aspen will develop into well-stocked, harvestable stands. However, a high proportion of the aspen that survive scarification will likely be more susceptible than unscarified aspen to windthrow or breakage. The scarified trees will likely be of lower quality as well, because the incidence and extent of decay in the root systems and lower stems are comparatively high.
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Salcedo-Vargas, Mario Alejandro. "Systematic value of the ultrastructure of the sucker surface in the squid family Mastigoteuthidae (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)." Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 65, no. 2 (1995): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26660644-06502001.
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The ultrastructure of the sucker surface is described and its systematic value for mastigoteuthid squids, which bear minute suckers, is considered. An introduction to sucker terms is given and a redefinition of these terms is attempted. Using scanning electron microscopic data, two genera and four subgenera of Mastigoteuthidae from the Northwest Pacific are distinguished. The presence of “cushions” in the sucker is discussed and considered as a character important for understanding adaptations of cephalopods to the deep-sea.
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Landhäusser, Simon M., Victor J. Lieffers, and Pak Chow. "Impact of chipping residues and its leachate on the initiation and growth of aspen root suckers." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 87, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s06-058.
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Field chipping operations often disperse chipping residues of bark and branches in layers or piles in cut-overs. We tested the effects of these residues on the root sucker regeneration of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), using root systems established in large pots. After decapitation of the stems, the root systems were covered with a 4 cm thick layer of chipping residues. Other root systems were treated with an extract of the water-soluble compounds leached from a similar amount of residues while others were left untreated as controls; all three treatments were left to sucker for 7 wk. There were no differences in the number of root suckers that were initiated on the aspen root system among the three treatments. There were, however, significantly lower numbers of suckers that emerged through the chipping residue and their emergence was delayed relative to the other treatments. The delay in emergence and the reduction in sucker numbers were likely a result of the residues acting as a physical barrier. After 7 wk, concentrations of water-soluble phenolic compounds, sugars, and carbon from the chipping residues were elevated in the soil; however, they appeared to be below a level that affects sucker emergence and development. Key words: Allelochemistry, leachate, physical barrier, Populus tremuloides, regeneration
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Landhäusser, Simon M., Xianchong Wan, Victor J. Lieffers, and Pak S. Chow. "Nitrate stimulates root suckering in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, no. 10 (October 2010): 1962–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-141.
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In a greenhouse experiment, we tested whether the initiation, density, and growth of trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.) root suckers are related to postdisturbance soil nutrient availability. After decapitation of functional 2-year-old aspen root systems, nutrient solutions adjusted for various concentrations and forms of mineral N, different concentrations of Ca2+, K+, or PO43–, and different pH were applied to the roots and their suckering response was assessed after 35 days. Root systems treated with NO3– at concentrations of 1.5 and 7.5 mmol/L produced nearly double the sucker density compared with an unfertilized control, while fertilizing with N in the form of NH4+ did not affect sucker numbers, regardless of concentrations. The best growth of suckers was achieved with a mixture of 15 mmol/L NO3– + NH4+whereas the lowest growth was observed with 15 mmol/L NH4+. Neither Ca2+, K+, and PO43– nor the pH tested in this study impacted sucker density or growth. This has implications for understanding the impacts of disturbance on forest succession and the subsequent regeneration of aspen stands. The results suggest that the amount of nitrification, depending on the type and severity of disturbances, will influence the regeneration density of aspen.
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Bosha, Abraham, Abitew Lagibo Dalbato, Tamado Tana, Wassu Mohammed, Bizuayehu Tesfaye, and Laila M. Karlsson. "Effect of manure amount and improved application technique at corm burial on the propagation of enset (Ensete ventricosum) suckers." Folia Horticulturae 31, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2019-0012.
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AbstractEnsete ventricosum (enset) has been cultivated in Ethiopia since ancient times. It is a multipurpose, drought tolerant and food security crop. When burying enset corms for vegetative propagation, manure is usually placed on the soil surface. However, there is no research-based evidence to justify this practice. We hypothesised that enset sucker production would be enhanced by placing manure in the corm burial hole. We tested this hypothesis, investigated manure application rates per buried corm and tested the effect of supplying a small amount of inorganic fertilizer. Three enset cultivars (Endale, Gewada and Yanbule) were used. Ninety corm halves were buried in separate holes (N = 3), resulting in 1,389 individually recorded suckers. There were significantly more suckers and a larger total biomass when manure was placed with the corm than when spread on the top of the soil, thus corroborating the main hypothesis. The number of suckers and the biomass increased with increasing amounts of air-dried cow manure up to 4.0 kg DW per burial hole, while the size of the three largest suckers per buried corm increased further with 6.0 kg DW of manure. Supplying a smaller amount of manure (2.0 kg DW) or equal nitrogen amount from inorganic fertilizer increased the production, compared to the treatment with no fertilizer. In conclusion, we recommend that farmers should ideally bury the corm with 7-11 dm3 of air-dried pulverized manure, thoroughly mixed with field soil; if manure is in short supply, burying even a small amount of it with the corm is beneficial.
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Mills, K. H., S. M. Chalanchuk, L. C. Mohr, and I. J. Davies. "Responses of Fish Populations in Lake 223 to 8 Years of Experimental Acidification." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, S1 (December 18, 1987): s114—s125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f87-287.
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Lake 223 in the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario, was experimentally acidified with sulfuric acid from 1976 (initial average pH 6.49) to 1981 (average pH 5.02), and then maintained at pH 5.02 to 5.13 from 1981 to 1983. Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), and slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) were abundant at the onset of acidification. A decline in the abundance of fathead minnow began in 1979 (pH 5.64), and was followed first by a rapid increase in number of pearl dace (Semotilus margarita) in 1980 (pH 5.59) and then a rapid decrease in 1982 (pH 5.09). The abundance of slimy sculpin decreased rapidly in 1979. Abundances of lake trout and white sucker increased during the early years of acidification, but declined following consecutive recruitment failures starting in 1980 for trout and in 1981 for white suckers. By 1982 recruitment had ceased for all Lake 223 fishes. Survival of lake trout [Formula: see text] age 1 decreased in 1982 and 1983, but no other changes in survival of fish [Formula: see text] age 1 were detected for lake trout or white sucker. By spring 1983 many lake trout were emaciated due to losses of the lake trout food organisms. No changes in growth of lake trout and white suckers occurred during the initial years of acidification, but growth of lake trout slowed in 1982 and growth of white sucker increased in 1979.
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Day, Julie L., Jennifer L. Jacobs, and Josh Rasmussen. "Considerations for the Propagation and Conservation of Endangered Lake Suckers of the Western United States." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/022016-jfwm-011.
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Abstract Decades of persistent natural and anthropogenic threats coupled with competing water needs have compromised numerous species of freshwater fishes, many of which are now artificially propagated in hatcheries. Low survival upon release is common, particularly in systems with substantial nonnative predator populations. Extensive sampling for Shortnose (Chasmistes brevirostris) and Lost River Suckers (Deltistes luxatus) in the Klamath River Basin on the California–Oregon border have failed to detect any new adult recruitment for at least two decades, prompting an investigation into artificial propagation as an extinction prevention measure. A comprehensive assessment of strategies and successes associated with propagation for conservation restocking has not been performed for any Catostomid. Here, we review available literature for all western lake sucker species to inform propagation and recovery efforts for Klamath suckers and summarize the relevance of these considerations to other endangered fishes.
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Bagley, Justin C., Richard L. Mayden, and Phillip M. Harris. "Phylogeny and divergence times of suckers (Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) inferred from Bayesian total-evidence analyses of molecules, morphology, and fossils." PeerJ 6 (July 4, 2018): e5168. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5168.
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Catostomidae (“suckers”) is a diverse (76 species) and broadly distributed family of Holarctic freshwater fishes with a rich fossil record and a considerable number (∼35%) of threatened and imperiled species. We integrate DNA sequences (three mitochondrial genes, three nuclear genes), morphological data, and fossil information to infer sucker phylogenetic relationships and divergence times using Bayesian “total-evidence” methods, and then test hypotheses about the temporal diversification of the group. Our analyses resolved many nodes within subfamilies and clarified Catostominae relationships to be of the form ((Thoburniini, Moxostomatini), (Erimyzonini, Catostomini)). Patterns of subfamily relationships were incongruent, but mainly supported two placements of the Myxocyprininae; distinguishing these using Bayes factors lent strongest support to a model with Myxocyprininae sister to all remaining sucker lineages. We improved our Bayesian total-evidence dating analysis by excluding problematic characters, using a clock-partitioning scheme identified by Bayesian model selection, and employing a fossilized birth-death tree prior accommodating morphological data and fossils. The resulting chronogram showed that suckers evolved since the Late Cretaceous–Eocene, and that the Catostomini and Moxostomatini clades have accumulated species diversity since the early to mid-Miocene. These results agree with the fossil record and confirm previous hypotheses about dates for the origins of Catostomide and catostomine diversification, but reject previous molecular hypotheses about the timing of divergence of ictiobines, and between Asian–North American lineages. Overall, our findings from a synthesis of multiple data types enhance understanding of the phylogenetic relationships, taxonomic classification, and temporal diversification of suckers, while also highlighting practical methods for improving Bayesian divergence dating models by coupling phylogenetic informativeness profiling with relaxed-clock partitioning.
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Pearce, Fred. "So long, suckers?" New Scientist 229, no. 3060 (February 2016): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(16)30319-0.
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Gmachl, Claire F. "Suckers for light." Nature 467, no. 7311 (September 2010): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/467037a.
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Phillips, K. "SHAPING SUCKERS' MOUTHS." Journal of Experimental Biology 209, no. 14 (July 15, 2006): iii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02389.
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Niiler, Eric. "Transgenic blood suckers." Nature Biotechnology 18, no. 8 (August 2000): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/78370.
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Caira, J. N., and T. R. Ruhnke. "A comparison of scolex morphology between the plerocercoid and the adult of Calliobothrium verticillatum (Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 1484–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-207.
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The morphological changes associated with the ontogenetic transformation of the scolex from larva to adult were investigated in the tapeworm Calliobothrium verticillatum (Rudolphi, 1819) van Beneden, 1850 by comparing the morphology of plerocercoids collected from the hermit crab Pagurus pollicaris Say, 1817 with that of adult worms collected from the shark Mustelus canis (Mitchell, 1815), using scanning electron microscopy. The apex of the scolex in young plerocercoids bore a conspicuous sucker. Each bothridium was flat and divided into four regions: an anterior oval region with two marginal bumps, and three posterior loculi clearly marked by two costae. The microthrix pattern was not determined for very young plerocercoids. The most conspicuous feature of older plerocercoids was the sucker on the apex of the scolex. The bothridia were concave, and each bore an apical region subdivided into three shallow suckers and three conspicuous loculi. Densely packed blade-like microtriches intermingled with filiform microtriches were visible on all surfaces of the scolex except the surface directly adjacent to the opening of the apical sucker of the scolex, which was entirely devoid of microtriches, and the proximal surfaces of the bothridia, which had only blade-like microtriches. The apical sucker was absent from the scolex adult specimens. The only remnant of this structure was a small knob on the apex of the scolex. The bothridia were concave and bore, from anterior to posterior, three conspicuous apical suckers arranged in a horizontal row adjacent to one another, two pairs of single-pronged hooks, and three conspicuous loculi. Densely packed blade-like microtriches were present on all proximal surfaces of the scolex. Microtriches were not present on the distal surfaces of the apical suckers of the bothridia, on the hooks, or on the distal surfaces of the loculi of the bothridia. The latter regions were covered with very small, round structures. The differences in the microthrix components of the various surfaces of the scolex between the plerocercoid and the adult suggest that complex surface changes occur during this phase of ontogeny. Comparison of the development of this species with that of other onchobothriids suggests that, in general, the number of loculi to be expected in the plerocercoid of an onchobothriid is one plus the number of posthook loculi in the adult.
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Zenner, Eric K., Jeremiah T. Fauskee, Alaina L. Berger, and Klaus J. Puettmann. "Impacts of Skidding Traffic Intensity on Soil Disturbance, Soil Recovery, and Aspen Regeneration in North Central Minnesota." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 24, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/24.3.177.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract We investigated the effects of different levels of ground-based skidding traffic intensity on soil disturbance, characterized by resistance to penetration (RP) within the top 15 cm of soil, as well as soil recovery, regeneration, and early growth of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) suckers 3 years after a clearcut with reserves summer harvest. Equipment traffic was confined to a network of skid trails, and a GPS was used to determine the number of skidder passes at each of 30 sampling points that were preestablished along an anticipated disturbance gradient ranging from landings to skid trails to areas off skid trails. Thirty-one percent of the harvest area was affected by skid traffic, and up to 603 passes were recorded for a plot. RP increased nonlinearly with the number of passes and reached highest levels at the soil surface. Three years after harvest, soils showed partial recovery in the upper 10-cm layer, with full recovery of the surface layer (0–5 cm depth) when affected by 4 or fewer passes. The deepest layer (10–15 cm), however, showed little recovery since harvest. Sucker density, height, and basal diameter of all suckers and height, basal diameter, and dbh of the tallest suckers were significantly reduced with increasing traffic intensity but were not related to increases in RP. Predicted reduction of sucker density was approximately one-third after 10 passes; reductions of height, basal diameter, and dbh were between 1.5 and 2.5% at 10 passes and 3.5 and 6.5% at 25 passes. Because skidding traffic affected only a limited portion of the stand, the productivity of the future aspen stand was not severely impaired, at least in the very short term.
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O., Aondona, Odedina J. N., Elemo K. A., Olasantan F. O., Adigbo S. O., Imogie A. E., and Osayane P. E. "Effect of Fertilizer Application and Interplanted Cassava on Growth and Yield of Plantain in Oil Palm Based System." Sumerianz Journal of Business Management and Marketing, no. 43 (August 4, 2021): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.47752/sjbmm.43.74.84.
Full textAbstract:
Due to the slow growth and long gestation period of oil palm farmers are often faced with challenges of weed control before oil palm canopy closure hence the need to introduce plantain as component crop with the oil palm. A two years trial was conducted in in Ovia North East LGA, Edo State, Nigeria (Latitude 6.636oN, 6.909oN and Longitude 6.182oE, 6.364oE) to evaluate the effect of NPKMg fertilizer and interplanted cassava on growth and yield of plantain in oil palm based system. The treatment consisted of NPKMg fertilizer as the main block treatment (with and without NPKMg fertilizer) and crop combinations [oil palm/plantain (OPP) and oil palm/plantain/cassava (OPPC)] as sub block treatments. The treatments were laid out in split block arrangement in RCBD replicated thrice. Data were collected on plantain plant height, number of leaves/pseudostem, leaf area index, number of suckers/pseudostem, number of days to 50% flowering of main psuedostem and first ratoon plants, number of days to first appearance of peeper sucker from main pseudostem, number of leaves at flowering from main pseudostem and first ratoon plants, finger weight (kg/bunch), finger circumference/finger (cm), finger length/finger (cm), number of fingers/bunch, biomass weight (t/ha), number of bunches/ha and bunch yield (t/ha). NPKMg fertilizer significantly increased (p<0.05) the growth and number of sucker produced. Plantain planted in OPP combination had taller plant and more number of suckers (first ratoon plant and second ratoon plant, respectively) relative to those in OPPC combination while plantain planted in OPPC combination lead to delayed appearance of peeper suckers, delayed fruiting of plantain and resulted to 18, 15.8, 1.6, 6, 8.3 and 12 % increase (p<0.05) in plantain bunch weight, finger weight, finger circumference, finger length, number of fingers and biomass weight, respectively relative to those in oil palm/plantain (OPP) combination.
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Tang, De Dong, Guo Qing Zeng, and Xue Zhang. "Research on General Scheme for Curtain Wall Cleaning Robot." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 2037–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.2037.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this research is to develop the cleaning robot for cleaning the glass curtain wall. The main mechanical structure, adsorption system, cleaning system and control system has been researched. With the adsorption and separation of four sucker group by turns, robot can move on the vertical curtain successfully. Four suckers of the each sucker group are arranged in circumference, so the robot can be adsorbed reliability. According to the working process analysis of the robot, PLC control system is designed. Robot general scheme designed in this paper can achieve heavy-duty work, neat movement, reliable attaching and other requests.
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Sessiz, Abdullah, Ahmet Konuralp Elicin, Resat Esgici, Gultekin Ozdemir, and Ladislav Nozdrovický. "Cutting Properties of Olive Sucker." Acta Technologica Agriculturae 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ata-2013-0021.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The exact knowledge of olive suckers and branches cutting behaviour is one of the main parameters for optimizing the design of cutting elements in pruning machines. In this study, the cutting properties of five different varieties of the table olive, namely Halhali, Gullaki, Mavis, Belloti and Zoncuk respectively, were determined. The cutting properties were measured at three moisture content levels (17.05, 34.44, and 39.47 %) and four cross-sectional areas (12.56, 28.27, 50.26 and 78.54 mm2). The results showed that the cutting force and cutting energy requirement of olive suckers decreased with increasing moisture content in all of the olive varieties. However, these properties increased with increasing cross-sectional area. The maximum cutting force, cutting strength, cutting energy requirement and specific cutting energy of olive sucker were obtained at the Halhali variety as 869.15 N, 18.66 MPa, 4.29 J and 0.0875 J.mm-2, respectively, while the minimum cutting values were obtained at the Zoncuk variety as 619.19 N, 14.75 MPa, 2.44 J and 0.0531 J.mm-2, respectively. As a result, the data obtained from cutting tests of the olive sucker can be used in a new design and development of an experimental prototype of olive branch cutting and pruning machine.