Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sud Africa'
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Kuparinen, Eero. "An African alternative : Nordic migration to South Africa 1815-1914 /." Helsinki : Finnish historical society, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36655066d.
Full textAtkins, Keletso E. "The moon is dead! Give us our money! : the cultural origins of an African work ethic, Natal, South Africa, 1843-1900 /." Portsmouth : NH : Heinemann : Currey, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37507204t.
Full textKessel, Ineke van. ""Beyond our wildest dreams" : the United Democratic Front and the transformation of South Africa /." Charlottesville ; London : University Press of Virginia, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38926507p.
Full textLitvine, Nikolaevich Igor. "Economic and Financial Cycles in South Africa." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0240/document.
Full textThis study is about cycles. Various cycles are all around us in nature, society and the humans body. However, our interest is in cycles in macroeconomic evolution. Specifically, we focus on business cycles, financial cycles, energy demand cycles and even in climatic change.Some cycles are very regular and therefore easily predictable. The cycles we investigate represent a distinct challenge for research as they are irregular, that is they do not have fixed periods. In many instances studying the cycles is preferred to studying the original as this allows the following:• Data compression/reduction;• Data smoothing, noise reduction, blurring;• Analysis of cycles in many instances is more robust;• Assessing performance of an investor or trader;• Modelling of peaks and troughs;• Comparing cycles (e.g. for synchronisation analysis).In our investigations we used a wide range of techniques – from quite straightforward linear regression (including proposed double-linear or LL-model) to sophisticated hybrid models, combining multivariate regression with artificial neural networks (ANN).The following highlights are mentionable:• Introduction of the concept of axiomatic definition of persistence;• The role of the Hurst exponent in analysis of cycles;• Establishing the link between axiomatic persistence and the Hurst exponent;• New fast method for estimation of Hurst exponent;• Hierarchical optimal dating of cycles in time series;• Hierarchical estimation of time series models, including ANN estimation.For our research we used both real data related to the South African national economy and simulated data. Wolfram Mathematica was used as the principal research tool
Latshwayo, Simphiwe Abner. "Education and independance : education in South Africa, 1658-1988 /." Westport (Conn.) : Greenwood press, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb388081273.
Full textCeneri, Fabrizio. "Valutazione dell'interazione tra delfinidi e squalo bianco (Carcharodon carcharias) in Sud Africa." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7874/.
Full textBellorio, Cecilia. "Sotto-voci. Emancipazione femminile in Sud Africa tra alfabetizzazione e tradizione orale." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423492.
Full textNel secolo scorso le donne sudafricane sono state relegate dall' urgenza della lotta contro l'apartheid a uno stato subalterno e di semi-invisibilità. Attraverso le vite di attiviste politiche quali Ruth First e Miriam Makeba piuttosto che attraverso le vicende di donne normali come Shantee Manjoo, Andrina Abrahamse e Poppie Nongena sarà possibile vedere come le sudafricane siano comunque state sempre parte integrante del divenire storico del loro paese. Il processo di emersione del sé storico delle donne così come la presa di coscienza della loro identità individuale ha avuto la sua massima espressione durante le udienze della Trc. Proprio in quell'occasione le voci delle donne sono diventate udibili a tutti, vibrando alla ricerca di sobria giustizia e vera accettazione per ciò che era stato, così come per quello che verrà.
Oomen, Barbara. "Chiefs! : law, power and culture in contemporary South Africa /." Leiden, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb410071059.
Full textYang, Zi. "The impact of the emergence of China's economy on South Africa." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25265.
Full textThe purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of China’s economic development on the economy of South Africa. In order to address this question, five main channels of impact are identified: (1) Increased competition from Chinese imports on local market; (2) Increased Chinese demand for South African exports; (3) Reduced intermediate input costs for local producers through reduced import prices; (4) Enhanced consumer welfare from reduced consumer prices; (5) Increased competition from Chinese imports in South Africa’s other export markets. A single-country (South Africa) CGE model is adopted to distinguish two external markets for imports and exports: China and the rest of the world. The resulting two-tiered trade sector is captured through the use of nested Armington (import) and CET (export) functions to model substitution between the two external markets.
Kuhn-Le, Braz Mélanie. "Déterminants et usages des transferts de fonds des migrants : le cas des migrations Sud-Sud." Thesis, Paris 9, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA090060.
Full textThe objective of this research is to analyze South-South remittances, i.e. remittances made between developing countries. With recent and original survey data on African countries, its purpose is to i) establish an overview of African migration and remittances, ii) analyze the impact of departure conditions on the migrants’ remittance behavior, iii) study remittance used in the case of forced migration, and more generally in the case of South-South migration and iv) analyze if remittance behavior of South-South migrants differs from those of South-North migrants. Results show that departure conditions play an important role in the migrant’s decision to remit. They also highlight that South-South remittances are largely used to finance consumption expenditures. Finally, results reveal that South-South and South-North migrants behave slightly differently in terms of remittances
Alexander, Peter. "Workers, war & the origins of apartheid : labour & politics in South Africa, 1939-48 /." Oxford : Athens : Cape Town : J. Currey ; Ohio University press ; D. Philip, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38864210x.
Full textBisogno, Giulia <1992>. "China in Africa: Win-Win cooperation or a new colonialism? The Western criticism against China's role in sub-Saharan Africa." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/14799.
Full textCirrincione, Elisa <1995>. "Huawei internationalization strategy in Africa: a case of Chinese "colonialism"?" Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/17368.
Full textPinna, Gabriella <1993>. "Il metallo giallo fra Cina e Africa. Analisi dei rapporti sino-africani e tecniche metallurgiche di estrazione dell'oro nativo con repertorio terminografico." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/11625.
Full textNtsebeza, Lungisile. "Democracy compromised chiefs and the politics of the land in South Africa /." Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2005. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0601/2005047112.html.
Full textBa, Mamadou <1991>. "La Cina in Africa tra percezione e realtà: il caso del Mali." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/14727.
Full textDidier, Laurent. "Commerce Sud-Sud et "nouvelle" géographie du commerce international : le rôle des économies émergentes." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0020/document.
Full textThis thesis emphasises five aspects of relations between South-South trade and « new » geography of international trade. We particularly pay attention to the links between BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, China) and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) but also between China and SSA. The first part attempts to demonstrate some characteristics concerning the mutation of South-South trade relations. In the Chapter 1, the heterogeneity of BRICs is confirmed from some factors of bilateral trade flows with SSA. In the Chapter 2, the South-South trade flows play a significant role in the geographic diversification of intra-African trade in terms of new trading partners. In the Chapter 3, the assumption of a trade reorientation of ex-colonies since independence with China at the expense of former colonial powers has been empirically validated. The second part studies the linkages between the foreign economic policy and South-South trade. The findings of the Chapter 4 highlight the significant impact of the « One China policy » on Chinese and Taiwanese trade flows through the economic diplomacy. The estimates of the Chapter 5 confirm the heterogeneous average effects but also over time of the African trade agreements on trade according to the nature of trading partners, the kinds of trade agreements and their overlapping
Tondini, Alessandro. "Cash transfers, employment and informality in South Africa." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E014/document.
Full textThis dissertation studies the employment effects of cash transfers in a segmented labor market. The first and main chapter shows that an unconditional cash transfer program targeted at mothers has lasting positive impacts on job quality. Five years after having received the cash transfer, treated mothers are more likely to be employed in the formal sector. This appears to be the result of changes in the way recipients search for a job, as treated mothers are unemployed for longer and target better jobs. The second chapter shows the employment effects of a reform in the means-tested, non-contributory pension system of South Africa, which lowered the age of retirement from 65 to 60 for men. The reform caused a large extensive-margin response, as informal workers stop working when they become eligible to the pension. Instead, formal workers do not quit their jobs nor switch to the informal sector to become eligible to the pension. Lastly, this dissertation discusses the lack of self-employment in South Africa. Building on the results of the first two chapters, the last chapter shows that South Africans do not increase entry to self-employment as a result of cash transfers. This indicates that liquidity constraints are not the main reason for the lack of self-employment in South Africa, which is likely to have historical roots stemming from Apartheid. The chapter discusses evidence and potential policy implications of this explanation, alongside possible avenues for future research on this phenomenon
Minvielle, Régis. "Parcours africains en Amérique Latine ou comment s'ébauche un dispositif migratoire transatlantique sud-sud." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3022.
Full textAfrican migration in Latin America is part of a process of reconfiguration of global migration. Paths unfold and recompose by the way of not only the history of migration policies, crises and economic opportunities but also by the groups and individuals stories. The rising complexity of the control procedures in the North, joint to the South globalization, results in bursting of destinations. By the 1990s, but especially since the 2000s, especially migrants from West Africa, weave the contours of a transatlantic migration South-South device. In Buenos Aires, the Africans try to be part of the territory in different ways. While the vast majority develops a street trading activity, driven mainly by the Murid Senegalese Community, others try to exploit a desire of Africanness, or maybe to find their way in football and in business. From these multiple origins, cosmopolitan links with the various segments of the host society population are born. These interactions, which can lead to negotiation processes, produce social and identity changes in ethnic, religious or gender dimensions
Las migraciones africanas en América Latina hacen parte de un processo de reconfiguración global del fenómeno migratorio. Los recorridos se despliegan y se recomponenal ritmo, no solo de la historia de las politicas migratorias, las crisis y las oportunidades ecónomicas, sino también en función de las historias de grupos e individuos. Los procedimientos de control cada vez más complejos en los países del Norte y la globalización de los países del Sur generan cierta diversificación en los destinos. Desde la década de los 90, pero especialmente desde al año 2000, los immigrantes procedentes principalmente de Africa occidental,han tejido los contornos de un dispositivo transatlántico de migración Sur-Sur. En Buenos Aires, los Africanos se inscriben sobreel territorio según diversas modalidades. Si bien la gran mayoría desarrolla una actividad de comercia callejero, iniciada principalmentepor la comunidad mora senegalesa, otros tratan de explotar un deseo de africanidad, o aún, forjarse un camino en el fútbol y en los negocios. De estas inscripciones múltiples,nacen vinculos cosmopolitas con diversos segmentos de población de la sociedad de acogidad. Esta interraciones, que pueden dar lugar a procesos de negociación, producen recomposiciones sociales e identitarias de carácter étnico, religioso y hasta de género religioso
Fontana, Laura <1988>. "L' "offensiva dello charme" cinese in Africa: il soft power di Pechino come strategia culturale - il nuovo ruolo dei media cinesi nel panorama mediatico africano." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/3543.
Full textAjavon, Lawoetey-Pierre. "Le problème de l'indépendance de la Namibie (Sud-Ouest africain)." Bordeaux 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BOR1D317.
Full textThe question of the independence of namibia constitutes one of the most complexes problems of colonialism on the african continent today. Amoung the most significant features of the current situation in namibia, it is necessary to noite on the one hand an extension of the repressive activities of the racist regime of south africa and the other hand, the intensification of the liberation war carried out by swapo against the racists occupation forces. In response to the decisions of the united nations, general assembly, the international court of justice and the united nations council for namibia, south africa has answered by further repressions and social inegualities. Incapable of persuading south africa either by negociations or by judicial process line up to its obligations of a mandate power, the assembly general took a historic decision: it revoqued the mandate and declared itself. The sole authority responsible for the administration of the teritory until its independence (resolution inspite of prolonged and contradictory negociations between south africa and the five western powers of the contact group (united states, france, great britain, canada and west germany) beetween 1976 and 1978, south africa policy has remained extremely hand: this policy has consisted of refusing to deal directly with swapo while admitting that all was negotiable. This refusal is inspite of the fact that swapo has been recognised by the united nations as the only true representative of the namibian people. The question of namibian independence has therefore become a struggle for influence between the west united states and soviet union. In this perspective namibia has been one of the cards in the strategique game of the great powers on the african continent
Monte, Elisa <1994>. "Gli investimenti cinesi in Africa, con particolare riferimento al campo petrolifero e al relativo repertorio terminografico." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/13902.
Full textVal, Aurore. "Une approche 3D pour comprendre la taphonomie des homininés du site plio-pléistocène de Malapa, Province du Gauteng, Afrique du Sud." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0144/document.
Full textThe cave deposits at Malapa have yielded the remains of two extremely well-preserved hominins (Australopithecus sediba) and associated fauna, dated to 1.977-1.8 Ma. The state of preservation of the hominins and some of the non-hominin material is remarkable in the context of Plio-Pleistocene fossil assemblages accumulated in caves, and indicates a unique combination of taphonomic processes, not yet observed in contemporaneous cave deposits in the region. A comprehensive approach, including palaeontological, physical, and spatial analyses of the hominins and associated fauna was undertaken to determine, describe and interpret the taphonomy of the faunal material, with particular reference to hominins. An innovative combination of Computed-Tomography (CT), micro-CT scanning and virtual reconstruction techniques was applied to create a 3D model of a selected area of the Malapa cave, with renderings of the two near-complete Au. sediba skeletons. The original burial position of the hominins was reconstructed. The results indicate that the majority of the faunal material recovered was most likely accumulated via a natural death trap. Their bodies came to rest in a deep area of the cave system with restricted access to scavengers. Results show that both individuals did probably not enter the cave system at the same time. They reached skeletonization and were slightly weathered before final burial, indicating several years of exposure before burial. Insects proved to be the primary modifiers of the hominin remains. Evidence of natural mummification before burial for MH1 and MH2 suggests the possible preservation of soft tissue
Diallo, Amadou Bassirou. "Four essays on the links between poverty, inequality and health with empirical application to developing countries : Africa compared to the rest of the world." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CLF10004.
Full textIn this dissertation, we are mainly interested in the interactions between poverty and one of its greatest dimensions, namely health. More specifically, we will focus on their inequalities: does poverty inequality have more effect on poverty that health level? Does health inequality matter to poverty? Poverty and health are two related concepts that both express human deprivations. Health is said to be one of the most important dimensions of poverty and vice-versa. That is, poverty implies poor health because of a low investment in health, a bed environment and sanitation and other living conditions due to poverty, a poor nutrition (thus, a greater risk of illness), a limited access to, and use of, health care, a lower health education and investment in health, etc. Conversely, poor health leads inevitably to poverty due to high opportunity costs occasioned by ill-health such as unemployment or limited employability (thus a loss of income and revenues), a lower productivity (due to loss of strength, skills and ability), a loss of motivation and energy (which lengthen the duration of job search), high health care expenditures (or catastrophic expenditures), etc. But what the degree of correlation and the direction of the causality between these two phenomena? Which causes which? This is a classic problem of simultaneity that gas become a great challenge for economists. Worst, each of these phenomena (health and poverty) has many dimensions
Schnitzler, Marie. "La construction d’un futur sur quatre roues : Une ethnographie du handicap locomoteur dans Mitchell’s Plain (Afrique du Sud)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0862/document.
Full textThis thesis explores subjectivities shaped by locomotive disability in the post-apartheid city through an ethnography of ordinary life. Locomotive disability encompasses every limitation of mobility due to an infirmity of the lower limbs. In my discussion, it is conceived as a ‘test’ (épreuve), namely an event that interrupts everyday routines and creates tensions between the responsibilities of different actors’ – people with disabilities, families, the state, etc. These tensions are articulated on various levels. In my discussion, I focus on three of them: the political field that determines a certain type of citizenship, the social networks that constitute the person, and finally the understanding people with disabilities have of their personal history. These levels combine to shape people’s subjectivity, and are analysed in a Foucauldian perspective not just as individuals’ relations with themselves, but also with others and the wider world. Chapter 1 introduces the discussion by providing an overview of the political problematisation of disability in South Africa. I question how national history has influenced discourses and legislation in the field of disability. More specifically, I explore the effects of these programs on the experience of locomotive disability in contemporary South Africa. Chapter 2 then presents in detail South African social security and job creation policies. This section of the thesis introduces an economic dimension to the discussion of the social relationships of people with disabilities which is taken up in the following chapters. Chapter 3 questions significant others’ identity in the process of finding a house. Chapter 4 focuses on gender relationships and their current reconfigurations, as lived by people with disabilities. A third register of sociability is introduced in chapter 5, which documents the existence and the nature of social places in Mitchell’s Plain township and the ways people with disabilities participate in those spaces. Finally, chapter 6 brings together the conclusions from each chapter to explain the self-narrations (récit de soi) produced by different social dynamics. Through my analysis, I thus explore the place people give to disability in their relationships with the self and with others. More generally, this thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of the consequences that policies have for people’s lives and the way these policies are appropriated by the actors on the field. In so doing, the thesis participates in the debate around the management of people who are often perceived as ‘dependants’. To look at disability in a nation that is both conceived as developed and still developing, neither completely social nor totally liberal, is a way to extend our knowledge on these topics in contemporary societies. Moreover, the topic of disability in South Africa allows me to analyse apartheid policies and their bodily and spatial dimensions, by focusing on how the city is nowadays (re)appropriated by its inhabitants. In this context, questioning South African citiness allows me to depart from a racial discourse that still often monopolises analysis of this society, in order to comprehend how, beyond these differences, the urban space is restructured. Through this dynamic, the memory of a troubled past with an uncertain status is at play. Finally, a discussion on locomotive disability in South Africa challenges the supposed link between this type of disability and the endemic violence of the townships
Pommerieux, Mélanie. "La construction de la participation environnementale en Afrique du Sud." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD013.
Full textSince the 1980s, participatory processes have proliferated all over the world, without having enabled for a democratization of political systems. While the adoption of such processes is often thought has an imperative, in particular for developing countries and in the environmental field, this thesis seeks to explain the construction of environmental participation in South Africa, using an approach aiming at identifying the actors involved, analyzing their motivations and the way in which they influence it. Our analytical framework offers to study the behavior of groups of actors through four dimensions: the competition between political actors; the weight of administrative structures; the profile of professionalized service providers; the struggles of social actors. Our study relies on semi-structured interviews, meetings’ observations, grey literature and the collect of records. At the end of our thesis, we notice little interest from political actors for environmental participatory processes in South Africa. This causes a lack of incentive for administrative structures to take the public voice into account, usually leading to a low-cost organization by consultants, which does only allow for a monitory of the South African population to express itself. Civil servants who do not have the support of administrative structures with which they should collaborate try nonetheless to circumvent them by seeking public support so that they can implement their mandate for environmental preservation. In order to make their way into the South African participation market dominated by environmental consultants, independent consultants also choose to specialize themselves into the public participation field and to favor the organization of participatory processes adapted to the local context
Schers, Jules. "Economic growth, unemployment and skills in South Africa : An Analysis of different recycling schemes of carbon tax revenue." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA039/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis gives a numerical illustration of how a carbon tax affects South African GDP, employment, CO2 emissions and socio-economic inequality. It uses a “hybrid” computable general equilibrium model of an open economy in a one-step projection from 2005 to 2035. It models second-best economies, notably skill-related rigidities in the labour market and in production of electricity. Seven scenarios for recycling of carbon tax revenue are analysed, plus an option to invest a part of tax revenue in improvement of skills of labour.The analysis shows that under conventional assumptions about technological change, a carbon tax of around 100 ZAR2005 (18 USD2013) per tonne of CO2 will have little negative consequences for GDP and employment, when combined with the right type of tax revenue recycling: Labour subsidies and company profit tax reduction likely lead to the best macro-economic outcomes, though do not reduce inequality. Additional measures are needed to reduce “energy poverty”. To achieve South Africa’s NDC of the Paris Agreement, a carbon tax rate of around 300 ZAR2005 or 55 USD2013 per tonne of CO2 is necessary. However, this could have serious impacts on GDP growth. Also, without a change in the trend of increasing labour productivity, such lower GDP will lead to higher unemployment than in the reference case. An investment in skills of 7.5 billion ZAR2005 of annual Ctax revenue, with the objective of increasing access to high quality education and reducing the high skill labour shortage, if fond to have a very positive impact on GDP growth. However better calibration data is required.The findings of this PhD thesis furthermore call for thorough examination of what type of technological change could be expected for South Africa. Technological progress, consumer preferences and international circumstances limit the economy’s capacity to restructure and decarbonise and therefore to reduce negative consequences of carbon taxation for GDP growth. Proper assessment of future technological change is relevant for all sectors and inputs. Examples are given which show that energy and materials efficiency have an important role for future GDP growth under carbon constraints, because they determine the economy’s flexibility to reduce energy consumption and to substitute it, e.g. by labour. This finding normally holds not only for South Africa, but also for the rest of the world. These results also imply that international climate policy has to address technology transfer and the different potentials of national economies to decarbonise seriously
Landau, Gallaye-Joachim. "Les impacts de la démocratisation sur un secteur culturel : le cinéma sud-africain post-apartheid." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40020/document.
Full textThis thesis highlights on one hand, changes that run through the film industry in South Africa since 1994 : wills of aesthetic autonomy and economic, research of authentic voices, growth of a new family of filmmakers. Moreover, this research reveals the role of government in the South African definition of the function of cinema in the contemporary democracy: specialized organs of the State, public policies, ideologies, relationships with industry professionals
Kalenga, Numbi Narcisse. "Méthodologie de recherche documentaire: un cours en ligne comme espace d'articulation Information - Formation et d'apprentissage à l'autonomie dans les universités du Sud." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210347.
Full textDe, Simone Matteo. "Interazione tra squalo bianco (Carcharadon carcharias) e otaria orsina del Capo (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) nell'area di Seal Island a Mossel Bay, Sud Africa." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/8327/.
Full textRavel, Anthony. "Origine et radiation des chiroptères modernes : implication des faunes paléogènes d’Afrique du Nord et d'Asie du Sud." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20200/document.
Full textIn nature today, the order Chiroptera is one of the most diversified placental mammalian groups. The particularity of bats is their ability to fly and to echolocate, two key adaptations which allow them to migrate over long distances and to colonize exclusive ecological niches. The initial radiation of bat, described as explosive, involves primitive Eocene families that are found in all continents except Antarctica. Almost simultaneously, several representatives of the two main modern groups of chiroptera (i.e., Rhinolophoidea and Vespertilionoidea) occur in the late Early – early Middle Eocene of Tunisia (Chambi). The scarcity of fossil material for Paleogene bats raises many questions about the early evolutionary history of modern forms. This study incorporates new bat fossil faunas from several fieldwork campaigns in North Africa and South Asia. The fossiliferous localities include those of the Early – Middle Eocene of Tunisia (Chambi), Algeria (El Kohol and Glib Zegdou), and China (Shanghuang). Different systematic and cladistic analyses, carried out on fossil material principally made up of isolated teeth, allow us to highlight the modalities of the radiation of the first modern microbats. These new faunas reveal seven modern families of bats (Rhinolophidae, Rhinopomatidae, Hipposideridae, Necromantidae, Emballonuridae, Nycteridae, Philisidae and Vespertilionidae) and also a primitive form from the Early Eocene of El Kohol that is the oldest representative of the order in Africa. A phylogenetic approach highlights two major axes of dispersion that took place during the Middle Eocene: one East-West from East Asia towards Europe, the second one North-South from North Africa to Europe. The study of dental morphology, size and taphonomy provide us with a better grasp on the paleoecological context of these modern Paleogene microbats. The tropical or subtropical paleoclimatic conditions probably favoured the proliferation of insects that constituted an abundant resource for mostly insectivorous bats. But such richness, sometimes very localized as in Chambi, would also have led to strong interspecific competition, which was probably an important factor for the events of radiation and dispersion
Buga, Cristina. "Les politiques d'offset (compensation) : enjeux généraux et étude du cas de l'Afrique du Sud." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAE003/document.
Full textOffsets arrangements in government procurement are discriminatory policy tools aimed at increasing local production. They reflect a transfer or a creation of new activities as a pre-condition to the validity of the purchasing contract. The governments use these mechanisms to encourage local development or to improve the balance-of-payments. In spite of the broad utilization of offset practices, they are relatively unknown and little described in academic literature. The goal of this thesis is to define, to explain and to assess the importance of these practices in the international trade and to provide a theoretical framework within which it will be possible to critically appraise the success of an offset policy (its effectiveness and efficiency) for host countries. In order to take into account the success factors for an offset policy, the relationship between the host country and the obligor as well as the result of this relationship is examined through the game theory approach. By applying this general framework to the study of South African Offset policy and more particularly to the evaluation of 121 civil offset projects provided between 1996 and 2012, under the Strategic Defense Package purchase we find the following results: at the conclusion of public procurement contracts, South-African offset projects hold out promises of important economic benefits for the country. Nevertheless, during the implementation process, many violations of rules and procedures decrease the positive impact of these projects and hinder their effectiveness. The lack of transparency in the negotiation process, the selection and the execution phase of offset projects show that South Africa did not obtain best value for public money. It is difficult to appraise global program efficiency because of lack of data and analysis problems. However the estimated impact remains positive
Djerossem, Nenadji Félix. "Croissance et remobilisation crustales au Pan-Africain dans le sud du massif du Ouaddaï (Tchad)." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30319/document.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to crustal growth and Pan-African reworking in the south of the Ouaddaï massif in Chad, located at the southern margin of the Sahara Metacraton and north of the Congo Craton. Geologic mapping has allowed to identify metasedimentary units alternating with amphibolites and intruded by plutonic rocks with intermediate to felsic composition. Amphibolites correspond to pre-tectonic tholeiitic basalts derived from the partial melting of the depleted mantle (ƐNd540= 4). The felsic rocks, represented by S-type leucogranites yielding U-Pb zircon ages of 635 ± 3 Ma and 612 ± 8 Ma, are derived from the partial melting of metasediments. High-K calc-alkaline I-type granitoids yielding U-Pb zircon ages at 538 ± 5 Ma, and including a shoshonitic pyroxene-monzonite yielding U-Pb zircon ages at 538 ± 5 Ma are characterized by radiogenic isotopic signatures (ƐNd540= -4 et -15) and are partial melting of an enriched mantle with a potential impact of mixing of mantle and crustal-derived magmas. Metasedimentary rocks display a NE-SW trending S0/S1-2 foliation associated with centimeter to hectometer scales F1 and F2 isoclinal folds delineating hook type interferences pattern and bearing a L1-2 lineation weakly dipping towards the NW. The S0/S1-2 foliation is also affected by upright open F3 folds marked by the development of a faint axial planar S3 schistosity variably dipping to the NNW or NW. Zircon detrital grains with Hf signatures pointing to an Archaean to Paleoproterozoic inheritance indicates that metasedimentary rocks are derived from erosion of the surrounding cratons and were deposited in the early Neoproterozoic. These rocks were subsequently affected by deformation and metamorphism dated at 627 ± 7 Ma (by Th-U-Pb on monazite) and at 602 ±3 Ma (by U-Pb on zircon), typical of green schist facies and amphibolite facies. [...]
Drevet, Pierre-Henri. "Approche géographique des risques d'émergence de maladies virales en Afrique forestière équatoriale : le VIH-1 au sud-est du Cameroun." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR30083/document.
Full textThrough a geographical approach, we propose to contribute to the study of viral disease emergence in the equatorial African forestry by focusing on the probable original causes of the HIV-Aids virus. The Human immunodeficiency virus, responsible for the current Aids pandemic has zoonotic origins. Born from the recombination of several forms of simian retroviruses, the human virus (HIV) comes from the crossing of the inter-species barrier by viral agents carried by the primates (Simian Immunodeficiency Virus - VIS) and which have over time been selected and following multiple exposures and extended to the human organisms.The subject of this work is treating the viral diseases emergence process as a system within which spatial dynamics, human aspects and environmental parameters interact. This requires exploring the origins of the emergence of HIV-aids, through the prism of a geographical study: migration, territorial, and domestic patterns of east Cameroonian forestry can create perilous situations in terms of exposure, diffusion and propagation of viral diseases
Konieczna, Anna. "L'histoire d'une relation spéciale : les relations entre la France et l'Afrique du Sud dans les années 1958-1974." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013IEPP0055.
Full textBased on the original French and South African archives, this dissertation examines the relationship between France and South Africa under the administration of Charles de Gaulle et Georges Pomidou. Several elements explain why this relation may be qualified as « special »: the fact that South Africa didn’t belong to the traditional zone of French influence, the context in which this relation emerges (the process of decolonization along with the international condemnation of the regime of apartheid), its specialization (the close cooperation in the military and nuclear field) and its official atypical frame. Divided into four chronological parts, the dissertation presents the evolution of this « special relationship » and its different dimensions: bilateral (relations in military, nuclear and economic field), regional (relations in Southern Africa, in zone of the Indian Ocean and in Africa) and multilateral (debats at UN, IMF and EEC). By analyzing the discussions within the French institutions and the statements in international arena, this study reconstructs the ambiguous attitude of France towards the question of apartheid, the contradictions of the French policy of national independence as well of the French African policy. While the dissertation emphasizes the official framework, it also tempts to analyses the role of intermediates (parliamentarians, enterprises and military industry) in the conduct of French policy towards South Africa
Massé, Lola. "Comparaison de la reproduction sexuée et du recrutement des coraux scléractiniaires entre un récif tropical (La Réunion) et subtropical (Afrique du Sud) du sud-ouest de l’océan Indien." Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0025/document.
Full textCoral reproduction and recruitment in Scleractinia were compared between the subtropical reefs of South Africa and the tropical reefs of Reunion to assess variations between contrasting environments. In addition, coral larvae and juvenile polyps were exposed to elevated temperature in aquarium to simulate global warming. The two targeted species, Acropora austera and Platygyra daedalea, exhibited the same reproductive mode (hermaphroditic broadcast spawner), gamete development (5-6 months) and breeding seasonality (October to February) in South Africa and Reunion. Coral fecundity was nevertheless higher in South Africa than in Reunion. A. austera and P. certaine limite.AbstractCoral reproduction and recruitment in Scleractinia were compared between the subtropical reefs of South Africa and the tropical reefs of Reunion to assess variations between contrasting environments. In addition, coral larvae and juvenile polyps were exposed to elevated temperature in aquarium to simulate global warming. The two targeted species, Acropora austera and Platygyra daedalea, exhibited the same reproductive mode (hermaphroditic broadcast spawner), gamete development (5-6 months) and breeding seasonality (October to February) in South Africa and Reunion. Coral fecundity was nevertheless higher in South Africa than in Reunion. A. austera and P. daedalea produced respectively 43 and 100% more oocytes per polyp than their Reunion counterparts. The recruitment rate was also higher on the subtropical reefs of South Africa (548 recruits m2 year-1) compared to Reunion (305 recruits m2 year-1). Recruitment was dominated by Pocilloporidae at the two localities, followed by Acroporidae in South Africa and Poritidae in Reunion. In South Africa, an increase in sea temperature of 2°C strongly affected the larval development of the sensitive A. austera, while the more robust P. daedalea sustained temperatures up to 4°C (i.e. 30°C) above ambient. In Reunion, diminished fecundity and recruitment rate seemed to be an indicator of reef perturbation. In contrast in South Africa, the high reproductive effort and larval supply in corals associated with the low levels of disturbance on the reefs may favour coral adaptation, to some extent, under global change
Pelletan, Charlotte. "Le médicament, l’Etat et les marchés : la co-construction de l’industrie pharmaceutique et de l’Etat en Afrique du Sud." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0099.
Full textAccess to medicines has been at the core of an extensive literature. They usually highlight the collision betweenhigh-cost patented medicines promoted by industry and their increasing pressure on health spending.The timeline of access to antiretroviral treatments in South Africa since the beginning of the XXIth century castsa light on the struggles between industrial models based on private property and the rise of a multi-level coalitionwhich promotes the right to health. These struggles are epitomized by medias during the “Pretoria trial” in 2000.This case betrays the thorny encounter between two international bundles of rights without giving any clue on theconcrete construction of universal medicines coverage policy in South Africa.This thesis broadens the issue of medicines regulation by overcoming the contradictions between market and publichealth. It shows that government and industry keep strong contacts which have a deep impact on the three pillarsof the medicines sector: health systems, industrial capacities and innovation.Medicines policies emanate from these historical fundamental interdependences which are at the basis of statebuilding. The shift of governmental priorities towards public health does not entail the ostracism of pharmaceuticalindustry but the total reshaping of relations between public authorities and industry. What is at scope in this thesisare the links between the configuration of medicines policies and the mutation of pharmaceutical industrial models
Esteban, Alamá Irene. "Reconstructing past vegetation and modern human foraging strategies on the south coast of South Africa." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401426.
Full textEste trabajo de tesis tiene el objetivo último de conocer las estrategias de explotación de recursos vegetales de las poblaciones de primeros humanos modernos, así como la reconstrucción de la vegetación y el clima existente durante el Pleistoceno Medio y el Pleistoceno Final a través del estudio de fitolitos de los depósitos arqueológicos del abrigo rocoso de Pinnacle Point 5-6 (PP5-6). Para ello realizamos u Realiamos estudios actualísticos de plantas y suelos modernos como base análoga de nuestro estudio. Del estudio de plantas modernos dos son los principales resultados que se obtuvieron: i) a través de secciones delgadas y microscopio electrónico de barrido se caracterizó fitolitos diagnósticos de la familia Restionaceae (restios) en la vaina del parénquima de los tallos y ii) los geófitos no producen morfotipos diagnósticos que pudieran ser utilizados para su identificación taxonómica. Los resultados de los suelos mostraron que la concentración de fitolitos se relaciona principalmente con el tipo de vegetación y las plantan que ellos dominan. Los fitolitos característicos de restios dominan en la vegetación de tipo fynbos. Las células cortas de gramíneas (GSSC) sugieren una mezcla de gramíneas de tipo C3 y C4 en la mayoría de los tipos de vegetación. Las excepciones son la vegetación riparia y de coastal thicket donde gramíneas C4 dominan. El estudio de las muestras de sedimentos arqueológicos de PP5-6 indicó una amplia gama de plantas utilizadas por los habitantes de PP5-6. Identificamos por primera vez la presencia de restios en el registro arqueológico sudafricano a través del estudio de fitolitos. Desde una perspectiva ambiental, los cambios observados en el registro de fitolitos de los depósitos de Pinnacle Point son indicativos de los movimientos de vegetación en consecuencia a los cambios climáticos y las fluctuaciones del nivel del mar, en un mosaico regional continuo de hábitats.
Rémond, Françoise. "De la Black Consciousness à la Nouvelle Afrique du Sud : enjeux d'une poésie engagée." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0060/document.
Full textFrom 1948 to 1992, the apartheid system in South Africa aimed at systematically denying or even destroying the black population's speech. As a parameter of any oppressive system, the denial of speech was violently and ruthlessly enforced through an institutionalised racist system based on the exploitation of the black population. A resistance movement, therefore, took shape in political movements, unions, and arts, among which literature, and fought for decades to rebuild a black identity, to take part into the writing of history and to establish the foundations of a democratic state. During the 1960s and 1970s, poetry became a considerable force of resistance and struggle, whose aim was to create and sustain the collective will to pull down the structures of oppression. The seizure of speech by poets who recycled the techniques of oral literatures allowed the identification of the crucial relationships between poetics and politics. The Black Consciousness movement was thus structured in and by a poetic speech that appropriated language, words and things through a dialogical process. In spite of major political changes, that dynamics continued during South Africa's political transition, and the poetic voices in contemporary South Africa remain a force that is both disruptive and constructive. It is therefore necessary to define and develop tools for the analysis of the Black Consciousness poetry; the works of Frantz Fanon will prove enlightening in the understanding of a poetry which was a practice and an experiment, fighting for a humanistic perspective based on language
Kohler, Sophie. "Écologie throphique de l’huitrier noir africain (haematopus-moquini) sur les littoraux rocheux de l’Afrique Australe en relation avec la viabilité de son habitat." Thesis, La Réunion, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LARE0005/document.
Full textThe distribution of intertidal benthic species is constrained by coastal oceanography. Less is known about the effects on the ecology of predators. Along the southern coasts of Africa the two main currents constraint both the patterns of primary production and the structure of benthic communities. The top predator on these coasts is an endemic shorebird, the African Black Oystercatcher (Haematopus moquini), which exhibits a polymorphism favourable for food specialization. This study investigates the effect of spatial variations in benthic community structure on the feeding ecology of oystercatchers using stable isotopes. Birds respond to changes in quality and quantity of prey at multiple scales. At large scale they show strong contrasts between west and southwest coasts where the diet is dominated by mussels, including the invasive species Mytilus galloprovincialis, and south-east shores where a mixture of mussels and limpets is consumed. Locally individuals show weak dietary differences related to relative abundances of mussels and limpets. This reflects the generalist foraging behaviour of the species and the release of intra-specific competition for resources. The dietary shift of H. moquini on the west coast toward the invasive mussel and the multiplicity of foraging behaviours elsewhere reveal strong capacities to face changes in its foraging habitat. On the other hand the degradation of beaches by humans increases the competition for space and today affects the reproductive success of the species
Nicoli, Gautier. "The metamorphic and anatectic history of Archaean metapelitic granulites from the South Marginal Zone, Limpopo Belt, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97041.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: Anatexis is the first step in granite genesis. Partial melting in the lower crust may produce leucoratic features of unusual chemical compositions, very different from the final products of crustal differentiation. Therefore, the links that exists between some migmatites and crustal-derived granites can be ambiguous. This study is an investigation of the anatectic history of a high-grade terrain: the Southern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo Belt (SMZ), north to the Kaapvaal Craton in South Africa. The work involved an integrated field, metamorphic, geochemical and geochronogical study of the metasedimentary granulites from two separate quarries in the northern zone of the Southern Marginal Zone, the Bandelierkop quarry and the Brakspruit quarry, where Neoarchean high-grade partial melting features can be observed. The project has aimed to address two main issues: (1) to accurately constrain the pressuretemperature conditions and the age of the metamorphic episode in the SMZ, with implication for the geodynamic processes near the end of the Archean, (2) to investigate the fluid-absent partial melting reactions that control formation of K2O-poor leucosomes and to understand the chemical relationships in the system source-leucosome-melt–S-type granite. The P-T-t record retained in the Bandelierkop Formation metapelites, constrained by phase equilibria modelling as well as zircon LA-ICP-MS geochronology, gives an insight into crustal differentiation processes in the lower crust. Rocks in both quarries indicate high-temperature metamorphism episodes with peak conditions of 840-860 oC and 9-11 kbar at c. 2.71 Ga with formation of leucosomes (L1) during the prograde path. Minor leucocratic features (L2) were produced during decompression to 6-7 kbar. The end of the metamorphic event is marked by the granulites/amphibolites facies transition (< 640 oC) at c. 2.68 Ga. The maximum deposit age for the detrital zircons in the metapelites (c. 2.73 Ga) indicates a rapid burial process ( 0.17 cm.y1). Those evidences strongly support that the Southern Marginal Zone contains sediments deposited in an active margin during convergence, and that the metapelites were metamorphosed and partially melted as a consequence of continental collision along the northern margin of the Kaapvaal Craton at c. 2.7 Ga. The leucocratic features generated along this P-T-t path display an unusual chemistry with low K2O and FeO+MgO content and high CaO content. The combination of field observations, chemical mapping and geochemical analyses leads to the conclusion the major part of the leucosomes (L1) crystallized prior to syn-peak of metamorphism concurrent with melt extraction from the source. This study documents the details of leucosomes formation using field observations in the Southern Marginal Zone and numerical modelling. This work demonstrates that the formation of K2O-poor leucosome in the metasedimentary lower crust is controlled by the difference in volume of equilibration and heterogeneities within the migmatites. The partial melting of the source coupled with melt loss and water diffusivity within the melt transfer site is a potential mechanism to explain the chemical link in the sytem residuum– melt–S-type granite.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Anateksis is die eerste stap in granietgenese. Meganismes wat in die onderste kors aan die werk is, is verantwoordelik vir korsdifferensiasie en bepaal die chemiese samestelling van die graniet. Hierdie studie het’n ondersoek behels van die anatektiese geskiedenis van ’n ho egraadse terrein: die suidelike randstreek van die Limpopo-gordel, noord van die Kaapvaal-kraton in Suid-Afrika. Die werk het ’n ge integreerde veld- , metamorfiese, geochemiese en geochronologiese studie van die metasedimentêre granuliete van twee afsonderlike groewe in die noordelike sone van die suidelike randstreek (SRS), die Bandelierkop-groef en die Brakspruit-groef, waar Neoarge iese ho egraadse gedeeltelike smeltkenmerke waargeneem kan word, ingesluit. Die projek was gerig op die ondersoek van twee belangrike kwessies: (1) om die drukâtemperatuurtoestande en die ouderdom van die metamorfiese episode in die SRS akkuraat te beheer, met implikasie vir die geodinamiese prosesse naby die einde van die Arge ikum, en (2) om die reaksies onder gedeeltelik gesmelte toestande wat die vorming van migmatiete beheer, te ondersoek en die chemiese verwantskappe in die stelsel bron - leukosoom - smelt - S-tipe graniet te begryp. Die P-T-t-rekord wat in die Bandelierkop-formasie metapeliete behoue is, ingeperk deur modellering van fase-ekwilibria asook sirkoon LA-ICP-MS-geochronologie, gee insig in korsdifferensiasieprosesse in die onderste kors. Rotse in albei groewe dui op metamorfismeepisodes teen hoë temperature met piektoestande van 840â860 oC en 9â11 kbar teen ongeveer 2.71 Ga met vorming van leukosome (L1) gedurende die progradeerpad. Geringe leukokratiese eienskappe (L2) het tydens dekompressie tot 6â7 kbar ontstaan. Die einde van die metamorfiese voorval word gekenmerk deur die fasiesoorgang van granuliete / amfiboliete (<640 oC) by ongeveer 2.68 Ga. Die maksimum afsettingsouderdom vir die detitrale sirkone in die metapeliete (ongeveer 2.73 Ga) dui op Å snelle begrawingsproses ( 0.17 cm.y1). Daardie bewyse bied sterk ondersteuning daarvoor dat die SRS sedimente bevat wat gedurende konvergensie in Å aktiewe rand afgeset is, en dat die metapeliete gemetamorfoseer en gedeeltelik gesmelt het as gevolg van kontinentbotsing langs die noordelike rand van die Kaapvaal-kraton teen ongeveer 2.7 Ga. Die leukokratiese eienskappe wat langs hierdie P-T-t-pad opgewek word, toon Å ongewone chemiese samestelling met lae K2O en FeO+MgO-inhoud en ho e CaO-inhoud. Die kombinasie van veldwaarnemings, chemiese kartering en geochemiese ontledings lei tot die gevolgtrekking dat die grootste deel van die leukosome (L1) gekristalliseer het voor die syn-piek van metamorfisme tesame met smeltekstraksie van die bron. Hierdie studie het die besonderhede van leukosoomformasie met behulp van veldwaarnemings in die SRS en numeriese modellering opgeteken. Hierdie werk toon aan dat korsdifferensiasie in die metasedimentêre onderste kors deur Å ander volume van ekwilibrasie en heterogeniteite in die migmatiete beheer word. Die gedeeltelike smelting van die bron gepaard met smeltverlies en waterdiffusiwiteit tot in die smeltoordragterrein is ’n potensiele meganisme om die chemiese skakel in die stelsel residuum-smelt-S-tipe graniet te verklaar.
Bischof, Michael H. Kellerhals-Maeder Andreas Sibold Noëmi. "Südafrika im Spiegel der Schweizer Botschaft : die politische Berichterstattung der Schweizer Botschaft in Südafrika während der Apartheidära 1952 - 1990 /." Zürich : Chronos, 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2761526&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
Full textAubriot, Julie. "Usages militants du droit à l'eau en Afrique du Sud : du projet Gcin'Amanzi à l'affaire Mazibuko." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1038/document.
Full textOjo, Bamidele Adesegun. "L'organisation du peuple du Sud-Ouest africain (SWAPO) et l'indépendance de la Namibie : une étude d'un mouvement de libération nationale." Bordeaux 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR1D004.
Full textChruscinska, Anna Zofia. "Les Polonais d'Afrique du Sud et leur identification nationale : le cas des immigrants polonais de la ville du Cap." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA05H008.
Full textWithin the Polish scientific community, few studies refer to South Africa and the Polish communities living in this place. However, this territory constitutes a unique social laboratory and Poles from South Africa are subject to phenomena that can hold the attention of sociologists. This research applies to pinpoint the identity dimension of these dynamic phenomena with the example of the three migratory waves of Poles living in the city of Cape Town. By combining qualitative techniques of social science research and the tradition of collecting data elaborated at the Chicago School, I present the evolution of attachment to the country of origin, as well as different types of plural identity. The first part is devoted to the historical and sociological presentation of my research field: South Africa in general, but also the peculiarities of the Cape region. This contextualization includes: the spatial organization of Cape Town, the inter-ethnic issues in the post-apartheid reality, the urban consequences of social prejudice, and the possible identification of the inhabitants of Cape Town distinctive from the rest of South Africa. In the second part, I put much interest in the diasporic dimension of the Polish community in Cape Town. To this end, I examine the structures which constitute one of facets of Polish people from Cape Town: the organizations subject to the process of diasporization. They are not to be confused with the phenomena of informal activity, the purpose of the analysis of the next section. In the third part, I study the notion of identity in general and, more specifically, the question of identification with the Polish nation. Giving examples out of context of the associative life of Polish people from Cape Town, I examine: the influence of the multicultural context of the host society on the identification of Polish migrants, the dynamic approach of the presence of " features" meant to characterize the Polish nation in the Polish community of Cape Town, and the process of transmitting national identification between generations. In my results, I present not only the different types of attachment to the country observed among social actors, but I also try to trace the possible future of the national identification process among Poles of my field research. I hope that this thesis will be a starting point for other researchers who might get interested in this community remained unrecognized, but also for comparative research on national identification within other Polish migrant communities. Taking into account that national identity in Poland is in transition, the analysis of identity differences between the migratory waves in Cape Town may also be useful in comparative research with the identification of Poles living in Poland
Hedhili, Amel. "Aliments supplémentés en Moringa oleifera en Afrique du Sud : Une approche multidisciplinaire combinant études consommateurs et analyses physicochimiques et nutritionnelles." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UBFCK009.
Full textMalnutrition is a major challenge in South Africa (SA), particularly in Eastern Cape and Limpopo provinces, which are predominantly black and historically disadvantaged. This thesis aims to assess the potential of Moringa oleifera (MO) as a source of nutritional improvement in the diets of mothers and their children in these provinces. Known for its nutritional benefits, MO is a plant native to India, now cultivated in SA but not widely used for human nutrition. A two-part approach was followed in this thesis. The first part aims to understand how MO is perceived by consumers and how it can be integrated into the South African food repertory. A study of the knowledge, beliefs and consumption habits of MO allowed us to contrast two cultures, India and Africa (Nigeria, Ghana and SA). Findings from the first part revealed a difference in consumer knowledge and uses, however, no difference was observed in terms of beliefs. This implies that a positive attitude towards MO is not enough to promote its consumption. This study also showed that MO is also less embedded in the eating habits of South Africans than in the habits of the other two African countries. Observation of the eating habits of South African student mothers and their children showed a shift between their level of knowledge and what they actually do. Although they are aware of the importance of nutritional intake, they prefer to give their children foods they like even if they are not healthy. These students perceive MO more as a medicine than a food, but are not opposed to adding it as a nutrient supplement in their basic diet as long as the foods offered are good, available and easy to prepare. The objective of the second part of this thesis is to study the nutritional intakes of MO and the development of a food supplemented with MO leaves. The nutritional characterization of the MO leaf powder showed a digestibility of 75.95%. Pretreatment of the MO powder with high pressure, ultrasound and microwave processes did not improve this digestibility rate. Moreover, biscuits supplemented with MO leaves (0% to 30%) were evaluated. The 10% biscuit was characterized by the best protein digestibility while the vitamin A derived from MO was denatured during baking. The hedonic test result clustered consumers into two groups. Consumers in the first group rejected all supplemented biscuits because of the green color and hard texture. Those in the second group who are much younger compared to the first group accepted biscuits that are supplemented with MDL up to 20% and are attracted by the novelty of the supplemented biscuits. The four studies presented in the thesis led to the proposal of a snack recipe made from maize porridge (pap) and powdered MO leaves dried in the sun. This drying method preserves more protein (18.06%) than shade and oven drying (17.44% and 17.56% respectively). Pap has the advantage to be a major ingredient in the food repertory of our target population, and it is widely appreciated, well satisfying, broadly available and easy to prepare. MO powder proportions of 0, 5, and 10% will be added to the pap after cooking and when the temperature drops to 40 ° C. The analysis of the nutritional and sensory properties will take place in order to determine the best proportion
Migozzi, Julien. "Une ville à vendre : numérisation et financiarisation du marché du logement au Cap : stratification et ségrégation de la métropole émergente." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALH007.
Full textThis thesis investigates the digitalization and financialization of the housing market in Cape Town, South Africa. Borrowing from economic sociology and urban geography, I develop the concept of "housing market assemblage" to both analyze and conceptualize how the evolution of market structures renews contemporary patterns of social stratification and urban segregation in an emerging global city. To do so, I use mixed methods that combine qualitative and quantitative approaches. Over 18 months of fieldwork, I conducted interviews with market professionals (real estate agents, property developers, mortgage brokers, bankers, investors) and households, while engaged in participant observation of a local estate agency in Cape Town's largest black township (Khayelitsha). Furthermore, I built a database of 900,000 residential real estate transactions and employed multivariate statistics and spatial analysis to track the evolution of prices and mortgages across the post-apartheid urban space. The thesis demonstrates how the housing market was reconfigured as a continuous flow of data through the adoption of digital platforms and the progressive making of housing as a financial asset on both the buyer's and rental markets. The market creates two filtering mechanisms with deep stratifying effects : (i) housing affordability is determined by the unequal spatial distribution of housing prices, on the one hand, and the social and racialized distribution of income and family assets, on the other, in a context of highly selective lending practises (ii) the hegemonic use of credit scoring technologies that allow the automated classification of South African citizens through an information dragnet of unprecedented sophistication and depth, both for the Global North and the Global South. Banks and newly formed corporate landlords use credit scoring to classify & select mortgage recipients and tenants, in a context of household indebtedness and enduring racial inequalities. The housing market operates therefore as a spatial economy of classification, whereby individuals, properties and neighborhoods are valued and classified according to profit and risk factors. Focusing on the market allows to engage more fully, but think beyond, prevailing concerns of the "post-apartheid" city: the spatial distribution of credit thus constitutes the main contemporary factor for both understanding and mapping the evolution of enduring inequalities and residential structures in the emerging South African city. In order to conceptualize this form of market stratification, I define the new middle class as a "filtered class", and processes of global urban integration through the ordering of financialized and digitalized housing market assemblages that both engender new urban forms and renew social-class patterns across the emerging city
Angey, Gabrielle. "Le mouvement Gülen entre la Turquie et l’Afrique subsaharienne : expériences croisées d'une institution transnationale." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0094.
Full textThe goal of this work is to analyze the ways a Muslim group coming from Turkey, relying upon a culture of secret, informal bonds and social action, institutionnalizes itself through transnational expansion. Through a study connecting Turkey, South Africa, Senegal and Kenya, our aim is to understand how the transnational expansion towards Subsaharan Africa and the encounters it creates between Tuks and Africans both reveals and recomposes the logics of the institution
Biakouye, Kodjo Awussu. "Lomé au-delà de Lomé : étalement urbain et territoires dans une capitale d'Afrique sud-saharienne." Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100138.
Full textFor over three decades, urbanization in Africa in general and in Sub Saharan Africa in particular, has been strongly accelerated. The population explosion in cities like the Togolese capital Lomé has considerably increased the urban areas causing at the same time, impact on both the life of city dwellers and on the organization and the management of urban space as a whole. Indeed, if the metropolization that is underway in several countries in Sub-Saharan Africa is the source of numerous and rapid changes, it more and more raises also actual problem of taking over or charge of metropolitan areas which incidentally have become more varied because of in most cases, uncontrolled territorial spreading. Thus, more than half a century after independence, almost all major cities still having very contrasting urban landscapes. How and under what conditions the extension process of Lomé is going on? What are the resulting changes, particularly in its outskirts? What are the mechanisms for management and governance of the city and its impact on both the space and on people's life? These are the main questions on which the thesis has focused. Therefore through an approach that is both typological and territorial, the thesis discusses in general, the problem of urban sprawl and specifically analyzes the forms and content of the peripheral extensions and various dynamics that are arising including administrative one in West Africa through Lomé’s case, in Togo.So, in the term of the observations and analyses, it appears that the metropolitan territory of Lomé established over more than a century under the combined effect of a beam of factors of all kinds, is on one hand under fragmentation as much in its structure, as in its administration, and on the other hand, differentiated and contrasted in its management; its governance appears today as the most important challenge in which remain confronted the authorities of the metropolis and those of the country
Plazy, Melanie. "Barrières à l'initiation des traitements antirétroviraux : le cas d'une zone rurale de la région du KwaZulu Natal en Afrique du Sud." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0354/document.
Full textAntiretroviral treatments (ART) have been available in sub-Saharan Africa for more than ten years.Their use was initially targeted with the strict aim to control severe morbidity in individuals with an advancedHIV disease. International guidelines for initiating ART have subsequently evolved as clinical andepidemiological studies highlighted the therapeutic and preventive benefits of early ART initiation. Randomizedtrials are currently underway in several southern African countries to measure the benefits of the universal“Test and Treat” approach on HIV incidence in a community. However, ART coverage is still far from optimal insub-Saharan Africa, especially in South Africa where 6.3 millions of individuals are living with HIV. We thusaimed to better understand what are the barriers to ART initiation by focusing on a rural area heavily affectedby HIV in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. We first briefly described the journey HIV-infectedindividuals embark on, from entry into a large HIV treatment and care programme to ART initiation. Then wemeasured the temporal evolutions of ART initiation rates according to the changes of clinical guidelines. Wefinally identified some barriers to ART initiation linking data from the HIV care programme with those from ademographic surveillance system. The results of this thesis will help to better understand the issues relative toaccess to ART that might arise with the universal “Test and Treat” approach, especially in South Africa