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1
Maser, Janice E. Basic principles: A careguide for careworkers providing in-home care to clients suffering from Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. North York, Ont: Senior Care, 1989.
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2
Fund, United Nations Population, ed. Health related quality of life of women suffering from pelvic organ prolapse: Before and 9 to 11 months after surgical interventions. Kathmandu: Ministry of Health and Population, Department of Health Services, Family Health Division, 2013.
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3
Maser, Janice E. Step by step: A resource guide for coordinators of in-home respite care programs for clients suffering from Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. [Toronto]: Senior Care, 1989.
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4
Dolbeare, Benjamin. A narrative of the captivity and suffering of Dolly Webster among the Camanche Indians in Texas: With an account of the massacre of John Webster and his party, as related by Mrs. Webster. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Library, 1986.
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5
Marples, David R., and Dzvinka Hayda. Chornobyl 5 years after: April 16 to May 5, 1991, the Scarab Club, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A. : an exhibit featuring artists from the United States, Canada and Ukraine memorializing the tragedy of the 1986 nuclear disaster in Ukraine and dedicated to the thousands of children who are suffering and dying from radiation related diseases. Detroit: Association for the Advancement of Ukrainian Culture, 1991.
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6
Chen, Andrew. Flagellant Confraternities and Italian Art, 1260-1610. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462984684.
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This book examines the art and ritual of flagellant confraternities in Italy from the fourteenth to the seventeenth centuries. Meeting regularly to beat themselves with whips, members of these confraternities concentrated on the suffering of Christ in the most extreme and committed way, and the images around them provided visual prompts of the Passion and the model suffering body. This study presents new findings related to a variety of artworks including altarpieces, banners, wall paintings, illuminated manuscripts, and paintings for the condemned, many from outside the Florence-Rome-Venice triangle.
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Nigro, Giampiero, ed. Gestione dell'acqua in Europa (XII-XVIII Secc.) / Water Management in Europe (12th-18th centuries). Florence: Firenze University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-700-9.
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Water was a source of wealth which facilitated, fostered or brutally halted economic development in the Ancien Regime. Lack of hygiene meant that water was used less for drinking than other drinks, but as a raw material, source of energy, cooling, rinsing and cleansing agent, water was unequalled. It played a role in public and private relaxation and in health. Water also proved to be an ideal, safe and cheap means of transporting goods and ideas. Urban historians have long pointed to the enormous comparative advantage enjoyed by towns and regions whose favourable maritime or riverine location gave them access to cheap water-borne transport. But water just as often posed a threat to economic development and prosperity, whether due to its absence or its specific composition or level of pollution or to uncontrollable abundance. This duality is still present today in our modern, globalised society. While huge quantities of fresh, potable water are wasted in the West, free or cheap access to fresh and abundant water supplies remains a major challenge for millions of individuals on the planet. Major floods in different parts of the world regularly cause economic damage and endless human suffering. With a Settimana devoted to the management of the water supply, excluding related topics as water consumption, water transport and the use of water in agriculture and industry, the Istituto Datini is seeking to draw attention.
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Breed, Douw, and C. W. van Staden. A Reformational Christian Overview on Suffering, Guilt, Failures, and Related Issues in Psychiatry. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Cornelius Werendly van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732365.013.44.
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This chapter aims to provide the psychiatrist and ethicist with an understanding of reformational Christian ethics as it pertains to the faith of the believing patient in a psychiatry context. We introduce three reformational principles and apply them cursorily to diagnostic and therapeutic issues in clinical practice, followed by a more detailed application to the topic of suffering owing to mental disorder. Understanding reformational ethics may aid the psychiatrist towards a better relationship with the believing patient and equip him for engagement on issues of guilt, remorse, whether being punished by God, and whether mental disorder results from failure in faith. Clarity on these issues may bring consolation to the believing patient. That applies also to the issue of suffering owing to mental disorder, for which we present a scholastic reformational exegesis of Colossians 1:24, exemplifying the premises and methods for examining issues of reformational Christian faith and mental disorder.
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Boyd, Kevin. Injuries in swimming and related aquatic sports. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199533909.003.0039.
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Swimming is often hailed as an ideal activity because of the acknowledged benefits of exercise for those both in health and with disease. Therefore the spectrum of swimmers covers those individuals undertaking aerobic exercise as part of a healthy lifestyle, people suffering and rehabilitating from chronic conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and musculoskeletal disorders, and the committed and disciplined elite swimmer with high performance goals. Sports physicians should be familiar with these differing motivations and be able to adapt advice and treatment to each of these population groups. Unusually for a sport, there is a general consensus that everyone should develop the ability to swim for the enhancement of water safety....
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Benedetto, Chiara, Ilaria Castagnoli Gabellari, and Gianni Allais. Migraine and pregnancy-related hypertension. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749547.003.0005.
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Migraine is one of the most common, disabling neurological disorders in women of reproductive age. It is a disabling condition that can lead to a compromised health-related quality of life. Often `migraineurs' are unable to carry out everyday tasks due to a reduction in functioning and productivity. This burden impacts not only at work, but also on social and family life. Migraine affects not only the physical but also mental and social health. Chapter 5 discusses the available evidence of a correlation between migraine and pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia complicates 3-5% of all pregnancies and remains a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity, and mortality. Although the primary mechanisms of both migraine and pre-eclampsia are not yet well understood, they do share some common pathogenetic aspects. However, studies investigating the clinical association between migraine and pre-eclampsia are sparse. The majority suggest a close association between headaches and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and eclampsia. There also appears to be a significant increase in the incidence of severe pre-eclampsia in women suffering from migraine. Clinical manifestations of both migraine and pre-eclampsia appear to result from an interaction of the mind and body. A relation with stress has been identified. Further robust research is needed to elucidate the psychosomatic contributions to the pathogenesis of migraine and pre-eclampsia, and the clinical application of their relationship in improving materno-fetal health.
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Gluten-Free for a Healthy Life: Nutritional Advice and Recipes for Those Suffering from Celiac Disease and Other Gluten-Related Disorders. New Page Books, 2003.
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12
Zarins, Sasha, and Sara Konrath. Changes Over Time in Compassion-Related Variables in the United States. Edited by Emma M. Seppälä, Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Stephanie L. Brown, Monica C. Worline, C. Daryl Cameron, and James R. Doty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464684.013.25.
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Compassion, or empathic concern, is an emotional response to another’s suffering, coupled with the desire to take action to alleviate that suffering. Throughout history, older generations have been critical of younger generations, often arguing that they are more self-focused than previous generations. However, it is important to examine actual data with respect to changes over time in such variables. Without doing so, we risk spreading potentially harmful and inaccurate stereotypes about young Americans. The goal of this chapter is to review research examining changes over time in compassion-related variables in the United States. Research suggests that compassion-related variables have indeed been declining over time, while self-focused variables have been increasing. However, we will also discuss counter-arguments and counter-evidence, and present possible implications of this research.
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Klimecki, Olga M., and Tania Singer. The Compassionate Brain. Edited by Emma M. Seppälä, Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Stephanie L. Brown, Monica C. Worline, C. Daryl Cameron, and James R. Doty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464684.013.9.
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This chapter focuses on the neuroscience of compassion and related social emotions such as empathy, empathic concern, or empathic distress. First, we review neuroscientific literature on empathy and relate empathy to similar social emotions. We then turn to neuroscientific research on caregiving and social connection before describing cross-sectional studies on the neural signatures of compassion. To investigate whether training of compassion can change neural functions, the neural “fingerprints” of compassion expertise were studied in both expert and inexperienced meditators. The latter included the comparison between functional plasticity induced by empathy for suffering as opposed to compassion training. These studies show that compassion training changes neural functions, and that the neural substrates related to empathy for suffering differ experientially as well as neuronally. This is in line with the observation of distinct behavioral patterns related to feelings of empathic distress and compassion, described towards the end of the chapter.
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Skwara, Alea C., Brandon G. King, and Clifford D. Saron. Studies of Training Compassion. Edited by Emma M. Seppälä, Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Stephanie L. Brown, Monica C. Worline, C. Daryl Cameron, and James R. Doty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464684.013.17.
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Recent years have seen a growth of interest in contemplative approaches to cultivating compassionate responses to suffering. This chapter draws on contemporary research from cognitive, affective, and social psychology to provide an introduction to the field of compassion training. We consider what constitutes compassion training and offer a summary of current meditation-based approaches. We then provide an overview of the empirical evidence for a relationship between compassion training and changes in socioemotional processes, prosocial behavior, and physiological stress responses to the perception of others’ suffering. We further address challenges in interpreting data from these studies, considering potential training-related mechanisms of change and how compassion-relevant processes might develop over time. Lastly, we conclude by outlining key theoretical challenges for future research.
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Corey, John, and Kelly McQueen. Pain Relief in Areas of Deprivation and Conflict. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190217518.003.0028.
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This chapter addresses pain relief in areas of deprivation and conflict. There is variability in the causes of pain worldwide, including HIV/AIDS, torture-related pain and suffering, and war-related injuries. There is also great variability in the availability of adequate pain treatment worldwide due to limitations of education, training, knowledge of pain and its treatment, beliefs and communication about pain, and the inadequacy of access to drugs and palliative care in many countries. Research reflects the importance of extending pain care worldwide and addressing ethical and political issues surrounding pain care.
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Chronic Care for Neglected Infectious Diseases: Leprosy/Hansen's Disease, Lymphatic Filariasis, Trachoma, and Chagas Disease. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275122501.
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In 2016, PAHO's Directing Council, through Resolution CD55.R9, approved the “Plan of Action for Elimination of Neglected Infectious Diseases (NID) and Post-Elimination Actions, 2016-2022.” This Resolution urges Member States to implement a set of interventions to reduce the burden of disease by NID in the Americas by 2022, including “…support promotion of treatment, rehabilitation, and related support services through an approach focused on integrated morbidity management and disability prevention for individuals and families afflicted by those neglected infectious diseases that cause disability and generate stigma.” NIDs can have devastating chronic sequelae for patients, such as disability, visible change or loss in body structure, loss of tissue, and impairment of proper tissue and organ function, among others. All of these can in turn lead to unjustified discrimination, stigmatization, mental health problems, and partial or total incapacity to work, perpetuating the vicious cycle of neglected diseases as both a consequence and a cause of poverty. Patients with chronic conditions caused by NIDs require proper health care in order to prevent further damage and improve their living and social conditions. This should be provided at the primary health care level, as patients suffering from NIDs are often unable to travel to or afford to pay for specialized care services. Care for patients suffering from chronic morbidity caused by NID should be integrated into care for other chronic conditions caused by non-communicable diseases. This manual provides a framework for morbidity management and disability prevention of patients affected by NIDs and gives specific guidance for the proper care of patients suffering from chronic conditions caused by lymphatic filariasis, leprosy, trachoma, and Chagas disease. It is intended to be used mainly by health care workers at the primary health care level, but health workers at more complex and specialized levels may also find it useful.
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Rao, Koneru Ramakrishna. Satyagraha. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199477548.003.0009.
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This chapter focuses on Gandhi’s principle of satyagraha, what it meant to Gandhi, and how it operated in the field of politics. The chapter also discusses satyagraha and how it is related to psychoanalysis. Satyagraha is central to Gandhi’s thought and practices. It essentially involves truth-centric, non-violent action. Gandhi characterized satyagraha variously as generating ‘truth-force’, ‘love-force’, and ‘soul-force’. Satyagraha, which aims at spiritual transformation of the opponent with love and self-suffering, is Gandhi’s creative contribution to conflict resolution. In a significant sense, Gandhi’s satyagraha is a kind of yoga. Like Sankara’s jnana yoga and Patanjali’s dhyana yoga, Gandhi’s is ahimsa yoga.
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Cohen, Mary Ann, Anna L. Dickerman, and Harold W. Goforth. Distress in Persons with HIV and AIDS. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0022.
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Persons with HIV have multifactorial and multidimensional sources of distress. Distress has a profoundly negative impact on persons with HIV and their loved ones. While the term distress is more acceptable to patients and does not carry with it the stigma of a specific psychiatric diagnostic disorder, the anguish and suffering associated are still painful. This chapter explores the sources for distress utilizing a comprehensive biopsychosocial approach and presents ways to recognize distress. Related tools in assessing HIV-related distress include the Distress Thermometer (DT), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and HIV Symptom Distress Scale (SDS). An overview of the symptoms and illnesses associated with distress include biological, psychological, and social aspects including HIV stigma. Evidence-based approaches to alleviate distress in persons with HIV/AIDS are also presented in the chapter.
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Quijije, Nadia. Trauma in the Medical-Surgical Patient. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0018.
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This chapter reviews psychiatric consultation for trauma and stress in medical-surgical patients. Hospitalization can induce psychologic or psychiatric disturbance and worsen the clinical condition of patients who are suffering from medical and surgical comorbidities. Some medical conditions can be related to stress related disorders indirectly, while others, such as critical illness/intensive care unit treatment or direct physical injury, are themselves traumatic stressors that can promote trauma and stressor-related disorders (TSRDs). Given the negative impact of stress-related disorders on quality of life, mental health clinicians should diagnose TSRDs to ensure patients receive appropriate care. Treatment and management can be provided in multiple forms of psychological therapies and psychopharmacology, and within a multidisciplinary team, particularly for the medical surgical patient. Psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers must assist patients with terminal illnesses by optimizing end-of-life care, supporting patients and their families, and encouraging approaches to allow the transformative process of dying to be meaningful.
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Byros, Vasili. Topics and Harmonic Schemata. Edited by Danuta Mirka. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199841578.013.0015.
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Topics and harmonic schemata powerfully interact in the late eighteenth-century communicative channel. This chapter illustrates both a categorial and pragmatic interfacing of the two domains in Beethoven’s “Eroica” Symphony, where a particular schema, thele–sol–fi–sol(Byros 2012, 2009), enables the communication of a powerful philosophical message involving the spiritual consequences of suffering, self-sacrifice, and death. Thele–sol–fi–sol, as an instance of harmonic grammar, is closely related to theombratopic with mortal, funereal, and sacrificial connotations. As a hybrid symbolic structure, this schema–topic amalgam is the basis for establishing a number of correlations of oppositions in the structural and expressive domains of the symphony, which communicate a “tragic-to-transcendent” expressive genre and the cultural unit of “abnegation” (Hatten 1994).
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Crawley, LaVera, and Jonathan Koffman. Ethnic and cultural aspects of palliative care. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0009.
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This chapter attempts to identify ‘differences that make a difference’ when individuals and groups negotiate institutions and practices for palliative and end-of-life care. Two influences on the practice of palliative care-immigration and health disparities-are examined. The World Health Organization definition of palliative care specifies two goals: improving quality of life of patients and families and preventing and relieving suffering. It identifies three ‘colour blind’ strategies for meeting those goals: early identification, impeccable assessment, and (appropriate) treatment. Lastly, the definition addresses four domains of care: (1) problems related to pain, (2) physical conditions, (3) the psychosocial, (4) and the spiritual. This chapter specifically addresses these goals, strategies, and domains in relation to delivering quality palliative care in cross- or multicultural settings.
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Barr, Jane Ellen. Stoma therapy in palliative care. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0412.
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Patients with ostomies, wounds, or incontinence in the setting of a serious or life-threatening illness experience numerous challenges, including distress related to pain and other symptoms, psychological disturbances, and family concerns. Expert management of these conditions and their many complications is an essential part of a comprehensive palliative plan of care. In many countries, nurse specialists with advanced training in the management of ostomies, wounds, or incontinence are available as consultants or as members of a specialist palliative care team. These professionals can improve health care and quality of life for selected patients across venues of care that include hospital, home, long-term care, hospice, and specialized settings. If a stoma nurse specialist is available, he or she may have a key role in directing decision-making and care management related to these problems, evaluating and controlling symptoms that cause patients and families suffering, and providing psychosocial and spiritual support.
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Sommerstein, Alan H. Hesiod and Tragedy. Edited by Alexander C. Loney and Stephen Scully. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190209032.013.19.
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The only Hesiodic myths taken up by the Greek tragic dramatists are the related stories of Prometheus and the first woman (Pandora); these were exploited in satyr-dramas by Aeschylus and Sophocles, respectively. More important are the tragedies Prometheus Bound and Prometheus Unbound, attributed to Aeschylus (but probably in fact by another hand, perhaps his son Euphorion), in which the tale of Prometheus’s punishment is combined with several other myths into a new story of a god who becomes the savior both of the human race (twice) and of Zeus (also twice), and who endures terrible suffering before finally gaining honor from Zeus and humans. Hesiod’s ideas also had a profound influence on Aeschylus, traceable especially in the Oresteia and in the unidentified “Dike play” known from papyrus fragments.
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Nason-Clark, Nancy, Barbara Fisher-Townsend, Catherine Holtmann, and Stephen McMullin. Congregations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607210.003.0004.
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At its best, congregational life operates as a church family in which members celebrate with those who are joyous and weep with those who are suffering. They offer assistance, guidance, and friendship. They worship together and seek to live their lives according to the principles that they share. At its worst, congregational life operates as a dysfunctional family in which controlling, abusive behavior abounds, support is non-existent, jealousy and rivalry flourish, and isolation and loneliness prevail. Harnessing data from clergy, members of congregations, and those impacted directly by domestic violence, this chapter considers both the challenges for congregations related to abuse and the opportunities that ministry in this area offers. The chapter discusses practical ways that congregations can make a difference in the lives of families dealing with violence at home.
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Frankham, Richard, Jonathan D. Ballou, Katherine Ralls, Mark D. B. Eldridge, Michele R. Dudash, Charles B. Fenster, Robert C. Lacy, and Paul Sunnucks. Determining the number and location of genetically differentiated population fragments. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783398.003.0010.
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The number and geographic location of genetically differentiated populations must be identified to determine if fragmented populations require genetic management. Clustering of related genotypes to geographic locations (landscape genetic analyses) is used to determine the number of populations and their boundaries, with the simplest analyses relying on random mating within, but not across populations. Evidence of genetic differentiation among populations indicates either that they have drifted apart (and are likely inbred) and/or that the populations are adaptively differentiated. The current response when populations are genetically differentiated is usually to recommend separate management, but this is often ill-advised. A paradigm shift is needed where evidence of genetic differentiation among populations is followed by an assessment of whether populations are suffering genetic erosion, whether there are other populations to which they could be crossed, and whether the crosses would be beneficial, or harmful.
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Pittenger, Christopher, ed. Obsessive-compulsive Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.001.0001.
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects approximately 1 person in 40 and causes great morbidity and suffering worldwide. While much about this protean disorder remains unclear, our understanding has advanced along many fronts in recent decades, and evidence-based treatments can produce benefit in a majority of sufferers. This text brings together experts in all aspects of OCD, including clinical presentation, current psychological, genetic, and neurobiological understanding of its etiology and pathophysiology, and psychotherapeutic, pharmacological, and anatomically targeted treatments. OCD-related disorders and common comorbidities and their relationship to OCD itself are also discussed, as are theoretical and sociological issues. It is hoped that this text will provide a comprehensive introduction to the field for students, scientists and clinicians. By bringing together many different perspectives on OCD, we aim to encourage cross-disciplinary understanding, research, and advances in clinical care.
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Rosengart, Matthew R. Disorders of calcium in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0253.
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Calcium is vitally important for normal cellular signalling and function. However, its toxicity necessitates that intracellular calcium concentration [Ca2+] be tightly regulated and compartmentalized. Evolutionary pressures have yielded several regulatory mechanisms to maintain intracellular and extracellular ionized calcium concentrations compatible with life. During periods of critical illness these process are commonly overwhelmed, and disorders of calcium homeostasis are highly prevalent among intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Indeed, hypocalcaemia occurs in up to 88% of critically-ill ICU patients suffering from trauma, sepsis, and burns. Contemporary evidence suggests that although hypocalcaemia may be associated with ICU mortality, it is not in the causal pathway. A systematic review concluded there are no data to support the routine parenteral administration of calcium in the management of asymptomatic critical illness-related hypocalcaemia. Asymptomatic hypocalcaemia of critical illness does not necessitate replacement. However, acute, symptomatic hypocalcaemia necessitates parenteral supplementation to prevent tetany, seizures, and cardiac arrhythmias
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Klehe, Ute-Christine, Irene E. De Pater, Jessie Koen, and Mari Kira. Too Old to Tango? Job Loss and Job Search Among Older Workers. Edited by Ute-Christine Klehe and Edwin van Hooft. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764921.013.35.
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Older workers are often shielded from job loss by high tenure, yet are struck particularly harshly when seeking reemployment after job loss. This article combines earlier research on coping with job loss and job search with insights on employability for older workers. We outline the situation of older workers, highlighting their vulnerability to possible job-loss and to stereotypes that may lower their perceived employability. Then we outline how this may place older workers in precarious situations regarding (a) the threat of losing their jobs, (b) suffering from loss of nonmonetary benefits (or latent functions) associated with work, (c) having different and fewer coping options than younger job-seekers, and (d) facing fewer chances of finding reemployment. Older workers face an uphill battle when searching for reemployment, which is partially explained by retirement as an alternative coping reaction to age-related stereotypes, discrimination that undermines older workers’ employability, and other factors.
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Schellenberg, Susanna. Perceptual Evidence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827702.003.0008.
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Chapter 7 introduces a distinction between two kinds of evidence: phenomenal evidence (evidence that corresponds to how our environment sensorily seems to us) and factive evidence (evidence that is determined by the environment to which we are perceptually related). Regardless of whether we are perceiving, hallucinating, or suffering an illusion, we have phenomenal evidence. However, when we perceive, we have additional factive evidence. The rational source of both phenomenal and factive evidence lies in employing perceptual capacities: perceptual states have epistemic force due to the epistemic and metaphysical primacy of employing perceptual capacities in perception over employing them in hallucination or illusion. So epistemic force stems from an asymmetric dependence of the employment of perceptual capacities in hallucination and illusion on their employment in perception. Insofar as both kinds of evidence stem from properties of the perceptual capacities employed, capacitism provides a unified account of phenomenal and factive evidence.
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Oikonomopoulou, Katerina, and Vinod Chandran. Biomarkers of psoriatic arthritis outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0022.
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Psoriatic arthritis is an inflammatory musculoskeletal disease that occurs in patients suffering from psoriasis. The disease manifests with symptoms affecting the skin, peripheral and axial joints, and periarticular structures. Diagnosis and management of psoriatic arthritis is challenging due to its heterogeneous presentation. However, early diagnosis and subsequent appropriate treatment reduces disease activity, prevents joint damage, and improves long-term outcome. It is hoped that biomarkers for disease progression and activity will aid in cost-effective clinical management of patients. Potential biomarkers under investigation for psoriatic arthritis are disease-related components derived from skin and articular tissues, biological fluids, such as blood and synovial fluid, and arthritis-associated cell populations. Imaging including ultrasound and MRI are also being evaluated as biomarkers for diagnosis, activity and outcome. Despite the challenge of bringing these new markers into the clinic, many of these markers hold promise for the future management of patients with psoriatic arthritis.
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Stein, Dan J. Typical and atypical mental disorders: Moral implications for academic–industry collaborations. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722373.003.0013.
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This chapter draws on cognitive–affective science findings about categorization in order to contrast more typical disorders with more atypical disorders. It focuses on a few atypical mental disorders (substance use disorders, pathological gambling) as key exemplars. Some moral implications for individual and public healthcare are considered, with a focus on the ethics of collaborations between clinicians and those involved in industry. Collaborations between academic institutions and industry partners raise the potential for conflicts of interest and other problems. The pharmaceutical industry is sometimes viewed as a ‘good’ industry that can go wrong, while the tobacco industry is viewed as a ‘bad’ industry that can do no right. The alcohol and gambling industries present a continuum of benefits and harms that needs to be acknowledged, and there are important opportunities for these industries to do more good for those suffering from or at risk for substance use and related conditions.
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Moller, David Wendell. The Story of Annie Gratitude and Faith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199760145.003.0006.
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The narrative of Bill Wheeler expresses his sense of betrayal and neglect. There was a great divide between the life experiences of Mr. Wheeler and his caregivers. He was angry that his late diagnosis was related to being poor and uninsured. He resented that his doctors did not communicate with him effectively. He felt they misrepresented things, failed to listen attentively, and disregarded his suffering and needs. The decision to treat his cancer aggressively despite its advanced stage initially provided hopeful expectations but ultimately led to shattered hope, greater anger, and late enrollment in hospice. The result is that Mr. Wheeler went to his death feeling neglected and uncared for. The negative impact of poor communication is magnified due to inadequate resources, low literacy, and mistrust of the medical system. Emotional handling of patients in vulnerable populations is crucial because these patients often mistrust physicians and the healthcare system at large.
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Colvin, Lesley A., and Marie Fallon. Cancer-induced bone pain. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0132.
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Bone is the third most common site of metastatic disease, after liver and lung, with approximately 75% of these patients suffering from related pain. Cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) is a major clinical problem, with limited options for predictable, rapid, and effective treatment for some of the elements without unacceptable adverse effects. Our understanding of how current therapy acts is based mainly on studies in non-cancer pain syndromes, which are likely to be quite different, not only in clinical presentation, but also in terms of pathophysiology. It can be difficult to study the specific neurobiological changes associated with CIBP, although development of laboratory models of isolated bone metastases has allowed more specific study of pain mechanisms in this syndrome. In order to evaluate our current therapies properly and direct the development of new therapies logically, it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms of CIBP. This chapter discusses pain processing and the mechanisms and management of CIBP.
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Jones, Christina, Peter Gibb, and Ramona O. Hopkins. Testimonies in Understanding the Psychological and Cognitive Problems Faced by Survivors of Critical Illness. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199398690.003.0001.
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Millions of patients are treated in intensive care units (ICUs) each year, and the number of survivors is growing as a result of advances in critical care medicine. Unfortunately, many survivors of critical illness have substantial morbidity. Physical, psychological, and cognitive impairments are particularly common—so much so that a group of clinicians coined the term “post-intensive care syndrome” (PICS) to help raise awareness. Patients surviving critical illnesses are often quite weak, and physical therapy, hopefully starting in the ICU, is vital. But weakness is only one of the problems critical-illness survivors and their loved ones face. Unfortunately, many survivors are left with cognitive impairment (e.g., impaired memory, attention, and executive functioning), as well as distress-related psychiatric phenomena such as posttraumatic stress and depression. Importantly, these problems are not limited to adult patients, and loved ones also suffer. In this chapter the authors describe their personal journeys in coming to understand the suffering and issues that critical-illness survivors and their families face.
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Beckman, Nancy J., and Marie B. Tobin. Psychiatric Comorbidities in Chronic Pain Syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0033.
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Psychiatric comorbidities are common in patients with chronic pain syndromes. Depression, anxiety, insomnia, somatic symptom disorder, substance use disorders, personality disorders, and problematic coping strategies present unique treatment challenges to pain medicine specialists. Patients with these comorbidities tend to have poorer response to treatment, higher rates of complications, and greater pain-related suffering. To reduce stigma, providers are encouraged to define pain as both a sensory and emotional experience. This intimate connection implies that optimal pain treatment requires concurrent attention to psychosocial well-being. Overlapping biological and psychologic mechanisms in the development of chronic pain and psychiatric disorders may contribute to the high rates of comorbidity. Methods for quickly identifying psychiatric disorders within busy clinic settings and brief interventions that pain specialists can deliver are described. Finally, indications for referral to specialty mental health and the benefits of multidisciplinary treatment, which can include psychiatric medications and evidence-based psychologic treatments, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, are discussed.
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Tapias, Maria. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039171.003.0001.
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This book examines how the intimate experiences of illness and distress are linked to what medical anthropologists refer to as “social suffering”—the broad array of social and structural conditions that underlie human anguish and misery. Drawing on the narratives of market- and working-class women from the small Bolivian town of Punata, the book argues that emotions and the embodiment of emotion are at the heart of various diseases and symptoms. It shows how the political and economic volatility that hit Bolivia during the 1990s and in the first years of the twenty-first century as a result of neoliberal reforms sparked protest on a much smaller scale as people complained and embodied the so-called violences of everyday life. It shows that much of the emotional distress voiced by the women of Punata was related to social conflicts, domestic violence, economic scarcity, and what is termed “failed sociality.” This introduction explains the book's research methodology and provides an overview of the chapters that follow.
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DeSandre, Paul L., and Karen May. Palliative care in the emergency department. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0013.
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The emergency department provides immediate access to medical care for patients and families in crisis. As the proportion of elderly in our populations increases, complications related to advanced illness will likely drive increasing numbers of patients with palliative care needs into emergency departments. In addition to immediately life-threatening situations, severe physical symptoms, psychological distress, social upheaval, or even an unrecognized spiritual crisis near death can overwhelm patients or their caregivers, who come to the emergency department hoping for relief from their suffering. Emergency clinicians must rapidly assess these complex needs while negotiating interventions with effective and efficient communications. This chapter addresses several of these essential clinician skills for effective primary palliative care in the emergency department. These include rapid assessment of patients with palliative care needs, titration of opioids for pain emergencies, efficiently establishing goals of care, skilful and empathic death disclosure, and a structured approach to involving family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
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Schneier, Franklin R., Hilary B. Vidair, Leslie R. Vogel, and Philip R. Muskin. Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Stress Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199326075.003.0006.
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Patients with generalized anxiety disorder experience anxiety related to multiple areas, such as work, finances, and illness. Discrete, unexpected panic attacks and anticipatory anxiety characterize patients with panic disorder. Patients with social anxiety disorder have fear of embarrassment in social situations. Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder are preoccupied with and distressed by inappropriate thoughts, urges, and images. The four cardinal features of posttraumatic stress disorder are intrusive reexperiencing of the initial trauma, avoidance, persistent negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and alterations in arousal and activity. One element common to patients suffering from most of the anxiety disorders is an elevated sensitivity to threat, which appears to involve brain systems identified to mediate “fear” responses, including the amygdala. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are the first-line pharmacotherapy treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder and most of the anxiety and stress disorders. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and stress disorders is an empirically validated time-limited treatment.
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Gaskell, Elizabeth, and Dinah Birch. Cranford. Edited by Elizabeth Porges Watson. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199558308.001.0001.
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A man … is so in the way in the house!’ A vivid and affectionate portrait of a provincial town in early Victorian England, Elizabeth Gaskell’s Cranford describes a community dominated by its independent and refined women. Undaunted by poverty, but dismayed by changes brought by the railway and by new commercial practices, the ladies of Cranford respond to disruption with both suspicion and courage. Miss Matty and her sister Deborah uphold standards and survive personal tragedy and everyday dramas; innovation may bring loss, but it also brings growth, and welcome freedoms. Cranford suggests that representatives of different and apparently hostile social worlds, their minds opened by sympathy and suffering, can learn from each other. Its social comedy develops into a study of generous reconciliation, of a kind that will value the past as it actively shapes the future. This edition includes two related short pieces by Gaskell, ‘The Last Generation in England’ and ‘The Cage at Cranford’, as well as a selection from the diverse literary and social contexts in which the Cranford tales take their place.
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McCrea, Michael A., and Lindsay D. Nelson. Effects of Multiple Concussions. Edited by Ruben Echemendia and Grant L. Iverson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199896585.013.10.
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There is growing concern that suffering multiple sport-related concussions may increase an athlete’s risk of cumulative neurocognitive and neurobehavioral impairment. Many concerns have not been well-validated, however, owing to limited samples of repeatedly concussed players. In this article, we review the theoretical risks and current evidence regarding the extent to which repeat concussions impact players’ experience of and recovery following successive injuries. Concussion effects are considered at multiple levels (e.g., self-reported physical and psychiatric symptoms, neuropsychological performance, and neurophysiological measures) across both the acute and chronic phases of recovery. Recommendations for applying findings to injury management decisions are provided. Although repeat concussions appear to have the potential for cumulative neurophysiological burden, a number of factors (e.g., individual risk for experiencing or responding poorly to injury, recovery time between injuries) appear important to explain discrepant findings among studies and to translate general scientific principles into clinical decisions for individual players. Future work that accumulates larger, prospective samples will allow for clearer delineation of the factors that appear important for predicting how recurrent concussions impact individual athletes.
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Robeck, Ilene, Melvin Pohl, Michael Weaver, Mark Weiner, Herbert Malinoff, Cory Waller, William Haning, and Bonnie B. Wilford, eds. The American Society of Addiction Medicine Handbook on Pain and Addiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.001.0001.
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The ASAM Handbook on Pain and Addiction provides clinical guidance to health care professionals who treat patients with co-occurring pain and addiction. Produced by the largest medical society dedicated to the improvement of addiction care, the handbook takes an evidence-based approach. Its advice is based on the current scientific literature and the advice of well-regarded organizations and government agencies, including NIDA, CDC, SAMHSA, PCSS-O, and ASAM itself. The ASAM Handbook is organized in five sections, which cover the core concepts of pain and addiction; diagnosis and treatment; treating pain in patients with, or at risk for, addiction; treating substance use disorders (SUD) and addiction in patients with co-occurring pain; and adapting treatment to the needs of specific populations. Each chapter concludes with suggestions for further reading on the topics discussed. The Handbook is ideal for primary care practitioners, mental health clinicians, addiction clinicians, and pain clinicians who wish to bridge the knowledge gap related to treating patients suffering from both pain and addiction.
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Prasad, Girijesh. Brain–machine interfaces. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0049.
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A brain–machine interface (BMI) is a biohybrid system intended as an alternative communication channel for people suffering from severe motor impairments. A BMI can involve either invasively implanted electrodes or non-invasive imaging systems. The focus in this chapter is on non-invasive approaches; EEG-based BMI is the most widely investigated. Event-related de-synchronization/ synchronization (ERD/ERS) of sensorimotor rhythms (SMRs), P300, and steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) are the three main cortical activation patterns used for designing an EEG-based BMI. A BMI involves multiple stages: brain data acquisition, pre-processing, feature extraction, and feature classification, along with a device to communicate or control with or without neurofeedback. Despite extensive research worldwide, there are still several challenges to be overcome in making BMI practical for daily use. One such is to account for non-stationary brainwaves dynamics. Also, some people may initially find it difficult to establish a reliable BMI with sufficient accuracy. BMI research, however, is progressing in two broad areas: replacing neuromuscular pathways and neurorehabilitation.
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Cooper, L. Andrew. Dario Argento. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037092.003.0001.
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This book explores the extreme violence that pervades Dario Argento's films, and particularly the ways in which they push the limits of visual and auditory experience by offending, confusing, sickening, and baffling the viewers. It looks at Argento's approach to his work over more than four decades of filmmaking, and his commitment to innovation that is evident in two closely related genres whose disturbing violence reaches previously unrecorded levels of pain, suffering, and mental anguish: crime thriller and supernatural horror. From his directorial debut, The Bird with the Crystal Plumage (1970), to Giallo (2009), Argento's films challenge a viewer's accepted ideas about film spectatorship, meaning, storytelling, and genre. This book also looks at the centrality of collaboration, particularly with family, in Argento's work by analyzing sixteen films that feature him as writer and director. Finally, it discusses how Argento's films function as rhetorical interventions against dominant views on film criticism, interpretation, narrative, and conventions through an examination of interpretive possibilities that connect the films to broader tendencies in film history.
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Finnegan, Cara A. The Presence of Unknown Soldiers and Imaginary Spirits. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039263.003.0002.
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This chapter analyzes close readings of photographs of the battlefield dead at Antietam, published accounts of photographs of unknown soldiers, and public commentary and trial transcripts related to the practice of spirit photography. Such photographs posed considerable reading problems for viewers who were unaccustomed to the idea of photographic representations of death and the afterlife. In a time of national crisis, grief, and trauma, viewers made sense of such images by drawing on their recognition of photography's capacity to produce presence. The chapter first provides an overview of Civil War photography before turning to photographs of unknown soldiers at the Battle of Antietam. It also considers how the most permanent of absences were seemingly erased by the mysterious appearance of the apparent spirits of deceased family and friends in photographic portraits. During a period in which the collective grief of the “republic of suffering” vividly animated public life, those who read both war and spirit photographs recognized the medium's capacity for producing presence in the face of the most traumatic of absences.
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Clapham, Andrew, and Paola Gaeta, eds. The Oxford Handbook of International Law in Armed Conflict. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199559695.001.0001.
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TheHandbookconsists of 32 Chapters in seven parts. Part I provides the historical background and sets out some of the contemporary challenges. Part II considers the relevant sources of international law. Part III describes the different legal regimes: land warfare, air warfare, maritime warfare, the law of occupation, the law applicable to peace operations, and the law of neutrality. Part IV introduces key concepts in international humanitarian law: weapons and the notion of superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering, the principle of distinction, proportionality, genocide and crimes against humanity, grave breaches and war crimes, internal armed conflict. Part V looks at key rights: the right to life, the prohibition on torture, the right to fair trial, economic, social and cultural rights, the protection of the environment, the protection of cultural property, and the human rights of the members of the armed forces. Part VI covers key issues such as: the use of force, terrorism, unlawful combatants, the application of human rights in times of armed conflict, forced migration, and issues of gender. Part VII deals with accountability issues including those related to private security companies, the need to focus on armed groups, as well as questions of state responsibility brought before national courts, and finally, the book addresses issues related to transitional justice.
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Rauch, Sheila A. M., Barbara Olasov Rothbaum, Erin R. Smith, and Edna B. Foa. Prolonged Exposure for PTSD in Intensive Outpatient Programs (PE-IOP). Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190081928.001.0001.
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Trauma can leave a lasting impact on survivors. Some survivors are haunted by intrusive memories; avoid people, places, and situations related to the trauma; and feel constantly on edge due to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related posttrauma reactions. Effective treatment can help survivors suffering with PTSD to process the trauma and no longer feel haunted by traumatic experiences from their past. Prolonged exposure (PE) therapy is a highly effective, flexible, individualized psychotherapy that reduces the symptoms of PTSD. PE is the most widely studied treatment for PTSD, with more than 100 studies showing its efficacy and effectiveness in PTSD and comorbid patient populations affected by single-incident and multiple-incident traumas of all types (e.g., combat, sexual assault, etc.). This manual presents a PE protocol for use in residential and massed programs to provide an innovative new model of care that provides excellent retention and transformational symptom outcomes. Providers are presented with the elements of the PE protocol along with all the logistics for how to provide PE in an intensive outpatient program. Variations and considerations for implementation are presented to allow providers designing programs to consider what best fits their patient population and setting. Patient and provider forms are included for use.
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Clark, Caroline, Jeffrey Cole, Christine Winter, and Geoffrey Grammer. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0005.
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Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often fail to resolve with psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, or integrative medicine treatments. Given these limitations, there is a continued push to discover treatment methods utilizing novel mechanisms of action. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) offers a non-invasive and safe method of brain stimulation that modulates neuronal activity in a focal area to achieve excitation or inhibition, and may have utility for patients suffering from PTSD, although, to date, evidence of efficacy is limited. The TMS treatment can be varied to suit the needs of the patient by altering the selection of the specific treatment parameters, such as pulse frequency or stimulation intensity. The weight of evidence to date supports treatment of either the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or the medical prefrontal cortex. Coupling treatment with script based exposure therapies may also assist with potentiation of the extinction response. Ultimately, stimulation parameters may be related to secondary downstream effects, and thus current targets may indirectly reverse the underlying neuronal pathophysiology. Given that PTSD is a complex illness with a poorly understood pathophysiology, it often exists with other psychiatric comorbidities or TBI. As such, TMS could be an effective part of a comprehensive treatment program.
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Williams, Monnica T. Managing Microaggressions. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190875237.001.0001.
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Abstract: This book is intended to provide clinicians and trainees with a better understanding of racial microaggressions as they relate to therapy. This book provides thorough information on the research surrounding microaggressions as well as practical skills to use in session with clients. Microaggressions can be hard to spot and hard to understand. This book provides needed tools to identify microagressive behavior. It also outlines the research on how microaggressions can be damaging to people of color, causes of microaggressions, how to prevent them from happening, and how to help clients suffering as a result of experiencing them. Furthermore, it provides support for therapists of color on how to navigate microaggressions within their professional sphere. The book also describes validated measures and clinical interviews that may be used to better understand microaggressions and other cultural concepts relevant to clients. This book is a road map readers can use to begin their journey toward culturally competence to avoid microaggressive behavior in their profession and in their life in general. Case examples, therapeutic interactions, and discussion scenarios supplement the information provided. Finally, it outlines controversies regarding microaggressions and future directions related to this concept.
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Incayawar, Mario, and Sioui Maldonado Bouchard, eds. Overlapping Pain and Psychiatric Syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190248253.001.0001.
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When a health practitioner is at the bedside of a patient suffering from chronic pain and a psychiatric comorbid condition, he is facing a true clinical conundrum. The comorbidity is frequent yet poorly understood, the diagnosis is difficult and the treatment that follows is less than appropriate. Pain conditions and psychiatric disorders have customarily been understood and treated as different and separate clinical entities, to the detriment of patients’ wellbeing. Fathoming the overlapping pain and psychiatric disorders is in the interest of everyone involved in healthcare, including doctors, nurses, pain specialists, psychiatrists, social workers, psychologists, hospital administrators, and health policymakers. There is a wide overlap of chronic pain conditions and psychiatric disorders. Pain and psychiatric comorbidity is frequent in the population, yet it is poorly understood. The societal burden of mental illness and pain is enormous; it could approach one trillion dollars annually in the USA. Compounding to the economic burden, are the liability related to stigma, shame, bias, discrimination, health disparities, inequities in care, and health injustice. Recent scientific and technological developments in digital medicine, artificial intelligence, pharmacogenetics, genetics, epigenetics, and neuroscience promise beneficial quality changes to medical care and education. The pain medicine and psychiatry of the future will consider patients as human beings embedded in their physical and social environments. This book provides a glimpse in that direction.
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Westendorf, Jasmine-Kim. Violating Peace. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748059.001.0001.
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This book investigates sexual misconduct by military peacekeepers and abuses perpetrated by civilian peacekeepers and non-UN civilian interveners. Based on extensive field research in Bosnia, Timor-Leste, and with the UN and humanitarian communities, the book uncovers a brutal truth about peacebuilding as it investigates how such behaviors affect the capacity of the international community to achieve its goals related to stability and peacebuilding, and its legitimacy in the eyes of local and global populations. As the book shows, when interveners perpetrate sexual exploitation and abuse, they undermine the operational capacity of the international community to effectively build peace after civil wars and to alleviate human suffering in crises. Furthermore, sexual misconduct by interveners poses a significant risk to the perceived legitimacy of the multilateral peacekeeping project, and the United Nations more generally, with ramifications for the nature and dynamics of United Nations in future peace operations. The book illustrates how sexual exploitation and abuse relates to other challenges facing UN peacekeeping, and shows how such misconduct is deeply linked to the broader cultures and structures within which peacekeepers work, and which shape their perceptions of and interactions with local communities. Effectively preventing such behaviors is crucial to global peace, order, and justice. The book thus identifies how policies might be improved in the future, based on an account of why they have failed to date.