Academic literature on the topic 'Suffix derivation'

This study aimed to see types of derivation, processes undergone, and structures of derived words. This study used content analysis selecting four headline articles from The Jakarta Post newspaper. The findings showed that three types of derivations: derivational prefix, derivational suffix, and multiple derivations were obtained. Each of derivation indicated 14 types of structures of derived words relating to derivation; 3 relating to derivational prefix, 3 types of derivational suffix, and 8 types to multiple derivations. Relating to processes of derivations, there were class of maintaining derivation and class of changing derivation. Derivational prefix brought to change in meaning (class maintaining derivation) and derivational suffix caused the change both in meaning and category (class changing derivation).

The first attempts to correct the verb įtakoti and, naturally, its derivatives were observed in the 1970s. The main assumption for correcting (not to mention a certain “tradition” of correcting) is as follows: įtaka – an inflectional derivative from įtekėti, therefore suffixal derivatives with -oti are not possible from the systemic perspective. Thus, this is the influence of the Russian language. However, such an assumption is erroneous and originates from misinterpretation of derivation and history of correcting. The article aims to show that, on the one hand, įtaka → įtakoti can be seen as a regular model of derivation and, on the other hand, if the noun įtaka is considered to be a loan translation, there is no reason for thinking that it functions in the language differently from all the other a-stem nouns, which serve as basis for derivatives with the suffix -oti. 
 Abundancy of systemic examples of derivative verbs with the suffix -oti shows that the neologism įtakoti are in the same group with pasakoti and sąlygoti. They are prefixal verbs, i.e., derivatives with the suffix -oti from prefixal deverbative nouns: įtekėti → įtaka → įtakoti; nuimti → nuoma → nuomoti; pasekti → pasaka → pasakoti; pravežti → pravėža → pravėžoti; sulygti → sąlyga → sąlygoti. Therefore, correction of the verb įtakoti is not justified from the perspective of systemic word derivation.
 If įtaka is generally regarded as a part of derivational system of the Lithuanian language (and this is true, because it is a submorphemic loan translation, europeism, book neologism, although structurally successfully matching with examples of productive derivation models and likely to be influenced by analogous processes), its functioning in the Lithuanian language does not differ from other a-stem nouns – the derivational model of suffix -oti from the a-stem is abundant. The derivatives with this suffix are frequently derived from base nouns as well as from deverbatives, sometimes even from prefixal or concrete or even abstract nouns; the meaning of derivation does not fall out of the context here. Names of persons with the suffix -tojas are formed in big numbers and a systemic way from derivatives with the suffix -oti and with the root of verb – pasakotojas, sąlygotojas, nuomotojas, pravėžotojas, įtakotojas.
 The suffix -oti is successfully used to derive verbs from prefixal deverbatives, although some limitations can also be observed – the derivative with suffix -oti is not made from įlanka. This leads only to one conclusion – a theoretical approach to a model of derivation has to be all-encompassing and considering various possibilities. Moreover, exaggerated support/denial of a certain model leads to erroneous generalizations. In general, in such complex systems (a) there is always a considerable diversity of non-systemic usage – due to different frequency of usage as well as because of historical and cognitive reasons, (b) there are always blank spaces that appear due to formally different but semantically identical or very close derivation models, which usually have to be evaluated not only from the systemic point of view but also considering a common sense of language and live speech of people (aras/erelis, siuvėjas/siūtojas, rašytojas/rašėjas, pasakoti/padangoti…).
 Due to all the aforesaid circumstances, the verb įtakoti is a systemic derivative/loan translation, which occupies a reasonable place in one or another derivation sub-system in the Lithuanian language as well as a fact of live speech, which does not contradict the systemic structure of language.

Abstract The article analyses the motivation and word­formation structure of the name of the sunflower (bot. Helianthus annuus L.) in dialects of Slavonic languages according to the data given in the Slavonic Linguistic Atlas and in the national dialectal atlases. The characteristic reaction of this plant of American origin to the sunlight motivated the emergence of its names with a word­stem, which is continuation of the Proto Slavonic stem *sъln- in the entire Slavonic language territory. The word­formation type ‘derivative base + derivation suffix’ is typical for the West Slavonic, Slovenian, Ukrainian and Belarusian dialects. For Russian dialects, the characteristic word­formation model is ‘derivation prefix + derivative base + derivation suffix’. Composites like suncokret, suncogled, parallel to the structurally same Italian names girasole, mirasole and Greek name heliotropion, are typical for dialects of the South Slavonic macro­area (except Slovenian and part of the Croatian dialects).

The paper focusestwo word-formation models, functioning into the system of Slavic dialect derivation of nouns: 1) -da, -anda, -enda, -inda, -onda, -unda, -ynda; 2) -ом(а), -омля (mainly attested in the East Slavic area). Ironically, these suffixing word-formation models traditionally are ignored by authors of studies, dedicated to the derivation of nouns in Slavic dialect speech. Perhaps, above-mentioned formatives were not classified as separate means of derivation for a reason of including words with these suffixes in the category of expressive lexemes (such words are characterized by phonetic transformations resulting in the deviation of word-building structure, «mutation» of the end of the word). The author explains genesis of both series suffixes as morphologization of phonetic phenomena, which, have going beyond dialect sound processes, became separate word-building means. With regards to some derivatives with -ом(а) is stressed, that it is the difficulty to distinguish cases, where -ом(а) shows clipping of mentioned suffix, and examples of ancient superlatives containing suffix -m- or adjectives, derived by means of participle suffix -om- involved into the system of desubstantive word-formation.

This research is entitled A Morphological Study of Affixes Used by Major and Minor Characters in the Novel Through the Looking Glass. The objectives of this research are to identify the affixes, to find out the derivation and inflection changes used by characters in the novel Through the Looking Glass and to find out the most dominant affixes. The method of this research is qualitative research. The results of this research are: (1) affixes found at major characters are suffix, prefix, and confix. Afterward, affixes found at minor characters are suffix and prefix, (2) this research found 40 derivations and 85 inflection used by major characters. Besides, this research found six derivations and 17 inflections used by minor characters, and (3) the most dominant affix found at characters are suffix. In total of suffixes used by major character, there were 31 –ing, 10 –ly, 42 –s, 3 –y, 3 –able, 2 –ation, - -d, 15 –ed, 4 –er, 3 –es, 1-est, 2 –ful, 1 –ination, 1 –ish, 3 –ment, 1 –ness, 1 –or, 1 –ous, 1 –t, and 1 -th. Afterward, suffix found at minor characters there were 1 –ance, 4 –ing, 2 –es, 10 –s, 1 –ly, and 1 –ed.

The relevance of the study of the history of null suffix derivation as an important component of the Ukrainian word-forming system is substantiated. The origin of Proto-Slavic derivatives is revealed with the help of thematic vowels *a, *ŏ, *and, *ŭ, which originally served as a means of noun word formation, their original meaning is no longer restored. It was found that the materially expressed suffixes in the Proto-Slavic language had a specific character, they combined two functions: word-forming and inflectional, which gave rise to call them suffixes-inflections or protonulsuffixal forms. Subsequent common language changes (phonetic, morphological) caused the loss of the material index of origin, while preserving the structural and semantic connections of creative and derivative formations. The description of lexical-word-forming types of null suffix masculine deverbatives in the ancient Russian-Ukrainian language of the XI–XIII centuries is carried out. based on the materials of the first written monuments of the Ukrainian language and lexicographical works that reflect the vocabulary of this period. The selected derivatives have a general word-forming meaning “carrier of a procedural feature” or “objectified action or state”. These groups of derivatives represent lexical-word-forming types of names of persons by permanent or temporary occupation or profession, names of persons-bearers of procedural attribute (behavior, views, family relations, social status, etc.), names of subjects of action as a collective concept. Several attributive names of animals, less often of plants, have been documented. Lexical-word-forming types of null-suffix derivatives in the word-forming field of inanimate objects are described: natural phenomena, natural disasters, names of natural objects, locatives, structures, tools, results of physical or intellectual action, etc. In the group of derivatives with the general word-forming meaning “objectified action or state” groups of derivatives are analyzed, which name the action of greater or lesser intensity as an object, names of human actions (positive or negative) human feelings, desires, inner state, names of intellectual action processes. Selected linguistic facts give grounds to assert that the zero-suffix creation of masculine nouns in the ancient Russian-Ukrainian language was a common phenomenon, which laid a strong foundation for further activation of the zero formant in the noun derivation. Keywords: history of null-suffix derivation, pro-noun suffix formants, general word-forming meaning, lexical-word-forming types, carrier of procedural feature, objectified action or state.

Research has shown that in contemporary political communication there are often derivatives belonging to the category of abstract feature names derived from the names of politicians. In total, I amassed 166 such units. I analyze their word-formation structure and the meaning that results not only from morphology, but is also contextually conditioned. The most productive is the suffix -izm/-yzm (gierkizm, schetynizm, balcerowizm) and the suffix -izna/-yzna (komorowszczyzna, michnikowszczyzna). Formations formed with the help of other suffixes are definitely less numerous, e.g. -ość (kaczyńskość), -ada (kukiziada) or complex formants: -aizm (dudaizm), -stwo (kaczorstwo), -ostwo (pawłowiczostwo), - arstwo (palikociarstwo) and -olioza (palikotolioza). Other derivative mechanisms are used to create odantroponimic names of ideology and a set of views, e.g. paradigmatic derivation with the disintegration of the topic (olszewia) or complex derivation (korwinomania, wałęsocentryzm). The derivatives in question are most often used by people who do not accept the phenomena signed by these words. The high frequency of names is undoubtedly influenced by new forms of communication, especially the Internet, and the mediatization of politics.

This article discusses the further derivation of already derived words. With the help of a problem-solving strategy (Gauss-Jordan elimination) borrowed from mathematics, a solution to the suffix order puzzle is suggested. It is shown that there is a systematic relationship between a derived base (terminating in SUFF1) and the syntactic-category specification of the SUFF2 suffixes that attach to it. There is a clear tendency for a SUFF1 to select only one particular SUFF2 of a major syntactic category (word class), N, V and ADJ. If more than one SUFF2 with the same syntactic (word-class) specification exists, either one of the SUFF2 suffixes applies by default (i.e. most of the derivatives exhibit that suffix) or semantic rules differentiate between the different SUFF2 suffixes and allow the attachment of only one particular SUFF2 depending on what the speaker intends and due to blocking. Moreover, since derivation is prototypically word-class-changing, SUFF1 and SUFF2 usually have different word-class specifications. The syntactic specification of a suffix is cognitively defined in terms of semantic concepts. Data from English and Bulgarian illustrate the argument.

<p>Affixation is one of the process of morphological in Mandarin. Affixes are bound morphemes that are added to other morphemes to form larger units such as words, especially to form a compound word (成词 héchéng cí). Mandarin has two types of affixes: prefixes (precedes the morpheme) and suffixes (follows the morpheme). Prefixes are rare in Mandarin, such as {初chū-}, {第dì-}, {非fēi-}, {可kĕ-}, etc;while suffixes are more numerous, such as {儿-er}, {化 –huā}, {家 –jiā}, {们 –men}, {员 –yuán}, {者 –zhĕ}, {子-zi}, etc. In Mandarin, affix morphemes can also be divided into two functional categories, namely inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes, both refers two principal word formation processes: inflection and derivation. Although, Mandarin is not the inflection language, only prefix {初chū-} and suffix {们–men} are inflectional morphemes. Therefore, the derivation process is more productive in Mandarin. Derivational morphemes form new words by changing the meaning of the base (root) and the word class. In consequence, derivation in Mandarin may cause a change of word classes; such as nouns, verbs, and adjective, but generally form nouns.</p>

The paper outlines the dynamics and competition of suffixes for the formation of one-stem and two-stem nouns (nomina agentis, nomina actoris, nomina abstracta, nomina essendi, nomina loci) in the Old Bulgarian, Middle Bulgarian and Modern Bulgarian period in the development of the modern Bulgarian written language. The Old Bulgarian written canon (the accessible Preslav and Ohrid manuscripts from 10-12 c.), a wide range of manuscripts and lexical indices of manuscripts from 13-15 c. (some of them not studied until now), late Renaissance lexicographic studies from 18 c. (mostly the excerpted lexical data in Nayden Gerov’s Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language, v. I-VI, etc.) and studies of the synchronic Bulgarian lexis (Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language 1-15 volumes, etc.) have been put to use for the purposes of the analysis.The paper studies the productive/bound and non-productive/unbound suffix morphemes of deverbatives, denominatives and deadjectival nouns in the different historical periods and outlines their diachronic qualitative tendencies. It seeks to establish the reasons for the gradual limiting of suffix derivation as a word-formation process. These include among others the transformation of the Bulgarian language from a synthetic into an analytic one; the perception of some affixes as uneuphonic or as borrowed; the progressively limited transfer of foreign derivational models (through morpheme-to-morpheme translation from Greek in the Middle Ages or through borrowing of Russian affixes in the Renaissance, as well as their higher frequency since the 1940s); the tendency for economy of derivational synonymy; the interrelation of suffix derivatives and the genre and stylistic features of the text. The paper enumerates the active inherited and newly created derivational formants-suffixes in the Bulgarian language, while the researcher strives not to illustrate the full list of derivational suffixes in modern Bulgarian, which have already been studied, but rather to elucidate the qualitative fluctuations and the realization of suffixes. The formants have been inspected from a semasiological point of view as well — as a resource for the production of semantic doublets. Thus, the paper adds a new perspective to the kaleidoscope of Bulgarian historical morphology.