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1
Arbain, Arbain. "DERIVATIONS IN HEADLINE ARTICLES OF THE JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER." IJOLTL: Indonesian Journal of Language Teaching and Linguistics 2, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/ijoltl.v2i1.230.
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This study aimed to see types of derivation, processes undergone, and structures of derived words. This study used content analysis selecting four headline articles from The Jakarta Post newspaper. The findings showed that three types of derivations: derivational prefix, derivational suffix, and multiple derivations were obtained. Each of derivation indicated 14 types of structures of derived words relating to derivation; 3 relating to derivational prefix, 3 types of derivational suffix, and 8 types to multiple derivations. Relating to processes of derivations, there were class of maintaining derivation and class of changing derivation. Derivational prefix brought to change in meaning (class maintaining derivation) and derivational suffix caused the change both in meaning and category (class changing derivation).
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Smetona, Antanas. "Regarding the Verb “ĮTAKOTI”." Lietuvių kalba, no. 16 (December 30, 2021): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2021.5.
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The first attempts to correct the verb įtakoti and, naturally, its derivatives were observed in the 1970s. The main assumption for correcting (not to mention a certain “tradition” of correcting) is as follows: įtaka – an inflectional derivative from įtekėti, therefore suffixal derivatives with -oti are not possible from the systemic perspective. Thus, this is the influence of the Russian language. However, such an assumption is erroneous and originates from misinterpretation of derivation and history of correcting. The article aims to show that, on the one hand, įtaka → įtakoti can be seen as a regular model of derivation and, on the other hand, if the noun įtaka is considered to be a loan translation, there is no reason for thinking that it functions in the language differently from all the other a-stem nouns, which serve as basis for derivatives with the suffix -oti.
Abundancy of systemic examples of derivative verbs with the suffix -oti shows that the neologism įtakoti are in the same group with pasakoti and sąlygoti. They are prefixal verbs, i.e., derivatives with the suffix -oti from prefixal deverbative nouns: įtekėti → įtaka → įtakoti; nuimti → nuoma → nuomoti; pasekti → pasaka → pasakoti; pravežti → pravėža → pravėžoti; sulygti → sąlyga → sąlygoti. Therefore, correction of the verb įtakoti is not justified from the perspective of systemic word derivation.
If įtaka is generally regarded as a part of derivational system of the Lithuanian language (and this is true, because it is a submorphemic loan translation, europeism, book neologism, although structurally successfully matching with examples of productive derivation models and likely to be influenced by analogous processes), its functioning in the Lithuanian language does not differ from other a-stem nouns – the derivational model of suffix -oti from the a-stem is abundant. The derivatives with this suffix are frequently derived from base nouns as well as from deverbatives, sometimes even from prefixal or concrete or even abstract nouns; the meaning of derivation does not fall out of the context here. Names of persons with the suffix -tojas are formed in big numbers and a systemic way from derivatives with the suffix -oti and with the root of verb – pasakotojas, sąlygotojas, nuomotojas, pravėžotojas, įtakotojas.
The suffix -oti is successfully used to derive verbs from prefixal deverbatives, although some limitations can also be observed – the derivative with suffix -oti is not made from įlanka. This leads only to one conclusion – a theoretical approach to a model of derivation has to be all-encompassing and considering various possibilities. Moreover, exaggerated support/denial of a certain model leads to erroneous generalizations. In general, in such complex systems (a) there is always a considerable diversity of non-systemic usage – due to different frequency of usage as well as because of historical and cognitive reasons, (b) there are always blank spaces that appear due to formally different but semantically identical or very close derivation models, which usually have to be evaluated not only from the systemic point of view but also considering a common sense of language and live speech of people (aras/erelis, siuvėjas/siūtojas, rašytojas/rašėjas, pasakoti/padangoti…).
Due to all the aforesaid circumstances, the verb įtakoti is a systemic derivative/loan translation, which occupies a reasonable place in one or another derivation sub-system in the Lithuanian language as well as a fact of live speech, which does not contradict the systemic structure of language.
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Ferenčíková, Adriana. "Motivácia A Slovotvorná Štruktúra Pomenovania Slnečnice V Slovanských Jazykoch." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 69, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2019-0016.
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Abstract The article analyses the motivation and wordformation structure of the name of the sunflower (bot. Helianthus annuus L.) in dialects of Slavonic languages according to the data given in the Slavonic Linguistic Atlas and in the national dialectal atlases. The characteristic reaction of this plant of American origin to the sunlight motivated the emergence of its names with a wordstem, which is continuation of the Proto Slavonic stem *sъln- in the entire Slavonic language territory. The wordformation type ‘derivative base + derivation suffix’ is typical for the West Slavonic, Slovenian, Ukrainian and Belarusian dialects. For Russian dialects, the characteristic wordformation model is ‘derivation prefix + derivative base + derivation suffix’. Composites like suncokret, suncogled, parallel to the structurally same Italian names girasole, mirasole and Greek name heliotropion, are typical for dialects of the South Slavonic macroarea (except Slovenian and part of the Croatian dialects).
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Iliadi, Alexander. "A NOTE ON SLAVIC WORD-FORMATION." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2021, no. 32 (2021): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2021-32-5.
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The paper focusestwo word-formation models, functioning into the system of Slavic dialect derivation of nouns: 1) -da, -anda, -enda, -inda, -onda, -unda, -ynda; 2) -ом(а), -омля (mainly attested in the East Slavic area). Ironically, these suffixing word-formation models traditionally are ignored by authors of studies, dedicated to the derivation of nouns in Slavic dialect speech. Perhaps, above-mentioned formatives were not classified as separate means of derivation for a reason of including words with these suffixes in the category of expressive lexemes (such words are characterized by phonetic transformations resulting in the deviation of word-building structure, «mutation» of the end of the word). The author explains genesis of both series suffixes as morphologization of phonetic phenomena, which, have going beyond dialect sound processes, became separate word-building means. With regards to some derivatives with -ом(а) is stressed, that it is the difficulty to distinguish cases, where -ом(а) shows clipping of mentioned suffix, and examples of ancient superlatives containing suffix -m- or adjectives, derived by means of participle suffix -om- involved into the system of desubstantive word-formation.
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Dewi, Puspita. "A Morphological Study of Affixes Used by Major and Minor Characters in the Novel Through the Looking Glass." PIONEER: Journal of Language and Literature 11, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.36841/pioneer.v11i2.481.
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This research is entitled A Morphological Study of Affixes Used by Major and Minor Characters in the Novel Through the Looking Glass. The objectives of this research are to identify the affixes, to find out the derivation and inflection changes used by characters in the novel Through the Looking Glass and to find out the most dominant affixes. The method of this research is qualitative research. The results of this research are: (1) affixes found at major characters are suffix, prefix, and confix. Afterward, affixes found at minor characters are suffix and prefix, (2) this research found 40 derivations and 85 inflection used by major characters. Besides, this research found six derivations and 17 inflections used by minor characters, and (3) the most dominant affix found at characters are suffix. In total of suffixes used by major character, there were 31 –ing, 10 –ly, 42 –s, 3 –y, 3 –able, 2 –ation, - -d, 15 –ed, 4 –er, 3 –es, 1-est, 2 –ful, 1 –ination, 1 –ish, 3 –ment, 1 –ness, 1 –or, 1 –ous, 1 –t, and 1 -th. Afterward, suffix found at minor characters there were 1 –ance, 4 –ing, 2 –es, 10 –s, 1 –ly, and 1 –ed.
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Bilousenko, Рetro. "Lexico-word-forming types of nulsufixal nouns in the Ukrainian language of the XI-XIII centuries (male derivatives)." Ukrainska mova, no. 3 (2020): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrmova2020.03.003.
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The relevance of the study of the history of null suffix derivation as an important component of the Ukrainian word-forming system is substantiated. The origin of Proto-Slavic derivatives is revealed with the help of thematic vowels *a, *ŏ, *and, *ŭ, which originally served as a means of noun word formation, their original meaning is no longer restored. It was found that the materially expressed suffixes in the Proto-Slavic language had a specific character, they combined two functions: word-forming and inflectional, which gave rise to call them suffixes-inflections or protonulsuffixal forms. Subsequent common language changes (phonetic, morphological) caused the loss of the material index of origin, while preserving the structural and semantic connections of creative and derivative formations. The description of lexical-word-forming types of null suffix masculine deverbatives in the ancient Russian-Ukrainian language of the XI–XIII centuries is carried out. based on the materials of the first written monuments of the Ukrainian language and lexicographical works that reflect the vocabulary of this period. The selected derivatives have a general word-forming meaning “carrier of a procedural feature” or “objectified action or state”. These groups of derivatives represent lexical-word-forming types of names of persons by permanent or temporary occupation or profession, names of persons-bearers of procedural attribute (behavior, views, family relations, social status, etc.), names of subjects of action as a collective concept. Several attributive names of animals, less often of plants, have been documented. Lexical-word-forming types of null-suffix derivatives in the word-forming field of inanimate objects are described: natural phenomena, natural disasters, names of natural objects, locatives, structures, tools, results of physical or intellectual action, etc. In the group of derivatives with the general word-forming meaning “objectified action or state” groups of derivatives are analyzed, which name the action of greater or lesser intensity as an object, names of human actions (positive or negative) human feelings, desires, inner state, names of intellectual action processes. Selected linguistic facts give grounds to assert that the zero-suffix creation of masculine nouns in the ancient Russian-Ukrainian language was a common phenomenon, which laid a strong foundation for further activation of the zero formant in the noun derivation. Keywords: history of null-suffix derivation, pro-noun suffix formants, general word-forming meaning, lexical-word-forming types, carrier of procedural feature, objectified action or state.
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Dawidziak-Kładoczna, Małgorzata. "The word formation potential of politicians’ surnames on the example of the category of names of abstract features." Oblicza Komunikacji 12 (June 24, 2021): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2083-5345.12.9.
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Research has shown that in contemporary political communication there are often derivatives belonging to the category of abstract feature names derived from the names of politicians. In total, I amassed 166 such units. I analyze their word-formation structure and the meaning that results not only from morphology, but is also contextually conditioned. The most productive is the suffix -izm/-yzm (gierkizm, schetynizm, balcerowizm) and the suffix -izna/-yzna (komorowszczyzna, michnikowszczyzna). Formations formed with the help of other suffixes are definitely less numerous, e.g. -ość (kaczyńskość), -ada (kukiziada) or complex formants: -aizm (dudaizm), -stwo (kaczorstwo), -ostwo (pawłowiczostwo), - arstwo (palikociarstwo) and -olioza (palikotolioza). Other derivative mechanisms are used to create odantroponimic names of ideology and a set of views, e.g. paradigmatic derivation with the disintegration of the topic (olszewia) or complex derivation (korwinomania, wałęsocentryzm). The derivatives in question are most often used by people who do not accept the phenomena signed by these words. The high frequency of names is undoubtedly influenced by new forms of communication, especially the Internet, and the mediatization of politics.
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Manova, Stela. "A cognitive approach to SUFF1-SUFF2 combinations: A tribute to Carl Friedrich Gauss." Word Structure 4, no. 2 (October 2011): 272–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2011.0014.
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This article discusses the further derivation of already derived words. With the help of a problem-solving strategy (Gauss-Jordan elimination) borrowed from mathematics, a solution to the suffix order puzzle is suggested. It is shown that there is a systematic relationship between a derived base (terminating in SUFF1) and the syntactic-category specification of the SUFF2 suffixes that attach to it. There is a clear tendency for a SUFF1 to select only one particular SUFF2 of a major syntactic category (word class), N, V and ADJ. If more than one SUFF2 with the same syntactic (word-class) specification exists, either one of the SUFF2 suffixes applies by default (i.e. most of the derivatives exhibit that suffix) or semantic rules differentiate between the different SUFF2 suffixes and allow the attachment of only one particular SUFF2 depending on what the speaker intends and due to blocking. Moreover, since derivation is prototypically word-class-changing, SUFF1 and SUFF2 usually have different word-class specifications. The syntactic specification of a suffix is cognitively defined in terms of semantic concepts. Data from English and Bulgarian illustrate the argument.
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Chandra, Yulie Neila. "Morfem Derivasional dalam Bahasa Mandarin." Paradigma, Jurnal Kajian Budaya 3, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17510/paradigma.v3i1.35.
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<p>Affixation is one of the process of morphological in Mandarin. Affixes are bound morphemes that are added to other morphemes to form larger units such as words, especially to form a compound word (成词 héchéng cí). Mandarin has two types of affixes: prefixes (precedes the morpheme) and suffixes (follows the morpheme). Prefixes are rare in Mandarin, such as {初chū-}, {第dì-}, {非fēi-}, {可kĕ-}, etc;while suffixes are more numerous, such as {儿-er}, {化 –huā}, {家 –jiā}, {们 –men}, {员 –yuán}, {者 –zhĕ}, {子-zi}, etc. In Mandarin, affix morphemes can also be divided into two functional categories, namely inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes, both refers two principal word formation processes: inflection and derivation. Although, Mandarin is not the inflection language, only prefix {初chū-} and suffix {们–men} are inflectional morphemes. Therefore, the derivation process is more productive in Mandarin. Derivational morphemes form new words by changing the meaning of the base (root) and the word class. In consequence, derivation in Mandarin may cause a change of word classes; such as nouns, verbs, and adjective, but generally form nouns.</p>
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G. Ilieva, Teodora. "A DIACHRONIC PERSPECTIVE ON SUFFIX DERIVATION OF NOUNS IN THE MODERN BULGARIAN LANGUAGE." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 7 (December 5, 2018): 2203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij28072203t.
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The paper outlines the dynamics and competition of suffixes for the formation of one-stem and two-stem nouns (nomina agentis, nomina actoris, nomina abstracta, nomina essendi, nomina loci) in the Old Bulgarian, Middle Bulgarian and Modern Bulgarian period in the development of the modern Bulgarian written language. The Old Bulgarian written canon (the accessible Preslav and Ohrid manuscripts from 10-12 c.), a wide range of manuscripts and lexical indices of manuscripts from 13-15 c. (some of them not studied until now), late Renaissance lexicographic studies from 18 c. (mostly the excerpted lexical data in Nayden Gerov’s Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language, v. I-VI, etc.) and studies of the synchronic Bulgarian lexis (Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language 1-15 volumes, etc.) have been put to use for the purposes of the analysis.The paper studies the productive/bound and non-productive/unbound suffix morphemes of deverbatives, denominatives and deadjectival nouns in the different historical periods and outlines their diachronic qualitative tendencies. It seeks to establish the reasons for the gradual limiting of suffix derivation as a word-formation process. These include among others the transformation of the Bulgarian language from a synthetic into an analytic one; the perception of some affixes as uneuphonic or as borrowed; the progressively limited transfer of foreign derivational models (through morpheme-to-morpheme translation from Greek in the Middle Ages or through borrowing of Russian affixes in the Renaissance, as well as their higher frequency since the 1940s); the tendency for economy of derivational synonymy; the interrelation of suffix derivatives and the genre and stylistic features of the text. The paper enumerates the active inherited and newly created derivational formants-suffixes in the Bulgarian language, while the researcher strives not to illustrate the full list of derivational suffixes in modern Bulgarian, which have already been studied, but rather to elucidate the qualitative fluctuations and the realization of suffixes. The formants have been inspected from a semasiological point of view as well — as a resource for the production of semantic doublets. Thus, the paper adds a new perspective to the kaleidoscope of Bulgarian historical morphology.
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Schwindt, Luiz Carlos. "Underlying representation of [w]-final words in Brazilian Portuguese: Evidence from morphological derivation." Acta Linguistica Academica 68, no. 1-2 (July 24, 2021): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2062.2021.00482.
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AbstractThis paper deals with the underlying representation of [w]-final words in Brazilian Portuguese, usually spelled with <l> and pronounced as [w] and occasionally as [ɫ] (e.g., papel / [paˈpɛw] ~ [paˈpɛɫ] ‘paper’). It focuses on non-verbs derived by a vowel-initial suffix preceded by [l] (e.g., papel+eiro ‘paper+suffix’ / [papeˈlejɾʊ] ‘papermaker’; cliente+ismo ‘client+suffix’ / [kliẽnteˈlizmʊ] ‘patronage’). The results from a pseudoword task answered by 219 participants contrasted to lexicon data from Corpus Brasileiro show that native speakers associate such derived forms with bases already containing [l] in the last syllable, either in the onset or the coda position. This observation is interpreted in a constraint-based approach, with the assumption that a demand for alignment between vowel-initial suffixes and roots closed by /l/, along with the requirement for phonological correspondence between base and derivative, is highly ranked in a grammar that accounts for learning morphophonological representations in the language.
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Susilawati, Susilawati, and Fennia Bintari Putri. "DERIVATION AND AFFIXATION PROCESS IN SPEECH OF DANANJAYA HETTIARACHCHI." PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 1, no. 3 (June 11, 2018): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v1i3.p217-224.
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This journal discussed about the derivation and affixation process in English speech. Derivation is one type of linguistics morphology that involved word formation, and there are affixes used to construct new word. The aims is to analyzed what kinds of derivation and affixation mostly used on Dananjaya Hettiarachchi speech (I See Something). The data are all words containing derivation and affixation that found in Dananjaya Hettiarachchi Speech entitled I See Something. The descriptive qualitative method used to analyze the data. The technique of data collecting is documentation from https://www.linkedin.com/ accessed on May 23, 2018. From the data collection, the researchers found that adjective formation is the mostly used in the derivational process, which consist of 6 variations in 13 words. The second is noun formation, which consist of 3 variations in 12 words. The third is adverb formation, which consist of 3 variations in 3 words. And the last is verb formation, which consist of 2 variations in 2 words. While the affixes that mostly used is suffix, which consist of 11 suffixes used. The second is prefixing only 1 prefix used. And the researchers didn’t found infix on the speech text. Keywords: Derivation, Affixation, Process, Speech.
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Rosliana, Lina. "Sufiks Pembentuk Verba Transitif Dan Intransitif Dalam Bahasa Jepang." KIRYOKU 3, no. 1 (June 14, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/kiryoku.v3i1.17-27.
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(Title: Suffix Formers of Transitive And Intransitive Verbs In Japanese Language) This research aims to explain the process of formation verbs from the suffix of transitive and intransitive verb formers and their meanings. The data in this research were taken from Asahi Shinbun website, More Zasshi, News Livedoor and various other Japanese websites. The method which used in this research is descriptive method, and for data analysis using agih method. The theory which used in this research are verb, derivation and verb-forming suffix theory. The results of the research show that (1) There are 5 types of verb-forming suffixes: suffix –garu,-maru, -meru, -mu, and –suru, (2) Suffix –garu can be attached to adjective-i, adjective-na and -tai forms that can produce transitive and intransitive verbs (3) Suffix -maru can be attached to adjective-i and produce the intransitive verb (4) Suffix -meru can be attached to adjective-i and produce the transitive verb (5) Suffix -mu can be attached to adjective-i which can produce transitive and intransitive verbs (6) Suffix -suru can be attached to nouns and adverbs that can produce transitive or intransitive verbs (7) Some of verb-forming suffix can changes the meaning of the original word and some just changes the application.
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Yu, Seung Sub. "A Study of Argument Formation on Suffix Derivation Causative Sentence." HAN-GEUL 276 (June 30, 2007): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22557/hg.2007.06.276.77.
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Yu, Seung Sub. "A Study of Argument Structure on Suffix Derivation Passive Sentence." HAN-GEUL 303 (March 31, 2014): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22557/hg.2014.03.303.77.
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Ernits, Enn. "Kraasna nominal derivation." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 12, no. 2 (December 20, 2021): 313–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2021.12.2.12.
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This article examines the derivation of Kraasna nominals using suffixes. Despite limited documentation, it was possible to find a large number of nominal derivatives using 18 derivational suffixes formed from 20 primary suffixes and 21 suffixes formed from 21 secondary suffixes. Kraasna suffixes mostly resemble those of Seto. Only the compound suffixes (-i)s-to, -la-s, and -ži-ne, which derive just a few words (kaklas, laanist, soomist, ammuužine) are not characteristic of Seto. The suffixes *-ek and *eš occur as the assimilated form -eh in Kraasna, but as -eh and -eq in Seto. In oblique cases, the derivational suffix -eh still occurs in a mid-19th century folk song but had been lost by the early 20th century. The Kraasna dialect is surprisingly similar to Seto, from which it separated 300 years before its documentation in the early 20th century. It would be interesting to know to what extent later connections with Setomaa harmonised both dialects.
Kokkuvõte. Enn Ernits: Kraasna noomenituletus. Vaatamata talletatud sõnavara piiratusele ilmneb Kraasna murrakus rohkesti käändsõnatuletisi. Need on moodustatud 20 primaarsufiksist tekkinud 18 liite ja 21 sekundaarsufiksist kujunenud sama arvu liidete abil. Kraasna sufiksid sarnanevad seto omadega. Ainult liitliited (-i)s-to, -la-s ja -ži-ne, mis tuletavad vaid üksikuid sõnu (kaklas, laanisto, soomisto, ammuužine), pole seto murrakutele omased. Viimatimainitud sufiks esineb ka Hargla, leivu ja lutsi murrakutes. Kraasna murrakule oli iseloomulik liidete *-ek ja *eš sarnastunud kuju -eh, seevastu seto murrakutes võivad need esineda paralleelselt -eh ja -eq kujul. Obliikvakäändes derivatiivsufiks -eh esines XIX sajandi keskpaiku veel ühe rahvalaulu sõnas *valgõ-hõ-ta, XX sajandi alguseks oli taandunud, vrd *valgõt. Kraasna murrakus kasutati rohkesti deminutiivliidet -kanõ. Enamikul Kraasna käändsõnatuletistel on vasted seto murrakutes, üksnes vähestel juhtudel see puudub, sh kipõküüdzüs ‘kurivaim’, mako ‘magamine’, tukim ‘tugi’ ja vadõridzõq ‘vaderid’. Teadaolevalt ainult Kraasna murrakus esinevad sõnad laudadzõq ~ laadadzõq ‘lehmakahi’ ja puzanõ ‘mõrkjas’. Kraasna murrak, mis irdus setost XX sajandi alguse kirjapanekutega võrreldes 300 aastat varem, on viimasega üllatuslikult sarnane. Tuleks uurida, kuivõrd suutsid murrakuid ühtlustada hilisemad seosed Setomaaga.
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Petrov, А. V. "CORRELATION OF THE DERIVATIVES WITH COMPOSITES, DEVELOPING THE FEATURE OF SIMILARITY." Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Philological sciences 6(72), no. 1 (2020): 137–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1679-2020-6-1-137-160.
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The article examines the semantic structure of simple adjectives with the suffix -at- (-ат-) in their relationship with single-root composites visible, —vidnij, -obraznij, podobnij (-видный, -образный, подобный) developing the meaning of similarity. The card file of linguistic facts was compiled on the basis of the «Reverse Dictionary of the Russian Language», «The Dictionary of the Russian Language» in 4 volumes and the internet resources. Mono- and polysemic adjectives were selected with the suffix —at— (-ат-), which is combined with 28 bases. Derivation paradigms are formed, which include adjectives with the suffix -at- (-ат-) and single-root composites with suffixes of -vidnij, -obraznij, podobnij (-видный, -образный, подобный), integrable by one or another basis. Derivatives with the suffix —at— (-ат-) comprise seven fourmembered paradigms with composites. Based on internet resources, in each derivational paradigm, compatible series of adjectives were formed, in which the number of adjective actors varies. The maximum number of lexical distributors was recorded in a paradigm with the basics of tarelk— (тарелк-) and shishk— (шишк-). Name distributors are included in various thematic groups. The compatibility analysis of single-root lexical units is intended to reveal certain semantic nuances in the transmission of the attribute of an object and answer the question of whether adjective composites with a similarity value are doublets. Thus, the leading study is the valency analysis.
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Jantunen, Santra. "The order between productivity and non-productivity – are Livonian frequentative verbs derivatives or lexicalised?" Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 5, no. 1 (July 1, 2014): 91–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2014.5.1.06.
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This paper takes a look at productive part of derivation of verbs in Finnic languages, frequentative verbs that have an l-derivational suffix in Livonian and how they occur and are constructed. The research is based on data of 15 different l-suffix verbs. The paper investigates how formally frequentative verbs are constructed in Livonian and if they are frequentative in their meaning. An essential criterion to interpret a verb as a derivative is that it has a derivational base, typically an underived word stem, and the paper attempts to find out if Livonian l-suffix verbs have one. Additionally, the paper aims to study if frequentative derivation is still productive in Livonian and to what degree frequentative l-derivatives have been lexicalised. Also other Finnic languages are taken into consideration when examining the derivational base and distribution for Livonian l-suffix verbs.Kokkuvõte. Santra Jantunen: Piir produktiivsuse ja mitteproduktiivsuse vahel – kas liivi keele frekventatiivverbid on derivatiivsed või leksikaliseerunud? Artikkel vaatleb läänemeresoome keeltes produktiivset verbituletuse osa, frekventatiivseid l-tuletisi liivi keeles, kuidas nad esinevad ja on moodustatud. Uurimus põhineb andmetel 15 l-liitega verbi kohta. Artiklis jälgitakse, kuidas vormiliselt frekventatiivsed verbid on liivi keeles moodustatud ning kas need on frekventatiivid ka tähenduse poolest. Oluliseks kriteeriumiks verbi määratlemisel tuletisena on selle tuletusaluse olemasolu; artiklis püütakse selgitada, kas liivi l-liitelistel verbidel on alustüvi. Lisaks on artikli eesmärgiks uurida, kas frekventatiivide tuletamine on veel produktiivne liivi keeles ja millisel määral on frekventatiivsed l-tuletised leksikaliseerunud. Samuti on arvesse võetud teisi läänemeresoome keeli, uurides liivi l-tuletisega verbide tuletusaluseid ja levikut.Märksõnad: liivi keel, läänemeresoome keeled, verbituletus, frekventatiivid, produktiivsus, leksikaliseerumineKubbõvõttõks. Santra Jantunen: Produktīvit ja äbproduktīvit vaili rubīž: või līvõ kīel frekventatīvtīemizsõnād ātõ derivatīvizt agā sõnāviļļõ lǟnõd? Kēra tuņšlõb mūši vāldamiersūomõ kēļši produktīvizt tīemizsõnātultõks jaggõ, īžkiz frekventatīvidi l-tultõkši līvõ kīelsõ, nänt jeddõtulmizt kui ne ātõ vīţõd. Tuņšlõks alīzõks ātõ tietõd iļ 15 l-tīedõksõks tīemizsõnā. Kēras vaņţlõb, kui frekventatīvõd tīemizsõnād formõd ātõ līvõ kīels vīţõd ja või ne ātõ frekventatīvõd ka tǟntõks pūolst. Tīemizsõnā vizāks tīemizõks um tǟdzi täm tultõks alīz vȯlmi; kēra kōļõb klīerõ või līvõ ltultõksõks tīemizsõnādõn um alīztõv. Vel sōb tuņšlõd kēras se, või frekventatīvõd tultimi um līvõ kīels vel produktīv ja kui ātõ frekventatīvõd tultõkst sõnāviļļõ lǟnõd. Nei īž um vaņţõltõd mūḑi vāldamiersuomõ kēļi, tuņšlõs līvõ l-tīedõksõks tīemizsõnād tīedõksalīži ja laigtõkst pands tǟdõl mūḑi vāldamiersūomõ kēļi.
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Quak, Arend. "Zu den Einwohnerbezeichnungen mit dem ja-Suffix im Altniederländischen." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 77, no. 1-2 (June 9, 2017): 348–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340079.
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There are some compostive place-names which seem not to have a genitive element, like ODu. Godolfhem [802–7]. The question is, whether they were actual stem-compositions or lost their genitive element. Gysseling (1973) explained them as originally containing the suffix PGm. *-ja, which was lost in the course of time. In that case there must be remains of the suffix in some place-names. This article argues that remains are to be found in place-names with -e like Notleuenes [C12] and even -a and -o like Fengrimahuson [918–48] and *Baltremothorp [C9]. Most of them are derivations from personal names, but there are also derivations from place-names like Heslemaholt [918–48]. The majority of these names seem to occur in the coastal areas, although there are also instances in Germany. Weakening in unaccented syllables made the derivation unclear and led to the loss of vowels, or sometimes to replacement by clearer suffixes like -er. Bei Ortsnamen findet man ab und zu solche, die scheinbar kein genitivisches Element besitzen wie etwa anl. Godolfhem [802–17]. Die Frage ist dann, ob es sich hier um Stammkomposition handelt oder ob doch irgendwann eine Genitivendung vorhanden war. Gysseling (1973) hat versucht, sie dadurch zu erklären, dass sie mit einem Suffix pgm. *-ja gebildet wurden, das im Laufe der Zeit verschwunden ist. Wenn das stimmt, sollten sich eventuell noch Spuren nachweisen lassen. Es erweist sich, dass es tatsächlich Spuren gibt. So bestehen Formen mit -e wie Notluenes [12.Jh.] und mit -o und -a: Fengrimahuson [918–48] und *Baltremothorp [9. Jh.], gebildet zu Personennamen und Heslemaholt [918–48] zu einem Ortsnamen. Obwohl es auch in Deutschland beispiele gibt, stammen die meisten Namen eher aus den Küstengebieten. Da durch die Abschwächung der Vokale in unbetonten Silben diese Bildung undeutlich wurde, dürfte sie in späterer Zeit verschwunden oder durch deutlichere Bildungen wie die mit -er ersetzt sein. This article is in German.
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Bolozky, Shmuel, and Ora (Rodrigue) Schwarzwald. "On the Derivation of Hebrew Forms with the +ut Suffix." Hebrew Studies 33, no. 1 (1992): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hbr.1992.0028.
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Shuchun, Zhang, and Olga V. Kukushkina. "Nouns Formed with -ism Suffix as a Type of Nominalization in Modern Russian Language." Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology 2021, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1995-0640-2021-2-113-124.
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In the article Russian nouns formed with -ism suffix, often containing borrowed roots from other Indo-European languages, are analyzed from the perspective of their syntactic function as nominalization. As nominalization regarded in linguistics as a type of pure syntactic transformation (or “syntactic derivation” according to the definition of Jerzy Kuryłowicz), the -ost’ suffix as a word-formational formant for syntactic derivation is well acknowledged and described. As a contrast, the studied group of nouns with -ism suffix is seldom associated with or regarded as deadjectival nominals in previous works and dictionaries. Our analysis based on explanatory and morpheme dictionaries has shown, the motivational correlation between nouns with -ism suffix and adjectives are described in multiple ways, often contrasted one another. For instance, -isms are described in the morpheme dictionary (Lopantin, Ulukhanov 2016) as deadjectival nouns, while in the Shvedova dictionary as non-derivatives, motivating adjectives of quality. In addition, the seme ‘quality’ is also described variously in the two dictionaries – directly or using synonyms with different formants. The analysis of word-usages of -isms was conducted with the corpus “Russian Newspapers of the End of the XX Century”, developed by the Laboratory for General and Computational Lexicology and Lexicography (Lomonosov Moscow State University). The analysis has shown that the diagnostic context automatically differentiate the usage of -isms as nominalizations are the dependent names of the “feature carrier”, which as a result of nominalization has been moved from the position of subject to a dependent attribute.
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Wati, Atikah. "THE ANALYSIS OF DERIVATION IN CONVERSATION SCRIPTS." Wiralodra English Journal 2, no. 2 (July 5, 2019): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31943/wej.v2i2.34.
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Word derivation make the conversation more simple and specific to the topic. The case is many students didn’t recognise and aware of using it. this paper is trying to reveal the words derivation that the students use in their speaking class conversation whether or not it affected to the semantic. Dealing with vocabulary and grammar, speakers often choose certain vocabulary to express something and forming it into the correct grammatical rules, the choice of vocabulary that the speaker use during the planned speaking activity in the classroom and how this words implemented with the correct grammar in the form of literature dealing with morphology and semantic are the main focus of this paper. Many students didn’t really aware with the use of derivational words, 3 numbers of students conversational scripts didn’t insert any derivational words at all. While the other 2 insert very little derivational words. The method of analysis that the writer use to reveal the processes of derivation in more detail by noting three simultaneous processes, namely: a morphological process (e.g. changing the shape of an existing word by adding a prefix or suffix morpheme to an existing root morpheme) a syntactic process (changing the part of speech of a word, e.g. from verb to noun) and a semantic process (producing a new sense, agent, act, property).
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Wati, Atikah. "THE ANALYSIS OF DERIVATION IN CONVERSATION SCRIPTS." Wiralodra English Journal 2, no. 2 (September 1, 2018): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31943/wej.v2i2.360.
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Word derivation make the conversation more simple and specific to the topic. The case is many students didn’t recognise and aware of using it. this paper is trying to reveal the words derivation that the students use in their speaking class conversation whether or not it affected to the semantic. Dealing with vocabulary and grammar, speakers often choose certain vocabulary to express something and forming it into the correct grammatical rules, the choice of vocabulary that the speaker use during the planned speaking activity in the classroom and how this words implemented with the correct grammar in the form of literature dealing with morphology and semantic are the main focus of this paper. Many students didn’t really aware with the use of derivational words, 3 numbers of students conversational scripts didn’t insert any derivational words at all. While the other 2 insert very little derivational words. The method of analysis that the writer use to reveal the processes of derivation in more detail by noting three simultaneous processes, namely: a morphological process (e.g. changing the shape of an existing word by adding a prefix or suffix morpheme to an existing root morpheme) a syntactic process (changing the part of speech of a word, e.g. from verb to noun) and a semantic process (producing a new sense, agent, act, property).
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Ševčíková, Magda. "Modelling Morphographemic Alternations in Derivation of Czech." Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics 110, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 7–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pralin-2018-0001.
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Abstract The present paper deals with morphographemic alternations in Czech derivation with regard to the build-up of a large-coverage lexical resource specialized in derivational morphology of contemporary Czech (DeriNet database). After a summary of available descriptions in the Czech linguistic literature and Natural Language Processing, an extensive list of alternations is provided in the first part of the paper with a focus on their manifestation in writing. Due to the significant frequency and limited predictability of alternations in Czech derivation, several bottom-up methods were used in order to adequately model the alternations in DeriNet. Suffix-substitution rules proved to be efficient for alternations in the final position of the stem, whereas a specialized approach of extracting alternations from inflectional paradigms was used for modelling alternations within the roots. Alternations connected with derivation of verbs were handled as a separate task. DeriNet data are expected to be helpful in developing a tool for morphemic segmentation and, once the segmentation is available, to become a reliable resource for data-based description of word formation including alternations in Czech.
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Mickienė, Ilona, and Rita Baranauskienė. "The Peculiarities of Nickname Structure in the Vicinity of Veliuona: Secondary Nicknames." Respectus Philologicus 26, no. 31 (October 25, 2014): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2014.26.31.21.
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The paper analyses 782 nicknames that were recorded at Veliuona vicinity during the project of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language “Modern Research of Geolinguistics in Lithuania: Optimisation of Network of Points and Interactive Spread of Dialectal Information”. The paper aims to identify the characteristic attributes of nickname structure. The analysis of the relations in derivation, i. e., tentatively distinguishing the derivation base and formant is the only way to talk about common word derivation. While researching the nicknames it is difficult to find such a universal criterion in derivation which would enable the distribution of nicknames into the primary and the secondary ones due to the fact that when a nickname and its appellative derivation motivation coincides the confusion arises. Thus, the paper invokes the structural analysis of nicknames to find universal criteria that would enable the distinction of nicknames into the primary and the secondary. The article eliminates the primary nicknames that do not differ from the motivational word, 241 secondary nickname is being researched ant structurally analysed. The structural analysis discloses a proper structure and common words being selected for nickname creation. Structurally analysing the secondary nicknames, the nicknames with suffix, inflection, mixed structure, compound, composite and phrasal nicknames were distinguished. It was determined that in vacinity of Veliuona the nicknames with suffix and inflection are mostly used.
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Mineeva, Zoya I. "Feminitives with Suffix ‘-shits(a ) /-chits(a)’." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 7 (July 30, 2020): 142–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-7-142-157.
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The feminitives (nouns denoting women) of the modern Russian language, formed with the help of the productive suffixal morpheme ‘-shits(a) /-chits(a)’ are considered. The views of scientists of the 19th-21st centuries on the process of derivation of feminine nouns are characterized. The relevance of the study is due to the stable productivity of the suffix formant and the insufficient development of the theory of word formation of feminitives. Structural-semantic and corpuscular methods are used. The novelty and scientific significance of the work is determined primarily by the research material: neologisms, which are included in the dictionaries of new words of 1971-2014, the Russian National Corpus (main and newspaper corps) used in media texts, are analyzed. The specifics of correlates of male and female gender fixing in the explanatory dictionaries of the last years of publication are shown. Particular attention is paid to the semantics of neoplasms, a classification of new feminitives by semantic properties is proposed. Motivating words, morphological features of the compound of the formant with the motivating basis are revealed. The author dwells on potential neologisms. The conclusion is made that the formation of feminitives with suffixes ‘-shits(a ) /-chits(a)’, as well as masculine nouns with value of a person, is carried out using verbs and deverbatives, nouns and adjectives.
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GRESHCHUK, VASYL. "WORD-FORMATION MEANS TEXTUAL COHESION AND COHERENCE." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 6, no. 2 (June 20, 2019): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.6.2.71-78.
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The article looks at word-formation means of textual cohesion and coherence. The analysis shows that the repetition of a suffix, prefix, confix or a base in adjacent or distant sentences in small textual segments can ensure the latter’s cohesion. The ‘source word – derivative’ pair has a considerable cohesive potential. It is especially typical of syntactic derivation. The nominalization of the verb – the predicate of the base sentence, its communicative nucleus – and its use in the next sentence, adjacent or distant one, indicates the theme and ensures the communicative prospects of a sentence within the context of the developing and unfolding text. Textual cohesion is provided by ‘source word – derivative’ word-formation pairs beyond syntactic derivation – when we deal with mutation and modification. The components of complex word-formation units – word-formation paradigms, word-formation families – can be used as cohesive devices because they share the same root morpheme, which is the bearer of general semantic meaning inherent in all members of a paradigmatic grouping.
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Atmaca, Furkan. "Suspended Affixation needs no morphological word: The suffix -(y)Ip." Proceedings of the Workshop on Turkic and Languages in Contact with Turkic 6, no. 1 (December 19, 2021): 5035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/ptu.v6i1.5035.
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I re-evaluate the morphological word constraint for suspended affixation(SA) in Turkish (Kabak 2007). I argue that SA, as an operation, is not bound by the morphological word constraint. What is constrained is the exponent insertion and SA takes place before it. SA is a morphological ellipsis taking place in conjunctions. After suspension, conjunction peripheral affixes are interpreted for all the conjuncts. The morphological word constraint in Turkish is related to SA in verbals, and it defines the limit of suspendability for an affix. This limit is defined by Kabak to be the morphological word. What is left of the conjunct after suspension should be a morphological word, otherwise the derivation is ungrammatical. To show that this is not the case, I propose a different analysis for the suffix -(y)Ip and provide empirical points for its relation to SA.
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KUNDURACI, AYSUN. "The paradigmatic aspect of compounding and derivation." Journal of Linguistics 55, no. 3 (November 22, 2018): 563–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226718000518.
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This study aims to show the dynamic aspect of word-formation paradigms in autonomous morphology by examining the compound marker in Turkish Noun–Noun compounds, as in buz paten-i ‘ice-skate (ice skate-cm)’, and its relation to derivational suffixes. The study proposes a process-based morphological paradigm structure which involves compounding and derivational operations. In this system, the compound marker has a formal paradigmatic function: it creates correct lexeme forms based on bare Noun–Noun compounds, which would otherwise serve as input to certain derivational operations. The current system thus accounts for both permitted and unpermitted suffix combinations involving compounding and the optionality in certain combinations, such as buz paten-ci (-si) ‘a/the ice skater (ice skate-agt-cm)’, where the compound marker may (not) appear in combination with the (derivational) agentive -CI. The study also presents a survey which implies that a group of derivational affixes is in a paradigmatic relation with the compound marker, and all of these affixations constitute alternative paths in a dynamic paradigm structure. The findings of the study are considered to contribute to the understanding of the nature of the autonomous morphological operations and paradigms, which cannot be restricted to the lexicon or manipulated by syntax.
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Shields, Kenneth. "The Gothic Genitive Plural in -ē Revisited." American Journal of Germanic Linguistics and Literatures 9, no. 2 (1997): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1040820700002882.
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In this brief paper it is proposed that the problematic Gothic genitive plural suffix in -ē may derive from a grammaticalized deictic particle. Typological and specifically Indo-European evidence for the derivation of genitive markers from deictic particles is presented in support of this hypothesis.
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Sujatmiko, Rides. "The Derivation Errors Made By Students in Completing Paragraph of The Third Semester Students at FKIP UIR." ELT-Lectura 6, no. 1 (February 20, 2019): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/elt-lectura.v6i1.2262.
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In derivational word have meaning adding affixes, there are three kinds of affixes. Includes of suffix, prefix and infix to word in this research the writer want to know the third semester students at FKIP UIR capability in changing the derivational word. This research is descriptive quantitative there are one variable in this research. The location of this research was in English department of FKIP UIR and the writer took the data on November 20011 there are seven clases in third semester that consist of 317 student as population and the sample of this research was 47 students in 3c class. There is one instrument in this research, it is test and this test was given consist of three test. It was used to know students ability in changing the derivational word. From the data analysis, it can be seen for the first test there are 89,36% students feel difficult in changing infix 87,23% students feel difficult in changing suffix and 0% in changing prefix, after that from the second test there are 100% students feel difficult in changing infix, 80,85% students feel difficult in changing suffix and 21,27% students feel difficult in changing prefix and the last test there are 95,74% students feel difficult in changing infix, 87,23% students feel difficult in changing suffix and 68,08% students feel difficult in changing prefix, so it can be concluded the students more difficult in changing derivational word into infix. It can be seen from the explanation above from three times taken the data.
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Mizin, Kostiantyn, Letiucha Liubov, and Oleksandr Petrov. "Representation of subjectively-evaluative derivates realization in modern Russian: verbal evaluatives." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.5996.
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A verb, as one of the basic parts of speech, is the primary concern of derivation process-oriented studies. However, verb-based subjectively-evaluative derivatives have not been the object of research yet. The article discusses potential capacities of verbs to form subjectivelyevaluative derivatives on the level of derivation in modern Russian. To avoid terminological confusion and to distinguish axiological vs. derivational evaluation the latter is represented by the term evaluative. The study argues an unjustified idea that the suffix -ану- is an evaluative of subjective evaluation. These verbs are referred to the derivatives of objective evaluation. We have provided a set of factors for the classification of subjectively-evaluative verbal derivatives, according to which they were classified. The analysis of language and speech material has allowed us to find the ways evaluative verbs are formed and the register of word forming affixes as a means of representing category of evaluation in the morpheme and word forming structure of the word.
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Yang, Yaqing. "Rektionskomposita im Deutschen und im Chinesischen." Studia Germanica Posnaniensia, no. 39 (April 26, 2019): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sgp.2018.39.12.
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The subject of this article are nominal compounds in German and Chinese which are assigned to the class of synthetic compounds. Such compounds are based on a verb stem, to which are added lexical morphemes and/or suffixes anchored in the grammar and semantics of the (verbal) head. In German, the verb with the suffix forms a derivative which, as the basic word, selects an argument (object or subject) in function of the determinative word. In this way, a government relationship is established between the constituents of the compound. This applies equally to action nouns and agent nouns. In Chinese, there are not formal exponents of the action noun, so the analysis had to be limited to agent nouns. In their derivation, the verb stem and its object mostly form a constituent that acts as a complement of the agent exponent. The examination of such synthetic compounds is carried out from the perspective of the argument.
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Brose, Marc. "Varia Addenda." Lingua Aegyptia - Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 27 (2019): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37011/lingaeg.27.11.
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“Varia Addenda” -- This article presents various additions to several ideas I proposed in diverse articles, namely about (1) the etymology of the suffix pronoun 3.Sg.m =f, (2) the morphological unity of sḏm=f-forms used as predicate in main clauses and circumstantial clauses, (3) transitive use of intransitive verbs without visible morphological derivation.
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Magni, Elisabetta. "Collective suffixes and ad hoc categories: from Latin -ālia to Italian -aglia." Folia Linguistica 52, s39-1 (July 26, 2018): 201–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flih-2018-0008.
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Abstract The expression of ad hoc categories ranges from discourse-level to syntactic and morphological strategies. Considering derivation in particular, it has been observed that also collective suffixes can be used for the identification of context-dependent sets. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relation between collectives and ad hoc categories by focusing on the Italian suffix -aglia and by discussing its diachronic relation with the Latin neuter nouns ending in -ālia. The discussion concerning the notion of collective will take into account a recent proposal that distinguishes between collective nouns, aggregate nouns, and superordinates. As will be shown, aggregate nouns are of particular interest for interpreting some Latin pluralia tantum in -ālia that denote sets of heterogeneous entities with similar properties. The same possibility to derive aggregate nouns characterizes the suffix -aglia that, when attached to proper nouns, can also convey associative meanings, or denote categories including persons and situations that share the named exemplar as a common denominator. As the analysis will show, the development of these functions correlates with the mechanisms of (inter)subjectification.
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Akumbu, Pius W., and Roland Kießling. "expression of diminutivity in Central Ring Grassfields Bantu." Afrika und Übersee 93 (December 31, 2020): 257–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/auue.2020.93.1.203.
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Studies on the expression of diminutivity in Bantoid languages of the Cameroonian Grassfields have tended to focus on the role that noun class derivation plays within the familiar Bantu paradigm. A closer look at individual branches of Bantoid, however, reveals a more complex picture, which rather suggests a division of labour between derivational strategies and compounding and/or periphrasis. This contribution zooms in on the languages of the Central Ring (CR) branch of Grassfields Bantu, presenting an overview of diminutivisation strategies found here: the notorious transfer to gender 19/6a, which is at times, accompanied by the addition of a semantically bleached suffix –CV, and periphrasis in associative constructions headed by nouns with inherent diminutive meanings such as ‘child’.
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Gaidienė, Anželika. "Derivation of nominal verbs with the suffix -(i)auti, that belong to the categorial value ʿto be something/ someone or such as what is denoted by the base word’." Lietuvių kalba, no. 6 (December 28, 2012): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2012.22708.
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The article deals with nominal verbs with the suffix -(i)auti that have common categorical meaning ‘to be something/someone or such as what is denoted by the base word.' The object of the research consists of 239 verbs found in the electronic Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language and 236 corresponding verbs from the electronic version of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. According to the derivational meaning (darybos reikšmė), the verbs under investigation are classified into two groups: 1) verbs that mean ‘to be what is denoted by the base word' (they constitute 83% of all verbs that are analysed here) and 2) verbs, meaning ‘to be such as denoted by the base word' (17%). The verbs of the first category are further subdivided into four subclasses: 1) ‘to be someone denoted by the base word (not in the sense of work)' (they make up 69% of all the verbs of the first group), 2) ‘to work as what is denoted by the base word' (25%), 3) ‘to behave as behaves a person or another living being denoted by the base word' (5%) and 4) verbs denoting ‘states, processes that arise from the thing denoted by the base word' (only 1%).The derivatives of these subclasses are further divided according to the part of speech of the base words (nouns, adjectives or numerals) and the type of derivation (simple forms or derivatives: suffix, prefix, inflection or compounds). The investigation carried out has demonstrated that the verbs derived from nominals by adding the suffix -(i)auti which belong to the category meanings ‘to be something/someone or such as what is denoted by the base word' in standard language have few suffix and stem variants, they are not very characteristic of root vowel and consonant change, their base words do not vary a lot.
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Visser, W. "Ynkoarte nammen yn it Frysk." Us Wurk 68, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2019): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/5c580f12521e7.
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Frisian has four types of hypocoristic names, viz. diminutive names, ‘real’ hypocoristics, names ending in -/i/ (-<y>), and shortened names. The latter are the subject of this article. Shortenend names are argued to be in accordance with the scheme ‘shortened name = diminutive name minus diminutive suffix’. This means that there is a strong formal relationship between these two name types, for which ample evidence is put forward.These names derive from diminutive names by omitting the diminutive suffix. The morphological operation of ‘suffix subtraction’, however, is rare in Frisian morphology. In fact, it seems to be needed for the derivation of shortenend names only, which renders it a somewhat suspicious option. Shortened names occupy a position in between diminutive names, ‘real’ hypocoristics, and y-names, that is, they share properties with all these types of names (and differ from them as well). They thus have their own place in the Frisian landscape of names.
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Huber, Daniel. "Why can recognize be pronounced without /ɡ/? On silent letters and French origin in English – and what other explanations there can be." English Today 29, no. 2 (May 8, 2013): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078413000114.
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Investigating the phonological patterns, especially the stress patterns, of verbs ending in -ize such as finalize, constitutionalize, etc, the word recognize has attracted my attention. One would not generally attach too much attention to this word for its phonology: it seems to be a run-of-the-mill case of stressing the third-last (antepenultimate) syllable of a non-transparent derivation by -ize. For instance, Nádasdy (2006: 222) treats -ize as a basically neutral (strong) suffix, that is one that is not supposed to interfere with stress-patterns and otherwise of the stem to which it is attached. Following established analyses, he divides -ize words into two categories, though: those that are derived from a free stem ('character > 'characterize, 'final > 'finalize), where stress (indicated by the ' mark) does not shift in the derived verb, and those whose stem is non-transparent ('recognize, 'categorize), and where stress tends to be furthest away from the suffix itself. The fact that recognize has a non-transparent derivation means that there is no free English word *recogn. Ginésy (2004: 126) analyzes recognize as morphologically having a double prefix, re- and co-, which reduces the stem to Latinate -gn-, which is always bound in English. Whether his etymological analysis is warranted for the contemporary morphology of recognize is at least disputable today, but he correctly claims that 'recognize, with stress on the initial syllable, behaves like a non-transparent derivation so it receives antepenultimate stressing. In other words, the most wide-spread pronunciation of recognize, with initial stress, is generally unproblematic in the literature: it is a case of non-transparent derivation by -ize with antepenultimate stressing.
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Karim Abdalrahim, Othman. "The Role of suffix /_er/ to make up professional noun (derivation and compound) in Kurdish Language." Halabja University Journal 5, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32410/huj-10337.
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Wijnen, Frank. "Woordvormanalyse Door Kinderen." Lexicon en taalverwerving 34 (January 1, 1989): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.34.12wij.
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Early word form representations are assumed to be unanalyzed 'routines'. Around age 2 1/2, when the first 50 to 100 words have been acquired, the organization of the mental lexicon starts to change. Word form representations are segmented into their constituent linguistic substructures: syllable and phonemes. Gradually the network-like structure which is thought to capture the mature mental lexicon emerges. Peters (1983, 1985) has proposed two heuristics that may be employed by children for segmenting words, both during this 'reorganization' and afterwards, when new words are acquired and inserted into the rapidly expanding lexicon. The first employs word stress, the second is based on matches between a new form and lexical items that have already been acquired. This study investigates in an experimental fashion whether children use stress and formal similarities in segmentation. Children (4, 5 and 6 yrs. old) were asked to alter syllable onsets in trisyllabic words with stress on either of the three syllables, and in trisyllabic complex words in which at least one morpheme could be expected to be known by the subjects. It appeared that word-internal onsets of stressed syllables were more often altered than onsets of unstressed syllables. These results are supportive of the 'stress' heuristic. Also, syllable onsets which coincided with word-internal lexical morpheme boundaries (i.e., boundaries between known and unknown parts which can also occur independently) were more often altered than non-boundary onsets. However, syllable onsets at root-suffix boundaries were not altered more frequently than non-boundary onsets. This difference between lexical morpheme boundaries and suffix boundaries is not predicted by a segmenting heuristic based on formal match. It is therefore suggested that in fact prosodic characteristics of the final morphemes in the complex words factors could be responsible for the difference: all first (or only) syllables of the right-hand lexical morphemes were stressable, whereas the suffixes were not. This conjecture was tested in a second experiment in which 7 and 8 year old children were asked to alter syllable onsets in derivations consisting of a bisyllabic root and a monosyllabic suffix. Some suffixes were stressed, others were unstressed and still others caused stress in the stem morphemes to be shifted to the second syllabe. It was found that stressed suffixes yielded more alterations than unstressed suffixes. Second, stressed syllables, in general, yielded more onset alterations than unstressed syllables, regardless of whether stress was assigned by the stem morpheme or by derivation with a stress-shifting suffix. Finally, syllables which had 'lost' stress as a result of dervational stress shift produced more alterations than unstressed syllables that were not stressed, in the stem morpheme either. These results support the conjecture that the apparent effects of formal match on segmentation behavior in the first experiment can be explained by reference to stress. Consequently, it is concluded that stress is the primary cue in word segmentation. This conclusion is in accordance with 'prosodic bootstrapping' theory, which claims that children are 'programmed' to use prosodic features as clues to linguistic structure.
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Azizah, Nurul, Ketut Artawa, Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati, and Made Sri Satyawati. "Reflexive and Reciprocal as Valency Decrease: A Morpho-syntax Study in Sasak." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1004.17.
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This research is a descriptive study that examines the constructions of reflexive and reciprocal of valency decrease using linguistic typological theory proposed by Dixon (2012). The results of data analysis revealed that in Sasak Kuto-Kute dialect, reflexive constructions can be formed through two techniques; namely verb derivation and combination techniques. The verb derivation technique involved the addition of a nasal prefix (N) to the verb functioning as reflexive marker (REF), whilst, the combination technique employed the addition of confix n- -in followed by the pronoun diriqnya ‘him/herself’. The formation of reciprocal construction is carried out through three techniques: the use of reciprocal verbs, verb derivation and the use of reciprocal adverbs. The reciprocal verb used in the data is tempur 'meet'. Meanwhile, for verb derivation the addition of confix meng- -an on the verb kaol 'hug' makes the verb’s meaning reciprocal. In the technique of using adverbs, the sentences that bear reciprocal meaning are formed by adding the word saling ‘each other’ appearing before the bases (affixless), verbs with suffix -in and confix ke- -n. From the overall data, it was found that the verb derivation techniques for reflexive is more preferred, while for reciprocals, the technique of using adverbs is more often used compared to the other two.
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Kuroda, Susumu. "Morphologische Reanalyse: Verbbildung durch -en/-igen im Alt- und Mittelhochdeutschen." Studia Germanica Posnaniensia, no. 38 (June 25, 2018): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sgp.2017.38.09.
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The German suffixes -en/-igen serve to build a verb out of a noun or an adjective as in Arbeit ‚work’ – arbeiten ‚to work’, reif ‚ripe’ – reifen ‚to ripen’, Pein ‚torment’ – peinigen ‚to torment’, rein ‚pure’ – reinigen ‚to clean’. In many cases, however, this is only possible with a preverb, as langsam ‚slow’ – *langsamen – verlangsamen ‚to slow down’, Brille ‚spectacle’ – *brillen – bebrillen ‚to bespectacle’. By using the notion of unification developed in Construction Morphology, verbs such as verlangsamen or bebrillen above can be accounted for as a direct derivation from a noun or an adjective if one assumes the existence of a ‚unified’ word formation pattern [P-[[N/A]-en]V] as a fusion of [[N/A]-en]V and P-[V]. Since the Middle High German period, the use of -igen as a functionally equivalent to -en can be seen increasingly. This suffix is also characterizable as a unification of two conversion patterns, one with the adjectivizing suffix -ig and the other with the verbalizing -en. This process should be called ‚morphological reanalysis’ for the adjectivizing function of -ig is invalidated here. The development of ‚unified’ word-formation-patterns [P-[[N/A]-en]V] as well as the pattern with -igen can be ascertained first in Middle High German.
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Castillo, Concha. "Phi-Agreement in Past Participle Constructions." Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, no. 29 (November 15, 2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.2016.29.02.
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I argue in this paper that agreeing past participles are merged externally in the derivation in V endorsed with a feature [+resultative], whereas non-agreeing past participles are bound to value a feature [+perfective] against the have-auxiliary. Phi-agreement on the former kind of participle occurs since the meaning [+resultative] denotes a property of the logical object, which happens to merge in the position of sister to V-en. As postulated in standard frameworks, phi-agreement consists in that the V-en form values uninterpretable phi-features against the DP object. In contrast with agreeing past participles, non-agreeing past participles are merged externally in the form of V and they get their –en suffix in v valued against the have-auxiliary once the latter enters the derivation. The meaning or interpretation of this –en suffix is [+perfective] or [+anterior]. No phi-agreement occurs between these V-en forms marked [+perfective] and their logical object (whenever they select for one) since [+perfective] is a property of the event or situation as a whole, and not of the object. It is further suggested that the specific Agree relation that is phi-agreement appears not to be subject to configurations of asymmetric c-command, but to just occur on external Merge of the DP that bears the corresponding valued, interpretable phi-features.
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Chaemsaithong, Krisda. "Hopefully." English Today 23, no. 1 (January 2007): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078407001058.
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WITH ONLY a few exceptions, such as then and why, English adverbs are categorized as content words that express referential meanings in both the physical and abstract worlds. Like nouns and verbs, they belong to the ‘open’ class of lexemes, in which new words can be created through processes that include compounding, derivation, and borrowing. From compounding come adverbs such as hopefully (formed from the noun hope and the adjective full, plus the suffix -ly), and upstage (from the preposition up and the noun stage). By derivation, adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding -ly (as in economical-ly, sufficient-ly, and final-ly). As for borrowing from other languages, we have for example taken a range of expressions from Latin and used them as adverbs (as with ipso facto, ad nauseam, and ad infinitum).
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Zainuddin, Zainuddin. "A Study on Derivational Affixes of Indonesian Noun-Formation in Newspaper Editorial: A Semantic Perspective." International Journal of English Linguistics 6, no. 3 (May 26, 2016): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v6n3p148.
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<p>This study aimed at investigating the types of derivational affixes of Indonesian noun-formation in newspaper editorial of <em>kompas</em>. <em>Kompas</em> newspaper is wide circulation or it has a tremendous reading circulation in Indonesia. This study used a descriptive qualitative method by using the theory of structural linguistics to interprete the grammatical meaning carried out in the process of derivational affixes of Indonesian noun-formation. The method of analysis data applied distributional method in terms of classifyng lexical category of Indonesian derived nouns producing affixation. The theory referring to the patterns of <em>derivation and structure</em>, which was developed by Aronoff & Fudeman (2005). The object of the study is a derivational affixes of Indonesian noun-formation that exist in newspaper editorial of Indonesian <em>kompas</em>. Based on the analysis of the data the findings showing that there are 7 types of derivational affixes of Indonesian noun-formation exists in the newspaper editorial (<em>tajuk rencana</em>) of <em>kompas</em> namely (1) <em>suffix -an, </em>(2) <em>infix -em- + suffix -an, </em>(3) <em>infix -el-, </em>(4) <em>confix per-an, </em>(5) <em>confix ke-an, </em>(6) <em>confix pe-an </em>and (7) <em>confix pen-an</em>. These types are considered important viewed from the morphology study in the field of linguistics. This is to say that the phenomena referring to the point of the function of the language is considered.</p>
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KHODA, Lidija. "OCCASIONALISMS IN ADVERTIZING COPIES (AS EXEMPLIFIED BY SLOVAK, BULGARIAN AND UKRAINIAN LANGUAGES)." Ezikov Svyat (Orbis Linguarum) 18, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.v18i1.5.
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the article, occasionalisms as individual authored new formations in Slovak, Bulgarian and Ukrainian advertising texts were researched. The state of studying the selected scientific problems was analysed, as well as different views of scientists on the interpretation of the concept of ‘occasionalism’ and the use of various terms for its designation (occasional derivation, advertising new formations, potential words, etc.) were considered. Attention was drawn to the distinction between the terms of ‘neologism’ and ‘occcasionalism’. In the article, the reasons for lexical innovations appearance in advertising language were also studied, its functions were considered. According to the grammatical affiliation of occasionalisms in the advertising language, occasional verbs, nouns, adverbs, and adjectives were analysed, the peculiarities of its formation and use in advertising texts were found out, as well as a comparative analysis of some lexical units functioning in the texts of Slovak, Bulgarian and Ukrainian advertising was performed. A particular attention was given to occasional phrases, which acquire new shades in advertising due to an unexpected combination of words. According to word formation classification of occasionalisms, such ways of its creation were considered as prefix, suffix, prefix-suffix, word compounding, word stem compounding, and graphic derivation. Graphic occasionalisms occupy a significant place in the advertising texts, which arise from the type of highlighting certain letters, replacing individual letters with different symbols or borrowed letters, etc. Based on the material analysed, the influence of occasionalisms on the consumer during the perception of advertising texts was determined.
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Murmulaitytė, Daiva. "New personal names from the point of view of derivation and semantics." Lietuvių kalba, no. 10 (December 15, 2016): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2016.22591.
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The paper discusses the results of a pilot study into derivational patterns and semantics of some neologisms referring to persons given in the Database of Lithuanian Neologisms (further also DLN). The research focused on nouns ending in -tojas, -a, -ėjas, -a, -ikas, -ė, ‑ininkas, ‑ė, ‑ėlis, -ė, -ūnas, -ė and -uolis, -ė. Most of these words are suffixal derivatives usually attributed to the categories of nomina agentis, nomina attributiva and nomina professonalia. The analysed suffixes are very different in their productivity. The suffixes -ininkas, -ė, -tojas, -a, -uolis, -ė are very productive, whereas the suffix -ėjas, ‑a, in Lithuanian grammars treated as one of the most typical and productive agentive suffixes, in the DLN have only been attested in a couple of words. The paper also discusses when a new phenomenon should be treated as a neologism and when it is merely a new sense of the existing word, included in some key publications based on the DLN. The investigation draws a conclusion that when analysing current situation and tendencies of word-building the formal principle of classifying neologisms is not operational. According to it, a compositional neologism coinciding with the already existing word is treated as a word with a new sense rather than a neologism. However, in cases when a new lexeme of an already existing word emerges as a result of a new derivational opposition, by building a word from a new or already existing lexeme of the base word, the new lexeme should be treated as a neologism rather than a new sense of the existing word. New senses (semantic neologisms) emerge in cases of semantic development of the word as a result of meaning transfer, lexicalisation and other processes. Another aspect of the present investigation focuses on the relationship between lexical senses and senses of individual derivation. An attempt was made to identify if lexical and derivational senses were the same or whether the former was narrower or broader than the latter. If they were not the same, causes of their divergence were identified. The latter issue might be relevant when analysing further processes of neologism lexicalisation. The paper also attempts to clarify the derivational patterns (origin) of some concrete neologisms and their semantic structure. Such interpretations are appreciated and very welcome by lexicographers, who are responsible for appropriately presenting neologisms in lexicographic publications. Alongside derivatives, analogous, mixed, contaminative formations as well as translations have been discussed. These derivative and formal aspects of neologisms might turn out to be very important in further investigation of larger and more varied groups of affixal derivatives and identifying general features of contemporary word-building. In pursuing the main goal of the investigation, an attempt was also made to discuss in more detail the DLN as a source of new Lithuanian lexis. It has been noticed that the DLN lacks a number of neologisms which are base words for the ones given in the database. They have all been attested on the internet. Such base words in the DLN would help define their derivatives without repeating the information which is inevitably given in the definition of the base word. Seeking precision, some definitions of the neologisms should be revised; for example, definition patterns of nouns should not be used to define adjectives. In some cases, a neologism given in the DLN as a single lexeme should be presented as two different lexemes, for example, the word pilstukininkas, –ė ‘someone who sells or drinks low quality home-brewed alcohol’ should be given as two lexemes representing two derivational categories: nomina professonalia and nomina attributiva. One of the goals of the investigation was concerned with exploring further prospects of researching the derivation of neologisms, posing the key questions and verifying their relevance. Presumably, the results of the investigation could be used in researching the tendencies of deriving neologisms in contemporary Lithuanian and comparing them with the tendencies described in the grammars of Lithuanian of the 2nd half of the 20th century. It would be interesting to ascertain how derivational patterns of neologisms are changing, when the lexicon is inevitably changing due to an enormous flow of information, more intensive communication in smaller communities and in the world, due to new emerging mass media and under the influence of other languages, especially English, which is structurally much more distant than Russian, a language having influenced Lithuanian several decades ago. (Translated by Inesa Šeškauskienė).
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Valenzuela, Pilar M. "“Simple” and “double” applicatives in Shiwilu (Kawapanan)." Studies in Language 40, no. 3 (October 14, 2016): 513–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.40.3.02val.
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Shiwilu (Kawapanan, Peru) exhibits a prolific applicative system that comprises seven constructions involving distinct affixes. The present article offers the first account of this feature. In so doing, it seeks to expand our typological knowledge of linguistic systems with multiple applicative constructions and shed light onto the ways applicative constructions relate to word derivation. The suffix -tu is particularly intriguing. It modifies the verb valency by either adding or suppressing an object, depending on the base to which it attaches. Comparable affixes that perform these seemingly opposite functions are found in other languages of the world (see instances of applicative / antipassive polysemy, Malchukov, ms.). What makes Shiwilu special is that -tu is also required in certain types of applicative constructions simultaneously to the dedicated applicative. This double derivation strategy has not been reported for other languages of the region and is unattested in Shawi, Shiwilu’s only sister language.
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Nurtaeva, А., G. Abdirasilova, and G. Shoibekova. "MOTIVATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WORD-FORMING ANTONYMY." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 74, no. 4 (December 9, 2020): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-4.1728-7804.32.
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The article deals with the antonymic characteristics of word-forming motivation. Word-forming antonymy is manifested as the beginning of creating a new word in the language. In Kazakh linguistics, there are works on word-forming antonymy. But work is not considered that derivational antonyms is the beginning of enantiosemy. In the derivation of antonymy in the first place, motivated by the same root word. Because single-root words do not have any suffix, that is, they do not cover the grammatical meanings of other affixes. Therefore, it is quick and easy to relate to motivational relationships and is prone to semantic development. And if affixes are added, they also have the possibility of semantic development, but not so easily, as in the root and there will be no semantic development. Only twice gets into semantic development and is deprived of the possibility of further development. Because the affixes and their values inhibit the semantic development.