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Tai, Kakit. "Kongish as a linguistic variety." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2017. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/460.
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Whether Hong Kong English (HKE) should be a linguistic variety has been one of the most-debated topics in HKE studies since the landmark study of Luke and Richards (1982). Scholars dispute over whether the set of features in the English spoken or written by Hong Kong people should be regarded as a variety. Given how this decision should not sole depend on the scholars, and how the users' viewpoints should also be considered, it is necessary to survey the opinions and attitudes of Hong Kong people on these features.The variety status is highly dependable on how people's attitudes towards its recognition and agreement in society. However, little attention was given to the people's attitudes towards online HKE and whether these attitudes help to constitute a linguistic variety of online HKE. In this project, I apply the linguistic norms framework (Poon, forthcoming) to test whether Hong Kong people see these features constitute a variety. This study investigated the attitudes of Hong Kong people towards online HKE, and in the process, explored whether the recognition of online HKE might allow us to recognise Hong Kong English as a variety in both online and offline contexts.
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Aktürk, Memet. "Periphery Effects in Phonological Integration : Turkish suffixation of Swedish proper nouns by advanced bilinguals." Thesis, Stockholm University, Centre for Research on Bilingualism, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-27351.
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This essay investigates how certain word-final Swedish rimes are integrated phonologically into Turkish by means of suffixation. Specific Swedish rimes have been selected for their unusual characteristics from the perspective of Turkish phonology such as vowel and consonant quantity as well as coda phonotactics. The data have been collected in an experiment, which involved the oral translation of a Swedish text including potential borrowings such as proper names and place names. The participants were advanced bilingual speakers of the standard varieties of Turkish and Swedish living in Stockholm. Two phonological properties of Turkish are relevant for this essay. Firstly, every word-final rime must have a vocalic, palatal and labial classification in order to be licensed for suffixation. Secondly, Turkish has a large and diverse periphery in its phonological lexicon due to faithful or partially faithful adaptation of a plethora of historical loanwords. The focus of the investigation is if the new borrowings are integrated into the core or into the periphery of the Turkish phonological lexicon or alternatively how faithful their integration is to the Swedish originals. In terms of resolving j-final coda cluster problems, the popular strategies are found to be palatalization, deletion and metathesis. The main body of data displays low faithfulness to the Swedish originals as well as an underutilization of the Turkish periphery. The participants are found to use the periphery of their phonological lexicon to a high degree for established words in Turkish but only to a limited extent when adapting new borrowings from Swedish into Turkish. This finding is explained by the fact that the structural and sociolinguistic conditions are not conducive to periphery maintenance in the present context in contrast to the historical context during the inflow of Arabic and Persian loanwords.
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Zhang, Shiliang, and 張世亮. "The Wuhan dialect : a hybrid Southwestern Mandarin variety of Sinitic." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/211145.
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The Sinitic family has been under constant discussion in previous linguistic studies. Through extant research, a North-South demarcation line has been basically discovered within and phenomena of language contact been evidently observed beyond the borders. As academic awareness increases of the plurality in the Sinitic family, the transitional varieties within it require more attention. Wuhan dialect, found in the easternmost point in Southwestern Mandarin, is one such variety that has been under-researched to date and awaits further investigation.
This thesis analyses an array of non-Mandarin characteristics in Wuhan dialect and discovers intense language contact with neighbouring languages. First it presents an overview of the phonological and morphological features in this dialect. Then, both the aspectual system and the multi-functional pa42 in Wuhan dialect are systematically discussed in a pan-Sinitic manner. Finally, the thesis concludes that Wuhan dialect, as a representative of Southwestern Mandarin, is at a transitional point on the North-South continuum of Sinitic.
Based on the findings from this research, I propose that Wuhan dialect is on a transitional point on the North-South continuum in the Sinitic family. Moreover, the non-Mandarin linguistic idiosyncrasies in Wuhan dialect are due to prolonged language contact with neighbouring languages, especially Changsha Xiang, which has played an important role in the making of Wuhan dialect.published_or_final_version
Linguistics
Master
Master of Philosophy
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Šiatkutė, Vilma. "Language of English chat room messages as a variety of electronic English." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080924_184713-40553.
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Internet English used for online communication influences spoken and written language forms. However, little analysis on the question of electronic English can be found – it is studied in a superficial way in literary sources present. The purpose of this study was to explore the language of English chat room messages as a variety of Electronic English. The objectives of the research included the analysis of chat room English in comparison to speech and writing as well as the study of graphological, morphological, and syntactic features of the language of online communication. Qualitative content analysis, comparative analysis, and descriptive method were chosen for the study. To support the scientific data discussed 1100 of chat room sentences were surveyed and 153 presented as practical examples. The research demonstrated that English used for online communication is a separate mode of language possessing features different from the ones of spoken and written forms of language.Elektroninė anglų kalba įtakoja sakytinę bei rašytinę kalbos formas. Tačiau informacijos susijusios su internetinės anglų kalbos analize galima rasti vos keliuose šaltiniuose. Šio darbo tikslas yra analizuoti pokalbių svetainėse naudojamą anglų kalbą kaip elektroninės anglų kalbos rūšį. Remiantis darbo tikslu, iškelti uždaviniai analizuoti pokalbių svetainių anglų kalbą lyginant ją su sakytine bei rašytine anglų kalba, tirti grafologinius, morfologinius bei sintaksinius ypatumus pokalbių svetainių anglų kalboje. Atliekant tyrimą naudojama turinio analizė, literatūros analizė bei aprašomasis metodas. Analizuojama 1100 praktinių pavyzdžių, 153 pateikiami kaip empirinis darbo pagrindas. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad elektroninė anglų kalba negali būti laikoma nei sakytine, nei rašytine ir turi būti pripažinta kaip atskiras anglų kalbos porūšis, turintis specifinių bruožų.
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Dwyer, Edward J. "Making a Variety of Books in the Classroom." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2000. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3406.
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Yeung, Wai Han Gloria. "A study on the pronunciation of Hong Kong English : a variety of English." HKBU Institutional Repository, 1995. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/87.
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Tomba, Moussavou Fatima. "Metalexicographic criteria for a monolingual descriptive dictionary presenting the standard variety of Yipunu." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21909.
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Dissertation (DLitt)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The dictionaries available in the Gabonese languages are all translation dictionaries biased towards French and compiled by missionaries and colonial administrators. No proper monolingual dictionaries exist in the Gabonese languages. There is therefore a need for monolingual dictionaries in the Gabonese languages, particularly in Yipunu, one of the Bantu languages (B 43) spoken in the South of Gabon. Yipunu is a regional vehicular language or a major or majority language. Yipunu is a domestic language i.e spoken inside Bapunu communities or a mother tongue or first language and Yipunu is also taught as subject in the national educational system. As a response to this need, this dissertation proposes metalexicographic criteria for the compilation of a standard descriptive monolingual dictionary with special reference to Yipunu. The proposed model focuses primarily on the inclusion and the treatment of the standard variety of Yipunu and to a lesser degree on the other varieties. Such a model is directed at a dictionary primarily dealing with the needs of the average, educated members of the Yipunu speech community, the mother-tongue speakers, and also designed for experienced and advanced learners of Yipunu and their teachers. This study aims to point out how important standard descriptive monolingual dictionaries are in general and specifically in the case of African Bantu languages. This study also aims to highlight the importance for Gabonese lexicographers to adopt modern lexicographical principles in dictionary compilation such as the user-driven dictionary and the corpus-based dictionary. This model, although devised for Yipunu, will eventually serve as model for the design of standard descriptive dictionaries in all Gabonese languages. This study provides information about the content and the structures of such a dictionary and is structured as follows: Chapter 1 focuses on introducing and contextualising the research. It presents the linguistic situation in Gabon with reference to the status of Yipunu. It also shows the importance and the relevance of the research and gives the theoretical basis, methodology, hypotheses and objectives underlying the study. Chapter 2 criticises the lexicographic works in Yipunu in order to improve the quality of future Yipunu dictionaries and examines the major needs of Yipunu lexicography. Chapter 3 envisages some aspects of the standardisation of Yipunu. It targets the discussion at the level of the language analysis namely the phonology, the grammar, the dictionary and the orthography of Yipunu. Chapter 4 discusses the user perspective, which guides the dictionary compilation. It focuses on the user profile, user typologies and dictionary functions. The intended dictionary has a multifunctional character. Special attention is given to a pioneering survey of dictionary use among Gabonese students and to the discussion of the teaching of dictionary use in Gabon. Chapter 5 deals with the dictionary plan. Different aspects such as the style guide, the genuine purpose, the dictionary basis, data collection, the data collection policy, data collection methods and the corpus of the proposed dictionary are discussed Chapter 6 elaborates on the macrostructure of the proposed dictionary. The dictionary gives priority to a strict alphabetical macrostructure. Macrostructural elements, lemmatisation strategies, and types of lemmas and articles to be included in the proposed dictionary are discussed. Chapter 7 focuses on the microstructure of the proposed dictionary. The model suggests an obligatory microstructure and an extended obligatory microstructure and discusses the variety of data to be included in the articles of the proposed dictionary. Chapter 8 deals with the outer text section and the guide structures of the proposed dictionary, which includes front and back matter texts. Polyaccessibility, a system of cross-referencing, and lemmatic and non-lemmatic addressings are characteristics of the proposed dictionary. Chapter 9 makes some concluding remarks by highlighting the focus point of each chapter of the dissertation. It gives also some recommendations for the research.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die woordeboeke beskikbaar in die Gaboenese tale is almal vertalende woordeboeke gerig op Frans en saamgestel deur sendelinge en koloniale administrateurs. Geen werklike eentalige woordeboeke bestaan in die Gaboenese tale nie. Daar is gevolglik 'n behoefte aan eentalige woordeboeke in die Gaboenese tale, veral in Jipoenoe, een van die Bantoetale (B 43) wat in die Suide van Gaboen gepraat word. Jipoenoe is 'n streeksvoertaal of 'n hoof- of meerderheidstaal. Jipoenoe is 'n huistaal d.w.s. wat binne Bapoenoegemeenskappe gepraat word of 'n moedertaal of eerste taal en Jipoenoe word ook as vak in die nasionale opvoedingstelsel onderrig. In reaksie op hierdie behoefte stel hierdie proefskrif metaleksikografiese kriteria voor vir die samestelling van 'n standaard beskrywende eentalige woordeboek met spesiale verwysing na Jipoenoe. Die voorgestelde model fokus primêr op die insluiting en behandeling van die standaardvariëteit van Jipoenoe en in 'n mindere mate op die ander variëteite. Die model is gerig op 'n woordeboek wat primêr aandag gee aan die behoeftes van die deursnee- opgevoede lede van die Jipoenoespraakgemeenskap, die moedertaalsprekers, en wat ook ontwerp is vir kundige en gevorderde leerders van Jipoenoe en hul onderwysers. Die doel van hierdie studie is om aan te toon hoe belangrik standaard beskrywende eentalige woordeboeke in die algemeen en spesifiek in die geval van die Bantoetale van Afrika is. Die doel van hierdie studie is ook om die belangrikheid vir Gaboenese leksikograwe te belig om moderne leksikografiese beginsels toe te pas in die samestelling van woordeboeke soos die gebruikersgedrewe woordeboek en die korpusgebaseerde woordeboek. Hierdie model, alhoewel ontwerp vir Jipoenoe, sal uiteindelik dien as model vir die opstel van standaard beskrywende woordeboeke vir al die Gaboenese tale. Die studie verskaf inligting oor die inhoud en strukture van so 'n woordeboek en is soos volg gestruktureer: Hoofstuk 1 fokus op 'n inleiding tot en 'n kontekstualisering van die navorsing. Dit beskryf die taalkundige toestand in Gaboen met betrekking tot die status van Jipoenoe. Dit toon ook die belangrikheid en relevansie van die navorsing en gee die teoretiese basis, metodologie, hipoteses en doelstellings onderliggend aan die studie. Hoofstuk 2 kritiseer die leksikografiese werk in Jipoenoe met die doel om die gehalte van die Jipoenoewoordeboeke te verbeter en die behoeftes van die Jipoenoeleksikografie te ondersoek. Hoofstuk 3 beskou 'n aantal aspekte van die standaardisering van Jipoenoe. Dit is gemik op 'n bespreking op die vlak van taalontleding, naamlik die fonologie, die grammatika, die woordeboek en die ortografie van Jipoenoe. Hoofstuk 4 bespreek die gebruikersperspektief wat die woordeboeksamestelling rig. Dit fokus op die gebruikersprofiel, gebruikerstipologieë en woordeboekfunksies. Die beplande woordeboek het 'n multifunksionele karakter. Spesiale aandag word gegee aan 'n baanbrekende ondersoek na woordeboekgebruik onder Gaboenese studente en aan 'n bespreking van die onderrig van woordeboekgebruik in Gaboen. Hoofstuk 5 handel oor die woordeboekplan. Verskillende aspekte soos die stylgids, die werklike doel, die woordeboekbasis, dataversameling, die dataversamelingsbeleid, dataversamelingsmetodes en die korpus van die voorgestelde woordeboek word bespreek. Hoofstuk 6 wei uit oor die makrostruktuur van die voorgestelde woordeboek. Die woordeboek gee voorkeur aan 'n streng alfabetiese makrostruktuur. Makrostrukturele elemente, lemmatiseringstrategieë, en soorte lemmas en artikels vir insluiting in die beplande woordeboek word bespreek. Hoofstuk 7 fokus op die mikrostruktuur van die voorgestelde woordeboek. Die model stel 'n verpligte mikrostruktuur en 'n uitgebreide verpligte mikrostruktuur voor en bespreek die verskeidenheid data wat in die artikels van die voorgestelde woordeboek ingesluit behoort te word. Hoofstuk 8 handel oor die buiteteksgedeelte en die gidsstrukture van die voorgestelde woordeboek wat voor- en agtervoor- en agtertekste insluit. Politoeganklikheid, 'n stelsel van kruisverwysings, en lemmatiese en nielemmatiese adresserings is kenmerke van die voorgestelde woordeboek. Hoofstuk 9 maak 'n aantal slotopmerkings deur die fokuspunt van elke hoofstuk van die proefskrif te belig. Dit verskaf ook 'n aantal aanbevelings vir navorsing.
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Yacoub, Rania Nafez Mhmoud. "Ideological aspects of dubbing into Arabic for children : with special reference to language variety." Thesis, University of Salford, 2009. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26976/.
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Ideological Aspects of Dubbing into Arabic for Children - with Special Reference to Language Variety The linguistic duality of Arabic means that the choice between the high variety of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and the lower variety of Colloquial Arabic has been at the centre of ideological debate since the Arab renaissance in the 19th century. The deliberate choice of the target language variety can be used to promote a certain ideology when translating for the media, as audiovisual translation has always been influenced by cultural and ideological factors, and in turn translation has influenced its target audience. This study, which draws on the polysystem theory and the concept of norms, investigates the ideological and non-ideological factors that lie behind the choice of MSA or Colloquial Arabic in dubbing children's programmes. In order to achieve this aim, an empirical and descriptive approach within the discipline of translation studies has been adopted. In order to obtain the required data several interviews were conducted with producers, children and their parents in a number of Arabic speaking countries, in addition to the analysis of selected dubbed material and source versions. The results of the empirical study show that the commercial and the educational factors were the main motivations behind the preference of the producers for MSA in dubbing children programmes, whereas the educational factor plays the main role for the viewers. Other factors include religion, pan-Arabism and regionalism. The study concludes that complex ideological and commercial factors are at play when dubbing for children, which sheds light on the status and role of translators and the Arabic language today.
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Castagna, Giuliano. "A sketch of the Kuria Muria language variety and other aspects of Modern South Arabian." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22573/.
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This thesis discusses a number of open questions and explores various understudied and unstudied aspects of Modern South Arabian (MSA) linguistics and MSA studies at large. Namely, it contains an extensive literature review which offers a summary of the most significant works in the field, a discussion about the internal sub-grouping and the internal cohesion of Modern South Arabian within Semitic, a grammatical sketch of the Jibbali/Shehret variety spoken on al-Ḥallāniyya island in the Kuria Muria Archipelago: this description focuses on the differences between this and the better-studied mainland varieties. The syntax section, however, takes into account not only the insular variety, but also central and eastern Jibbali/Shehret, in order to present a clearer picture of the syntactic features of this language. In the chapter that follows, a discussion about the lexical interferences of Arabic and Austronesian in Modern South Arabian is presented. Furthermore, the thesis contains three appendices: the first one is a description of the Dhofar inscriptions, re-labelled South-eastern Arabian inscriptions in view of new findings in the Yemeni governorate of Mahra and the examination of epigraphic evidence from Soqotra. The second appendix contains a number of texts in Kuria Muria Jibbali/Shehret, ranging from a selection of Miranda Morris's recordings from the 1980s to recordings proceeding from personal fieldwork made in 2017, with interlinear morpheme glossing. Finally, the third appendix contains a glossary of the above-mentioned Jibbali/Shehret variety. It is argued that Modern South Arabian studies are overall still in an incipient phase, and a research agenda is set up and proposed.
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Vraciu, Eleonora Alexandra. "Tense-Aspect Morphology in the Advanced English L2 Variety: Exploring Semantic, Discourse and Cross-linguistic Factors." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/96894.
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La tesi pertany a una línia d’estudis recentment iniciada amb l’objectiu de descriure la varietat de l’anglès avançat. Proposem una anàlisi integral d’una sèrie de factors semàntics, discursius i interlingüístics que conformen l’ús de la morfologia verbal que empren aprenents avançats catalans i francesos d’anglès idioma estranger; específicament dues poblacions d’especialistes de l’anglès (estudiants de Filologia Anglesa i professors d’anglès a la universitat).
A partir d’un corpus de narracions orals d’un llibre en imatges, explorem la distribució de la morfologia temporo-aspectual en relació amb les característiques semàntiques dels predicats (la hipòtesi de l’aspecte) i els moviments narratius que els predicats expressen en la narració (la hipòtesi del discurs). Les formes verbales són analitzades també des de la perspectiva de l’anomenat estíl retòric d’aprenent, és a dir la tria sistemàtica de recursos lingüístics que els aprenents fan en tasques comunicatives complexes en base a un repertori après de formes però també à una determinada manera de seleccionar i organitzar la informació pròpia del seu idioma matern.
El fet que els aprenents disposin d’aspecte gramatical en català i en francès no garanteix, d’entrada, el mateix ús d’aquesta morfologia verbal en anglès. Les diferències resideixen tant en la utilització del progressiu amb els predicats de tipus duratiu atèlic, com en el ventall de funcions que les formes verbals en general tenen en el discurs dels aprenents. La coalició prototípica dels predicats duratius atèlics amb el progressiu continua sent forta, particularment en les produccions dels estudiants francòfons, i dona peu a un ús generalitzat d’aquesta forma, molt sovint en tensió amb la funció de fer avançar la narració que té el predicat. El grau de gramaticalització de l’aspecte progressiu en el idioma matern dels aprenents sembla interferir amb les hipòtesis d’ús del progressiu en anglès idioma estranger. Els grups de professors són els que més s’alliberen de les congruències semàntiques amb els predicats en el seu ús de les formes verbals, de manera semblant als locutors nadius. Amb aquests aprenents, el progressiu té una funció discursiva específica i esdevé opcional quan la informació temporal pròpia de la forma verbal es pot recuperar d’altres elements en context.
L’estudi estableix que el ventall de funcions que les formes verbals tenen en anglès avançat és més limitat i que no sempre es correspon a les funcions emprades pels locutors nadius. Un exemple és la forma no progressiva de present i de passat, que s’utilitza sobretot per expressar relacions de moviment endavant de la narració en les produccions dels estudiants, mentres que els professors i els anglesos utilitzen la forma no progressiva com a forma per defecte i en contextos narratius més variats. L’anàlisi interlingüístic de dos episodis estructurats per la relació de simultaneïtat revela que hi ha una influència subtil de l’idioma matern en la manera de construir una perspectiva temporal en l’expressió de la simultaneïtat en anglès idioma estranger. Aquesta influència es manifesta fins i tot amb els aprenents més avançats (els professors).
Totes aquestes observacions conviden a una reflexió sobre la rigidesa dels contrastos gramaticals, les coalicions atípiques predicat/forma o forma/funció que poden sorgir en el discurs, i la manera que tenen els aprenents d’arribar a detectar i produir aquestes coalicions en un idioma estranger com l’anglès. Les observacions també indiquen que les produccions orals en un idioma estranger es fan a través del filtre lingüístic i conceptual de l’idioma matern fins a estadis molt avançats d’aprenentatge.Our dissertation belongs to a recently initiated line of studies seeking to characterise the advanced English L2 variety. We present an integrated analysis of a series of semantic, discourse and cross-linguistic factors underlying the use of verb forms by advanced French and Catalan learners of English as a foreign language. On the basis of a corpus of oral picture book narratives produced by two populations of language specialists (i.e., English Studies graduates and professors at several French and Catalan universities), we explore the distribution of tense-aspect morphology in relation to the aspectual class of predicates (the Aspect Hypothesis) and the temporal information predicates encode in narrative discourse (the Discourse Hypothesis). Tense-aspect forms are also considered from the perspective of the so-called L2 rhetorical style, the systematic linguistic choices learners make in a given communicative task drawing both on their learnt repertoire of L2 devices and on information selection and organisation patterns unconsciously transferred from their L1. The availability of grammaticalised aspectual distinctions in the learners’ mother tongues does not ensure a nativelike use of aspectual marking in advanced English L2. Differences reside in the use of tense-aspect morphology with durative atelic predicates and in the functional-semantic scope verb forms have in discourse. Prototypical predicate/form coalitions in learner production were found to remain strong in the use of the progressive with durative atelic predicates and to lead to an across-the-board reliance on the progressive, often in tension with the plot-advancing role of the predicate. The degree of grammaticalisation of the progressive aspect in the learners’ L1 seems to interfere with the hypotheses of use concerning the progressive form in English L2, particularly in the case of the French L1 student group. Only the professor groups employ tense-aspect forms in a way which is genuinely liberated from the semantic congruence with the predicate, similar to what was observed in English L1. With these very advanced learners, the progressive has a discourse-specific function and becomes optional when viewpoint information can be retrieved from other elements in the context. English L2 form-function mappings in the domain of tense-aspect morphology were also found to be more limited or not to match the ones observed in English L1. A case in point is the non-progressive present or past form, strongly associated with plot-advancing contexts in the production of the student groups, whereas the non-progressive is a default form, encoding a variety of narrative material, in the production of the professor groups and the English native speakers. The cross-linguistic analysis of a specific type of narrative contexts, namely two episodes where the expression of simultaneity plays a central role, revealed the existence of a subtle L1 influence on the construction of a temporal perspective in English L2, even with the most proficient learners. These findings invite to a reflection on the margins of grammaticalised contrasts, where atypical coalitions arise, and how learners can grasp such peripheral uses in an instructional setting. They also indicate that L2 oral production at the advanced stages is bound to a linguistic and conceptualisation filter which is the legacy of learners’ L1.
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Franke, Katharina. ""We call it Springbok-German!": language contact in the German communities in South Africa." Monash University. Faculty of Arts. School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, 2009. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/68398.
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Varieties of German are spoken all over the world, some of which have been maintained for prolonged periods of time. As a result, these transplanted varieties often show traces of the ongoing language contact as specific to their particular context. This thesis explores one such transplanted German language variety – Springbok- German – as spoken by a small subset of German Lutherans in South Africa. Specifically, this study takes as its focus eight rural German communities across two South African provinces, KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga, which were founded in the second half of the 19th century. The study employs a broadly ethnographic approach and integrates participant observation with interviews and (limited) questionnaire data. On the one hand, it addresses issues of language maintenance and shift, and on the other, presents findings from an analysis of grammatical features, that is morphosyntactic and syntactic features, of this particular German language variety. The thesis explores the domains where speakers continue to make use of German, by discussing practices at home, within the church and community, and at school. It also briefly considers German media consumption. The findings reveal that the home and the church/community constitute the strongholds of German language maintenance, although intermarriage is having an increasing impact on these patterns. Changes in the demographics of the communities, e.g. out-migration of younger speakers and barely any in-migration, are also shown to be detrimental to the continued survival of German in this region. Conceptualising these communities as ethnoreligious ones where (Luther) German functions as a ‘sacred variety’ (cf. Fishman, 2006a) helps to account for the prolonged maintenance patterns as exhibited by the communities. The study explores how the communities are shaped by their German Lutheranism and a 19th century understanding of Volkstum, and how this resulted in an insistence on preserving the German language and culture at all costs. This is still transparent today. This study also seeks to provide new insights into the structure of Springbok- German, and, for this purpose, explores a number of (morpho)syntactic features, including case marking, possessive constructions, word order, and infinitive complements. Although the overall findings indicate that Springbok-German is (still) relatively conservative, there are clear indications of emerging structural changes. While reduction in the case system, for example, is not as advanced as in other transplanted German varieties, the accusative/dative distinction is becoming increasingly blurred. Changes are also apparent in possessive constructions and word order. In this context, the study considers the fundamental question of the role language contact plays in such situations, i.e. whether the respective changes can plausibly be attributed to contact with Afrikaans and/or English, or whether they are best seen as the result of language-internal tendencies. The conclusion follows that it is difficult to ascertain the precise role of external influence vs. internal developments. The developments in Springbok-German are best seen as resulting from a combination of both, shaped furthermore by the social conditions as prevalent in this particular language contact setting.
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Lee, On-lai Annie. "A study of vocabulary explanations in the intermediate EFL classroom : the variety and effectiveness of strategies employed /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13553811.
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Cave, Andrew. "Language variety and communicative style as local and subcultural identity in a South Yorkshire coalmining community." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2001. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12849/.
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The study has two broad objectives. The first is to describe the regional and sociooccupational language varieties and communicative styles used locally through the collection of empirical data. The second is to explore the extent to which the various components of such language function as markers of social identity for certain individuals. It is an ethnographic, synchronic study looking at the complex link between language and identity, and is cross-disciplinary, drawing on the knowledge already generated via research in sociolinguistics, anthropology and folklore. It is argued that such an eclectic approach will provide profitable insights and reveal new possibilities, both in the description of regional and occupational language varieties and in their role of local identity construction. The concept of someone having a particular social identity or 'self in this study refers not only to geographical, territorially-based group affiliations, but to locally-based, social categories. The study group comprised men and women from the village of Royston and neighbouring communities in South Yorkshire, who have, until recently, relied on coalmining as a way of life and as their major source of income. Undoubtedly, as with all people, each individual is affiliated to different, overlapping and sometimes conflicting social groups, which they can enter and leave easily. Subjective feelings of identification to a geographical region or a social group are not necessarily expressed via language behaviour. This study however, argues that, among many people still living in communities such as Royston, Grimethorpe and Darfield in South Yorkshire, the coalmining industry has been a significant factor in their lives, and continues to be an important retrospective resource, which in certain contexts, can be manipulated symbolically for the display of a distinctive local social identity. The study emphasises that language is not simply an emblem of membership to a preexisting group, but rather these affiliations and boundaries are constituted, maintained and negotiated through the process of interaction.
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Alfredsson, Antonia. ""What Variety Do You Think I Should Use?" : Seven Swedish EFL Teachers' views on language varieties in the classroom." Thesis, Jönköping University, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53681.
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The aim of this essay is to gain knowledge about attitudes towards the use of different varieties of English in the classroom from the perspective of seven English teachers in Swedish upper secondary school. The study was carried out through interviews with teachers from different upper secondary schools in Sweden. Qualitative interviews were used to gain information from the teachers. The results showed that the language varieties most of the teachers used were American English and British English, which had to do with what variety they were more exposed to. When asked about their students’ choices of language variety in the classroom, the teachers said that they used American English because of the frequent presence of the variety in films and television. The teachers worked with language varieties in the classroom by incorporating different varieties into the teaching using films, clips or listening comprehensions with speakers of, for example, Indian English or Australian English. Regarding the significance of working with language varieties in the classroom, the teachers said that it could develop knowledge and understanding of other people and that it could expand knowledge about the English-speaking world. In conclusion, the results showed that, even though American English and British English are the most commonly used English varieties in Swedish upper secondary schools, there are many ways teachers try to incorporate other language varieties to help students develop their English.
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Chisanga, T. "An investigation into the form and function of educated English in Zambia as a possible indigenized non-native variety." Thesis, University of York, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379038.
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McNamara, Rebecca Fields. "Code-switching in medieval England : register variety in the literature of Geoffrey Chaucer, Thomas Usk and Thomas Hoccleve." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669980.
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Ruiz-Sánchez, Carmen. "The variable behavior of /r/ in syllable-final and word-final position in the Spanish variety of Alcala de Guadaira (Seville) the role of lexical frequency /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3297076.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Spanish and Portuguese, 2007.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-02, Section: A, page: 0593. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 24, 2008). Adviser: Manuel Diaz-Campos.
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Bellamy, John Paul. "Language attitudes in England and Austria : comparing reactions towards high and low prestige varieties in Manchester and Vienna." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:119017.
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This thesis presents results obtained during 2007/08 in the course of doctoral research into attitudes towards linguistic variation in England and Austria and is based in part on a study by Lees (2000). In this project attitudes amongst British and Austrian informants towards low-prestige ('dialect') and high-prestige varieties are investigated on the basis of assumptions made about speakers of these varieties. The data are collected by means of the 'matched-guise technique', whereby informants listen to a number of recordings of low and high-prestige varieties and note their reactions on the basis of a selection of traits using a semantic differential. In this way the research aims to ascertain whether a pattern emerges, where the informants' perception of the guises is influenced by the prestige of the spoken variety. The results in England and in Austria are compared in order to determine similarities and differences in language attitudes towards low and high-prestige varieties in the two countries. Some results presented here correspond to certain social expectations, with high-prestige speakers being associated with better-paid employment and a better education. Other results, though, are less predictable, as where, for example, the female informants in England and in Austria judge the speakers more positively than the male informants, regardless of the prestige of the speaker's variety. In any case, there is evidence from both countries of the informants' evaluations of the speaker being influenced by their associations of the speaker's variety with that speaker's social status. The data also indicate that the social status of speakers in England is judged to a greater extent on the basis of their spoken variety than is the case in Austria, where speakers are more used to switching freely between points on the standard-dialect continuum and are consequently less judgemental in their perception of a speaker based purely on the evidence of their spoken variety.
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Undolo, Márcio Edu da Silva. "Caracterização da norma do português em Angola." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/20820.
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O presente trabalho partiu da tese de que, em Angola, estaria
provavelmente em construção uma norma específica, muito desfasada
da do PE, procurando demonstrar a existência de tal norma e identificar
suas características relevantes nos diferentes domínios da língua,
nomeadamente: fónico, morfo-sintáctico e lexical. Testada esta tese, os
resultados evidenciam que, no país, coexistem duas normas da LP,
sendo uma real, a variedade nacional, e a outra ideal, a variedade
europeia, que corresponde; ABSTRACT:
Characterization of the Angolan Portuguese Norm
The present work results from the thesis that in Angola there may
be, in construction, a linguistic norm that is distinct from the european
Portuguese; trying to demonstrate such a norm and identify its relevant
domains namely: morpho-syntactic, phonetic-phonological and lexical.
Having tested this thesis, the results have shown that, there are, in
Angola, two norms of the Portuguese language, one which is actual, the
angolan variety, and the other, the european variety, which is a much
political ideal. On the contrary to what happens in Portugal, there is in
Angola a great separation between the cultivated variety and the
standard norm, which favors the angolan Portuguese norm
institutionalization in future, as it happened in Brazil.
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李安麗 and On-lai Annie Lee. "A study of vocabulary explanations in the intermediate EFL classroom: the variety and effectiveness of strategiesemployed." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31956531.
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Carrie, Erin. "A social-psychological study of foreign learners' attitudes and behaviours towards model varieties of English speech." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5667.
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This thesis attempts to bridge the gap between Social Psychology and Sociolinguistics by exploring the relationship between language attitudes and language use. Using a sample of 71 university students in Spain, it investigates how learners deal with phonological variation in the English language, what language attitudes are held towards American and British models of English speech and which social and psychological factors are linked with learners' language attitudes and language use. A social-psychological model was adopted and adapted, allowing learners' use of intervocalic /t/ to be successfully predicted from measures of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. Direct measures of learners' preferred accent and pronunciation class were also highly predictive of learners' language use. Several trends were found in the attitudinal data. Firstly, British English speech was rated more favourably overall, though American English speech was often viewed as more socially attractive. Secondly, the evaluative dimensions of competence and social attractiveness were salient amongst learners in the Spanish context. Each of these findings endorses those of previous language attitude studies conducted elsewhere. Thirdly, female speakers were consistently rated more favourably than male speakers; thus, highlighting the need for further investigation into the variable of speaker sex. Familiarity with the speech varieties under investigation – most often gained through education, media exposure, time spent abroad and/or contact with native speakers – seemed to result in learners challenging rigid stereotypes and expressing more individualised attitudes. Overall, British speech emerged as formal and functional, while American speech was thought to fulfil more informal and interpersonal functions. This thesis provides compelling evidence of attitude-behaviour relations, adds to the growing volume of language attitude research being conducted across the globe, and establishes – for the first time – which social and psychological variables are relevant and salient within English-language learning contexts in Spain.
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Steigertahl, Helene [Verfasser]. "English(es) in Post-Independence Namibia : An Investigation of Variety Status and Its Implications for English Language Teaching / Helene Steigertahl." Frankfurt a.M. : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1204347166/34.
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Stitt, Megan Perigoe. "Perspectives on the origin and variety of language in fictional works by Sir Walter Scott, Elizabeth Gaskell, and Charles Kingsley." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309013.
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Al, Masaeed Katharine Burns. "The Ideology of U.S. Spanish in Foreign and Heritage Language Curricula: Insights from Textbooks and Instructor Focus Groups." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/323442.
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According to data from the U.S. Census Bureau (2012), the United States is the world's fifth most populous Spanish-speaking country, with over 35 million Spanish-speakers. In addition, Spanish is the most widely taught foreign language in the United States, with more students enrolled in Spanish at the higher-education level than in all other modern languages combined, as detailed in a 2010 report from the Modern Language Association (MLA). How are these two realities connected? Is the United States' status as a top Spanish-speaking country reflected in Spanish as a Foreign Language (SFL) and Spanish as a Heritage Language (SHL) curricula at the university level? This case study of a large, Southwestern university, which is home to SFL and SHL programs among the largest in the country, explores that question using a two-tiered approach. First, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is employed to examine the ideological underpinnings of how spoken varieties of Spanish, with particular emphasis on U.S. Spanish, are presented in first-year and second-year university-level SFL and SHL textbooks used at the university. Second, focus groups of SFL and SHL instructors are conducted to gain insight into their beliefs and practices regarding language variety in the classroom. The study finds a systematic reinforcement of the ideology of a monolithic 'standard' Spanish in the SFL and SHL textbooks and curricula, with only cursory attention paid to regional varieties of Spanish and an oftentimes explicit de-legitimization of U.S. Spanish in particular.
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Bredesjö, Budge Susanne. "To deceive the receiver : A genre analysis of the electronic variety of Nigerian scam letters." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Humanities, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-627.
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This essay analyses fifty electronic Nigerian scam letters or spam in order to find out whether they can be considered a genre of their own according to Swales’ (1990) definition. It is comparing the Nigerian scam letters to sales promotion letters, as presented by Bhatia (1993). The functional moves Bhatia (1993) found in the sales promotion letters were applied to the Nigerian scam letters, and three functional moves unique for the scam letters were established. The functional moves specific to the Nigerian scam letters together with the scam letters’ compatibility with Swales’ (1990) definition of genre, give support for this essay’s argument that the Nigerian scam letters constitute a genre of their own.
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Bertet, Denis. "Aspects of Tikuna grammar (San Martin de Amacayacu variety, Colombia) : phonology, nominal phrase, predicative phrase." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE2068.
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Cette étude consiste en une description de certains aspects de la grammaire d’un parler tikuna abordés depuis une perspective fonctionnelle et typologique. Le tikuna est une langue isolée parlée dans l’ouest de l’Amazonie sur les bords du fleuve Amazone. Le parler tikuna décrit dans cette étude correspond à celui de la communauté de San Martín de Amacayacu, située dans l’extrême sud-est de la Colombie. Les locuteurs de ce parler désignent généralement leur langue du nom de tăgà, littéralement ‘notre langue (nous inclusif)’ ou bien ‘langue des gens’, y compris dans leurs interactions avec des personnes non tikuna. Les deux principaux domaines de la grammaire de la langue traités dans ce travail sont d’une part son système phonologique, et d’autre part la morphosyntaxe et la sémantique de son syntagme prédicatif. Sont également abordés, avec moins de détail, certains aspects de la morphosyntaxe du syntagme nominal, ainsi que l’expression de la négation dans la langue. Les analyses avancées dans cette étude reposent presque exclusivement sur des données linguistiques de première main que j’ai rassemblées entre 2015 et 2018 à San Martín de Amacayacu avec l’aide de locuteurs natifs de la langueThis study is a typologically-informed description of a few major aspects of the grammar of a variety of Tikuna, a language isolate spoken in western Amazonia along the banks of the Amazon river. The Tikuna variety described in this work is that of San Martín de Amacayacu, a community located near the southeastern tip of Colombia. Its speakers typically refer to it as tăgà, lit. ‘our (incl.) language’ or ‘people’s language’, even when talking to foreigners. The grammatical topics covered primarily include the phonological system of the language as well as the morphosyntax and semantics of its predicative phrase. Additional grammatical domains treated in less detail include aspects of the nominal phrase and the expression of negation. All the analyses I put forward in this description are based on first-hand linguistic data that I have collected between 2015 and 2018 in San Martín de Amacayacu with the help of native speakers of the language
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Paterson, Moya Colleen. "The linguistic markers of the language variety spoken by gang members on the Cape Flats, according to the film Dollars and White Pipes." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20450.
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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The non-standard “way of speaking” associated with gang members on the Cape Flats is the focus of the present study. This thesis is not about gangsters and gang culture, neither is it an attempt to analyze their use of language. Rather, it is an investigation of the linguistic markers of the language variety spoken by gang members on the Cape Flats, according to the film Dollars and White Pipes. This film portrays the true story of Bernie Baatjies and is set in Hanover Park, an area on the Cape Flats characterized by a high level of unemployment and low levels of education. During the Apartheid years, people of colour all over Cape Town were displaced: they were forced to move to barren land and start rebuilding their lives all over again. The youth perceived their parents as cowards for not fighting back against the system. Their anger with their parents led to the formation of gangs on the Cape Flats. These gangs resort to violence, using it as a means of dominating others and showing power through claiming territory. Gang members establish in-group distinctiveness through speech divergence. In this thesis, the notion of establishing membership of a specific linguistic community, in this case gang membership, by means of vocabulary use is examined with reference to concepts such as slang, anti-language and social judgments based on linguistic aspects. It is shown that the linguistic repertoire of the Cape Flats gangsters as a speech community can broadly be categorised as non-standard Afrikaans, non-standard English and English-Afrikaans code switching. In order to examine the linguistic markers of the language variety spoken by gang members on the Cape Flats, utterances in the film that were judged non-standard were transcribed orthographically. The standard version of each utterance was also identified. Non-standard words and phrases were then grouped according to language and parts of speech. These non-standard words and phrases were in turn presented to real–life gangsters from the Cape Flats in order to obtain judgements on their authenticity. Research approaches and methods drawn on in the thesis are Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Discourse Analysis (DA), both of which are briefly discussed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die nie-standaard “manier van praat” wat geassosieer word met bendes op die Kaapse Vlakte is die fokus van hierdie studie. Hierdie tesis handel nie oor bendes en die bendekultuur nie en is ook nie ʼn poging om hul gebruik van taal te analiseer nie. Dit is eerder ‘n beskrywing van die linguistiese merkers van die taalvariëteit wat deur bendes op die Kaapse Vlakte gepraat word, volgens die rolprent Dollars and White Pipes. Hierdie rolprent is die ware verhaal van Bernie Baatjies en speel af in Hanover Park, ‘n area van die Kaapse Vlakte gekenmerk deur ‘n hoë vlak van werkloosheid en lae vlakke van opvoeding. As gevolg van Apartheid is mense van kleur regoor Kaapstad verplaas: hulle is forseer om na dor land te verskuif en om hul lewens van oor af op te bou. Die jeug het hul ouers gesien as lafaards omdat hulle nie terug baklei het teen die stelsel nie. Hulle woede teenoor hulle ouers het gelei tot die vorming van bendes op die Kaapse Vlakte. Hierdie bendes het hulle gewend na geweld. Geweld is gebruik in ʼn poging om andere te domineer en om mag ten toon te stel in die aanspraak op gebied. Bendelede bewerkstellig spraak uiteenlopenheid as ʼn metode om in-groep onderskeibaarheid daar te stel. In hierdie tesis word die idee van bewerkstelliging van lidmaatskap van ʼn spesifieke linguistieke gemeenskap, in hierdie geval bendelidmaatskap, by wyse van die woordeskat wat hulle verkies om te gebruik, bekyk met verwysing na konsepte soos groeptaal, anti-taal en sosiale oordeel gebaseer op linguistieke aspekte. Daar word gewys dat die linguistiese repetoire van die bendes van die Kaapse Vlakte as spraakgemeenskap, gekategoriseer kan word as nie-standaard Afrikaans, nie-standaard Engels en Afrikaans-Engels kodewisseling. Om die linguistiese merkers van die taalvariëteit wat deur bendes op die Kaapse Vlakte gepraat word te bekyk, is uitings in die rolprent wat nie-standaard ge-ag is, ortografies getranskribeer. Die standaard weergawe van die uitings is ook geïdentifiseer. Nie-standaard woorde en frases is gegroepeer volgens taal en woordsoorte. Hierdie nie-standaard woorde en frases is aan werklike bendelede van die Kaapse Vlakte voorgelê om betroubaarheidsoordele te verkry. Die navorsingsbenaderinge en metodes waarop gefokus is, is Kritiese Diskoers Analise (KDA) sowel as Diskoers Analise (DA), wat beide kortliks bespreek word.
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Poon, Wing Kin Vinton. "Linguistic norms of Hong Kong English in computer-mediated communication." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6456.
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Hong Kong is widely known as a bilingual city. In addition to the locally spoken Cantonese, the vast majority of Hong Kong Chinese people are also able to speak English, the ex-colonial and the international language which has played an important role in the community since the colony was founded. This linguistic situation has given rise to a local variety of English. Recognising the distinct form and function of this variety, scholars (e.g. Bolton 2002, Joseph 2004: 132-161) have argued that the linguistic features in the English spoken by Hong Kong people should be identified as Hong Kong English (HKE). Observing that certain Hong Kong English features specific to computer-mediated communication (CMC) have been developed through communication among bilingual Hong Kong Chinese on the internet, I believe that Hong Kong English in CMC should be seen as a distinct variety. To support my argument, I have, in this thesis, re-examined the notion of linguistic variety. This in turn has required an investigation into the nature of the linguistic norms that define a 'systematically different' form of language. I begin my study by looking at the sociolinguistics of Hong Kong. The distribution of the three main languages – Cantonese, English, and Putonghua – is examined, and Cantonese-English code-mixing is discussed. The focus then turns to the notion of Hong Kong English, and its linguistic features are analysed. Then, the nature of computer-mediated communication is explored. I look at how this context has affected the use of language in general, and HKE specifically. The distinctive HKE features that can only be seen in CMC are examined. I show that Hong Kong English in computer-mediated communication (CHKE) is formally different from HKE in other written contexts. In order to argue that CHKE is a variety of its own, I look at how various scholars define 'variety' and similar notions such as 'language', 'dialect', 'sociolect', and 'register'. Seeing that the concept of norms is essential in determining whether a variety is 'systematically different', I explore the nature of social norms and linguistic norms. A model of norms is proposed, identifying three kinds of linguistic norms: formal norms, contextual norms and identity norms. I present the results of a survey I conducted that aims to elicit Hong Kong people‘s attitudes towards CHKE. Analysis of the data obtained from the survey shows that linguistic norms of CHKE have emerged. Not only is CHKE recognised by its users as a distinct variety, this variety also has an identity marking function that is not seen in other forms of written HKE.
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Discher, Christian. "Identități hibride în comunitatea imigranților români." Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2013/6778/.
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In articolul cu titlul "Identități hibride în comunitatea imigranților români" sunt prezentate rezultate parțiale precum și anumite analize a citatelor vorbitorilor din proiectul meu de doctorat cu titlul Sprachkontakt, Migration und Variation: Die frankophone Integration von Rumänen in Paris nach 1989. Lingvistica migratoare observă mișcările migranților români după căderea cortinei de fier. Aceștia au fost nevoiți să suporte consecințele managementului eronat al sistemului comunist. Între 1989 și 2012 mii de români au pǎrǎsit țara. Începând de atunci numărul imigranților români în Paris a crescut în mod significant. Scopul acestei contribuții este ilustrarea identității sociale a comunității migrante. În centrul lucrării se află descrierea procesului cultural și integrării lingvistice prin observarea dezvoltării a noi identități hibride.In this article are partial results from selected quotes from Romanians used in my dissertation titled “Sprachkontakt, Migration und Variation: Die frankophone Integration von Rumänen in Paris nach 1989.” A branch of linguistics that accounts for the movements of migrants observes that after the fall of the Iron Curtain the Romanian people had to face the consequences of the communists’ mismanagement. Between 1989 and 2012, thousands of people in formerly Soviet-controlled countries left their homes to move west. Since then, the number of Romanian immigrants in Paris has risen significantly. In order to retrace the process of cultural and linguistic integration, the aim of this work is to illustrate the social identity of the migrant community in which hybrid identities have evolved.
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Amdaouech, Leila. "“It is not important whether one speaks British English or American English” : A Questionnaire-Based Study of English Teachers’ Attitudes in Sweden." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-157312.
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Although there have been some studies conducted in Sweden about the language attitudes towards different varieties of English, most of these studies have focused on the language attitudes found amongst students. There have not, however, been many studies conducted that examines teachers’ language attitudes. The focus of the present study is to investigate which attitudes are found towards two varieties of English, American English and British English, amongst English teachers in Sweden. The study also aims to explore whether the teachers’ age and language backgrounds have an impact on the teachers’ attitudes. The hypothesis was that older teachers would be more positively inclined towards British English while younger teachers would prefer American English. Furthermore, it was also hypothesized that teachers who grew up monolingual would prefer British English and those who grew up bilingual would favour American English. The data collection method that was used in the study was a questionnaire which was distributed online to English teachers in Sweden. 115 teachers participated in the study and answered the questionnaire, which provided both quantitative and qualitative data. The results of the study show that the teachers seem to display equally positive attitudes towards both varieties. For example, American English is favoured in terms of being most familiar, easiest to understand and easiest to teach. British English, on the other hand, is favoured in terms of pleasantness and is in many ways seen as more respected. The findings of the study did confirm the hypotheses to a certain degree. The results showed a tendency amongst younger teachers and teachers who have grown up bilingual to prefer American English. In contrast, the tendency amongst older teachers and teachers who have grown up monolingual was to prefer British English. Overall, the results of the study raise the question of how these attitudes affect the teachers’ teaching of English.
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Vieira, Marcilio Melo. "Para um estudo das influências fonológicas do italiano no português falado na cidade de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8148/tde-30092011-111755/.
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O presente trabalho se propõe a investigar uma possível correlação entre a pronúncia de determinados segmentos fonéticos que caracterizam o dialeto de São Paulo e as variedades linguísticas trazidas à cidade pelos imigrantes italianos a partir do final do século XIX. Percorre a história da imigração, com um olhar sobretudo sociolinguistico, ressaltando o estreito contato entre as duas comunidades e seus respectivos sistemas linguísticos. Em seguida, expõe e analisa, qualitativamente, as variantes que distinguem a fala paulistana de outras variedades brasileiras, evidenciando seus pontos comuns com o italiano e suas dessemelhanças com outros dialetos regionais brasileiros. Por fim, sugere a adoção de um modelo quantitativo de análise, que permita elaborar dados sobre a variação fonológica local, conhecer a sua sistematização e verificar a possibilidade que a ocorrência de alguma das variantes constitua mudança em curso na fala do paulistano.This master thesis discusses, qualitatively, the correlation between certain phonemes that are characteristic to the dialect spoken in Sao Paulo and linguistic variants or varieties brought to the city by Italian immigrants. This paper offers an overview of the history of immigration, mainly from a sociolinguistics perspective, focusing on the close relationship between the communities in contact, as well as their languages. It presents a qualitative analysis of the variants that distinguish the paulistano speech from others around the country, by highlighting some aspects in reference to the Italian language. In conclusion, this paper suggests a quantitative analysis that would allow us to check more thoroughly \"how much Italian\" there is in the speech recognized as paulistano.
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Bourguiba, Abir. "Les marques d’oralité à travers la presse italienne en ligne : L’exemple de corriere.it (Corpus janvier-juin 2004 & mars-août 2011)." Thesis, Paris 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA030034.
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Cette thèse de doctorat a pour objet l’identification et l’analyse des marques d’oralité présentes dans la presse italienne sur Internet à partir de l’exemple de corriere.it, version électronique du quotidien italien publié à Milan, Il Corriere della Sera. Notre étude se fonde sur deux corpus recueillis sur le site du quotidien, l’un de janvier à juin 2004, l’autre de mars à août 2011. Dans les 1356 énoncés que nous avons sélectionnés à parité à travers ces deux corpus, nous avons repéré les phénomènes que nous avons identifiés comme « traits d’oralité» précédemment reconnus comme tels par divers grammairiens et chercheurs. Nous avons classé ces traits d’oralité aux différents niveaux de l’analyse linguistique : la textualité, la morphologie, la syntaxe et le lexique, domaines auxquels correspondent respectivement les quatre chapitres de notre thèse. La méthode d’analyse, quantitative et qualitative, est illustrée par de nombreux graphiques qui visualisent le taux de fréquence des phénomènes, mais nous avons pris aussi en considération certains aspects linguistiques moins représentés dans les deux corpus. Dans la conclusion, nous procédons à une synthèse interprétative des principaux résultats obtenus et nous avançons quelques réflexions sur les aspects sociolinguistiques de la répartition des marques d’oralité et de leur place dans l’évolution de la langueThe focus of this dissertation is to identify and analyze the traces of orality in the electronic Italian press based on the example of corriere.it, the electronic version of the daily Italian newspaper published in Milan, Il Corriere della Sera. The research project is based on two corpuses assembled from the site of the daily newspaper, one from January through June2004, and the other from March through August 2011. Though the 678 statements selected from each corpus, we highlighted the phenomena which we identified as ‘features of orality”previously recognized as such by various grammarians and scholars. We have classified these features of orality at various levels of linguistic analysis : textuality, morphology, syntax andlexis, fields which correspond to the four chapters of the dissertation respectively. The quantitative and qualitative analytical method is illustrated by numerous graphs whichvisualize the frequency rate of the phenomena, but we also took into consideration certainlinguistic aspects that are sparingly present in the two corpuses. In the conclusion, we drew upan interpretative summary of the main findings and we foregrounded certain reflections on the sociolinguistic aspects of the distribution of the traces of orality and their place in the evolution of languages
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Chabo, Maria. "“It is important to understand that there are not just 3 varieties of English” : Swedish upper secondary school students’ awareness of and attitudes towards varieties of English." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för utbildning, kultur och kommunikation, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-55437.
Full textAbstract:
The main aim of this study is to investigate Swedish upper secondary school students’ awareness of and attitudes to varieties of English, especially with a focus on accents. Based on a survey with both open-ended and closed questions, this study is both qualitative and quantitative. The questionnaire was distributed digitally to several teachers at three upper secondary schools in Sweden, one school in Eskilstuna and the other two in Stockholm. The number of participants in total was 88. The results revealed that the students were aware of several varieties of English, but the most known varieties were American, British, Irish and Indian English. Furthermore, the students were enthusiastic about both American and British English, but American English was the most common. In addition, the majority of the students believed that it was essential to learn about varieties of English in school and that American, British and Canadian were the most important varieties to learn about. In conclusion, the students have a general awareness of and an openness to linguistic variation, as well as being positive towards learning about different varieties of English in school.
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Melo, Pedro da Silva de. "Carolina Maria de Jesus e a paixão pela escrita: um estudo sociolinguístico de Quarto de Despejo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-27062014-104330/.
Full textAbstract:
Esta dissertação tem dois objetivos básicos: primeiro, investigar se há marcas de oralidade na linguagem narrativa e das personagens do livro Quarto de despejo: diário de uma favelada, de Carolina Maria de Jesus (1914-1977); segundo, examinar como essas manifestações se processam linguisticamente no texto no plano lexical. Suscitam-se, portanto, duas perguntas: Primeira: Há em Quarto de despejo manifestações linguísticas da oralidade? Segunda: Em caso afirmativo, em que níveis essa oralidade se processa linguisticamente? Para responder a essas perguntas, temos a hipótese de que a língua falada foi aproveitada de maneira mais ou menos inconsciente pela autora de Quarto de despejo e que, entre vários níveis linguísticos, a oralidade se manifesta de maneira notável em nível lexical, por meio de um vocabulário de uso popular. Estudar-se-á como o léxico da linguagem narrativa e das personagens apresenta efeitos de língua falada, tornando o texto dinâmico e expressivo. Este trabalho está teoricamente fundamentado em pressupostos da Sociolinguística e da Estilística. A metodologia de trabalho envolveu várias leituras da obra, anotações de vocabulário e análises à luz da teoria proposta. Estabelecem-se relações entre fala e escrita, compreendidas não como uma dicotomia, mas como polos de um continuum tipológico. Nesse continuum, um gênero da escrita pode apresentar características da fala e vice-versa. Ressalte-se que, tendo em vista esse referencial teórico, a narrativa de Quarto de despejo não é considerada um texto oral, mas um texto escrito em cuja enunciação se evidencia a presença da oralidade graças a um leque de vocábulos expressivos.This thesis has two basic goals: first, to investigate whether there are marks of orality in the narrative language and lines from the characters from the book \"Child of the dark: The diary of Carolina Maria de Jesus\", by Carolina Maria de Jesus (1914-1977); secondly, to examine how these manifestations are processed linguistically into the text on the lexical sphere. Two questions, therefore, are raised: First: are there linguistic manifestations of orality in Child of the dark? Second: if so, at what levels is this orality processed linguistically? To answer those questions, we hypothesized that the spoken language was used more or less unconsciously by the author of Child of the dark, and that between several linguistic levels, orality manifests itself in a remarkable manner in the lexical level, by use of a colloquial vocabulary. We shall study how the lexicon of the narrative language and of the characters has effects of the spoken language, making the text dynamic and expressive. This paper is theoretically grounded in assumptions of Sociolinguistic and Stylistic. The work methodology involved several readings of the book, vocabulary annotations and analysis in the light of the proposed theory. Relationships between speech and writing are set, understood not as a dichotomy but as poles of a typological continuum. In this continuum, a genre of writing can display characteristics of speech and vice versa. It is emphasized that, in view of that theoretical framework, the narrative of Child of the dark is not regarded as an oral text, but as a written text where enunciation highlights the presence of orality using a variety of expressive vocabularies.
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Nedopekina, Ekaterina Mikhaïlovna. "Les particularités fonctionnelles et structurales des actes de parole russes des Allemands ethniques dans l'espace sociolinguistique de l'Allemagne." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BOR30022/document.
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La thèse Les particularités fonctionnelles et structurales des actes de parole russes des Allemands ethniques dans l'espace sociolinguistique de l’Allemagne se concentre sur la description détaillée de l’espace sociolinguistique déterminé par la présence d'immigrés russes d'origine allemande dans l'Allemagne actuelle. L'objet de l'étude est la variété parlée et écrite issue des pratiques spontanées en russe de la communauté russophone des Allemands ethniques au nord de l'Allemagne actuelle, plus précisement dans le district de Schleswig-Holstein. Le but de la présente recherche est d’identifier et de classer les particularités les plus importantes et fréquentes du parler russe de ces Allemands ethniques aux plans phonétique, lexical et morphologique dans les conditions d’influence permanente exercée par la langue et la culture allemandes ainsi que de révéler différentes types des variétés du russe dans ce contexte en fonction des situations de communication non-institutionelle du bilinguisme russo-allemand. Les réponses obtenues au cours d'enquêtes effectuées en Allemagne sous la forme de questionnaires auprès de 80 Allemands ethniques russophones et d'entretiens spontanés ainsi qu'en se référant aux données des sites russo-allemands dépouillées, en 2008-2009, ont servi de la base empirique de la recherche. La méthodologie retenue est descriptive : interviews, questionnaires, traitement statistique des données. Elle intègre aussi une analyse contextuelle, sémantique. L'étude effectuée a montré que le fonctionnement de la langue russe à l'extérieur de son aire de répartition historique dans des conditions de contacts permanents avec la langue allemande accompagne l’émergence d'un espace sociolinguistique particulier qui se caractérise par l’hétérogénéité ethnique. Par conséquent, cet espace ne peut être identifié comme une diaspora. Il dispose cependant d'une large gamme de traits distinctifs, et sa cohésion est assurée par la langue russe, ce qui contribue à la formation d'une identité linguistique spécifiqueThe thesis Functional and Structural Features of Russian Speech of Ethnic Germans in the Sociolinguistic Space in Germany aims to provide a detailed description of a sociolinguistic space determined by the presence of Russian immigrants of German ancestry in today's United Germany. The object of the research is the spoken and written varieties issued from spontaneous utterances of Russian speech in the Russian speaking community of said Germans in present day Northern Germany, particularly in the district of Schleswig-Holstein. The purpose of the current thesis is to identify and to classify the most important and regular traits of the spoken Russian of ethnic Germans with respect to phonetics, lexis and morphology under the conditions of permanent influence exercised by the German language and culture and finally, to reveal different types of Russian language varieties in this context in connection with the non-institutional communicative situations of Russian and German bilingualism. The answers obtained within the inquiry conducted in Germany in the form of questionnaires distributed to 80 Russian speaking ethnic Germans and during spontaneous interviews as well as with the help of data gathered from the Russian and German Internet-sites in 2008-2009, formed the empirical basis of the research. The chosen methodology is descriptive: interviews, questionnaires and the statistical treatment of data, with the inclusion of contextual and semantic analysis. By conducting this piece of research, it highlighted that the functioning of the Russian language within the limits of its historical distribution and under the conditions of its permanent contact with German language, has led to the creation of a particular sociolinguistic space which is specified by its ethnic heterogeneity. The consequence being, this space cannot be defined as a diaspora. Nevertheless, it possesses a significant variety of highly distinctive features and its solidarity is assured by the Russian language which contributes to the formation of a specific linguistic identity
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Franco, Salvador Marc. "A Cross-domain and Cross-language Knowledge-based Representation of Text and its Meaning." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/84285.
Full textAbstract:
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a field of computer science, artificial intelligence, and computational linguistics concerned with the interactions between computers and human languages. One of its most challenging aspects involves enabling computers to derive meaning from human natural language. To do so, several meaning or context representations have been proposed with competitive performance. However, these representations still have room for improvement when working in a cross-domain or cross-language scenario.
In this thesis we study the use of knowledge graphs as a cross-domain and cross-language representation of text and its meaning. A knowledge graph is a graph that expands and relates the original concepts belonging to a set of words. We obtain its characteristics using a wide-coverage multilingual semantic network as knowledge base. This allows to have a language coverage of hundreds of languages and millions human-general and -specific concepts.
As starting point of our research we employ knowledge graph-based features - along with other traditional ones and meta-learning - for the NLP task of single- and cross-domain polarity classification. The analysis and conclusions of that work provide evidence that knowledge graphs capture meaning in a domain-independent way.
The next part of our research takes advantage of the multilingual semantic network and focuses on cross-language Information Retrieval (IR) tasks. First, we propose a fully knowledge graph-based model of similarity analysis for cross-language plagiarism detection. Next, we improve that model to cover out-of-vocabulary words and verbal tenses and apply it to cross-language document retrieval, categorisation, and plagiarism detection. Finally, we study the use of knowledge graphs for the NLP tasks of community questions answering, native language identification, and language variety identification.
The contributions of this thesis manifest the potential of knowledge graphs as a cross-domain and cross-language representation of text and its meaning for NLP and IR tasks. These contributions have been published in several international conferences and journals.El Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural (PLN) es un campo de la informática, la inteligencia artificial y la lingüística computacional centrado en las interacciones entre las máquinas y el lenguaje de los humanos. Uno de sus mayores desafíos implica capacitar a las máquinas para inferir el significado del lenguaje natural humano. Con este propósito, diversas representaciones del significado y el contexto han sido propuestas obteniendo un rendimiento competitivo. Sin embargo, estas representaciones todavía tienen un margen de mejora en escenarios transdominios y translingües. En esta tesis estudiamos el uso de grafos de conocimiento como una representación transdominio y translingüe del texto y su significado. Un grafo de conocimiento es un grafo que expande y relaciona los conceptos originales pertenecientes a un conjunto de palabras. Sus propiedades se consiguen gracias al uso como base de conocimiento de una red semántica multilingüe de amplia cobertura. Esto permite tener una cobertura de cientos de lenguajes y millones de conceptos generales y específicos del ser humano. Como punto de partida de nuestra investigación empleamos características basadas en grafos de conocimiento - junto con otras tradicionales y meta-aprendizaje - para la tarea de PLN de clasificación de la polaridad mono- y transdominio. El análisis y conclusiones de ese trabajo muestra evidencias de que los grafos de conocimiento capturan el significado de una forma independiente del dominio. La siguiente parte de nuestra investigación aprovecha la capacidad de la red semántica multilingüe y se centra en tareas de Recuperación de Información (RI). Primero proponemos un modelo de análisis de similitud completamente basado en grafos de conocimiento para detección de plagio translingüe. A continuación, mejoramos ese modelo para cubrir palabras fuera de vocabulario y tiempos verbales, y lo aplicamos a las tareas translingües de recuperación de documentos, clasificación, y detección de plagio. Por último, estudiamos el uso de grafos de conocimiento para las tareas de PLN de respuesta de preguntas en comunidades, identificación del lenguaje nativo, y identificación de la variedad del lenguaje. Las contribuciones de esta tesis ponen de manifiesto el potencial de los grafos de conocimiento como representación transdominio y translingüe del texto y su significado en tareas de PLN y RI. Estas contribuciones han sido publicadas en diversas revistas y conferencias internacionales.
El Processament del Llenguatge Natural (PLN) és un camp de la informàtica, la intel·ligència artificial i la lingüística computacional centrat en les interaccions entre les màquines i el llenguatge dels humans. Un dels seus majors reptes implica capacitar les màquines per inferir el significat del llenguatge natural humà. Amb aquest propòsit, diverses representacions del significat i el context han estat proposades obtenint un rendiment competitiu. No obstant això, aquestes representacions encara tenen un marge de millora en escenaris trans-dominis i trans-llenguatges. En aquesta tesi estudiem l'ús de grafs de coneixement com una representació trans-domini i trans-llenguatge del text i el seu significat. Un graf de coneixement és un graf que expandeix i relaciona els conceptes originals pertanyents a un conjunt de paraules. Les seves propietats s'aconsegueixen gràcies a l'ús com a base de coneixement d'una xarxa semàntica multilingüe d'àmplia cobertura. Això permet tenir una cobertura de centenars de llenguatges i milions de conceptes generals i específics de l'ésser humà. Com a punt de partida de la nostra investigació emprem característiques basades en grafs de coneixement - juntament amb altres tradicionals i meta-aprenentatge - per a la tasca de PLN de classificació de la polaritat mono- i trans-domini. L'anàlisi i conclusions d'aquest treball mostra evidències que els grafs de coneixement capturen el significat d'una forma independent del domini. La següent part de la nostra investigació aprofita la capacitat\hyphenation{ca-pa-ci-tat} de la xarxa semàntica multilingüe i se centra en tasques de recuperació d'informació (RI). Primer proposem un model d'anàlisi de similitud completament basat en grafs de coneixement per a detecció de plagi trans-llenguatge. A continuació, vam millorar aquest model per cobrir paraules fora de vocabulari i temps verbals, i ho apliquem a les tasques trans-llenguatges de recuperació de documents, classificació, i detecció de plagi. Finalment, estudiem l'ús de grafs de coneixement per a les tasques de PLN de resposta de preguntes en comunitats, identificació del llenguatge natiu, i identificació de la varietat del llenguatge. Les contribucions d'aquesta tesi posen de manifest el potencial dels grafs de coneixement com a representació trans-domini i trans-llenguatge del text i el seu significat en tasques de PLN i RI. Aquestes contribucions han estat publicades en diverses revistes i conferències internacionals.
Franco Salvador, M. (2017). A Cross-domain and Cross-language Knowledge-based Representation of Text and its Meaning [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/84285
TESIS
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Jansson, Denny. "Det dialektala hindret : En fallstudie om dialektalt språkbruk i gymnasieskolan." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och interkultur (from 2013), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-78242.
Full textAbstract:
Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur elever och svensklärare på en gymnasieskola i Värmland reflekterar över skriftbruk av dialektalt betingade former och drag. I detta arbete undersöks vidare vilken attityd som eleverna har gentemot sin egen dialekt och i vilken utsträckning som dialekten realiseras i elevernas skriftbruk. Undersökningen utgår från frågeställningarna om vilka attityder som eleverna har till den egna dialekten, hur gymnasielärare i svenska reflekterar över dialektalt skriftbruk samt i vilken utsträckning som dialektala former och drag förekommer i elevernas skriftbruk. Denna undersökning är konstruerad som en kvalitativt inriktad fallstudie med semistrukturerade intervjuer och ett förestavningstest, även kallat diktamen, som metoder för datainsamlingen. Antalet deltagare har avgränsats till fyra elever och en gymnasielärare, där detta urval gjorts genom ett målinriktat bekvämlighetsurval med intersubjektivitet. Undersökningen visar att de fyra eleverna har en positiv attityd till den egna dialekten samtidigt som förekomst av dialekt menas ge upphov till språkliga svårigheter i mötet med skolspråket i olika skolämnen. Vidare visar undersökningen att gymnasielärare menar att det är viktigt att rätta språket i elevtexter, men att det samtidigt är viktigt att eleverna får en bred språklig repertoar. I likhet med flera tidigare studier visar denna undersökning att det i elevernas skriftbruk förekommer flertalet dialektalt betingade former och drag som pekas ut som vanligt förekommande i det geografiska område som eleverna härrör från. Undersökningen visar även att gymnasieelever tenderar att vara dialektalt flerspråkiga, men att detta inte alltid stöttar eleverna i skolarbetet, utan där förekomst av dialekt stundvis även uppträder som en språklig barriär, i termer av ett dialektalt hinder.The aim of this study is to investigate how students and Swedish teachers at an upper secondary school in Värmland reflects on the use of dialectally conditioned forms and traits in writing. Furthermore, this study examines what attitudes the students have to their own dialect and to what extent the dialect is realized in the students writing. The study is based on the questions what attitudes the students have to their own dialect, how upper secondary school teachers in Swedish reflects on dialectal writing and to what extent dialectal forms and traits occur in the students writing. The study employs a qualitative approach and is constructed as a case study with semi-structured interviews and a pre-spelling test, also called dictation, as methods for the collection of data. The number of participants are limited to four students and one upper secondary school teacher, whom has been selected through a targeted and convince method for selection with intersubjectivity. The study shows that the four students tend to have a positive attitude towards their own dialect, while the presence of dialect is said to give rise to linguistic difficulties in the meeting with the language in the different subjects in school. Furthermore, the study shows that Swedish teachers believes that it is important to correct the language in the students texts, and that it is important that the students also receives knowledge in order to establish a wide linguistic repertoire. The results of this study are consistent with the conclusions drawn in several previous studies, that there is to be found several dialectal contingent forms and traits that are identified as common in the geographical area in which the students originate. The study also shows that students in upper secondary school tend to be dialectally multilingual, but that this does not always supports the students in their school work, and that the occurrence of dialect sometimes also acts as language barrier, in terms of an dialectal obstacle.
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Lu, Shanshan. "A Reference Grammar of Caijia : An unclassified language of Guizhou, China." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0082.
Full textAbstract:
Dans la famille des langues sino-tibétaines, le caijia, ou meŋ²¹ni³³ŋoŋ³³ ‘parole de caijia’, est une langue en danger de disparition puisqu’elle compte moins de 1 000 locuteurs (1982 Language Team of Bureau of Ethnic Identification in Bijie) à Hezhang et à Weining, dans le nord-ouest de la province du Guizhou et dans le sud-ouest de la Chine. La sous-classification du caijia reste inconnue. Cette thèse, dont le but est de présenter une description linguistique de la variété de Xingfa du caijia, est la première grammaire de référence de cette langue basée sur des données recueillies à Xingfa dans le district de Hezhang.Un chapitre introductif, le chapitre 1, présente, tout d’abord, l’origine du peuple caijia sur la base de documents historiques pouvant être datés de la période des dynasties Ming et Qing (1368-1912). Ce chapitre présente des caractéristiques linguistiques de base et le profil typologique de la langue caijia. Le chapitre 2 décrit ensuite, brièvement, le système phonologique du caijia. Faisant suite au chapitre 2, les chapitres 3 et 4 introduisent respectivement les constituants et les éléments constructifs dans les syntagmes nominaux et verbaux. Étant donné que le caijia est une langue analytique dépourvue de marquage flexionnel, cette présente thèse met essentiellement l’accent sur la syntaxe du caijia. Les chapitre 5 à 7 abordent successivement les constructions ditransitives, causatives et passives, entre lesquelles existe une forte relation. Le chapitre 8 introduit trois constructions de marquage différentiel de l’objet direct attestées en caijia, et le chapitre 9 concerne les constructions de comparaison. Les chapitres 10 à 13 se focalisent sur les systèmes d’aspect et de modalité, ainsi que sur la négation et l’interrogation. Les chapitres 14 et 15 portent sur la relativisation, la complémentation, la coordination et la subordination du caijia. Enfin, cette thèse se termine par une brève conclusion qui résume les caractéristiques spéciales constatées en caijia dans le cadre de la typologie linguistique en Asie de l’Est et du Sud-estCaijia, meŋ²¹ni³³ŋoŋ³³ ‘Caijia speech’, is an endangered language in the Sino-Tibetan family with less than 1,000 speakers (1982 Language Team of Bureau of Ethnic Identification in Bijie) in Hezhang and Weining counties in northwest in Guizhou Province in Southwest China. Its sub-classification remains unclear. This dissertation, concerning a linguistic description of the Xingfa variety of Caijia based on the fieldwork data in Xingfa township of Hezhang county, is the first reference grammar of the Caijia language. Firstly, an introduction chapter (Chapter 1) will present some background information about the people of Caijia according to several historical documents which can be dated back to the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368-1912). It will also present some basic features and the typological profile of the Caijia language. Chapter 2 will briefly describe the sound system of Caijia. Following Chapter 2, Chapters 3 and 4 will respectively introduce constituents and elements in noun and verb phrases.Given that Caijia is an analytic language and lacking in inflectional morphology, the present dissertation will focus on its syntax. Chapters 5-7 will respectively introduce ditransitive, causative and passive constructions, among which there exists a strong relationship. Chapter 8 will present three differential object marking constructions attested in Caijia and Chapter 9 will introduce constructions of comparison. Chapters 10-12 will focus on aspect, modality and mood, presenting aspect and modal systems as well as negation and interrogation. Chapters 14 and 15 concern relativization and clause linking in Caijia. Finally, this dissertation ends with a brief conclusion by summarizing some special features found in Caijia in the context of East and Southeast Asian linguistic typology
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Vjekoslav, Budimirović. "Prilog teoriji poluprstena." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2001. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=73360&source=NDLTD&language=en.
Full textAbstract:
Poluprsten je algebarska struktura (5, + , •) sa dve binarne operacije u kojoj su (S,+ ) i (5, •) polugrupe i druga je distributivna prema prvoj sa obe strane. U radu su uvedeni pojmovi p-polugrupe kao i p-poluprstena. Kažemo daje polugrupa ( S, + ) p-polugrupa ako (Vz G S)(3yG S)(x+py+x = y,py + x+py = z ). Poluprsten ( S, +.•)zovemo p-poluprsten ako (Vz G S)(3yG S)(x + py + x = y,py + x + py = z,4p z2 = 4pz). Dokazano je da je svaka p-polugrupa pokrivena grupama koje su u potpunosti opisane. Takođe je pokazano da su p-poluprsteni pokriveni pretprsteni-ma. Za p = 4A; + 3 (kG N0)ili p paran broj p-polugrupe, odnosno p-poluprsteni su varijeteti.A semiring (5 ,+ ,-) is an algebric structure with two binary operations in which ( S, + ) and (S,•) are semigroups, and the second operation is two-side dis tributive with respect to the first one. In the present paper notions of p-semigroup and p-semiring are introduced. We say that a semigroup (S', + ) is a p-semigroup if (Vx £ S)(3y £ S)(x + py + x = y,py + x + py = x).A semiring (S', + , •) is called a p-semiring if (Vx £ S)(3y£ S)(x +py + x = y,py + x + py = x,4px2 = 4px). It is proved that each p-semigroup is covered by groups which are completely described. It is also proved that p-semirings are covered by prering. For p = 4k + 3 (k £ No) or for even p, the class of p-semigroups, respectively of p-semirings are varieties.
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Rangel, Pardo Francisco Manuel. "Author Profiling en Social Media: Identificación de Edad, Sexo y Variedad del Lenguaje." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/67270.
Full textAbstract:
[EN] The possibility of knowing people traits on the basis of what they write is a field of growing interest named author profiling. To infer a user's gender, age, native language or personality traits, simply by analysing her texts, opens a wide range of possibilities from the point of view of forensics, security and marketing.
Furthermore, social media proliferation, which allows for new communication models and human relations, strengthens this wide range of possibilities to bounds never seen before. Idiosyncrasy inherent to social media makes them a special environment of communication, where freedom of expression, informality and spontaneous generation of topics and trends, enhances the knowledge of the daily reality of people in their use of language. However, the same idiosyncrasy makes difficult, or extremely costly, the application of linguistic techniques.
In this work we have proposed EmoGraph, a graph-based approach with the aim at modelling the way that users express their emotions, and the way they include them in their discourse, bearing in mind not only their frequency of occurrence, but also their position and relationship with other elements in the discourse. Our starting hypothesis is that users express themselves and their emotions differently depending on their age and gender, and besides, we think that this is independent on their language and social media where they write. We have collaborated in the creation of a common framework of evaluation at the PAN Lab of CLEF, generating resources that allowed us to verify our hypothesis achieving comparable and competitive results with the best ones obtained by other researchers on the field.
In addition, we have investigated whether the expression of emotions would help to differentiate among users of different varieties of the same language, for example, Spanish from Spain, Mexican and Argentinian, or Portuguese from Portugal and Brazil. Our hypothesis is that the variation among languages is based more on lexical aspects, and we have corroborated it after comparing EmoGraph with representations based on word patterns, distributed representations and a representation that uses the whole vocabulary, but reducing its dimensionality to only 6 features per class, what is suitable for its application to big data environments such as social media.[ES] La posibilidad de conocer rasgos de una persona a partir únicamente de los textos que escribe se ha convertido en un área de gran interés denominada author profiling. Ser capaz de inferir de un usuario su sexo, edad, idioma nativo o los rasgos de su personalidad, simplemente analizando sus textos, abre todo un abanico de posibilidades desde el punto de vista forense, de la seguridad o del marketing. Además, la proliferación de los medios sociales, que favorece nuevos modelos de comunicación y relación humana, potencia este abanico de posibilidades hasta cotas nunca antes vistas. La idiosincrasia inherente a estos medios sociales hace de ellos un entorno de comunicación especial, donde la libertad de expresión, la informalidad y la generación espontánea de temáticas y tendencias propician el acercamiento a la realidad diaria de las personas en su uso de la lengua. Sin embargo, esa misma idiosincrasia hace que en muchas ocasiones la aplicación de técnicas lingüísticas de análisis no sea posible, o sea extremadamente costoso. En este trabajo hemos propuesto EmoGraph, una representación basada en grafos con el objetivo de modelar el modo en que los usuarios expresan sus emociones, y el modo en que las articulan en el marco de su discurso, teniendo en consideración no sólo su frecuencia, sino también su posición y relación con y respecto a los elementos del mismo. Nuestra hipótesis de partida es que los usuarios se expresan y expresan sus emociones de manera diferente dependiendo de su edad y sexo, y además, pensamos que esto es así independientemente de su idioma y del medio donde escriban. Hemos colaborado en la creación de un marco común de evaluación en el laboratorio PAN del CLEF, generando recursos que nos han permitido verificar nuestra hipótesis y conseguir resultados comparables y competitivos con los mejores resultados obtenidos por los investigadores del área. Además, hemos querido investigar si la expresión de emociones permitiría diferenciar entre hablantes de diferentes variedades de una misma lengua, por ejemplo españoles, mexicanos o argentinos, o portugueses y brasileños. Nuestra hipótesis es que la variación entre lenguas se basa más en aspectos léxicos, y así lo hemos corroborado tras comparar EmoGraph con representaciones basadas en patrones, representaciones distribuidas y una representación que toma en consideración el vocabulario completo, pero reduciendo su dimensionalidad a únicamente 6 características por clase y que se erige idónea para su aplicación en entornos big data como los medios sociales.
[CAT] La possibilitat de conèixer trets d'una persona únicament a partir dels textos que escriu s'ha convertit en una àrea de gran interès anomenada author profiling. Ser capaç d'inferir d'un usuari el sexe, l'edat, l'idioma nadiu o els trets de la seua personalitat tan sols analitzant els seus textos, obre tot un ventall de possibilitats des del punt de vista forense, de la seguretat o del màrketing. A més, la proliferació dels mitjans socials, que afavoreix nous models de comunicació i de relació humana, potencia aquest ventall de possibilitats fins a cotes que no s'han vist fins ara. La idiosincràsia inherent a aquests mitjans socials en fa d'ells un entorn de comunicació especial, on la llibertat d'expressió, la informalitat i la generació espontània de temàtiques i tendències propicien l'aproximació a la realitat diària de les persones en l'ús que fan de la llengua. Tanmateix, aquesta idiosincràsia fa que en moltes ocasions no es puguin aplicar tècniques lingüístiques d'anàlisi, o que fer-ho resulti extremadament costós. En aquest treball hem proposat EmoGraph, una representació basada en grafs que té l'objectiu de modelar la manera en què els usaris expressen les seves emocions, i la manera com les articulen en el marc de llur discurs, considerant-ne no només la freqüència sinó també la posició i la relació amb i respecte als elements del discurs. La nostra hipòtesi de partida és que els usuaris s'expressen i expressen llurs emocions de manera diferent depenent de l'edat i el sexe, i a més, pensem que això és així independentment de l'idioma i del mitjà en què escriguin. Hem col·laborat en la creació d'un marc comú d'avaluació al laboratori PAN del CLEF, generant recursos que ens han permès verificar la nostra hipòtesi i aconseguir resultats comparables i competitius amb els millors resultats obtinguts pels investigadors de l'àrea. A més, hem volgut investigar si l'expressió d'emocions permetria establir diferències enre parlants de diferents varietats d'una mateixa llengua, per exemple espanyols, mexicans o argentins, o portuguesos i brasilers. La nostra hipòtesi és que la variació entre llengües es basa més en aspectes lèxics, i així ho hem corroborat després de comparar EmoGraph amb representacions basades en patrons, representacions distribuïdes i una representació que considera el vocabulari complet, però reduint-ne la dimensionalitat només a 6 característiques per classe i que s'erigeix de manera idònia per a aplicar-la en entorns big data com els mitjans socials.
Rangel Pardo, FM. (2016). Author Profiling en Social Media: Identificación de Edad, Sexo y Variedad del Lenguaje [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/67270
TESIS
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V, Budimirović Branka. "Mrežno vrednosni identiteti i neke klase mrežno vrednosnih podalgebri." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2011. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=77334&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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Neka je A neprazan skup i L = (L;·) proizvoljna mreža sa nulom i jedinicom. Svako preslikavanje A¯ : A ¡! L zovemo rasplinuti podskup od A. Uobičajeno je da se rasplinute podgrupe definišu na grupi. U radu su fazi podgrupe definisane na polugrupi kao i na rasplinutoj podpolugrupi. Jedan od glavnih rezultata je teorema o particiji rasplinutih kompletno regularnih polugrupa. Takođe su definisane rasplinute kongruencije i rasplinute jednakosti na rasplinutim podalgebrama neke algebre i ispitane njihove osobine. Uvedeni su pojmovi: podalgebre rasplinute podalgebre, rasplinutog homomorfizma rasplinute podalgebre na rasplinutu podalgebru i direktnog proizvoda rasplinutih podalgebri. Jedan od važnijih rezultata je teorema koja je uopštenje teoreme Birkhoff-a na rasplinutim strukturama.Let A be nonemptu set, and let L = (L; 6) be a lattice with 0 and 1. The mapping A¯ : A ! L is called fuzzy subset of A. It is usual to define fuzzy subgroup on the group. In this work fuzzy semigroups are defined on the semigroup and on the fuzzy subsemigroup, too. As a main result is theorem about partition fuzzy completlu regular semigroup. Also, fuzzy congruences are defined, and fuzzy equolites on fuzzy subalgebras of an algebra and their propertes are investigated. We introduced some new notions: subalgebras of fuzzy subalgebras, fuzzy homomorphism of fuzzy subalgebra, and direct product of fuzzy subalgebras. One of the most important result is extension of Birkhoff’s theorem on fuzzy structures.
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Duran, Maximiliano. "Dictionnaire électronique français-quechua des verbes pour le TAL." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCC006/document.
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Le traitement automatique de la langue quechua (TALQ) ne dispose pas actuellement d'un dictionnaire électronique des verbes, du français-quechua. Pourtant, un projet visant la traduction automatique nécessite au préalable, entre autres, cette importante ressource.Cette thèse consiste à élaborer un dictionnaire électronique français-quechua des verbes. La réalisation d'un tel dictionnaire peut ouvrir également de nouvelles perspectives dans l'enseignement à distance, dans les domaines de l'accès multilingue aux informations, l'annotation/l'indexation des documents, la correction orthographique et pour le TAL en général. La première difficulté consiste à sélectionner un dictionnaire français comme base de travail. Parmi les nombreux dictionnaires français, il en existe très peu en format électronique, et moins encore ceux dont les sources soient en libre accès au public. Parmi ces derniers, l'ouvrage Les verbes français (LVF), contenant 25 610 sens verbaux, que Jean Dubois et Françoise Dubois-Charlier ont publié chez Larousse en 1997, est un dictionnaire particulièrement complet ; de plus il a l 'avantage d'avoir une licence « open source » et un format compatible avec la plateforme NooJ. En tenant en compte ces considérations nous avons choisi traduire ce dictionnaire en quechua.Cependant, cette tâche se heurte à un obstacle considérable : le lexique quechua de verbes simples compte moins de l 500 entrées. Comment faire correspondre 25 610 sens verbaux français avec seulement 1 500 verbes quechua ?Sommes-nous condamnés à utiliser beaucoup de polysémies? Par exemple, dans LVF il y a 27 sens verbaux du verbe « tourner » ; doit-on tous les traduire par muyuy ? Ou bien, pouvons-nous utiliser une stratégie particulière et remarquable de la langue pour répondre à ce défi : la génération de nouveaux verbes par dérivation suffixale ?Nous avons inventorié tous les suffixes du quechua qui permettent d'obtenir une forme dérivée possédant le comportement d'un verbe simple. Cet ensemble de suffixes que nous appelons SIP_DRV, contient 27 éléments. Ainsi chaque verbe quechua transitif ou intransitif donne naissance à au moins 27 verbes dérivés. Il reste cependant à formaliser les paradigmes et grammaires qui vont nous permettre d'obtenir les dérivations compatibles avec la morphosyntaxe de la langue. Cela a été réalisé avec NooJ.L'application de ces grammaires nous a permis d'obtenir 40 500 unités linguistiques conjugables (ULAV) à partir de 1 500 verbes simples quechua. Ce résultat encourageant nous permet d'envisager une solution favorable à notre projet de traduction des 25 000 sens verbaux du français en quechua.À ce stade, une nouvelle difficulté apparaît : la traduction en français de cette quantité énorme des formes verbales conjugables générées, dont sa résolution est essentielle pour notre projet de traduire une partie importante des vingt-cinq mille verbes français en quechua.Afin d'obtenir la traduction de ces ULAV, nous avons besoin d'abord de connaître la modalité d'énonciation qu'apporte chaque SIP quand il s'agglutine au radical verbal pour le transformer. Chaque suffixe peut avoir plusieurs modalités d'énonciation. Nous les avons obtenus à partir du corpus, de notre propre expérience et quelques enregistrements dans le terrain. Nous avons ainsi construit un tableau indexé contenant toutes ces modalités. Ensuite, nous utilisons des opérateurs de NooJ pour programmer les grammaires qui présentent la traduction automatique en une forme glosés de modalités d'énonciation.Finalement, nous avons développé un algorithme qui nous a permis d'obtenir la traduction réciproque du français vers le quechua de plus de 8 500 sens verbaux de niveau 3 et un certain nombre de sens verbaux de niveau 4 et 5The automatic processing of the Quechua language (APQL) lacks an electronic dictionary of French Quechua verbs. However, any NLP project requires this important linguistic resource.The present thesis proposes such a dictionary. The realization of such a resource couId also open new perspectives on different domains such as multilingual access to information, distance learning,inthe areas of annotation /indexing of documents, spelling correction and eventually in machine translation.The first challenge was the choice of the French dictionary which would be used as our basic reference. Among the numerous French dictionaries, there are very few which are presented in an electronic format, and even less that may be used as an open source. Among the latter, we found the dictionary Les verbes français (LVF}, of Jean Dubois and Françoise Dubois-Charlier, edited by Larousse en 1997. lt is a remarkably complete dictionary. lt contains 25 610 verbal senses and with open source license. lt is entirely compatible with the Nooj platform. That's why we have chosen this dictionary to be the one to translate into Quechua.However, this task faces a considerable obstacle: the Quechua lexicon of simple verbs contains around 1,500 entries. How to match 25,610 French verbal senses with only 1,500 Quechua verbs?Are we condemned to produce many polysemies? For example, in LVF, we have 27 verbal senses of the verb "tourner" to turn; should we translate them all by the Quechua verb muyuy to turn? Or, can we make use of a particular and remarkable Quechua strategy that may allow us to face thischallenge: the generation of new verbs by suffix derivation?As a first step, we have inventoried ail the Quechua suffixes that make possible to obtain a derived verbal form which behaves as if it was a simple verb. This set of suffixes, which we call IPS_DRV, contains 27 elements. Thus each Quechua verb, transitive or intransitive, gives rise to at least 27 derived verbs. Next, we need to formalize the paradigms and grammars that will allow us to obtain derivations compatible with the morphology of the language. This was done with the help of the NooJ platform.The application of these grammars allowed us to obtain 40,500 conjugable atomic linguistic units (CALU) out of 1,500 simple Quechua verbs. This encouraging first result allows us to hope to get a favorable solution to our project of translation of the 25,000 verbal senses of French into Quechua.At this point, a new difficulty appears: the translation into French of this enormous quantity of generated conjugable verbal forms. This work is essential if we want to obtain the translation of a large part of the twenty-five thousand French verbs into Quechua. ln order to obtain the translation of these CALUs, we first needed to know the modalities of enunciation that each IPS have and transmits to the verbal radical when it is agglutinated to it. Each suffix can have several modalities of enunciation. We have obtained an inventory of them from the corpus, our own experience and some recordings obtained in fieldwork. We constructed an indexed table containing all of these modalities.Next, we used NooJ operators to program grammars that present automatic translation into a glossed form of enunciation modalities.Finally, we developed an algorithm that allowed us to obtain the reciprocal translation from French to Quechua of more than 8,500 Verbal senses of Level 3 and a number of verbal senses of Levels 4 and 5
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Figueiredo, Carla Regina de Souza. "Topodinâmica da variação do português gaúcho em áreas de contato intervarietal no Mato Grosso." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/114436.
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No Brasil, como no resto do mundo, o estudo de variedades diatópicas da língua tradicionalmente se pautou em pesquisas topostáticas, em que se privilegiou a fala de indivíduos nascidos e criados na localidade, portanto falantes de uma variedade mais conservadora e reveladora de um estágio “anterior, original” da língua. A combinação de critérios como o processo de povoamento, a antiguidade e o grau de isolamento de um lugar em relação a outros mais dinâmicos para determinar os pontos de observação de estudos desta natureza, tornou-se assim uma prática dominante. Contrariamente, o estudo de comunidades “jovens”, de formação recente, moldadas pelo fluxo migratório da população e, deste modo, locus de contatos linguísticos variados (entre línguas distintas e/ou entre variedades de uma mesma língua), parecem ter sido ignoradas pela pesquisa, durante muito tempo. O norte do Mato Grosso, onde se desenvolve esta tese, é um exemplo dessa tendência da pesquisa, daí a escolha do tema, a Topodinâmica da variação do português gaúcho em áreas de contato intervarietal no Mato Grosso, buscar preencher essa lacuna. São objetivos deste estudo 1) descrever o comportamento linguístico de migrantes gaúchos e de seus descendentes em contato com outras variedades regionais da língua portuguesa, a fim de 2) averiguar em que medida as relações sócio-econômico-culturais implicaram a manutenção, variação ou mudança de marcas linguísticas da variedade do português rio-grandense desses migrantes. Para tanto, correlacionaram-se diferentes dimensões de análise, em especial as dimensões diatópica, diageracional, diastrática, diassexual, diafásica, diarreferencial e contatual. O estudo desenvolveu-se em três localidades de pesquisa caracterizadas fundamentalmente pela topodinâmica da língua e dos falantes: Porto dos Gaúchos (MT01), Sinop (MT02) e Sorriso (MT03). Estes pontos configuram-se em uma extensão do processo histórico de ocupação do Oeste de Santa Catarina e Sudoeste do Paraná, como atestam Schaefer (1985) e Souza (2008). Criados entre as décadas de 1950 e 1980, esses lugares foram colonizados a partir da implementação de Empresas Privadas responsáveis por estabelecer núcleos urbanos com condições básicas que assegurassem tanto o desenvolvimento econômico do “Novo Eldorado” quanto a acolhida dos migrantes provenientes, sobretudo, da região Sul do Brasil. Em certo sentido, o perfil sócio-cultural dos colonos migrantes dessa área coincidiu com o dos informantes do Atlas Linguístico-Etnográfico da Região Sul do Brasil (ALERS). Pode-se, por isso, hipotetizar que a fala registrada pelo ALERS se aproxima da fala dos migrantes sulistas pioneiros estabelecidos nesses pontos. Sendo assim, os dados do ALERS constituem uma base de comparação importante da topodinâmica do português falado na matriz de origem e na área de chegada, no norte do Mato Grosso. Na elaboração do questionário aplicado na pesquisa de campo desta tese foram utilizadas, em grande parte, perguntas feitas pelo ALERS. A seleção de informantes considerou as dimensões diassexual (masculino vs. feminino), diastrática (Ca - alfabetizados com até o ensino médio completo vs. Cb - com nível superior) e diageracional (GI - jovens de 18 a 36 anos vs. GII - idosos acima de 50 anos). Já a constituição do corpus, um conjunto de variáveis linguísticas em diferentes níveis (fonético-fonológicos, semântico-lexicais e morfossintáticos) correlacionadas com dimensões extralinguísticas (dados sociológicos referentes aos informantes e às localidades) e a análise se pautou em princípios teórico-metodológicos da geolinguística pluridimensional e contatual e de outras disciplinas afins, como a sociologia da linguagem. A apreciação dos dados aponta diferentes fatores para a manutenção da variedade linguística inventariada no Sul do Brasil, tais como: o papel socioeconômico dos sulistas na região norte mato-grossense, a transmissão entre gerações dessa variedade, os recursos midiáticos e a gênese da criação histórica de cada localidade pesquisada. A covariação entre as formas [+RS] e as [-RS] são mais evidentes no nível lexical, enquanto os casos de mudança se manifestam, sobretudo, na fala dos informantes jovens no nível fonético.In Brazil, as in the rest of the world, the study of diatopics varieties of language traditionally was based on topostatics research, which have privileged the speech of people born and raised in some locallity, so speakers of a more conservative and revealing variety of a stage "previous, original " of language. The combination of criteria as the settlement process, the age and the degree of isolation of a place in relation to others more dynamic to determine the points of observational studies of this nature, become a dominant practice. In contrast, the study of "young" communities, recently formed, shaped by migration of the population and thus locus of varied linguistic contact (between different languages and / or between varieties of the same language) seem to have been ignored by search for a long time. The northern Mato Grosso, where it develops this thesis, one example of this trend research, hence the choice of subject, the Topodinamics of gaúcho Portuguese on intervarietal contact areas at Mato Grosso), seek to fill this gap. The objectives of this study are 1) to describe the linguistic behavior of gauchos migrants and their descendants in contact with other regional varieties of the Portuguese language in order to 2) determine how much the social, economic and cultural relations involved in the maintenance, variation or change of language marks of the variety of Portuguese Rio-Grandense's migrants. Therefore, correlated analysis in different dimensions, especially the diatopic, diagenerational, diastratic, diasexual, diaphasic, diareferential and contactual. The study was developed in three research locations fundamentally characterized by topodinamics from language and speakers: Porto dos Gauchos (MT01), Sinop (MT02) and Sorriso (MT03). These points were configured as extension of the historical process of occupation of the West of Santa Catarina and Paraná Southwest, as evidenced by Schaefer (1985) and Souza (2008). Created between the 1950s and 1980s, these places were colonized from the implementation of Private Companies responsible for establishing urban centers with basic conditions that would ensure both the economic development of the "New Eldorado" as the reception of migrants coming mainly from the region southern of Brazil. In some sense, the socio-cultural profile of migrant settlers of this area coincided with the informants og Language-Ethnographic Atlas of Southern Brazil (ALERS). We can therefore hypothesize that speech recorded by ALERS approaches the speech of southern migrants pioneers set out in those points. Thus, the ALERS data are an important basis of comparison of topodinamics of spoken Portugueses in the source array and arrival area in northern Mato Grosso. In preparing the questionnaire applied in the field research of this thesis, were used largely, questions asked by ALERS. The choice of informants has considered the diassexual dimensions (male vs. female), diastratic (Ca - literate up to complete high school vs. Cb - with higher education) and diagenerational (GI – young people from 18-36 years vs. GII - elderly above 50 years). The corpus formation has considered a set of linguistic variables at different levels (phonetic-phonological, lexical-semantic and morphosyntactic) correlated to extra-linguistic dimensions (sociological data related to informants and locations) and was analyzed from the theoretical and methodological principles of pluridimensional geolinguistics and contactual and other related disciplines such as sociology of language. The data assessment points out different factors for the linguistic diversity maintenance inventoried in southern region of Brazil, such as the socioeconomic role of southerners in the north of Mato Grosso, the intergenerational transmission of this variety, the media resources and the genesis of historical creation of each studied area. The covariance between the "gaucho" and "non-gaucho" forms are more evident on the lexical degree, while cases of change are manifested primarily in the speech of young informants in phonetic and morphosyntactic degrees.
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Wang, Ning. "L’acquisition du voisement des occlusives du français par des sinophones : locuteurs wu et non-wu." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUL139.
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Après avoir dégagé le système phonologique de la langue wu parlé à Suzhou selon les principes de la phonologie fonctionnelle basée sur la pertinence communicationnelle, nous nous sommes intéressé à la substance phonique des phonèmes occlusifs, en décrivant finement le voisement, l’aspiration ainsi que la voix soufflée liée au registre tonal. Le premier enjeu étant de prouver que les locuteurs du wu produisent effectivement une réalisation voisée en fonction de la position de la consonne et du registre tonal dans un contexte particulier. Nous avons alors enregistré la production d’une vingtaine de locuteurs natifs de Suzhou des deux sexes et de deux générations différentes. Nous avons ensuite mesuré les paramètres acoustiques tels que F0, VOT, v-ratio, H1-H2, H1-A1, H1-A2 et CPP. Ces résultats ont été statistiquement traités avec les méthodes de l’ANOVA, l’ART et le GLMER sur les réponses de type binomial.Le but ultime étant de savoir si le voisement constaté chez les locuteurs wu influait sur l’apprentissage de la perception et de la production des phonèmes occlusifs voisés du français et les avantageait par rapport aux Chinois qui ne parlent que mandarin. Pour ce faire, nous avons sélectionné une trentaine d’apprenants débutants dont la moitié était des locuteurs du wu et l’autre moitié était des locuteurs ayant le mandarin pour langue maternelle, pour procéder à une série de tests de perception et de production portant essentiellement sur les occlusives du français. Leurs résultats ont été analysés et comparés en appliquant les principes des modèles réputés dans le cadre de la Second Language Acquisition tels que Speech Learning Model et Perceptuel Assimilation ModelHaving identified the phonological system of the Wu language spoken in Suzhou according to the principles of Functional Phonology, we are interested in the phonic substance of the stops, by describing in detail the voicing, the non-voicing, the aspiration and the breathy voice correlated with the tonal register. Our biggest challenge is to prove the fact that the Wu speakers from Suzhou indeed have a non-phonological but phonetic voicing realization due to the position of the consonant and the tonal register in a particular context. To solve this, we have recorded the production of about twenty Wu speakers from Suzhou of both genders and two generations. In addition, we have measured the acoustic parameters such as F0, VOT, v-ratio, H1-H2, H1-A1, H1-A2, and CPP. These results are statistically tested with ANOVA, ART and GLMER methods on binomial-type responses.The ultimate goal of our research is to know if this phonetic production observed in Wu speakers from Suzhou has influenced the learning of the perception and production of the voiced stops of French and gave them an advantage over the Chinese who only speak mandarin. To do this, we have selected about thirty French beginner from the same group, half of whom are the Wu speakers from the Suzhou and half of whom are native speakers of mandarin from northern China, so as to carry out a series of perception and production tests focusing on French stops. The obtained results are analyzed and compared based on the principles of reputable models of Second Language Acquisition such as the Speech Learning Model and the Perceptual Assimilation Model
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Botelho, Sandra Helena Salgueiro. "A variedade padrão e a oralidade na eja: uma abordagem sociolinguística e discursiva." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2014. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/2385.
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The Portuguese language teaching in Brazilian schools is governed by official documents whose guidance reviews sociolinguistic principles, which recommend working with language in use and its variations. The teaching of the standard variety of the language often conflicts with the popular variety brought from home by the speakers of the lower classes. This fact is enhanced when the student belongs to Youth and Adult Education (EJA), as they already have autonomy and formed oral fluency. Our research investigates if the EJA students are challenged to work their speech stylistically and to adapt it to specific situations and what degree of awareness and evaluation these students give to the learning of monitored oral fluency at school. More specifically, it is important to know which kind of monitoring is more difficult for them, if the oral or the written one. According to the assumptions of Educational Sociolinguistics the role of the school is to teach the monitored styles of the language through verbal interaction in the classroom, noting the urbanization, the oral-literacy and stylistics monitoring continua (BORTONI-RICARDO, 2009). Therefore, the best place to investigate this question was at a school with teacher, students and pedagogical coordination involved. The methodology used in this research was qualitative oriented with quantitative description and survey of the sociolinguistic profile of informers of the second segment of EJA, 6th to 9th grade. Starting from the characterization of the subjects of EJA and the object of study, the standard variety linked to monitored oral fluency, the research instruments used were the bibliographical research, questionnaires, taped interviews and official documents followed by interpretative and discursive analysis. The results led to observations such as: 1) students are exposed predominantly to literacy activities with normative and prescriptive guidance, in which the oral fluency is not monitored; 2) students wish to express themselves better, but they do not like oral activities; 3) monitored speech and writing received similar ratings in degree of difficulty. We concluded that some principles of Educational Sociolinguistics already exist in the investigated school, however there are still some needs: improvement of students awareness of linguistic diversity, further specialized training for the teachers and the development of a bidialetal curriculum with adequate didactics material.
O ensino de Língua Portuguesa nas escolas brasileiras é regido por documentos oficiais cuja orientação resume princípios sociolinguísticos que preconizam o trabalho com a língua em uso e suas variações. O ensino da variedade padrão da língua muitas vezes conflita com a variedade popular trazida de casa pelos falantes das classes menos favorecidas. Este fato é agravado quando o aluno pertence à Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA), pois estes já possuem autonomia e oralidade formada. Nossa pesquisa investiga se os alunos da EJA são desafiados a trabalhar a fala estilisticamente e adequá-la a situações específicas de uso e qual o grau de conscientização e valoração que esses alunos dão ao aprendizado da oralidade monitorada na escola. De maneira mais específica, é importante saber qual monitoramento é mais difícil para eles, se o da oralidade ou o do letramento. De acordo com os pressupostos da Sociolinguística Educacional, é papel da escola ensinar os estilos monitorados da língua através da interação verbal em sala de aula, observando os continua de urbanização, de oralidade-letramento e de monitoração estilística (BORTONI-RICARDO, 2009). Portanto, o melhor lugar para investigar essa questão era numa escola com professor, alunos e coordenação pedagógica envolvidos. A metodologia usada nessa pesquisa foi de cunho qualitativo com descrição e levantamento quantitativo do perfil sociolinguístico de informantes do segundo segmento da EJA, do 6º ao 9º ano. Partindo da caracterização dos sujeitos da EJA e do objeto de estudo, a variedade padrão associada à oralidade monitorada, os instrumentos de pesquisa utilizados foram a pesquisa bibliográfica, questionários, entrevistas gravadas e documentos oficiais seguidos de análise interpretativa e discursiva dos mesmos. Os resultados levaram a constatações tais como: 1) os alunos são expostos predominantemente a atividades de letramento com orientação normativa e prescritivista, nas quais a oralidade não é monitorada; 2) os alunos anseiam por expressarem-se melhor, mas não gostam de atividades orais; 3) a fala e a escrita monitoradas receberam avaliações equiparadas em grau de dificuldade. Concluímos que já circulam no meio escolar investigado alguns princípios da Sociolinguística Educacional, entretanto ainda existem algumas necessidades: aumento da conscientização dos alunos sobre a diversidade linguística, maior formação sociolinguística especializada para os docentes e desenvolvimento de um currículo bidialetal com material didático adequado.
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Svanberg, Kerstin. "Les sensations sensorielles qu’évoquent les vins - pénibles à exprimer et encore plus à traduire ? : À propos de la richesse des couleurs et des arômes du roi bordelais et de ses confrères." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-89214.
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The present study is based on a translation of a text about wine and wine-making, from French to Swedish. The purpose has been to identify and find solutions for the challenges that can arise in the translation of a text containing numerous descriptions of sensory sensations, i.e. tastes, smells, appearance and touch, in the field of wine. Based on a set of data retrieved from the two texts, our study is focusing on the deviations between descriptions of wine and grape varietals as to their grammatical or linguistic categories in the two languages. We have looked at three different types of descriptions: simple descriptors, metaphors and similes. Subsequently, these have been analyzed from a translation point of view in order to identify which tools are at the hands of the translator to render an idiomatic target text.
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Takano, Yuko. "Esboço do atlas do falar dos nipo-brasileiros do Distrito Federal: aspecto semântico-lexical." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-07062013-110156/.
Full textAbstract:
A presente tese tem como objetivo descrever o falar nipo-brasileiro em cinco comunidades do Distrito Federal com vistas à construção do Esboço do Atlas do Falar dos Nipo-Brasileiros do Distrito Federal: aspecto semântico-lexical. O contato de línguas (português versus japonês), cada vez mais estreito, acarreta mudanças expressivas no cenário linguístico e se manifesta na fala dos nipo-brasileiros, cuja situação evidencia o entrelaçamento de duas línguas que se aliam e se alinham, configurando uma nova forma de uso que denominamos variedade nipobrasileira, objeto desta pesquisa. Essa fala é sustentada pela história linguística de (i)migrantes e seus descendentes e percorre seu curso natural de língua em constante movimento, criando, assim, situações linguísticas próprias. Diante deste fato, faz-se necessário resgatar e registrar esse uso, uma vez que a fala simboliza, em parte, a identidade linguística deste grupo social. A presente tese busca registrar e descrever a variedade nipobrasileira quanto ao componente semântico-lexical. Para a coleta de dados recorre-se a procedimentos metodológicos da Geolinguística. Selecionam-se cinco comunidades, pontos da pesquisa Brasília; Brazlândia; Núcleo Bandeirante; Taguatinga e Vargem Bonita com base não apenas em fatores históricos relacionados à (i)migração japonesa no Planalto Central, como também na importância destas no cenário econômico e no desenvolvimento do Distrito Federal. A seguir, aplica-se um instrumento de pesquisa denominado Questionário Semântico-Lexical Visual a dez sujeitos nipo-brasileiros bilíngues que foram subdivididos em duas faixas etárias de 51 a 65 e 66 anos em diante , todos do sexo/gênero feminino e pertencentes à segunda geração (nissei). As respostas registradas nas entrevistas permitem a elaboração de um banco de dados semântico-lexicais. Posteriormente, os dados são descritos e documentados em 41 cartogramas linguísticos, que visam à apresentação da frequência e distribuição dos dados semântico-lexicais em japonês e português e/ou português-japonês nos pontos pesquisados. A base teórica ancora-se na Sociolinguística, com enfoque no bilinguismo, mais especificamente no contato de línguas e nos fenômenos que derivam desse processo: o empréstimo lexical e a mudança de código. Recorre-se aos estudos, entre outros, de Grosjean, Thomason e Kaufman e Gumperz. Dada a natureza desta pesquisa, contemplamse igualmente os estudos de Dialetologia/Geolinguística, com destaque para os trabalhos de Chambers e Trudgill, Mase e Onishi. Ao final, verifica-se que a análise dos dados possibilita não somente a descrição do falar nipo-brasileiro como também a elaboração do esboço do atlas desse falar. As ocorrências semântico-lexicais apresentadas na pesquisa apontam para a configuração de uma variedade nipo-brasileira nos pontos pesquisados, como também constituem um retrato parcial desse falar.This thesis aims to describe the Japanese-Brazilian speaking in five communities of the Distrito Federal in order to construct an Atlas Sketch of the Distrito Federal Japanese- Brazilian Speaking. The language contact (Portuguese vs. Japanese), increasingly narrow, entails significant changes in the linguistic scene and manifests itself in the Japanese- Brazilians speaking, whose situation highlights the locking of two languages that ally and align, setting up in a new way of use that we call Japanese-Brazilian variety, object of this research. This speaking is sustained by the (i)migrants and their descendants linguist history and runs its natural course of a language in constant motion, thus creating proper language situations. Given this fact, it is necessary to rescue and register, this usage, once the speech symbolizes, partly, the linguistic identity of this social group. This thesis seeks to register and describe the Japanese-Brazilian variety as to the semantic-lexical components. The Geolinguistic methodological procedures were resorted for the data collection. Five communities were selected the research points Brasilia; Brazlândia; Núcleo Bandeirante; Taguatinga and Vargem Bonita, based not only on historical factors related to Japanese (i)migration in the Planalto Central, but also on their importance in the economic scene and in the Distrito Federal development. Next, a research tool called Visual Semantic-lexical Questionnaire is applied on ten bilingual Japanese-Brazilians subjects who were divided into two age groups 51 to 65 and 66 onwards, all female gender and belonging to the second generation (Nisei). The responses registered in the interviews allow the development of a semantic-lexical database. Subsequently, the data are described and documented in 41 language cartograms, aimed to presenting the frequency and distribution of the semanticlexical information in Japanese and Portuguese and/or Portuguese-Japanese surveyed points. The theoretical basis is anchored in Sociolinguistics, focusing on bilingualism, specifically in language contact and in the phenomena that derive from this process: lexical borrowing and code switching. Resorting to Grosjean, Thomason and Kaufman and Gumperz studies, among others. Given the nature of this research, the Dialectology / Geolinguistic studies are equally contemplated, highlighting Chambers and Trudgill, Mase and Onishi works. In the end, it is possible to verify that the data analysis allows not only to the description of the Japanese- Brazilian speaking as well as to the elaboration of the atlas sketch of this speaking. The semantic-lexical occurrences presented in this study point to the setting of a Japanese- Brazilian variety in the surveyed points, as well as provide this speaking partial picture.
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Mabaso, Peniah. "The segmental phonology of Shangani." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13609.
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This dissertation is an analysis of the segmental phonology of the Shangani language as spoken in the South Eastern parts of Zimbabwe. It starts by presenting the language situation in Zimbabwe and comparing the language’s status in Zimbabwe with that of its sister varieties in South Africa where it is referred to as Tsonga and in Mozambique where it is referred to as XiChangana or Changana. The dissertation is based on data collected from the speakers of Shangani using a variety of research techniques. The dissertation identifies and characterizes the language’s distinctive phonemes using the minimal pair and set tests. It presents the language’s consonants, which include aspirated, breathy-voiced, pre-nasalized, labialized and palatalized consonants. It shows that in Shangani, voiceless consonants cannot be pre-nasalized and that there is an incompatibility between that labio-velar glide /w/ and most labial consonants excpt /m/. The phonemes are analysed using Chomsky and Halle’s (1968) distinctive feature theory. The study uses Clements and Keyser’s (1983) CV phonology of the syllable structure to analyse the language’s syllable structure. The language’s canonical syllable structure is CV. It is also shown that consonant clusters are gaining their way into the language through borrowing from English, Afrikaans and other languages that have consonant clusters in their inventories. Onsetless Vs are marginally attested word-initially. In agent nouns, VV sequences are in most cases retained. These sequences are not analysed as diphthongs since they occupy different V slots on the syllable tier. The second vowel in the sequence is the onsetless syllable. Affricates, NCs, Cws and Cjs are presented as unitary segments that occupy a single C slot of the CV tier. Phonological processes that are attested in the language are also presented. Secondary articulation, vowel deletion, feature spreading, vowel coalescence and nasalization are shown to be the most common phonological process in the language. Since Shangani has the CV syllable typology, most of the phonological processes are there to resolve hiatus that would have been induced by suffixation of vowel commencing stems or suffixes to vowel final prefixes or stems. The notion of domains is shown to be a diagnostic tool for identifying a process in a hiatus situation. The study shows that vowel deletion is the least preferred strategy when secondary articulation, feature spreading, vowel coalescence have been blocked by some constraints like syllable structure processes or the language’s phonotacticsAfrican Languages
D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)
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Beníšek, Michael. "Východoužské variety severocentrální romštiny." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-361811.
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The dissertation provides a grammatical description of a cluster of Romani varieties, called 'Eastern Uzh Romani', which are spoken in Transcarpathian Ukraine in an area adjacent to the Slovak border. These varieties are associated with five traditional locations, two of which are situated in the city of Uzhhorod, representing an eastern margin of a North Central Romani dialect continuum. The focus is not only on describing the common characteristics of the entire Eastern Uzh dialect, but also on highlighting its variation with respect to specific features of the individual varieties. The description is based on first-hand data collected during numerous fieldwork trips of the author between 2007 and 2016. The dissertation is organised into thirteen chapters. Alongside the proper grammatical description, it provides a detailed overview of the speakers' historical, ethnocultural and sociolinguistic background. The main attention is given to describing inflectional, derivational as well as functional patterns of word classes. In addition, it discusses issues of phonology, including historical phonology within the North Central Romani context, and also covers various syntactic structures.
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"Thai English as a Variety." Doctoral diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.18158.
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abstract: This study is about Thai English (ThaiE), a variety of World Englishes that is presently spoken in Thailand, as the result of the spread of English and the recent Thai government policies towards English communication in Thailand. In the study, I examined the linguistic data of spoken ThaiE, collected from multiple sources both in the U.S.A. and Thailand. The study made use of a qualitative approach in examining the data, which were from (i) English interviews and questionnaires with 12 highly educated Thai speakers of English during my fieldwork in the Southwestern U.S.A., Central Thailand, and Northeastern Thailand, (ii) English speech samples from the media in Thailand, i.e. television programs, a news report, and a talk radio program, and (iii) the research articles on English used by Thai speakers of English. This study describes the typology of ThaiE in terms of its morpho-syntax, phonology, and sociolinguistics, with the main focus being placed on the structural characteristics of ThaiE. Based on the data, the results show that some of the ThaiE features are similar to the World Englishes features, but some are unique to ThaiE. Therefore, I argue that ThaiE is structurally considered a new variety of World Englishes at the present time. The findings also showed an interesting result, regarding the notion of ThaiE by the fieldwork interview participants. The majority of these participants (n=6) denied the existence of ThaiE, while the minority of the participants (n=5) believed ThaiE existed, and one participant was reluctant to give the answer. The study suggested that the participants' academic backgrounds, the unfamiliar notion of ThaiE, and the level of the participants' social interaction with everyday persons may have influenced their answers to the main research question.Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. English 2013