Journal articles: 'Suffixation and language variety'

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Ahmad, Nisar, Liaqat Iqbal, and Muhammad Atif. "Pashto-English Contact: The Role of Suffixation in Hybridizing Lexical Items." Global Regional Review IV, no. IV (December 30, 2019): 629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-iv).58.

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The study investigates the role of suffixation in Pashto-English hybridization at the word level and the sociolinguistic significance of such hybridization. Data from electronic media, including programmes from Khyber News, representing both formal and informal domains of language use, is used for the study. The programmes selected include Top Stories, News Hour, Mohim Repotuna, Naway Sahar and Sports Mag. Employing content analysis as a research method, a quantitative approach for the investigation of hybridized English lexical category and a qualitative approach for its sociolinguistic significance have been used. The present study employs the framework presented by Kachru (1978), as adapted by Rasul (2006). The findings of the research show that noun is frequently hybridized both in formal and informal domains of language used mostly by the addition of Pashto inflectional suffixes. It is concluded that suffixation got an important role in Pashto-English hybridization that leads to the creation of hybrid forms predicting language shift and the emergence of a new variety of Pashto.

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BAERMAN, MATTHEW. "Covert systematicity in a distributionally complex system." Journal of Linguistics 50, no. 1 (April 10, 2013): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226713000030.

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Current thinking on inflection classes views them as organized networks rather than random assemblages of allomorphs (a view that reaches back to the 1980s, with such notions as Wurzel's paradigm structure conditions and Carstairs's paradigm economy). But we still find systems which appear to lack any visible implicative structure. A particularly striking example comes from Võro (a variety of South Estonian). Its system of verbal inflectional suffixes is formally simple but distributionally complex: although there are never more than three allomorphs in competition, nearly two dozen inflectional patterns emerge through rampant cross-classification of the allomorphs. Allomorph choice in one part of the paradigm thus fails to constrain allomorph choice in the rest, so it looks as if the paradigms would have to be memorized en masse. The key to these patterns lies outside the system of suffixation itself, in the more conventional formal complexity of stem alternations and their paradigmatic patterning. The computationally implemented analysis presented here provides a model of inflection in which the implicational network of phonological, morphophonological and morphological conditions on formal realization are unified in a single representation.

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Aibabina, Evgenia Avenirovna. "SOME FEATURES OF NAMING DISEASES IN KOMI DIALECTS." Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies 15, no. 1 (April 2, 2021): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2224-9443-2021-15-1-16-22.

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The article analyzes the popular names of smallpox and chicken pox, recorded in the “Dictionary of the Komi language dialects” (2012-2014). The semantics and the formal structure of the names are explored. The lexical units referring to smallpox include separate lexemes, which are verbal nouns formed by suffixation ( kokas' ), and compound names with two elements. The latter mostly implements the following model: "noun (in the nominative) + noun meaning ‘smallpox’, ‘disease’. The attributive component indicates the disease, its cause or the mode of transmission ( pis't'i vis'an, jen kokas', ru kokač' ). In the names of chicken pox, which, in accordance with the common notion, is a lighter variety of smallpox, compound constructions indicate the milder nature of the disease ( prestej kokas' ), and its source - the wind ( tev jyv kokač' ). The lexemes denoting smallpox ( kokač'/ kokas', pis't'i/ pis'ki ) are the base words of such phrases as well.

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Bobrova, Maria V. "CONTEMPORARY RURAL ZOONYMICON IN THE DERIVATIONAL ASPECT (on the Material of Zoonyms of One Group of Villages)." Вестник Пермского университета. Российская и зарубежная филология 13, no. 2 (2021): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2073-6681-2021-2-5-13.

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The article is devoted to the study of zoonyms functioning in the speech of the inhabitants of Troel’ga rural settlement, Kungur district (Perm Krai). Methodologically, animal names are considered in the article in line with the theory of derivation, that is, as a result of dynamic processes at different levels of the language system. It is necessary to distinguish between nicknames that appeared in the course of zoonymic transformations and those that appeared due to transformations of ready-made lexical means (products of pre-zoonymic transformations). We have found that the first ones form as a result of six types of derivation: word-forming derivation (with the formation of words that are absent in the literary language), lexical and word-forming derivation (with the formation of words that are homonymous to the words of the literary language), lexical derivation (with the use of non-derived words that are absent in the literary language: neologisms and barbarisms), lexical-semantic derivation (with the reinterpretation of the semantics of the generating word), lexical-grammatical derivation (with the functional transformation of the generating word), morphological derivation (with the grammatical transformation of the generating word). The words of the second group are included in the zoonymicon through lexical derivation (using derived and non-derived words of the literary language), lexical-semantic derivation (with semantic transformation of all-Russian words), morphological-syntactic derivation (with a change of the part of speech of all-Russian words). Within these types, certain derivational models are implemented, in particular k-suffixation, word convergence based on paronomasia, onymization and transonymization, substantivization, etc. The paper provides a conclusion about a variety of ways of forming modern zoonymicon, about the specificity of some particular derivational models for the given sample.

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Aiking-Brandenburg, Marijke J. T. J., Allan R. James, and Willem J. Meijs. "Suffixation and second Language Acquisition." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 87-88 (January 1, 1990): 65–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.87-88.04aik.

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The aim of the present paper was to find out which learning strategies secondary school pupils of different ages employ to acquire complex words in English as their second language: either by applying rules and analogies or by learning by heart. As a working hypothesis, it was postulated that younger pupils probably preferred the latter approach and older pupils the former. In order to test this hypothesis, a 122-item complex word derivation test was devised, containing three categories of words: (1) words of which both the base-form and the derived form had been studied, (2) words of which just the base-form had been studied and (3) words of which neither form had been studied. The test was administered to pupils in three grades of secondary school and a group of 1st year university students of English. Statistical treatment of the data neither confirmed nor falsified the original hypothesis, but it showed many correlations and gave rise to a large number of additional conclusions. Amongst other things, it was concluded that the presence of the proposed tentative change-over in learning approach, from learning words as whole entities to applying word-formation rules, may or may not have been present, but if it were, it had been completely obscured. It was evident from several different indications that a dominant influence on the pupils' scores was exerted by exposure. In addition, the data collected revealed numerous correlations concerning the influence of education level, word category, regularity, frequency, etc. Finally, suggestions are given for application of the test results in second language education in secondary school in general.

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Aronoff, Mark, and Sungeun Cho. "The Semantics of -ship Suffixation." Linguistic Inquiry 32, no. 1 (January 2001): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438901554621.

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Brdar, Mario. "Metonymy-induced polysemy and the role of suffixation in its resolution in some Slavic languages." Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 7 (November 16, 2009): 58–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arcl.7.03brd.

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The central concern of the present paper are metonymy avoidance strategies as a limiting case of polysemy resolution. Specifically, I look into the role of suffixation in the resolution of metonymy-induced polysemy in a number of languages (Germanic, Romance, Slavic and Hungarian) in two frames, animals and their meat, and trees and woods. The particular mix of strategies a language makes use of is of course dependent on its structural makeup. It is established that Slavic languages do not really have many choices apart from suffixation in the resolution of metonymy-induced polysemy. The analysis of patterns of suffixation found in six Slavic languages reveals that unlike compounding, which as good as removes any ambiguity in spite of its underspecificity, suffixation as a polysemy-resolving strategy is even more underspecified, and as an interesting twist, prone to contract additional polysemy or just relegate it to another level.

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Mandelbaum-Reiner, Françoise. "Suffixation gratuite et signalétique textuelle d'argot." Langue française 90, no. 1 (1991): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/lfr.1991.6199.

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Meir, Irit. "Morphological levels and diachronic change in Modern Hebrew plural formation." Studies in Language 30, no. 4 (August 30, 2006): 777–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.30.4.04mei.

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Modern Hebrew (MH) is undergoing a change in its morphological structure. Unlike earlier periods of the language, in which all nominal suffixation processes resulted in stress shift to the suffix, MH has a few suffixes that exhibit variable behavior. When attached to canonical bases, they pattern with other suffixes in that they attract stress and may cause phonological changes to the base. When attached to non-canonical bases, they do not attract stress and cause no phonological changes to the base. Additionally, stress neutral suffixation is much more regular and productive than stress attracting suffixation in its morphology, distribution and semantics. I argue that these two different patterns can be accounted for in terms of morphological levels within the theoretical framework of Stratal Optimality Theory (Kiparsky 2000, 2002, to appear). The different phonological behavior is accounted for in terms of different ranking of two constraints, applying at stem level vs. word level. The morphological and semantic correlates are attributed to the different properties of stem vs. word-level morphology. The diachronic change, namely the activation of word level for nominal suffixation, triggered further changes in MH’s morphological system: the development of several default suffixes, and the emergence of two distinct subgrammars, which differ from each other in gender assignment and the correlation between gender and inflectional class (in the sense of Aronoff 1994).

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Labrune, Laurence. "De l’iconicité en japonais : suffixes en r+voyelle et réduplication." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 27, no. 1 (December 15, 1998): 79–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028_027_01-04.

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The aim of this paper is to show that Yamato Japanese exhibits a morpholexical class of words consisting of a r + vowel suffix, which represent the same linguistic values as reduplicated words. It is argued that both reduplication and -rV suffixation are the result of an iconic lengthening operation prosodically specified but melodically unspecified. Segmental specification is provided either by copying segmental material from the base (reduplication) or by default ( -rV suffixation). The choice of r as the surfacing consonant is accounted for by its unmarked and underspecified status in the phonology of Japanese.

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Hagiwara, Hiroko, Yoko Sugioka, Takane Ito, Mitsuru Kawamura, and Jun-ichi Shiota. "Neurolinguistic Evidence for Rule-Based Nominal Suffixation." Language 75, no. 4 (December 1999): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/417732.

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Boyer, Henri. "Le statut de la suffixation en -os." Langue française 114, no. 1 (1997): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/lfr.1997.5382.

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Fradin, Bernard. "Le traitement de la suffixation en -et." Langages 37, no. 152 (2003): 51–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/lgge.2003.2439.

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Weist, Richard M., and Emilia Konieczna. "Affix processing strategies and linguistic systems." Journal of Child Language 12, no. 1 (February 1985): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900006206.

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ABSTRACTThe relationship between affix processing and linguistic systems was evaluated through an analysis of prefixation and suffixation in the tense-aspect and locative systems of child Polish. For six children ranging in age from 1; 7 to 2; 6, the distinction between imperfective and perfective aspect was made more frequently by prefixation than by suffixation. Prefixation was found to be just as productive in the specification of locative distinctions as aspectual distinctions. We found no bias in affix processing which might have favoured suffixation, and no interaction of linguistic systems with affix processing. Furthermore, an inter-language comparison confirmed these intralanguage findings. Finally, we argued that affix processing involves a parallel analysis of patterns of stored information providing the motivation for selective attention.

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Fabb, Nigel. "English suffixation is constrained only by selectional restrictions." Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 6, no. 4 (November 1988): 527–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00134491.

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Heinold, Simone. "Derivational Morphology under the Influence of Language Contact in French and German." Journal of Language Contact 2, no. 2 (2009): 68–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000009792497814.

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AbstractThis paper analyses deverbal nominalisations in English, German and French: under special consideration is the -ing-suffixation which appears in all three languages. In German and French, more and more -ing-derived loans have been adopted into the language during the past decades. In both languages, they have developed semantic and morphological properties of their own that overlap or contrast with rival native processes, such as the productive -ung and -en for German, and -age, -(t)ion and -ment for French. I will analyse this evolution especially from a semantic point of view and give reasons why the loan as well as the native forms can co-exist. Moreover, I will discuss the question of how far the -ing-suffixation can be considered an established and transparent word-formation rule for French and German.

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Novo Urraca, Carmen. "Old English Suffixation: Content and Transposition." English Studies 97, no. 6 (July 8, 2016): 638–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0013838x.2016.1183955.

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Fatinah, Siti. "Afiksasi dalam Bahasa Mori." Multilingual 19, no. 2 (December 19, 2020): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/multilingual.v19i2.161.

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Affixation in Mori language has various forms and functions. The research studies about how the form and function of affixation in Mori language are. The research intends to describe the form and function of affixation in Mori language. The method used in collecting data is the participatory method. The data is analyzed using the intralingual correspondence method through the substitution technique. The result of research illuminates that the form of affixation in Mori language is classified as prefixation, infixation, suffixation, con-fixation, and affixation combined. There are eight prefixations found, such as moN-, meN-, poN-, te-, pe-, in-, poko-, and um-. MoN- and poN- prefixation are embedded either in the base form or prefixed word. Infixations found are -in- and -um. Infixation -in- is embedded either in the base form or in the affixed form. Suffixation found consists of three suffixation, namely -o, -a, and -i. in Mori language, confixation are three, they are a-a, po-a, and pe-a. Combinations of affixation are five, affixation of moN-ako, meN-ako, i-in, in-ako, and in-i. Affixation aforementioned functions to form verb and affixed noun. Besides, affixation also functions to change part of the speech of the base form and confirms the meaning of its base form.

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Waya, David, and Olusanmi Babarinde. "The Suffixation Processes in the Morphology of Tiv Verbs." Language Matters 49, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10228195.2018.1443153.

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Jun, Jongho. "Metrical weight consistency in Korean partial reduplication." Phonology 11, no. 1 (May 1994): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700001846.

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Korean possesses a rich onomatopoeic and mimetic vocabulary that may be augmented by partial reduplication and/or suffixation. This augmented category, which is referred to as partial extension in Jun (1993), is semantically characterised by a lengthening, or temporal extension of the base form:

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Hyman, Larry. "The Macro-Sudan Belt and Niger-Congo Reconstruction." Language Dynamics and Change 1, no. 1 (2011): 3–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221058211x570330.

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AbstractBasing himself largely on areal and typological arguments, Güldemann (2010) claims that neither Proto-Niger-Congo nor Proto-Bantu had more than a "moderate" system of derivational verb suffixes ("extensions"), and that both proto-languages lacked inflectional verb prefixes. Although drawing largely on the same materials as Hyman (2004, 2007a, b), he arrives at the opposite conclusion that Niger-Congo languages which have such morphology, in particular Bantu and Atlantic, would have had to innovate multiple suffixation and prefixation. However, such hypotheses are weakened by two serious problems: (i) These proto-languages, which possibly reach back as far as 10,000–12,000 bp, have clearly had enough time for their morphosyntax to have cycled more than once. (ii) The areal properties of Güldemann's Macro-Sudan Belt most likely represent more recent innovations which have diffused after the Niger-Congo break-up. In this paper, I present further evidence that multiple suffixation and prefixation must have existed even in languages which have lost them. The general conclusion is that current areal distributions are largely irrelevant for long-range linguistic reconstruction.

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Bertrand, Marc. "Substantifs en -thèque, -tique, -erie. Motivations et ressorts d'une suffixation." L Information Grammaticale 42, no. 1 (1989): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/igram.1989.1992.

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Fradin, Bernard, Nabil Hathout, and Fanny Meunier. "La suffixation en -et et la question de la productivité." Langue française 140, no. 1 (2003): 56–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/lfr.2003.1066.

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Pounder, Amanda V. "Adverb-marking in German and English." Diachronica 18, no. 2 (December 31, 2001): 301–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.18.2.05pou.

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Summary Beginning with the observations that strategies for adverb-marking are very different in English and German, and that the respective histories of adverb-marking in these two languages ran parallel for considerable time, this paper endeavours to establish the chronological and systemic points of their divergence. An additional focus of the paper is the role of language standardization in the development of the system in both languages. It is concluded that perhaps the most crucial systemic factor in the decline of lich-suffixation as an adverb-marker in German is the very broad functional domain of lich-suffixation; this situation contrasts strongly with that of ly-suffixation in English. The standardization of the adjective-inflection system leading to a substitute strategy for adverb-marking is not a direct consequence of the decline of lich-affixation in adverb derivation, but does interact with it. In English, patterns of adverb-marking in different syntactic contexts show considerable diachronic differentiation; where large-scale variation is still observable by the time that prescriptive language control makes itself felt, increasing pressure is put upon the selection of conversion in adverb-formation. Résumé Partant de l’observation que les stratégies d’indication morphologique de la fonction adverbiale sont très différentes en anglais et en allemand, alors que l’histoire de la formation adverbiale dans ces deux langues s’est pourtant déroulée longtemps en parallèle, cet article tente d’établir les points de départ chronologique et systémique des divergences de ces stratégies. Nous nous penchons aussi sur le rôle qu’a joué la standardisation dans le développement du système de formation adverbiale dans les deux langues. Nous concluons que le facteur le plus important dans le déclin de la suffixation de lich en tant que signal de la fonction adverbiale en allemand réside dans le domaine fonctionnel très large de la suffixation de lich; cette situation présente un contraste significatif avec celle de l’anglais, où le domaine productif de ly se révèle plutôt restreint. La standardisation du système flexionnel de l’adjectif en allemand, qui sert à appuyer la conversion en tant que moyen morphologique pour signaler la fonction adverbiale, n’est pas directement suivie du déclin de l’affixation de lich dans le domaine adverbial, mais y joue un rôle. En anglais, on observe que le choix entre la conversion et la suffixation dépend en partie de l’environnement syntaxique; là où se manifeste encore de la variation à l’époque de la grammaire prescriptive, on peut constater l’intensification de la pression sur la conversion en tant que procédé morphologique. Zusammenfassung Bekanntlich sind die Strategien der Adverbmarkierung im Englischen und im Deutschen sehr verschieden; interessanterweise aber liefen die jeweiligen Entwicklungen der Adverbbildung lange Zeit parallel. Der vorliegende Aufsatz stellt einen Versuch dar, die zeitlichen und systemischen Ansatzpunkte des Auseinandergehens dieser Strategien festzulegen. Darüber hinaus untersuchen wir die Rolle der Standardisierung in der Geschichte der Adverbbildung. Wir schlagen vor, daß das wichtigste Moment beim Untergang der lich-Suffigierung als Signal der Adverbialfunktion im Deutschen im sehr breiten Funktionalbereich dieses Prozesses liegt; hierdurch unterscheidet sich die Situation im Deutschen stark von der im Englischen herrschenden. Die Standardisierung des Adjektivflektionssystems, die die Konversion als Strategie der Adverbmarkierung unterstützt, folgt nicht direkt aus der Abnahme der lich-Affigierung in der Adverbbildung, ist wohl aber damit verbunden. Im Englischen ist die Wahl zwischen lich-Suffigierung und Konversion zum Teil von der syntaktischen Umgebung abhängig; dort, wo es zur Zeit der präskriptiv arbeitenden Grammatiker noch auffallend Variation gibt, wird auf die Wahl der Konversion als Adverbbildungsmittel zunehmend Druck ausgeübt.

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Nesset, Tore. "Antiphonotactic suffixation: Russian ‐sja and optimality theory." Scando-Slavica 44, no. 1 (January 1998): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00806769808601120.

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Oschepkova, Victoria, and Elizaveta Razheva. "Analysis of word-formation processes in the English and Russian thematic groups “insectophones”." E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 21014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021021014.

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The article is devoted to the consideration of derivative processes in the English and Russian thematic groups “insectophones” / «инсектофоны». Due to the diversity of the compared languages, the features of word formation in the studied groups are revealed and the processes of occurrence of insectophones in the language are described. For the English language, the key methods are derivation methods such as stem composition, suffixation, back derivation and conversion. The most productive is the stem composition. For the Russian language within the framework of the studied thematic group, the leading methods can be called the same as in English with the exception of conversion. In Russian, the most common way of forming insectophones is suffixation. In both languages, insectophones formed using diminutive suffixes, which subsequently lost the meaning of subjective assessment, are identified. In compound words in English and Russian, the place of the repeating element is different (in English - in the second place, in Russian - in the first one).

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Nikolina, N. A. "Tendencies in modern verbal derivation." Russian language at school 82, no. 5 (September 18, 2021): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2021-82-5-80-85.

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The article examines various types of verbal neologisms functioning in modern Russian speech. The aim of the research is to reveal the tendencies of verbal derivation at the turn and at the beginning of the 21st century. It is noted that verb vocabulary is regularly enriched by neologisms of different structural types despite the fact that this part of speech is less open to neologization. It has been demonstrated that suffixation, prefixation, and postfixation (grammatical suffixation) are the most productive processes of derivation. The following tendences of modern verbal derivation have been revealed: intensive formation of new verbs via borrowing from foreign languages; expansion of denominative derivation of verbs; an increase in the number of reflexive verbs expressing various aspects of subject-object relations. It is concluded that verbal neologisms are consistently used not only in media language, but also in the language of modern fiction where they enhance its expressiveness and imagery.

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Hupp, Julie M., Vladimir M. Sloutsky, and Peter W. Culicover. "Evidence for a domain-general mechanism underlying the suffixation preference in language." Language and Cognitive Processes 24, no. 6 (July 2009): 876–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01690960902719267.

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Kuibida, Khrystyna, and Rocksolyana Olishchuk. "WORD-FORMATION IN MODERN GREEK: THE PECULIARITIES OF SUFFIXATION." Studia Linguistica, no. 16 (2020): 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2020.16.86-100.

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The article analyzes the main features of the affixation as one of the ways of the Greek word formation, of suffixation in particular. In order to reveal the complete historical picture concerning the processes of appearance or loss of specific suffixes, besides the synchronic, the diachronic approach was used in the work. Firstly, the history of the development of linguistic traditions of the Greek language is mentioned, the main theoretical concepts are defined, such as: a word-forming type as the main classification unit of a word-forming paradigm, a word-forming meaning and a word-forming category. The Greek suffixes were divided into two types: those that add an emotional tone to the word (diminutive, augmentative), and give a new meaning to the word. Diminutive suffixes are are of substantival and adjective nature, while augmentative suffixes might also be added to the verb bases. It is noted that the augmentatives are used exclusively in masculine and feminine genders, while diminutives are used in three genders (of which the neuter prevails). Suffixes of the second type transfer the creative basis into another grammatical category, changing the meaning. In the system of Modern Greek nouns several word-forming categories were singled out, on the basis of which word-forming models and meanings of suffixal derivatives are demonstrated. Adjective suffixation is briefly examined. The most common verb and adverb suffixes are listed. The main data on the Greek suffixation are systematized in the article: the general features of MG suffixes, the main differences between the features of AG and MG suffixations, the evolution of MG suffixation is analyzed on the basis of four types of suffixes, the borrowed MG suffixes are classified by origin.

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Kuptsova, Tetiana, and Iryna Koliieva. "STRUCTURAL PECULIARITIES OF RAILWAY TERM FORMATION IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 9(77) (January 30, 2020): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-9(77)-43-46.

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The structural peculiarities of the railway term formation is investigated in the article. It is demonstrated that the most common ways of the one component railway term formation are suffixation and prefixation. The prefixation-suffixation type is a less productive way of the word building. Compound words proved to form a large group of the railway terms. The relations among the components of a compound word represent a specific type of semantic and structural relations of the word in a word combination, where the terms which consist of «noun+noun», «adjective+noun» predominate. In the system of the English railway terminology among the component terms the most widespread are nouns that explains that nouns define processes, equipment, devices, and objects. This paper outlines some linguistic properties of technical terms. The article focuses on some linguistic features of a term. Being a linguistic object with the common and specific features of a language system a term has all lexical-semantic and formal features of the words and word combinations of a natural language. In the process of the affixation term building the semantics of a derived word is defined by an affix that is why an affix can bear a particular word building meaning. But having definite motivational relations between a derivative and a derived word the semantics of the derived word is not always determined by the meanings of its components. Deciding the semantics of a derived term many factors should be taken into consideration: conversion, the peculiarities of a compound word, polysemy etc. It should be underlined that morphological or affixation type of the term forming is based on the principles of word building of the literary language.

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Detrichyeni Winaya, Made, and I. Gusti Ngurah Adi Rajistha. "PROSES AFIKSASI PADA INKORPORASI PELESAPAN VERBA DALAM BAHASA BALI." KULTURISTIK: Jurnal Bahasa dan Budaya 1, no. 1 (July 7, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/kulturistik.1.1.212.

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[Title: The Affixation Process in Verb Incorporation in Balinese Language] The incorporation of verbs in Balinese language requires the morphological process of the word that will replace the verb position. The incorporation process in Balinese is usually followed by affixation process. This article aims to explain the affixation process of incorporating verbs in Balinese language. The source of data of this research is a modern Balinese story book titled Tutur Bali by I Wayan Westa (2013). The data of this research is obtained through library method with technique of note. The data obtained were classified according to the type of affixation that occurs. The classified data were analyzed using the distributional method. The result of analysis is presented by informal method. Based on the analysis that has been conducted, the affixation process found in the case of incorporation of verbs involves the process of prefixation, the process of suffixation, and the process of adding the affix combination. The prefixing process involves the addition of ma- and N-. Furthermore, the process of suffixation includes the addition of the suffix -in. The last morphological process is the addition of a combination of affixes such as N-in, N-ang, ma-an, ma-in, ka-in, -ang-a, and -in-a.

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Plenat, Marc. "Analyse morpho-phonologique d'un corpus d'adjectifs dérivés en –esque." Journal of French Language Studies 7, no. 2 (September 1997): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269500003641.

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ABSTRACTL'article passe en revue les régularités décelables dans un corpus d'environ 800 adjectifs formés par suffixation de -esque. On y suggère qu'il est plausible que ces régularités découlent de quelques contraintes de surface partiellement contradictoires, les processus qui visent à éviter les configurations dysphoniques (hiatus, répétitions) pouvant être bloqués par la nécessité de conserver à la base une certaine taille. Le corpus utilisé se montre en fin de compte insuffisant pour résoudre toutes les difficultés rencontrées, mais on doute que la seule intuition d'un locuteur isolé eût permis d'atteindre les résultats qui se dégagent de la présente étude.

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Brdar, Mario, and Rita Brdar-Szabó. "Where does metonymy begin? Some comments on Janda (2011)." Cognitive Linguistics 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 313–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2014-0013.

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AbstractIn a recent paper published in this journal, Laura Janda makes a number of claims about metonymy, specifically about metonymy in word-formation as part of grammar. In a nutshell, what she says is that suffixed nouns such as Russian saxarnica (from saxar ‘sugar’) ‘sugar bowl’, Czech břicháč (from břicho ‘belly’) ‘person with a large belly’, or Norwegian baker ‘baker’, are metonymic extensions from saxar ‘sugar’, břicho ‘belly’, and bake ‘bake’, respectively. It is our contention that this claim about metonymy being involved in word-formation phenomena such as suffixation is misconceived and leads to an overuse of the term ‘metonymy’. We first comment on Janda's views on cognitive linguistic research on metonymy in grammar and word-formation, and then evaluate the evidence that she provides to support her central claim – from some general claims about metonymy and grammar to the way she identifies metonymy in word-formation. Finally, we point out a series of problems ensuing from the concept of word-formation metonymy. The analytical parts of Janda's article are in our view a more or less traditional cross-linguistic inventory of suffixation patterns that do not exhibit metonymy as such. However, some genuine metonymies that crop up among her examples are glossed over. In other words, we claim that her analysis ignores metonymies where they appear and postulates metonymies where they do not exist.

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Vea Escarza, Raquel. "The recursive formation of Old English non-verbal categories. Productivity and constraints." Journal of English Studies 13 (December 15, 2015): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.2860.

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This paper aims at analysing the recursivity in the formation of non-verbal categories, more specifically, of nouns and adjectives in old English. Pounder’s (2000) model, known as Process and Paradigm Model, provides the formal representation of recursive operations. The data of analysis consist of a total of 388 recursive nouns and adjectives, 11 of which undergo a two-level recursivity, or slot-II recursivity. Both in the case of nouns and adjectives, suffixation has a clearly preeminent role over prefixation. As for nouns, the suffix -nes is the most frequent one in number of tokens, whereas -∂ is the one that combines with a greater number of suffixes in prefinal position. Regarding adjectives, -lic is by far the suffix present in a higher number of predicates, and also the one that undergoes a wider variety of different recursive patterns, what evinces that there is correlation between a high type frequency and the assignment of a high number of different recursive patterns. Positional constraints affect -nes and -lic, since none of them can occur in a position other than final. A semantic interpretation of recursive suffixation leads to assign a semantic effect of this phenomenon when it applies to nouns, and a pragmatic one in the case of adjectives.

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Joseph, John Earl, and Thierry Debaty-Luca. "Théorie fonctionnelle de la suffixation (appliquée principalement au français et au wallon du Centre)." Language 64, no. 1 (March 1988): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/414822.

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Lightfoot, Douglas J. "Can the lexicalization/grammaticalization distinction be reconciled?" Studies in Language 29, no. 3 (November 16, 2005): 583–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.29.3.03lig.

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Recent work on the relationship between lexicalization and grammaticalization appears to yield a consensus compatible with traditional notions of gestalt linguistics. A survey of the literature indicates the complexity of this supposed dichotomy, and provides a starting point from which we may evaluate a diagrammatic approach to the problem. Examples focus on the German derivational suffix -heit, cognate with English -hood. Such suffixation has traditionally been difficult for scholars to assess in terms of lexicality and grammaticality. Taking the gestalt concepts of parts and wholes into account, the inherent flexibility and fluidity between lexicalization and grammaticalization becomes apparent.

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Dingley, John, and Robert Lagerberg. "Stress and Suffixation in Modern Russian. The Developments of Uniform Syllable Stress." Slavic and East European Journal 44, no. 4 (2000): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3086314.

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Mikhaylova, Anna. "Aspectual Knowledge of High Proficiency L2 and Heritage Speakers of Russian." Heritage Language Journal 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2012): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.9.2.4.

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This study reports the results of an interpretation task that captures whether high proficiency heritage language (HL) learners of Russian converge with monolingual (L1) speakers or proficiency-matched foreign language (L2) learners in their interpretation of aspectual pairs and whether the absence of convergence arises in the lexical component of aspect (telicity) or in the grammatical component of aspect (boundedness). In Russian, both aspectual features are overtly marked on the verb, but by different morphemes: telicity is encoded in prefixes and boundedness in suffixes. The goal of the task is to test: 1) whether HL learners have an advantage over L2 learners on the same overall proficiency level when they interpret aspectual pairs, 2) which type of aspectual contrast poses greater difficulty, and 3) what role the morphological structure of predicates plays in incomplete acquirers’ interpretation of verbal aspect. The results reveal that, while the L2 group and the monolingual controls diverge significantly in most contrasts, the HL group converges with both L1 and L2 groups. For both test groups, telicity contrasts in activity/accomplishment verbs, which are expressed via prefixation, and boundedness contrasts in achievement verbs, which are expressed via suffixation, presented less difficulty than boundedness contrasts in accomplishment verbs, expressed via both prefixation and suffixation.

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Akimova, Elvira, and Tatiana Mochalova. "Deverbatives in Russian Dialects Spoken on the Territory of Mordovia." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 3 (August 2020): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2020.3.2.

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The article deals with deverbatives (names of actions) represented in Russian dialects spoken on the territory of the Republic of Mordovia. The research aim is to describe semantic peculiarities and uniqueness of the word formation and morphemic structure of the nouns belonging to this class. Deverbatives are considered as syncretic unities that are built by merging the grammatical features of both a verb and a noun, typical of the Russian language. The deverbative origin results in preserving the semantics of an abstract action; according to their semantic structure, they can be divided into two main groups: the actions performed by human beings and the ones without their participation. The latter are animals' and birds' motions, natural phenomena, stages in a process or time intervals. It is noted that some language units are subjected to specialization of lexical meaning, processual semantics loss sand are used to nominate an object, place or time of action. Deverbatives have been characterized as demonstrating underdeveloped system of paradigmatic relations. They are derived of national and dialectal verbal stems in full accordance with the general Russian word formation rules and models, including the most productive morphological pattern with its suffixal and zero affixation variants, and the least productive ones, as prefixation-suffixation and complex suffixation. Since deverbatives are closely connected with intellectual human activity, worldview and reality awareness, they constitute unique fragments of dialectal mentality.

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SANO, SHIN-ICHIRO. "Patterns and Categories in English Suffixation and Stress Placement: A Theoretical and Quantitative Study." ENGLISH LINGUISTICS 33, no. 1 (2016): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.9793/elsj.33.1_157.

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Meir, Irit. "Question and Negation in Israeli Sign Language." Sign Language and Linguistics 7, no. 2 (March 30, 2006): 97–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.7.2.03mei.

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The paper presents the interrogative and negative constructions in Israeli Sign Language (ISL). Both manual and nonmanual components of these constructions are described, revealing a complex and rich system. In addition to the basic lexical terms, ISL uses various morphological devices to expand its basic question and negation vocabulary, such as compounding and suffixation. The nonmanual component consists of specific facial expressions, head and body posture, and mouthing. The use of mouthing is especially interesting, as ISL seems to use it extensively, both as a word formation device and as a grammatical marker for negation. Interrogative and negative constructions interact in with other grammatical categories in the language; i.e., the distribution of various negation words is determined by the lexical category of the negated word. Thus, the distribution of negation words provides evidence for the existence of Nouns, Verbs and Adjectives as formal categories in the language. Finally, a diachronic comparison between present day ISL and earlier stages of the language reveals interesting traits in the development of these systems.

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LEONARD, LAURENCE B., SARI KUNNARI, TUULA SAVINAINEN-MAKKONEN, ANNA-KAISA TOLONEN, LEENA MÄKINEN, MIRJA LUOTONEN, and EEVA LEINONEN. "Noun case suffix use by children with specific language impairment: An examination of Finnish." Applied Psycholinguistics 35, no. 4 (December 10, 2012): 833–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716412000598.

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ABSTRACTA group of Finnish-speaking children with specific language impairment (N = 15, M age = 5 years, 2 months [5;2]), a group of same-age typically developing peers (N = 15, M age = 5;2), and a group of younger typically developing children (N = 15, M age = 3;8) were compared in their use of accusative, partitive, and genitive case noun suffixes. The children with specific language impairment were less accurate than both groups of typically developing children in case marking, suggesting that their difficulties with agreement extend to grammatical case. However, these children were also less accurate in making the phonological changes in the stem needed for suffixation. This second type of error suggests that problems in morphophonology may constitute a separate problem in Finnish specific language impairment.

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Garrigues, Stephen L. "Mimetic Parallels in Korean and Japanese." Studies in Language 19, no. 2 (January 1, 1995): 359–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.19.2.03gar.

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Korean and Japanese are both known for their extensive utilization of mimetic adverbs. A comparative examination reveals the systematic nature of sound symbolism in the two languages and the striking parallels in their phonology and morphology. Similar mechanisms of symbolic sound alternation, suffixation and reduplication are utilized in both languages to extend the expressive range of mimetic words. The utilization of dark-bright vowel pairs in Korean mimesis is well known, and a comparison between the two languages shows that Japanese also makes use of similar patterns of mimetic volume pairs. Not only does a comparative approach help illuminate the full systematic nature of sound symbolism in each language, but it may also help further our understanding of the wider relationship between the two languages.

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Knežević, Božana, and Irena Brdar. "Unaccusatives and unergatives: Evidence from Croatian." Folia Linguistica 48, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin.2014.003.

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Abstract We argue that the unaccusativity phenomenon occurs in Croatian, as in many other languages. We demonstrate that unaccusative predicates not only have to meet specific (morpho)syntactic diagnostic criteria, but also that semantic criteria are involved. We show that it is possible to characterize Croatian intransitive verbs as unaccusatives using the following diagnostics: 1. past participle derivation by suffixation of -l; 2. participial adjective formation; 3. -ač (-er) nominals; 4. prefixation by the preverbs po-, do- and u-; 5. the perfective aspect; 6. resultative constructions; and 7. the possessive dative. In order to demonstrate a number of relevant semantic diagnostics, three classes of verbs are isolated, defined in terms of their lexical semantic representation and their morphosyntactic configuration: verbs of change of state, verbs of appearance and verbs of inherently directed motion

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Guerra Vicente, Helena, Luciana Sanchez-Mendes, Roberta Pires De Oliveira, Marcus Vinicius Lunguinho, and Wendy Mary Leandro. "The nominal system in Wapishana (Aruák), preliminary results." Linguistic Variation 20, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 398–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.00029.gue.

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Abstract The aim of this paper is to provide a preliminary investigation into the nominal system of Wapishana, focusing on the count vs. mass distinction, which is grammatically encoded in this language. Evidence for this distinction can be identified in the constraints imposed by the presence of numerals, number marking, and quantifiers. Nouns such as wyn ‘water’ do not combine with numerals, whereas other words such as baydkury ‘jaguar’ do. The suffixation of the morpheme -nau/-nhau to express plurality seems to be optional and may even be blocked by the presence of numerals. The language exhibits specialized quantifiers for count, liquid, and non-liquid mass nouns.

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Carroll, Susanne, Merrill Swain, and Yves Roberge. "The role of feedback in adult second language acquisition: Error correction and morphological generalizations." Applied Psycholinguistics 13, no. 2 (April 1992): 173–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400005555.

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ABSTRACTThis study looked at the effects of feedback (explicit correction) on the learning of morphological generalizations in an experimental setting. Subjects Were 79 adult native speakers of English with intermediate (39) and advanced (40) levels of proficiency in French. All subjects were individually trained on two rules of French suffixation. Experimental subjects received correction if they gave erroneous responses to stimuli in a “feedback” session. Afterward, all subjects “guessed” responses to novel stimuli and were retested (twice) on the feedback items. Comparison subjects dealt with the same stimuli but were never corrected. Analyses of feedback responses indicated differences in favor of the experimental groups, but comparisons of guessing responses between experimental and comparison groups showed no evidence of learned generalizations. The learning of absolute exceptions was more likely among advanced learners.

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Sánchez Fajardo, Jose A. "On the Analogical Suffixation of Paired Antonyms: The Case of English innie and outie." Atlantis. Journal of the Spanish Association for Anglo-American Studies 42, no. 1 (June 28, 2020): 189–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.28914/atlantis-2020-42.1.10.

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Styshov, Oleksandr. "Sources of Expanding of the Youth Jargon in Ukrainian at the Beginning of the XXI Century." Ukrainian Linguistics, no. 49 (2019): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/um/49(2019).32-43.

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The article focuses on one of the important layers of the lexical system of the national Ukrainian language at the beginning of the XXI century, namely the youth jargon neologisms. The recording of the spoken language of young people (schoolchildren, students of vocational schools, university students, cadets, etc.), as well as texts from the Internet and contemporary Ukrainian journalism and fiction, served as the material of the present study. The body of newly formed slang words under analysis comprises more than 200 units. The author defines and analyses the main sources of the mentioned units’ enrichment. The most effective among them is the word formation on the basis of specific and borrowed derivative sources. It has been shown that within the analyzed period the youth jargon neologisms are mostly enriched by nouns-neologisms formed, in particular, by means of suffixation, univerbalization, abbreviation, compounding, lexico-semantic derivation or without any affixes at all. Newly formed adjectives, verbs and adverbs, being not numerous in comparison with nouns-sociolects of youth, are coined primarily by suffixation. Another effective source of the youth social dialect enrichment is their direct entry into Ukrainian from foreign languages, such as English, Russian, German, Spanish, French, and Chinese. Among these new borrowings, English loan words prevail. Besides, a certain part of the youth neologisms has penetrated into speech of the young people from other jargons, such as computer, sports, automobile jargons. Some new units of the analyzed sociolect have come into use (mainly with a change in semantics) from a less effective source, i.e. a criminal argot.

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Laws, Jacqueline, Chris Ryder, and Sylvia Jaworska. "A diachronic corpus-based study into the effects of age and gender on the usage patterns of verb-forming suffixation in spoken British English." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 22, no. 3 (November 23, 2017): 375–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.22.3.04law.

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Abstract The aim of this paper is to ascertain the degree to which lexical diversity, density and creativity in everyday spoken British English have changed over a 20-year period, as a function of age and gender. Usage patterns of four verb-forming suffixes, -ate, -en, -ify and -ize, were compared in contemporary speech from the Spoken British National Corpus 2014 Sample (Spoken BNC2014S) with its 20-year old counterpart, the BNC1994’s demographically-sampled component (the Spoken BNC1994DS). Frequency comparisons revealed that verb suffixation is denser in the Spoken BNC2014S than in the Spoken BNC1994DS, with the exception of the -en suffix, the use of which has decreased, particularly among female and younger speakers in general. Male speakers and speakers in the 35–59 age range showed the greatest type diversity; there is evidence that this peak is occurring earlier in the more recent corpus. Contrary to expectations, female rather than male speakers produced the largest number of neologisms and rare forms.

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De Smet, Isabeau, and Freek Van de Velde. "A corpus-based quantitative analysis of twelve centuries of preterite and past participle morphology in Dutch." Language Variation and Change 32, no. 2 (July 2020): 241–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394520000101.

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AbstractGermanic preterite morphology has been the subject of a bewildering number of studies, looking especially at the competition between the so-called strong inflection (operating with ablaut), and the so-called weak inflection (operating with suffixation). In this study over 250,000 observations from twelve centuries of Dutch were analyzed in a generalized linear mixed-effect model gauging the effects of a multitude of language-internal factors, ranging from various frequency measures to various form-related factors and how they interact with each other. This study confirms the well-known effects of token and type frequency, finding that formal similarities can be both a driving and conservative force in language change and demonstrates that not all members (i.e., preterites and past participles) of a verb paradigm change at the same time, which is both an effect of their frequency and their formal coherence within the paradigm.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Suffixation and language variety'

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