Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Suffixation'

Isbukun, a major dialect of Bunun, is one of the Austronesian languages spoken in Taiwan. According to the Taiwan government statistics in 2009, Bunun had a population of 51,447, around half of which were registered as Isbukun. As Mandarin and Southern Min are the predominant languages, the Austronesian languages in Taiwan including Bunun are endangered. This study investigates word stress in Isbukun Bunun from the perspective of Optimality Theory. In particular, the stress patterns of monomorphemic and compound words, derivational and inflectional suffixed words, and words with clitics are explored. In Isbukun Bunun, a single quantity-sensitive trochee formed at the right edge of a word. Consequently, prefixation is generally irrelevant to footing, whereas suffixation closely interacts with stress placement. This paper presents two types of extrametricality along with quantitative adjustment that are found in suffixed words. Morphological extrametricality prevents inflectional suffixes and clitics from being footed and thereby prosodically distinguishes derivation and compounds from inflection and clitics. Positional extrametricality avoids forming a foot at the left edge of a root, which only emerges in derivational words, because inflectional words are required to fulfill morphological extrametricality first. In addition, since feet are constructed at the end of a word and derivational suffixes are allowed to be footed, quantitative changes take place in derivational suffixation: adjacent vowels with the same quality merge into one when two vowels come from different morphemes (i.e. the final segment of the stem and the initial segment of the suffix), and moras are deleted if otherwise the number of syllables in a word would increase. To account for the morphological extrametricality, a pair of output-output faithfulness constraints are used: a higher ranked OO-IDENT(stress)INF with an index referring to inflectional suffixes and clitics, and a lower ranked clone OO-IDENT(stress) without an index. The constraint ranking OO-IDENT(stress)INF >> ALL-FT-R >> OO-IDENT(stress) generates inflectional words with stress on the same syllable as in their stems, while derivational words follow general footing principles. As for the positional extrametricality, an anti-alignment constraint *ALIGN-L(Root, FT) is proposed, which concerns positions of feet only with respect to the root, rather than the stem that may be polymorphemic. The constraint ranking OO-IDENT(stress)INF, DEP-μ >> *ALIGN-L(Root, FT) >> *STRUC-σ confines the emergence of non-initiality in derivational words with roots not smaller than two moras.

Cette these se donne deux objectifs. Le premier est de faire une monographie du suffixe -ien dans la lignee des travaux inities par danielle corbin, et donc de faire une description associative et unifiee avec une operation semantique preponderante, une operation categorielle et une operation morphologique. L'operation semantique en tant qu'operation dominante impose les specificites du suffixe par rapport aux autres suffixes disponibles. Le suffixe -ien permet de former des adjectifs a partir de bases nominales, adjectifs qui sont susceptibles d'etre convertis en noms. Ces adjectifs appartiennent a la classe des adjectifs de relation. Les exceptions rencontrees se limitent d'une part, a certains adjectifs qui renvoient non pas au nom base mais au substantif construit en -ien et d'autre part, a une classe de substantifs ne possedant pas d'adjectif en -ien correspondant et dont le semantisme ne correspond pas a celui des differents classes de substantifs en -ien, c'est a dire des substantifs en -ien transgressant a la fois l'operation semantique et l'operation categorielle. Ce probleme sera resolu par des contraintes d'ordre morphohonologique. Le second objectif est de faire une description morphophonologique des differents modes d'adjonction, ce qui met en lumiere que certains contextes phonologiques sont defavorables a l'adjonction du suffixe -ien (dissimilation, assibilation, etc. ), que cela a un impact sur la productivite des derives et que c'est cette incompatibilite phonologique qui permet d'expliquer certains phenomenes de selection suffixale et non une dominance stricte de l'operation semantique. Cela permet d'expliquer en partie la repartition du suffixe -ien avec les suffixes -esque et -iste apres bases anthroponymiques. La preponderance de l'operation semantique se heurte a un certain nombre de faits. Il est necessaire d'envisager qu'il existe des contraintes de type phonologiques pouvant prendre le pas sur les contraintes semantiques et categorielles.

La thèse a pour objet d'étude le sens valorisationnel construit par la suffixation en -ISME en français. Ce sens consiste en une valorisation de ce que représente la base (par exemple POPULISME a pour sens valorisationnel 'valorisation de ce que représente PEUPLE') et concerne essentiellement les noms de doctrines, de théories, de religions, de mouvements et certains noms d'attitudes formés par suffixation en -ISME. L'objectif est de proposer un modèle de description pour ce sens. Après avoir posé les fondements théoriques généraux nécessaires à la description de ce sens et après avoir présenté les travaux déjà effectués, nous développons différentes hypothèses concernant ce sens valorisationnel. Ainsi, nous défendons 1) que ce sens est construit dans un contexte de rivalité entre ce que représente la base et autre chose, 2) que la suffixation en -ISME permet de transformer des discours en noms, 3) que les noms en -ISME concernés par ce sens ne forment pas une classe sémantique, 4) qu'il existe deux types de sens valorisationnel (modal et attitudinal), 5) que la base peut représenter aussi bien l'objet valorisé que l'agent qui valorise et 6) que tout nom dont la forme se termine par le segment -isme peut, formellement, faire l'objet d'une interprétation valorisationnelle<br>This dissertation is a study of the valorizational sense constructed by the suffixation in -ISME in French. That sense consists in a valorization of what the base represents (for instance POPULISME has the valorizational sense 'valorization of what PEUPLE represents') and is essentially that of the nouns of doctrines, theories, religions, movements and some nouns of attitudes formed by the suffixation in -ISME. The aim of the dissertation is to offer a model of description for that sense. After having established some necessary theoretical bases and reviewed former research, I develop different hypotheses about the valorizational sense. Thus, I champion the following ideas: 1) the valorizational sense is constructed in a context of rivalry opposing what the base represents to something else, 2) the suffixation in -ISME allows to turn discourses into nouns, 3) the nouns with the valorizational sense don't form a semantic class, 4) two types of valorizational sense exist (modal and attitudinal), 5) the base can represent either the object or the agent of valorization and 5) any noun ending with the segment -isme can formally be interpreted with a valorizational sense

<p>This essay investigates how certain word-final Swedish rimes are integrated phonologically into Turkish by means of suffixation. Specific Swedish rimes have been selected for their unusual characteristics from the perspective of Turkish phonology such as vowel and consonant quantity as well as coda phonotactics. The data have been collected in an experiment, which involved the oral translation of a Swedish text including potential borrowings such as proper names and place names. The participants were advanced bilingual speakers of the standard varieties of Turkish and Swedish living in Stockholm. Two phonological properties of Turkish are relevant for this essay. Firstly, every word-final rime must have a vocalic, palatal and labial classification in order to be licensed for suffixation. Secondly, Turkish has a large and diverse periphery in its phonological lexicon due to faithful or partially faithful adaptation of a plethora of historical loanwords. The focus of the investigation is if the new borrowings are integrated into the core or into the periphery of the Turkish phonological lexicon or alternatively how faithful their integration is to the Swedish originals. In terms of resolving j-final coda cluster problems, the popular strategies are found to be palatalization, deletion and metathesis. The main body of data displays low faithfulness to the Swedish originals as well as an underutilization of the Turkish periphery. The participants are found to use the periphery of their phonological lexicon to a high degree for established words in Turkish but only to a limited extent when adapting new borrowings from Swedish into Turkish. This finding is explained by the fact that the structural and sociolinguistic conditions are not conducive to periphery maintenance in the present context in contrast to the historical context during the inflow of Arabic and Persian loanwords.  </p>

Ce travail, qui s'appuie sur une étude de corpus, analyse deux types d'adjectifs dénominaux en slovaque : les adjectifs suffixés en -ský (NskýA) et les adjectifs composés d'un adjectif et d'un nom (ANA). Les résultats obtenus pour le slovaque sont mis en correspondance, et seulement quand cela est pertinent, avec les réalisations sémantiquement équivalentes du français. Les analyses pour le slovaque sont vérifiées et testées à chaque fois à l'aide d'une expérience réalisée sous forme de questionnaires soumis aux locuteurs slovaques. La formation des ANA (MODROOKÝA "ayant les yeux bleus") répond à un triple faisceau de contraintes (i) entre l'ANA et le nom recteur (Nr), e.g. modrookéA dievcaNr "fille aux yeux bleus", (ii) entre le composant nominal (N) et le Nr (OKON "oeil" et dievca "fille"), et (iii) entre le composant adjectival (A) et le N (MODRÝA "bleu" et OKON "oeil"). Ces adjectifs désignent une propriété inhérente de l'entité à laquelle réfère le Nr. L'interprétation sémantique majoritaire est la relation méronymique : le N dénote une partie constitutive et visible de l'entité désignée par le Nr. La suffixation en -ský sélectionne essentiellement les noms propres de lieu (toponymes) et de personne (anthroponymes) en position de base. Le contenu sémantique de ces adjectifs est identique à celui de leurs bases. Les NskýA toponymiques comme LIBANONSKÝA "libanais" peuvent référer au lieu ainsi qu'aux habitants d'un lieu. Seule la valeur du Nr permet de désambiguïser la référence d'un NskýA toponymique. Les NskýA anthroponymiques comme STALINSKÝA "stalinien" peuvent avoir, outre l'interprétation relationnelle : "de Staline", un sens qualifiant : "comparable à Staline"<br>In this corpus-based study, we are concerned with the formation of two types of denominal adjectives in Slovak: adjectives suffixed with -ský (NskýA) and compound adjectives formed by an adjective and a noun (ANA). The obtained results are verified and tested in two surveys conducted with Slovak native speakers. The Slovak morphological constructions and compared with semantically equivalent expressions in French. The formation of ANA (MODROOKÝA "blue-eyed") obeys a set of three types of semantic constraints : (i) between ANA and the Head-Noun (HdN), e.g. modrookéA dievcaHdN "blue-eyed girl", (ii) between the noun-component (N) and the HdN (OKON "eye" et dievca "girl"), and (iii) between the adjective-component (A) and the N (MODRÝA "blue" et OKON "eye"). An ANA refers to an inherent property of an individual denoted by HdN. The interpretation in force is a Part-Whole Relation: the N denotes a constitutive and visible part of the concrete entity referred to by the HdN. The suffixation by means of -ský applies mainly to proper nouns denoting either a portion of space (toponym) or a human (anthroponym). In Slovak, the semantic interpretation of an NskýA adjective is normally the same as that of the base noun. Toponymic adjectives like LIBANONSKÝA "lebanese" can refer to the geographical space as well as to the inhabitants of this space. Only the HdN's semantic value is able to disambiguate the meaning of such a toponymic NskýA. As for anthroponymic NskýA like STALINSKÝA "stalinien", they are likely to appear, besides the relational use, i.e. "concerning Stalin", in qualifying contexts: "comparable to Staline"

The these est consacree au decoupage des mots suffixes en francais, tant du point de vue d'une theorie morphologique de la segmentation des mots que de celui de son application a l'elaboration de dictionnaires electronqiues. Une analyse des unites lexicales morphologiquement justifiee doit permettre de repondre au double probleme pose : comment faut-il segmenter les mots derives du type programmation, la forme du suffixe est-elle -ion ou -ation, quel est le statut de l'element -at- ? le decoupage formel est-il en coincidence avec une decomposition semantique, comment decrire non seulement le "sens" des suffixes mais aussi celui de la base et du segment d'allongement ? on traite un corpus de 9975 mots en -age, -ion, -ment, -aison et -eur. Il rassemble des mots habituellement decrits comme exprimant les valeurs "action" et "agent" (evidemment reliees) et comporte les suffixes -eur et -ion, pour lesquel la question de la segmentation est loin d'etre tranchee. Par la confrontation de mots tels que programmeur, programmation, on identifie deux types de &lt;&gt; : une base simple (programm-) et une base complexe (programmat-), le suffixe etant identifie comme la partie fixe des mots. Le depouillement morphologique du corpus a permis de mettre a jour certaines regularites dans le processus de selection qui s'opere entre base et suffixe. L'apparition des differentes realisations du segment d'allongement de la base (at, quelquefois it ou t) n'est pas aleato on peut meme rendre compte de la majorite des cas ou ce segment n'apparait pas en surface (decision, fusion. . . ) par une serie de regles de type phonologique ou morpholexical. L'analyse en termes de base simple complexe est operatoire. Mais elle isole un segment d'allongement (-at-) dont le statut reste problematique, sur le plan semantique notamment. Cette question est traitee par l'examen de deux sous-ensembles degages du corpus : l'etude de la polyvalence de -eur et du statut de l'element "joncteur" -at- dans les paires du type programmeur programmateur conduit a supposer que le<br>This thesis is devoted to the segmentation of suffixed words in french, from the point of view of a morphological word segmentation theory and its application to the elaboration of electronic dictionaries. A morphologically-justified analysis of the lexical units has to answer the following problems : how to segment derived words such as programmation ? is the suffix -ion or -ation ? what is the statute of the element -at- ? does the formal segmentation coincide with a semantic breakdown ? how to describe not only the meaning of suffixes, but also those of the &lt;&gt; a,d the lengthening segment ? we work with a corpus of 9975 words with -age, -ion, -ment, -aison and -eur. It collects words usually described as expressing clearly linked &lt;&gt; and &lt;&gt; values and includes the suffixes -eur and -ion, for which the segmentation question is far from solved. By confronting words such as programmeur, programmation, two types of &lt;&gt; are identified : one &lt;&gt; (programm-) and a &lt;&gt; one (programmat-), the suffix being analyzed as the fixed part of the words. The morphological accounting of the corpus reveals some regularities in the selection process between &lt;&gt; and suffixes the distribution of the different realizations of the &lt;&gt; lengthening segment (-at, sometimes -it- or -t-) is not random. It is possible to account for most of cases where this segment does not appear on the surface (decision, fusion. By some phonological or morpholexical rules. The analysis in terms of &lt;&gt; basis is efficient and shows some regularities. But it isolates a lengthenin segment (-at-) whose statute is problematic, in particular on the semantic level. This question is treated by examining two subsets extracted from the corpus : the polyvalence of -eur and the statute of the &lt;&gt; (-at-) in pai

L'etude contribue a la conception d'outils informatiques permettant la comprehension et l'extraction de connaissances a partir d'un texte. Plus precisement, l'application envisagee est la recherche d'informations dans de gros corpus couvrant des domaines techniques varies. Les informations recherchees dans ces corpus portent plus specifiquement sur des processus. A ce titre, les verbes, mais aussi les noms derives de verbes doivent etre reperes et interpretes. Dans cette perspective, on developpe un modele linguistique permettant de construire un analyseur morphologique derivationnel qui doit etre integre dans le systeme de reconnaissance du francais ecrit cristal, developpe a grenoble. Cet analyseur doit segmenter et interpreter tout lexeme derive en un lexeme simple et un ou plusieurs affixes. L'exploitation systematique d'un lexique de huit mille lexemes dont la majorite sont des noms deverbaux suffixes a permis de degager la forme des unites derivationnelles - bases et suffixes - et de les interpreter en termes morphologique, syntaxique et semantique. Les dictionnaires des lexemes et des suffixes, qui rendent compte des relations de synonymie au sens large (suppletion, parasynonymie) sont decrits independamment de l'application envisagee (reconnaissance ou generation). En revanche, la grammaire derivationnelle qui permet de traiter les allomorphies est etudiee dans le cadre de la reconnaissance<br>This work is devoted to the creation of softwares involved in the knowledge representation from texts. More precisely, we deal with information's retrieval in large corpora in relation with various technical areas. The concerned informations are more specificaly related to process so that verbs and nouns derivated from verbs have to be identified and interpreted. In this respect, this work consists in proposing a linguistic model adapted to morphological analyzer for derivation which will be further integrated in the system for french language recognition (cristal, grenoble). This analyzer must be able to segment and to interprete each derivated lexem in a simple lexem and one or several suffixes. The systematic examination of height thousand lexems whose major part is composed of deverbal nouns has provided the shape of derivational basic units. This decomposition may be interpreted following three standard levels (morphology, syntaxe ans semantic). The dictionaries of lexems and suffixes, which express synonymic relations such as suppletion and allomorphy, are independant of the applications (recognition and generation). In opposite, the derivational grammar, which allows to compute allomorphies is only devoted to recognition

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude du suffixe protoroman */-'ur-a/ et, par ce biais, à l’étude de la morphologie dérivationnelle du protoroman. D’une part, nous fournissons un examen approfondi et détaillé des unités lexicales protoromanes présentant le suffixe */-'ur-a/ et, d’autre part, nous offrons une analyse pointue des propriétés phonologiques, morphologiques et sémantiques du suffixe */-'ur-a/. La première partie de ce travail consiste en une brève introduction et en la présentation de la méthodologie dont nous nous sommes servie pour nos recherches : celle de la reconstruction comparée et celle de la reconstruction interne. Ensuite, nous jetons un coup de projecteur sur les deux domaines qui sont particulièrement intéressants dans le cadre de l’étude d’un suffixe protoroman : la reconstruction en domaine roman et la reconstruction morphologique. Cette première partie se conclut par l’explication de notre choix de nomenclature – avec une brève analyse des lexèmes rejetés –, par l’explicitation de nos processus de recherche et par la présentation de la microstructure utilisée pour les articles étymologiques. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse figurent les articles étymologiques des 45 étymons protoromans portant le suffixe */-'ur-a/ que nous avons pu reconstruire. Chaque article étymologique est accompagné d’une carte linguistique qui donne une vue globale sur la distribution aréologie de l’étymon en question.Enfin, la troisième partie de notre travail se veut une analyse approfondie et détaillée des propriétés phonologiques, morphologiques et sémantiques du suffixe */-'ur-a/ ainsi qu’une analyse de la variation diasystémique de la protolangue<br>This thesis is dedicated to studying the Protoromance suffix */-'ur-a/ and, hence, to studying derivational morphology of Protoromance. On the one hand, we provide an extensive and detailed exam of Protoromance lexical units presenting the suffix */-'ur-a/ and, on the other hand, we produce a thorough analysis of the phonological, morphological and semantic properties of the suffix */-'ur-a/.The first part of this work consists of a short introduction and of the presentation of the methodology that we used in our research : the methodology of compared reconstruction and of internal reconstruction. Then, we focus on the two fields that are particularly interesting in the context of studying a Protoromance suffix : reconstruction in Romance studies and morphological reconstruction. This first part closes up with an explanation of our nomenclature – including a short analysis of the rejected words –, a specification of our research process and a presentation of the microstructure used for our etymological articles.In the second part of our thesis appear the etymological articles of all 45 Protoromance etymons with the suffix */-'ur-a/ that we were able to reconstruct. Each etymological article comes with a linguistic map that provides a global view of the geographical distribution of the concerned etymon.Finally, the third part of our work is a thorough and detailed analysis of the phonological, morphological and semantic properties of the Protoromance suffix */-'ur-a/ and of the diasystemic variation of the Protoromance language

Мова знаходиться в стані постійного розвитку, який складається з окремих мовних процесів, процес творення нових слів – "словотвір". Термін "словотвір" має два основних значення, які потрібно чітко розрізняти. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/30574

Le but de ce travail est de montrer que l’adjonction du suffixe –ān peut produire une sorte de modification thématique au sein du mot. Peut-on dire que le morphème –ān dans les mots suivants est le même ? Ġhizlān (gazelles) [pluriel et nom propre], Sakrān (ivre) [adjectif], Yal‘abān (ils jouent) [forme verbale au duel], Waldān (deux enfants) [forme nominale au duel]. La ressemblance de la finale –ān n’est pas suffisante pour dire qu’il s’agit du même suffixe. Il y a en effet des suffixes homonymes associés à des sens et rapports catégoriels différents. Ce type de formation consiste à construire une forme morphologique sur une autre forme afin d’obtenir une nouvelle unité lexicale. Le suffixe –ān, par exemple, est envisagé comme un élément distinct. Ce suffixe agit sur une base réelle plutôt que sur une racine consonantique. Le suffixe –ān ainsi que d’autres suffixes en arabe ont un double aspect : ils peuvent être éléments de schèmes et en même temps comme des véritables suffixes qui peuvent changer la classe grammaticale du dérivé. Les deux exemples Ġhizlān et Sakrān ont la même forme, mais cela ne veut pas qu’il s’agit du même suffixe. Cette étude nous a permis d’analyser l’élément –ān comme un véritable suffixe dans le mot Sakrān, le sens de Sakrān se calcule à partir de Sukr (ivresse) et du suffixe –ān. Dans les exemples du pluriel interne, on ne peut pas parler d’un suffixe dérivationnel, il n’y a aucun rapport formel entre le thème du singulier et le thème du pluriel. Le pluriel interne s’obtient en apportant une modification à l’intérieur du mot comme Ġhazāl « une gazelle » [singulier] Ġhizlān « gazelles » [pluriel]. Donc la morphologie arabe ne fonctionne pas uniquement par le croisement de la racine et du schème, il y a bien une dérivation externe qui met en œuvre d’autres procédés pour la formation des mots en arabe.

Este trabalho busca investigar a relação entre a palavra prosódica e a palavra morfossintática no português brasileiro (PB) a partir do fenômeno de neutralização das vogais pretônicas. Levando-se em consideração que há contrastividade entre os sete fonemas vocálicos do PB somente na posição tônica da palavra, que contextos átonos não apresentam oposição entre as vogais médias (ex. b[e]leza ~ b[]leza) e que, nos dialetos do sul, vogais médias-baixas estão restritas a contextos tônicos, pretendemos verificar, através de análise acústica, o comportamento de sílabas com vogais médias pretônicas em casos em que a neutralização parece não ocorrer. Estes casos são aqueles formados pelos sufixos -inho (ex. c//linho), -zinho (ex. p//tezinho), -mente (ex. b/ɛ/lamente) e -íssimo (ex. c/ɛ/rtíssimo). Pelo fato de manterem a vogal média-baixa, alguns autores os classificam como palavras prosódicas independentes. Assumimos que i) -inho e -zinho podem ser considerados alomorfes de um mesmo morfema (cf. Bisol, 2010); e ii) a não ocorrência do fenômeno de neutralização já é uma evidência a favor da classificação desses elementos como palavra prosódicas, o que sugere que, morfologicamente, eles sejam unidos também ao nível da palavra, e não da raiz. Investigamos a hipótese de que há também evidências fonéticas para o tratamento dessas estruturas como compostos prosódicos (cf. Schwindt, 2013a), pois a sílaba da base morfológica parece se assemelhar em termos de duração e intensidade com a sílaba tônica, cuja vogal está localizada no afixo. Para testar esta hipótese, coletamos dados de fala de cinco informantes da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Utilizamo-nos da frase-veículo Diga X pra mim e, no lugar de X, inserimos palavras simples, derivadas e compostas com vogais médias-baixas e médias-altas na pauta pretônica, totalizando 62 palavras coletadas por informante. Nestes dados, medimos as propriedades acústicas de duração e intensidade das sílabas envolvidas no processo, citadas como os principais correlatos acústicos do acento (Massini, 1991; Pamies Bertrán, 1997; Cantoni, 2013), sendo a duração o principal parâmetro para a identificação do acento primário, conforme a literatura investigada. Os resultados mostram que, quanto à duração, estas sílabas pretônicas parecem apresentar taxas muito próximas às das tônicas quando da afixação por -inho ou -íssimo; nos casos de -zinho e -mente, a duração da sílaba tônica foi sempre superior, como no caso dos compostos, mas com a sílaba tônica da base sendo superior às demais pretônicas. Em relação à intensidade, encontramos, em todos os casos, valores muito altos para a sílaba inicial e para as demais pretônicas, o que pode ser influência da posição acentuada ou do tipo de experimento. Cruzando os dados de duração e intensidade, vemos que a maior parte das palavras complexas investigadas apresentou maior intensidade na primeira sílaba e maior duração na tônica. Apenas com base nesses dados acústicos, não podemos fazer afirmações a respeito da classificação dos sufixos analisados, mas podemos sugerir, baseados principalmente em dados de duração silábica, que há uma proeminência identificada nas bases iniciais de -inho e -íssimo e que -zinho e -mente comportam-se prosodicamente como os compostos morfológicos. Isto, se confirmado por métodos distintos e análises futuras, poderia indicar o comportamento dos quatro sufixos investigados como palavras prosódicas, que são ligados, morfologicamente, ao nível da palavra.<br>This work aims to investigate the relation between the prosodic word and the morphosyntactic word in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) through the phenomenon of pre-tonic vowels neutralization. Taking into consideration that there is contrastivity among the seven BP vowel phonemes only in the stressed position of the word, that unstressed contexts have no opposition between mid vowels (ex. b[e]leza ~ b[]leza) and that, in the southern dialects, mid-low vowels are restricted to stressed contexts, we intend to verify, through acoustic analysis, the behavior of the pre-tonic mid vowels in cases in which neutralization seems not to occur. These cases are those formed by the suffixes -inho (ex. c//linho), -zinho (ex. p//tezinho), -mente (ex. b/ɛ/lamente) and -íssimo (ex. c/ɛ/rtíssimo). By maintaining the mid-low vowel, some authors classify them as independent prosodic words. We assume that i) -inho and -zinho can be considered allomorphs of the same morpheme (cf. Bisol, 2010); and ii) the non-occurrence of the neutralization phenomenon is already an evidence in favor of the classification of these elements as prosodic words, which suggests that, morphologically, they are also attached to the word level, not to the root level. We investigate the hypothesis that there are phonetic evidences to the treatment of these structures as prosodic compounds (cf. Schwindt, 2013a), because the syllable of the morphological base seems to resemble in terms of duration and intensity with the stressed syllable, whose vowel is in the affix. To test this hypothesis, we collected speech data from five informants of the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre. We utilized the frame Diga X pra mim and, instead of X, we inserted simple, derived and compound words with mid-low and mid-high vowels in pre-tonic position, totalizing 62 words collected by informant. In these data, we measured the acoustic properties of duration and intensity of syllables involved in the process, quoted as the main acoustic correlates of stress (Massini, 1991; Pamies Bertrán, 1997; Cantoni, 2013), and duration is the main parameter to the identification of primary stress, according to the investigated literature. The results show that, for duration, these pre-tonic syllables seem to present rates very near to the stressed syllable rates when it is affixed by -inho or -íssimo; in cases of -zinho and -mente, the duration of stressed syllable was always higher, as in the compound words, but with the stressed syllable of the base being higher to the other pre-tonic syllables. In relation to intensity, we found, in all cases, very high values to the initial syllable and to the other pre-tonic syllables, which could have been influenced by stressed position or by the type of the experiment. Crossing the data of duration with intensity, we see that the most part of investigated complex words presented higher intensity in the first syllable and higher duration in the stressed syllable. Only based in these acoustic data, we cannot make claims with respect to the classification of the analyzed suffixes, but we can suggest, based mainly in data of syllable duration, that there is a prominence identified in the initial bases of -inho e -íssimo and that -zinho and -mente behave prosodically like morphological compounds. This, if confirmed by distinct methods and future analyses, could indicate the behavior of the four investigated suffixes as independent prosodic words, which are attached, morphologically, to the word level.

Ce travail, qui s'appuie sur une étude de corpus, analyse deux types d'adjectifs dénominaux en slovaque : les adjectifs suffixés en -ský (Nský) et les adjectifs composés d'un adjectif et d'un nom (AN). Les résultats obtenus pour le slovaque sont mis en correspondance, et seulement quand cela est pertinent, avec les réalisations sémantiquement équivalentes du français. Les analyses pour le slovaque sont vérifiées et testées à chaque fois à l'aide d'une expérience réalisée sous forme de questionnaires soumis aux locuteurs slovaques. La formation des AN (MODROOKÝ 'ayant les yeux bleus') répond à un triple faisceau de contraintes (i) entre l'AN et le nom recteur (Nr), e.g. modrooké dievča 'fille aux yeux bleus', (ii) entre le composant nominal (N) et le Nr (OKO 'œil' et dievča 'fille'), et (iii) entre le composant adjectival (A) et le N (MODRÝ 'bleu' et OKO 'œil'). Ces adjectifs désignent une propriété inhérente de l'entité à laquelle réfère le Nr. L'interprétation sémantique majoritaire est la relation méronymique : le N dénote une partie constitutive et visible de l'entité désignée par le Nr. La suffixation en -ský sélectionne essentiellement les noms propres de lieu (toponymes) et de personne (anthroponymes) en position de base. Le contenu sémantique de ces adjectifs est identique à celui de leurs bases. Les Nský toponymiques comme LIBANONSKÝ 'libanais' peuvent référer au lieu ainsi qu'aux habitants d'un lieu. Seule la valeur du Nr permet de désambiguïser la référence d'un Nský toponymique. Les Nský anthroponymiques comme STALINSKÝ 'stalinien' peuvent avoir, outre l'interprétation relationnelle : 'de Staline', un sens qualifiant : 'comparable à Staline'.

Esta tese apresenta, por um lado, uma descrição sumária do funcionamento dos sufixos latinos -men e -mentum em relação à sua produção lexical, às suas características morfológicas e semânticas e a informação semântica estrutural de suas palavras derivadas, no Latim. Por outro, analisa, de modo exaustivo, como o sufixo -mentum desenvolveu-se nas principais línguas românicas: Castelhano, Francês, Italiano e Romeno, para poder contrastar com o Português. Apresentamos primeiramente uma proposta de origem para o sufixo latino - mentum, diferente da bibliografia existente sobre o assunto, que indica que -mentum advém de um alargamento de -men. Para isso, montamos um corpus de análise das palavras latinas, identificando as bases nominal e verbal das palavras em -men e em -mentum; em seguida, analisamos a datação dessas palavras para, ao final, verificar o significado do sufixo em cada uma delas, resultando numa proposta de genealogia dos sufixos -men / -mentum. Na segunda parte desta tese, apresentamos a derivação panromânica do sufixo latino -mentum. Montamos um corpus para cada língua pesquisada, de modo exaustivo, com indicação de data de entrada, étimo, origem e aspecto semântico. Em cada capítulo, analisamos todos os itens, exceto no Português, em que não realizamos pesquisa feita previamente em Freitas (2008), sobre a semântica dessas palavras. Em todas as línguas, propusemos uma árvore genealógica do sufixo estudado sob um aspecto semântico, mostrando o caminho feito pelo sufixo por meio de seus significados. Ao final, propomos um modelo de análise etimológica para as línguas românicas e uma genealogia do sufixo -mentum, do Latim às românicas.<br>This thesis presents, on the one hand, a brief description of the functioning of Latin suffixes -men and -mentum related to their lexical production, their morphological and semantic characteristics as well as the structural semantic information of their derived words in Latin. On the other hand, it analyses exhaustively the development of the suffix -mentum in the main Romance languages: Spanish, French, Italian and Romanian, so that we can contrast them with Portuguese. First, we present a proposal for the origins of the Latin suffix -mentum, different from the existing bibliography on the subject, which suggests that -mentum comes from an enlargement of -men. Thus, we have organised a corpus for the analysis of the Latin words, identifying the nominal and verbal bases of words ending in -men and -mentum; then, we analyse the datings of these words, so that we can verify the meaning of the suffix in each one of them, which results in a proposal for the genealogy of both suffixes -men / -mentum. In the second part of the thesis, we present the PanRomance derivation of Latin suffix -mentum. We have organized an exhaustive corpus for each language, indicating the first datings, etymon, origin and semantic aspect. In each chapter, we have analysed every item, but for Portuguese, in which we have not made the research previously presented in Freitas (2008) about the semantics of these words. For every language we have proposed a genealogical tree for the suffix, in its semantic aspect, showing the routes taken by the suffix through its meanings. Finally, we have proposed a model for etymological analysis for Romance languages, and a genealogy of the suffix -mentum, from Latin to Romance languages.

Etude lexicale des parlers arabes marocains a partir d'un important corpus, le fichier de g. S. Colin, qui contient plus de 5000 racines, et d'enquetes orales. La structure de l'arabe marocain repose sur le croisement scheme-racine et l'utilisation d'un ensemble de suffixes generatifs de formes nouvelles. Examen de la racine trilitere avec tous les schemes qui se sont degages du depouillement systematique de onze lettres du fichier. L'etude de chaque scheme se refere aux structures de l'arabe classique considere comme norme. Le lexique de l'arabe marocain est constitue de mots classiques qui ont obei a certaines lois d'evolution linguistique. Les contacts de ce parler avec d'autres langues ont entraine l'apparition de nombreux termes etrangers. Les emprunts berberes, turcs, espagnols et francais ont ete parfaitement assimiles, coules dans des moules arabes et plies aux lois morphologiques de la langue d'accueil: derivation, formation de pluriels et de diminutifs. Ils ont parfois donne naissance a de nouvelles racines. On peut degager du lexique des ensembles de schemes correspondants a des categories determinees: masdars, adjectifs, noms de metiers, pluriels, diminutifs. L'arabe marocain est en pleine evolution lexicale et meme phonologique sous l'influence des mass-media et de l'enseignement arabise<br>Lexical study of moroccan arabic on the basis of an important corpus, the g. S. Colin's file containing more than 5000 roots and some oral research. The structure of moroccan arabic is based on the root-pattern intercrossing and the use of a set of suffixes generating new forms. Examination of triliteral roots with all the patterns that have been detected by the systematic analysis of the eleven letters of the file. The study of each pattern refers to classical arabic considered as a standard. The lexicon of moroccan arabic consists of classical words which have followed some of laws of linguistic evolution. The contact of the dialect with other languages have resulted in the appearance of many foreign terms. Berber, turkish, spanish and french borrowings have been perfectly assimilated, cast into arabic moulds and submitted to the morphological laws of the receiving language: derivation, formation of plurals, diminutives. They have sometimes given birth to new roots. Sets of patterns corresponding to specific categories: masdars, adjectives, participles, trade nouns, plurals and diminutives can be brought to light in the lexicon. Moroccan arabic is undergoing a major change, not only lexical, but also phonological under the influence of mass media and arabicized education

O presente trabalho, resultado das pesquisas do GMHP, Grupo de Mofologia Histórica do Português, procura estudar os aspectos sincrônicos e diacrônicos do sufixo -ístico(a), bem como as relações existentes com o seu desdobramento -ística e com os sufixos -ismo e -ista, no português e no galego, para justificar, então, sua mudança morfológica de atuação deverbal para denominal, bem como as suas demais mudanças semânticas e as línguas responsáveis pela sua disseminação. Para tanto, utilizando-se a metodologia desenvolvida pelo grupo, e com corpora lexicográfico, historiográfico, ademais de literário e jornalístico, procura-se inicialmente por meio da elaboração de uma prospecção geral, estabelecer o período de início de atuação do sufixo além de verificar como é entendido pelas obras lingüísticas atuais nas duas línguas em estudo. Em seguida, estuda-se a sua gênese greco-latina e, posteriormente, sua atuação em outras línguas, como também suas relações sintagmáticas e paradigmáticas com os demais sufixos envolvidos, para se estabelecer uma evolução ao longo dos séculos, por meio da elaboração de classificações semântico-funcionais de cada período estudado, bem como avaliar a importância das línguas de cultura e dos processos de tradução na disseminação dos sufixos em questão. Nesse sentido, com a construção do glossário de datações e abonações de palavras formadas com o sufixo -ística, desdobramento de -ístico(a), pode-se verificar a grande importância da língua alemã, em detrimento da francesa, na veiculação do sufixo. Finalmente, com a análise da produtividade de -ístico(a) no português, mostra-se que um sufixo não é apenas provido de significado semântico e funcional, mas também é constituído vários outros matizes, dentre eles os que caracterizam o gênero textual em que atua.<br>The present work, a result of researches carried out by the GHMP (GMHP in Portuguese) - Group of Historical Morphology of the Portuguese Language - aims at studying both the synchronic and diachronic aspects of the suffix -ístico(a), as well as its existing relations with its evolution -ística and with the suffixes -ismo and -ista in Portuguese and Galician, in order to justify its morphological change from a deverbal to a denominal nature, its further semantic changes as well as the languages responsible for its dissemination. For such, by making use of the method evolved by the group and with lexicographical, historiographical, not to mention literary and journalistic corpora, initially we aim by means of the elaboration of a general prospection, to establish the initial period of functioning of the suffix besides observing how it is understood by the present linguistic works in the two languages under study. Then, its Greco-Latin genesis and subsequently its functioning in other languages are analyzed as well as its syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations with the other suffixes involved in order to establish an evolution throughout the centuries by means of the elaboration of functional-semantic classifications of each period under study, as well as to assess the importance of languages of culture and of processes of translations in the dissemination of the suffixes in question. Thus, with the construction of a glossary of dating and sample sentences of formations with -ística, the evolution of -ístico(a), the great importance of the German language, unlike the French language, in the diffusion of the suffix can be observed. Finally, with the analysis of the productivity of -ístico(a) in Portuguese, it can be demonstrated that a suffix is not only possessed by both a semantic and functional meaning, but is also constituted by various other nuances, among which the ones that characterize the textual gender in which it functions.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-04-28T15:47:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 igordeoliveiracosta.pdf: 2715764 bytes, checksum: c8160cddc86f647724c428607a8341c6 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-05-02T01:02:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 igordeoliveiracosta.pdf: 2715764 bytes, checksum: c8160cddc86f647724c428607a8341c6 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-02T01:02:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 igordeoliveiracosta.pdf: 2715764 bytes, checksum: c8160cddc86f647724c428607a8341c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-30<br>CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Este trabalho, de viés sociocognitivista e construcionista, tem como objeto analítico um nódulo da rede de Construções Quantificadoras Mórficas Sufixais, reconhecida como uma estratégia morfológica de evocação da noção de coletividade na Língua Portuguesa, como ilustram os exemplos seguir: (i) {XN-ADA} (“Com AXE vou pegar a mulherada.”); (ii) {XN-ARADA} (“No meio daquela brinquedarada toda tinha um brinquedo que, pelo menos o que eu acho hoje, era da família daqueles patinhos de borracha [...]”); (iii) {XN-AIADA} (“Após a cachaçaiada é sempre bom beber bastante liquido [...]”). Tal estudo de caso serve de estofo a um objeto teórico mais amplo, qual seja a proposição de um trato construcionista da morfologia derivacional (MIRANDA, 2013; RHODES, 1992). A Gramática das Construções Cognitiva (GOLDBERG, 1995, 2006; BOAS, 2013), entendida como um Modelo Baseado no Uso (BYBEE, 2010; CROFT E CRUSE, 2004), fornece o aparato teórico central a este estudo. Da premissa sociocognitivista que reivindica a centralidade da experiência na constituição da linguagem deriva outro fundamento crucial à sustentação das análises, qual seja a proposição de convergência entre o escopo teórico construcionista e a Semântica de Frames (FILLMORE, 1977, 2009[1982], 1985; PETRUCK, 1996; RUPENHOFER et al., 2010). Dado o relevo do uso no modelo teórico-analítico eleito, acolhe-se, em termos metodológicos, uma Linguística Cognitiva baseada em corpus (FILLMORE, 2008[1992]; MCENERY, XIAO E TONO, 2006), o que implica o uso de corpora eletrônicos e ferramentas computacionais na análise dos dados. As análises apontam, dentre outras coisas, para a consistência de um trato construcionista da morfologia derivacional, bem como para a riqueza linguística e cognitiva das construções estudadas. Os construtos, instituídos pelo esquema imagético COLEÇÃO (JOHNSON, 2005; CLAUSNER E CROFT, 1999), tem na evocação dos frames Quantidade e Desejabilidade a sua constituição semântica, apresentando-se como estratégias de quantificação e avaliação pertinentes a gêneros mais distensos da Língua Portuguesa.<br>This paper analyses, in a cognitive and constructionist perspective, a node of the vast network of Suffixal Morphic Quantifying Constructions, recognized as a morphological strategy evocation of the notion of collectivity in Portuguese, as illustrated with the following examples: (i) {XN-ADA} (“Com AXE vou pegar a mulherada.”); (ii) {XN-ARADA} (“No meio daquela brinquedarada toda tinha um brinquedo que, pelo menos o que eu acho hoje, era da família daqueles patinhos de borracha [...]”); (iii) {XN-AIADA} (“Após a cachaçaiada é sempre bom beber bastante liquido [...]”). This case study supports a broader theoretical object, the proposition for a constructionist approach to derivational morphology (MIRANDA, 2013; RHODES, 1992). Cognitive Construction Grammar (GOLDBERG, 1995, 2006; BOAS, 2013), a Used-based Model of Language (BYBEE, 2010; CROFT AND CRUSE, 2004), provides the central theoretical apparatus to this study. The Cognitive Linguistics premise of claiming the centrality of experience in the creation of language grants another crucial support to this analysis, which is the proposition of convergence between the constructionist approach and Frame Semantics (FILLMORE, 1977, 2009[1982], 1985; PETRUCK, 1996; RUPENHOFER et al., 2010). Given the amount of use in the theoretical and analytical model adopted, corpus-based Cognitive Linguistics (FILLMORE, 2008[1992]; MCENERY, XIAO AND TONO, 2006) was the methodology chosen. It implies the use of electronic corpora, computational tools and quantitative analysis of the data in terms of type frequency and token frequency (BYBEE, 2010; GOLDBERG, 1995). The analysis points out, among other things, to the consistency of a constructionist approach for derivational morphology, as well as the cognitive and linguistic richness of the constructional patterns under investigation. The constructs, established by the COLLECTION image schema (JOHNSON, 2005; CLAUSNER AND CROFT, 1999), evoke the Quantity and Desirability frames, presenting itself as quantifying and evaluation strategies relevant to distended genres of Portuguese.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:03:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 costa_sr_dr_arafcl.pdf: 4805333 bytes, checksum: eeab28892c41e35b44cd46e926e0145b (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Dans ce travail, on a eu le dessein d’ analyser l' évolution des signifiés de quelques suffixes latins (érudits) utilisés en portugais archaïque et qui présentent une contrepartie populaire. D’abord, on a repassé l'Histoire, l'origine, les périodes et les sous-périodes de la Langue Portugaise, ainsi que les textes principaux de la phase archaïque du Portugais. À propos des suffixes - objet spécifique de ce travail - on a fait une révision générale de la littérature existante à ce sujet, suivant l’ordre chronologique ascendante et tout en prenant comme point de départ l'avis de quelques philologues et grammairiens éminents de L´Histoire de la Langue (Carolina Michäelis de Vasconcelos (1946), José Joaquim Nunes (1989), Manuel de Said Ali (1931 e 1964), Joseph Hüber (1986 [1933]), Theodoro Maurer Jr. (1951), José Leite de Vasconcelos (1959), Sousa da Silveira (1960)), des grammariens normatifs (Fernão de Oliveira (1975 [1536]), Júlio Ribeiro (1913 [1881]), João Ribeiro (1926 [1901]), Gladstone Chaves de Melo (1978), Cunha e Cintra (1985), Evanildo Bechara (1999) et des linguistes – structuralistes / générativistes – (Joaquim Mattoso Camara Jr. (1979 et 1980), Margarida Basílio (1980 et 2004), Cacilda de Oliveira Camargo (1986), Antônio José Sandmann (1991 et 1992), Valter Khedi (2005), Graça Maria de Oliveira et Silva Rio-Torto (1993 et 2006), Luiz Carlos de Assis Rocha (1998), Alina Villalva (2000), Margarita Correia (2004), Margarita Correia & Lucia San Payo de Lemos (2005) et Soledad Varela Ortega (2005)). À partir d’ un corpus de textes extraits de 20 oeuvres, organisé par nous, les paires de suffixes suivantes ont été sélectionnées: –ato x –ado; –ático X – adego; –bil x –vel;–ense x –ês; –ario x –eiro;–(t)orio ~ –(s)orio x –(d)oiro e – (t)ura ~ –(s)ura ~ –(d)ura x –ura. Il y a des suffixes qui... (Résumé complet accès électronique ci-dessous)<br>Pretendeu-se, neste trabalho, analisar a evolução dos significados de alguns sufixos latinos (eruditos) utilizados, em Português arcaico, que apresentam uma contraparte popular. Inicialmente, foram revistos a História, a origem, os períodos e sub-períodos do Português, assim como os textos principais de sua fase arcaica. Em relação aos sufixos, objeto específico deste trabalho, faz-se uma revisão geral, em ordem cronológica ascendente, da literatura existente a esse respeito, tomando-se por base a opinião de alguns eminentes filólogos e gramáticos da História da Língua (Carolina Michäelis de Vasconcelos (1946), José Joaquim Nunes (1989), Manuel de Said Ali (1931 e 1964), Joseph Hüber (1986 [1933]), Theodoro Maurer Jr. (1951), José Leite de Vasconcelos (1959), Sousa da Silveira (1960)), gramáticos normativos (Fernão de Oliveira (1975 [1536]), Júlio Ribeiro (1913 [1881]), João Ribeiro (1926 [1901]), Gladstone Chaves de Melo (1978), Cunha e Cintra (1985), Evanildo Bechara (1999) e lingüistas – estruturalistas / gerativistas – (Joaquim Mattoso Camara Jr. (1979 e 1980), Margarida Basílio (1980 e 2004), Cacilda de Oliveira Camargo (1986), Antônio José Sandmann (1991 e 1992), Valter Khedi (2005), Graça Maria de Oliveira e Silva Rio-Torto (1993 e 2006), Luiz Carlos de Assis Rocha (1998), Alina Villalva (2000), Margarita Correia (2004), Margarita Correia & Lucia San Payo de Lemos (2005) e Soledad Varela Ortega (2005)). A partir de um corpus elaborado por nós, baseado em 20 obras, foram selecionados os seguintes pares de sufixos: –ato x – ado; –ático X –adego; –bil x –vel;–ense x –ês; –ario x –eiro;–(t)orio ~ –(s)orio x –(d)oiro e –(t)ura ~ –(s)ura ~ –(d)ura x –ura. Há sufixos com grande, média e baixa produtividades. Muitos deles vão ganhando, ao longo dos séculos, novos significados; outros, entretanto, mantém aqueles já presentes em Latim.<br>The aim of this thesis is to analyze the development of the meaning of some erudite latin suffixes used in Archaic Portuguese which have a popular counterpart. Firstly, the history, the origin, the periods and subperiods of Brazilian Portuguese have been revised, as well as the main texts of its archaic period. A general review of the literature on suffixes, the specific object of this work, has been done in ascendant chronological order taking as its basis the opinion of some most eminent philologists and grammarians of the History of Language such as (Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcelos (1946), José Joaquim Nunes (1989), Manuel de Said Ali (1931 and 1964), Joseph Hüber (1986 [1933]), Theodoro Maurer Jr. (1951), José Leite de Vasconcelos (1959), Sousa da Silveira (1960)); normative grammarians such as (Fernão de Oliveira (1975 [1536]), Júlio Ribeiro (1913 [1881]), João Ribeiro (1926 [1901]), Gladstone Chaves de Melo (1978), Cunha & Cintra (1985), Evanildo Bechara (1999); and structuralist/gerativist linguists such as (Joaquim Mattoso Camara Jr. (1979 and 1980), Margarida Basílio (1980 and 2004), Cacilda de Oliveira Camargo (1986), Antônio José Sandmann (1991 and 1992), Valter Khedi (2005), Graça Maria de Oliveira e Silva Rio-Torto (1993 and 2006), Luiz Carlos de Assis Rocha (1998), Alina Villalva (2000), Margarita Correia (2004), Margarita Correia & Lucia San Payo de Lemos (2005) and Soledad Varela Ortega (2005). The following suffix pairs which form the corpus have been selected based on 20 books: –ato x – ado; –ático X –adego; –bil x –vel;–ense x –ês; –ario x –eiro;–(t)orio ~ –(s)orio x –(d)oiro e –(t)ura ~ –(s)ura ~ –(d)ura x –ura. There are suffixes of high, medium and low productivity. Many of them acquire new meanings through the centuries; others, however, maintain the meanings used in Latin.

Orientador: Clotilde de Almeida Azevedo Murakawa<br>Banca: Ana Rosa Gomes Cabello<br>Banca: Braz José Coelho<br>Banca: Catarina Vaz Rodrigues<br>Banca: Marymarcia Guedes<br>Resumo: Pretendeu-se, neste trabalho, analisar a evolução dos significados de alguns sufixos latinos (eruditos) utilizados, em Português arcaico, que apresentam uma contraparte popular. Inicialmente, foram revistos a História, a origem, os períodos e sub-períodos do Português, assim como os textos principais de sua fase arcaica. Em relação aos sufixos, objeto específico deste trabalho, faz-se uma revisão geral, em ordem cronológica ascendente, da literatura existente a esse respeito, tomando-se por base a opinião de alguns eminentes filólogos e gramáticos da História da Língua (Carolina Michäelis de Vasconcelos (1946), José Joaquim Nunes (1989), Manuel de Said Ali (1931 e 1964), Joseph Hüber (1986 [1933]), Theodoro Maurer Jr. (1951), José Leite de Vasconcelos (1959), Sousa da Silveira (1960)), gramáticos normativos (Fernão de Oliveira (1975 [1536]), Júlio Ribeiro (1913 [1881]), João Ribeiro (1926 [1901]), Gladstone Chaves de Melo (1978), Cunha e Cintra (1985), Evanildo Bechara (1999) e lingüistas - estruturalistas / gerativistas - (Joaquim Mattoso Camara Jr. (1979 e 1980), Margarida Basílio (1980 e 2004), Cacilda de Oliveira Camargo (1986), Antônio José Sandmann (1991 e 1992), Valter Khedi (2005), Graça Maria de Oliveira e Silva Rio-Torto (1993 e 2006), Luiz Carlos de Assis Rocha (1998), Alina Villalva (2000), Margarita Correia (2004), Margarita Correia & Lucia San Payo de Lemos (2005) e Soledad Varela Ortega (2005)). A partir de um corpus elaborado por nós, baseado em 20 obras, foram selecionados os seguintes pares de sufixos: -ato x - ado; -ático X -adego; -bil x -vel;-ense x -ês; -ario x -eiro;-(t)orio ~ -(s)orio x -(d)oiro e -(t)ura ~ -(s)ura ~ -(d)ura x -ura. Há sufixos com grande, média e baixa produtividades. Muitos deles vão ganhando, ao longo dos séculos, novos significados; outros, entretanto, mantém aqueles já presentes em Latim.<br>Abstract: The aim of this thesis is to analyze the development of the meaning of some erudite latin suffixes used in Archaic Portuguese which have a popular counterpart. Firstly, the history, the origin, the periods and subperiods of Brazilian Portuguese have been revised, as well as the main texts of its archaic period. A general review of the literature on suffixes, the specific object of this work, has been done in ascendant chronological order taking as its basis the opinion of some most eminent philologists and grammarians of the History of Language such as (Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcelos (1946), José Joaquim Nunes (1989), Manuel de Said Ali (1931 and 1964), Joseph Hüber (1986 [1933]), Theodoro Maurer Jr. (1951), José Leite de Vasconcelos (1959), Sousa da Silveira (1960)); normative grammarians such as (Fernão de Oliveira (1975 [1536]), Júlio Ribeiro (1913 [1881]), João Ribeiro (1926 [1901]), Gladstone Chaves de Melo (1978), Cunha & Cintra (1985), Evanildo Bechara (1999); and structuralist/gerativist linguists such as (Joaquim Mattoso Camara Jr. (1979 and 1980), Margarida Basílio (1980 and 2004), Cacilda de Oliveira Camargo (1986), Antônio José Sandmann (1991 and 1992), Valter Khedi (2005), Graça Maria de Oliveira e Silva Rio-Torto (1993 and 2006), Luiz Carlos de Assis Rocha (1998), Alina Villalva (2000), Margarita Correia (2004), Margarita Correia & Lucia San Payo de Lemos (2005) and Soledad Varela Ortega (2005). The following suffix pairs which form the corpus have been selected based on 20 books: -ato x - ado; -ático X -adego; -bil x -vel;-ense x -ês; -ario x -eiro;-(t)orio ~ -(s)orio x -(d)oiro e -(t)ura ~ -(s)ura ~ -(d)ura x -ura. There are suffixes of high, medium and low productivity. Many of them acquire new meanings through the centuries; others, however, maintain the meanings used in Latin.<br>Résumé: Dans ce travail, on a eu le dessein d' analyser l' évolution des signifiés de quelques suffixes latins (érudits) utilisés en portugais archaïque et qui présentent une contrepartie populaire. D'abord, on a repassé l'Histoire, l'origine, les périodes et les sous-périodes de la Langue Portugaise, ainsi que les textes principaux de la phase archaïque du Portugais. À propos des suffixes - objet spécifique de ce travail - on a fait une révision générale de la littérature existante à ce sujet, suivant l'ordre chronologique ascendante et tout en prenant comme point de départ l'avis de quelques philologues et grammairiens éminents de L'Histoire de la Langue (Carolina Michäelis de Vasconcelos (1946), José Joaquim Nunes (1989), Manuel de Said Ali (1931 e 1964), Joseph Hüber (1986 [1933]), Theodoro Maurer Jr. (1951), José Leite de Vasconcelos (1959), Sousa da Silveira (1960)), des grammariens normatifs (Fernão de Oliveira (1975 [1536]), Júlio Ribeiro (1913 [1881]), João Ribeiro (1926 [1901]), Gladstone Chaves de Melo (1978), Cunha e Cintra (1985), Evanildo Bechara (1999) et des linguistes - structuralistes / générativistes - (Joaquim Mattoso Camara Jr. (1979 et 1980), Margarida Basílio (1980 et 2004), Cacilda de Oliveira Camargo (1986), Antônio José Sandmann (1991 et 1992), Valter Khedi (2005), Graça Maria de Oliveira et Silva Rio-Torto (1993 et 2006), Luiz Carlos de Assis Rocha (1998), Alina Villalva (2000), Margarita Correia (2004), Margarita Correia & Lucia San Payo de Lemos (2005) et Soledad Varela Ortega (2005)). À partir d' un corpus de textes extraits de 20 oeuvres, organisé par nous, les paires de suffixes suivantes ont été sélectionnées: -ato x -ado; -ático X - adego; -bil x -vel;-ense x -ês; -ario x -eiro;-(t)orio ~ -(s)orio x -(d)oiro e - (t)ura ~ -(s)ura ~ -(d)ura x -ura. Il y a des suffixes qui... (Résumé complet accès électronique ci-dessous)<br>Doutor

Le traitement automatique de la langue quechua (TALQ) ne dispose pas actuellement d'un dictionnaire électronique des verbes, du français-quechua. Pourtant, un projet visant la traduction automatique nécessite au préalable, entre autres, cette importante ressource.Cette thèse consiste à élaborer un dictionnaire électronique français-quechua des verbes. La réalisation d'un tel dictionnaire peut ouvrir également de nouvelles perspectives dans l'enseignement à distance, dans les domaines de l'accès multilingue aux informations, l'annotation/l'indexation des documents, la correction orthographique et pour le TAL en général. La première difficulté consiste à sélectionner un dictionnaire français comme base de travail. Parmi les nombreux dictionnaires français, il en existe très peu en format électronique, et moins encore ceux dont les sources soient en libre accès au public. Parmi ces derniers, l'ouvrage Les verbes français (LVF), contenant 25 610 sens verbaux, que Jean Dubois et Françoise Dubois-Charlier ont publié chez Larousse en 1997, est un dictionnaire particulièrement complet ; de plus il a l 'avantage d'avoir une licence « open source » et un format compatible avec la plateforme NooJ. En tenant en compte ces considérations nous avons choisi traduire ce dictionnaire en quechua.Cependant, cette tâche se heurte à un obstacle considérable : le lexique quechua de verbes simples compte moins de l 500 entrées. Comment faire correspondre 25 610 sens verbaux français avec seulement 1 500 verbes quechua ?Sommes-nous condamnés à utiliser beaucoup de polysémies? Par exemple, dans LVF il y a 27 sens verbaux du verbe « tourner » ; doit-on tous les traduire par muyuy ? Ou bien, pouvons-nous utiliser une stratégie particulière et remarquable de la langue pour répondre à ce défi : la génération de nouveaux verbes par dérivation suffixale ?Nous avons inventorié tous les suffixes du quechua qui permettent d'obtenir une forme dérivée possédant le comportement d'un verbe simple. Cet ensemble de suffixes que nous appelons SIP_DRV, contient 27 éléments. Ainsi chaque verbe quechua transitif ou intransitif donne naissance à au moins 27 verbes dérivés. Il reste cependant à formaliser les paradigmes et grammaires qui vont nous permettre d'obtenir les dérivations compatibles avec la morphosyntaxe de la langue. Cela a été réalisé avec NooJ.L'application de ces grammaires nous a permis d'obtenir 40 500 unités linguistiques conjugables (ULAV) à partir de 1 500 verbes simples quechua. Ce résultat encourageant nous permet d'envisager une solution favorable à notre projet de traduction des 25 000 sens verbaux du français en quechua.À ce stade, une nouvelle difficulté apparaît : la traduction en français de cette quantité énorme des formes verbales conjugables générées, dont sa résolution est essentielle pour notre projet de traduire une partie importante des vingt-cinq mille verbes français en quechua.Afin d'obtenir la traduction de ces ULAV, nous avons besoin d'abord de connaître la modalité d'énonciation qu'apporte chaque SIP quand il s'agglutine au radical verbal pour le transformer. Chaque suffixe peut avoir plusieurs modalités d'énonciation. Nous les avons obtenus à partir du corpus, de notre propre expérience et quelques enregistrements dans le terrain. Nous avons ainsi construit un tableau indexé contenant toutes ces modalités. Ensuite, nous utilisons des opérateurs de NooJ pour programmer les grammaires qui présentent la traduction automatique en une forme glosés de modalités d'énonciation.Finalement, nous avons développé un algorithme qui nous a permis d'obtenir la traduction réciproque du français vers le quechua de plus de 8 500 sens verbaux de niveau 3 et un certain nombre de sens verbaux de niveau 4 et 5<br>The automatic processing of the Quechua language (APQL) lacks an electronic dictionary of French­ Quechua verbs. However, any NLP project requires this important linguistic resource.The present thesis proposes such a dictionary. The realization of such a resource couId also open new perspectives on different domains such as multilingual access to information, distance learning,inthe areas of annotation /indexing of documents, spelling correction and eventually in machine translation.The first challenge was the choice of the French dictionary which would be used as our basic reference. Among the numerous French dictionaries, there are very few which are presented in an electronic format, and even less that may be used as an open source. Among the latter, we found the dictionary Les verbes français (LVF}, of Jean Dubois and Françoise Dubois-Charlier, edited by Larousse en 1997. lt is a remarkably complete dictionary. lt contains 25 610 verbal senses and with open source license. lt is entirely compatible with the Nooj platform. That's why we have chosen this dictionary to be the one to translate into Quechua.However, this task faces a considerable obstacle: the Quechua lexicon of simple verbs contains around 1,500 entries. How to match 25,610 French verbal senses with only 1,500 Quechua verbs?Are we condemned to produce many polysemies? For example, in LVF, we have 27 verbal senses of the verb "tourner" to turn; should we translate them all by the Quechua verb muyuy to turn? Or, can we make use of a particular and remarkable Quechua strategy that may allow us to face thischallenge: the generation of new verbs by suffix derivation?As a first step, we have inventoried ail the Quechua suffixes that make possible to obtain a derived verbal form which behaves as if it was a simple verb. This set of suffixes, which we call IPS_DRV, contains 27 elements. Thus each Quechua verb, transitive or intransitive, gives rise to at least 27 derived verbs. Next, we need to formalize the paradigms and grammars that will allow us to obtain derivations compatible with the morphology of the language. This was done with the help of the NooJ platform.The application of these grammars allowed us to obtain 40,500 conjugable atomic linguistic units (CALU) out of 1,500 simple Quechua verbs. This encouraging first result allows us to hope to get a favorable solution to our project of translation of the 25,000 verbal senses of French into Quechua.At this point, a new difficulty appears: the translation into French of this enormous quantity of generated conjugable verbal forms. This work is essential if we want to obtain the translation of a large part of the twenty-five thousand French verbs into Quechua. ln order to obtain the translation of these CALUs, we first needed to know the modalities of enunciation that each IPS have and transmits to the verbal radical when it is agglutinated to it. Each suffix can have several modalities of enunciation. We have obtained an inventory of them from the corpus, our own experience and some recordings obtained in fieldwork. We constructed an indexed table containing all of these modalities.Next, we used NooJ operators to program grammars that present automatic translation into a glossed form of enunciation modalities.Finally, we developed an algorithm that allowed us to obtain the reciprocal translation from French to Quechua of more than 8,500 Verbal senses of Level 3 and a number of verbal senses of Levels 4 and 5

碩士<br>國立高雄師範大學<br>教育學系<br>82<br>In Mandarin, r-suffixation and particle a-suffixation have been controversial topics for a long time. Both of them vary with the preceding stems. Previous analyses based on Linear Phonology or Non-linear Phonology are not satisfying enough to account for their variety except stipulating as many specific phonological rules as possible. The aim of the thesis is focused on explaining these facts under the model of Lexical Phonology. In this framework, the word-based morphology of Mandarin establishes a relationship of an interesting sort between the morphological structure and phonological structure. Supposing [r] is a level 1 suffix and [a] is a level 2 suffix, they get a full explanation on the basis of the canonical template CVX interacting with phonological rules and principles like Oligatory Contour Principle and Structure Preservation.

This thesis deals with aspects of Persian phonology and morpho-phonology which are less studied or controversial, and has two specific goals: (i) to examine the structure of the Persian vowel system with the goal of understanding the asymmetries in patterning of different vowels in the system; (ii) to examine some suffixation processes in Persian with the goal of understanding the seeming irregularities in morphophonemics. The more generals goals of this work are to contribute to the discussions of: (i) determining dimensions of contrast in a vowel system; (ii) interactions of vowels and consonants at a morpheme boundary. Although the main focus of this work is on the synchronic status of these issues in Persian from a theoretical viewpoint, many discussions in the thesis benefit from an historical and/or an experimental investigation. As such, the thesis contributes both to the field of theoretical and experimental phonology, and offers both synchronic and historical perspectives on many issues at hand.

The major aim of this thesis is to characterize the use of diminutive forms in Mexican Spanish and to analyze it in the corpora. Secondarily, a series of activities is proposed so that the topic could be worked with in the classes of Spanish as a foreign language. The thesis consists of two main parts, a theoretical and an empirical one, and an appendix. In the theoretical introduction, the concept of the diminutive is described, as well as its morphological and semantic-pragmatic features, its peculiar use in American varieties of Spanish and, especially, its implementation in Mexican Spanish. Possible explanations of its idiosyncratic use are given; in particular, the Mexican society and the influence of Náhuatl are analyzed. The empirical part is divided into two sections. The main analysis focuses on the use of the diminutive in Mexican Spanish from the socio-linguistic and morfo-semantic point of view. The analysis is realized in the Corpus Sociolingüístico de la Ciudad de México. In the secondary analysis, the most frequent diminutives are investigated in the Corpus de Referencia del Espaňol Actual and the Corpus Diacrónico del Espaňol. The appendix presents various dynamic and communicatively-oriented activities, proposed both to practice the diminutive and to introduce the socio-cultural element, essential in the language teaching.

Dans le parler des jeunes du Mexique, on retrouve, entre autres formes de vitalité linguistique, un usage fréquent de jeux phoniques qui transforment ou substituent des lexèmes et syntagmes sans qu'il y ait altération significative du signifié. Ce phénomène linguistique utilise trois procédés phoniques: la suffixation parasitaire, la substitution lexicale basée sur la similitude phonique et l'enchaînement en écho. Le présent mémoire contribue à remplir un vide dans la littérature scientifique et faire connaître ce phénomène peu étudié en explorant les aspects formels linguistiques et les fonctions sociales. Nous cherchons à établir les relations qui existent entre la structure linguistique et les fonctions linguistiques et sociales inhérentes à l'usage de jeux phoniques. L'étude empirique menée dans la ville de Puebla (Mexique) a permis la collecte d'un corpus de plus de deux cents jeux phoniques et la réalisation d'entrevues sociolinguistiques avec dix-huit jeunes de Puebla usagers des expressions étudiées. Nous proposons une classification du corpus de jeux phoniques basée sur la structure formelle afin d'apprécier que le phénomène réponde à des patrons fixes de construction. Suite à une analyse thématique des entrevues que nous appuyons d'exemples de jeux phoniques, nous verrons que l'usage de jeux phoniques joue principalement une fonction poétique, ludique ainsi qu'une fonction de cohésion sociale et une fonction identitaire. La présente étude confirme que le caractère non normatif et cryptique intrinsèque aux jeux de mots sert à renforcer ces fonctions sociales, à la manière d'un parler argotique.<br>In the youth speech of Mexico a frequent use of phonic wordplays that transform or substitute lexemes and phrases without significant alteration of the signifier are found among linguistic vitality signs. This linguistic phenomenon uses three phonic techniques: parasitic suffixation, lexical substitution based on phonic similarity and echo chaining. This report contributes by filling a void in the scientific literature and to expose this overlooked phenomenon by exploring its formal linguistic aspects and social functions. The aim of this study is to establish the relationship between linguistic structure and linguistic and social functions inherent to phonic wordplay use. The empiric study conducted in Puebla (Mexico) allowed the collection of a corpus of more than two hundred phonic wordplays and the realization of sociolinguistic interviews with eighteen Puebla youth, who employ the studied expressions. This work proposes a classification of the corpus based on their formal structure in order to highlight that the phenomenon conforms to fixed patterns of construction. After a thematic analysis of the interviews, with an emphasis on phonic wordplay examples, we observe that the use of phonic wordplays mainly accomplishes poetic and ludic, as well as social cohesion and identity functions. This study confirms that the non-normative and cryptic characteristics intrinsic to phonic wordplays help to reinforce the aforementioned social functions as an argotic speech.<br>En el habla de los jóvenes de México encontramos, entre otras muestras de vitalidad lingüística, un uso frecuente de juegos fónicos que transforman o sustituyen lexemas y sintagmas sin que haya alteración significativa del significado. Este fenómeno lingüístico utiliza tres recursos fónicos: la sufijación parasitaria, la sustitución léxica por similitud fónica y el encadenamiento en eco. La presente memoria contribuye a llenar un vacío en la literatura científica y dar a conocer este fenómeno poco estudiado, explorando los aspectos formales lingüísticos y las funciones sociales. Buscamos establecer las relaciones que existen entre la estructura lingüística y las funciones lingüísticas y sociales inherentes al uso de los juegos fónicos. El estudio empírico que se llevó a cabo en la ciudad de Puebla (México) permitió la recolección de un corpus de más de doscientos juegos fónicos y la realización de entrevistas sociolingüísticas con dieciocho jóvenes poblanos usuarios de las expresiones estudiadas. Proponemos una clasificación del corpus de juegos fónicos basada en la estructura formal para apreciar que el fenómeno responde a patrones fijos de construcción. Tras un análisis temático de las entrevistas, que apoyamos con ejemplos de juegos fónicos, veremos que el uso de juegos fónicos cumple principalmente una función poética, lúdica, así como una función de cohesión social y una función identitaria. El presente estudio confirma que el carácter no normativo y críptico intrínseco a los juegos fónicos sirve para reforzar estas funciones sociales, a modo de habla argótica.

in English This dissertation studies su xal derivation of adjectives from nouns in French. It is based on a lexicon of about 15, 000 adjectives, 40% of which may be considered deno- minal. I rst present the data under investigation. I describe the Dénom database, which was derived from large scale lexica. In order to assess the position of denominal adjectives in the more general adjectival system, I present a classi cation of French adjectives on the basis of their morphological properties. In the process, I spot cases where the fringes of the class of denominals are unclear, and question the distributional and semantic co- hesion of the class. I nally review di erent types of formal or semantic mismatches between the adjective and its base noun. In a second step, I present a study of the formal and semantic properties of a subset of denominal adjectives where the morphological relation between base and derivative is regular. This subset is selected on the basis of the type frequency of formal patterns of alternation between base and derivative. I describe the phonological and morpholo- gical properties of base nouns, with the aim of uncovering factors that play a role in the formation of adjectives. This leads to the observation of morphological niches, that is, cases where the presence of a...

The present thesis deals with, and elaborates on, the concept of sense inheritance (particularly with respect to suffixation in Czech). Drawing on more general remarks on lexical meaning, polysemy, and the semantic relatedness of a derived word and its base, the theoretical part of the thesis delineates the notion of sense inheritance, originating within the framework of construction grammar. It is shown that the idea of sense inheritance has at least implicitly been present in Czech lexicology (cf. the derivational criterion for identifying senses of polysemous words) and lexicography. It is argued that the traditional Czech theory of word formation relies on the assumption of the semantic transparency or even compositionality of motivated words, which can hardly be squared with empirical evidence concerning sense inheritance, nevertheless. In the empirical part of the thesis semantic relations are analyzed that hold between derivatives within 43 word families of polysemous bases (denoting body parts), and subsequently the sense-inheritance properties of the 80 most frequent (hence established and lexicalized) derivatives with the agentive suffix -tel and polysemous base verbs are contrasted with those found in 100 hapax legomena derived from polysemous bases with the same affix. This enables not...

This thesis examines suffixation in Middle English in the periods 1200-1299 and 1300-1399. More specifically, the work is focussed on nominal coinages of native origin only, formed with the suffixes -ness, -head / -hood, -ship and -dom, where the aim is to observe their productivity in time. In the theoretical part, we explore the contribution of external (socio-political) and internal (typological and word-formational) factors to changes in the English language, including word-formation processes. Our hypothesis is that suffixation as a word-formation process will continue strongly, despite the ongoing language-internal changes and the overwhelming influx of foreign words. Data for this research was collected from The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) through Advance Search. The data retrieved for each suffix was considered from a morphological, structural and lexico-semantic perspective. The analyses were performed to detect changes in the behaviour of each suffix and to discover the realities attesting their productivity. Moreover, the analyses uncovered additional phenomena: types that had only one quotation (hapaxes) and competition occurring between the selected suffixes. The hapaxes were also investigated for their morphological, structural and semantic features so as to identify any common...

This dissertation is an analysis of the segmental phonology of the Shangani language as spoken in the South Eastern parts of Zimbabwe. It starts by presenting the language situation in Zimbabwe and comparing the language’s status in Zimbabwe with that of its sister varieties in South Africa where it is referred to as Tsonga and in Mozambique where it is referred to as XiChangana or Changana. The dissertation is based on data collected from the speakers of Shangani using a variety of research techniques. The dissertation identifies and characterizes the language’s distinctive phonemes using the minimal pair and set tests. It presents the language’s consonants, which include aspirated, breathy-voiced, pre-nasalized, labialized and palatalized consonants. It shows that in Shangani, voiceless consonants cannot be pre-nasalized and that there is an incompatibility between that labio-velar glide /w/ and most labial consonants excpt /m/. The phonemes are analysed using Chomsky and Halle’s (1968) distinctive feature theory. The study uses Clements and Keyser’s (1983) CV phonology of the syllable structure to analyse the language’s syllable structure. The language’s canonical syllable structure is CV. It is also shown that consonant clusters are gaining their way into the language through borrowing from English, Afrikaans and other languages that have consonant clusters in their inventories. Onsetless Vs are marginally attested word-initially. In agent nouns, VV sequences are in most cases retained. These sequences are not analysed as diphthongs since they occupy different V slots on the syllable tier. The second vowel in the sequence is the onsetless syllable. Affricates, NCs, Cws and Cjs are presented as unitary segments that occupy a single C slot of the CV tier. Phonological processes that are attested in the language are also presented. Secondary articulation, vowel deletion, feature spreading, vowel coalescence and nasalization are shown to be the most common phonological process in the language. Since Shangani has the CV syllable typology, most of the phonological processes are there to resolve hiatus that would have been induced by suffixation of vowel commencing stems or suffixes to vowel final prefixes or stems. The notion of domains is shown to be a diagnostic tool for identifying a process in a hiatus situation. The study shows that vowel deletion is the least preferred strategy when secondary articulation, feature spreading, vowel coalescence have been blocked by some constraints like syllable structure processes or the language’s phonotactics<br>African Languages<br>D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)