Journal articles: 'Suffixation'

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Degbevi, Comlan Athanase. "Kontrastive Analyse Der Suffigierung Des Biali Und Des Deutschen." Scholars International Journal of Linguistics and Literature 6, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sijll.2023.v06i01.011.

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This article aims at the description and the contrastive analysis of suffixation, part of the affixal derivation, of Biali and German. Indeed, it describes two types of suffixation in Biali, namely: nominal suffixation and verbal suffixation. On the German side, it identifies and describes four types of suffixation which are the nominal, verbal, adjectival and adverbial suffixations. From the contrastive analysis of these different types of Biali and German suffixation, it notes that they have nominal and verbal suffixations in common. It points out that their differences are noticeable at the level of adjectival and adverbial suffixations, because these are only found in German and not in Biali.

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Kuibida, Khrystyna, and Rocksolyana Olishchuk. "WORD-FORMATION IN MODERN GREEK: THE PECULIARITIES OF SUFFIXATION." Studia Linguistica, no. 16 (2020): 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2020.16.86-100.

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The article analyzes the main features of the affixation as one of the ways of the Greek word formation, of suffixation in particular. In order to reveal the complete historical picture concerning the processes of appearance or loss of specific suffixes, besides the synchronic, the diachronic approach was used in the work. Firstly, the history of the development of linguistic traditions of the Greek language is mentioned, the main theoretical concepts are defined, such as: a word-forming type as the main classification unit of a word-forming paradigm, a word-forming meaning and a word-forming category. The Greek suffixes were divided into two types: those that add an emotional tone to the word (diminutive, augmentative), and give a new meaning to the word. Diminutive suffixes are are of substantival and adjective nature, while augmentative suffixes might also be added to the verb bases. It is noted that the augmentatives are used exclusively in masculine and feminine genders, while diminutives are used in three genders (of which the neuter prevails). Suffixes of the second type transfer the creative basis into another grammatical category, changing the meaning. In the system of Modern Greek nouns several word-forming categories were singled out, on the basis of which word-forming models and meanings of suffixal derivatives are demonstrated. Adjective suffixation is briefly examined. The most common verb and adverb suffixes are listed. The main data on the Greek suffixation are systematized in the article: the general features of MG suffixes, the main differences between the features of AG and MG suffixations, the evolution of MG suffixation is analyzed on the basis of four types of suffixes, the borrowed MG suffixes are classified by origin.

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Korneyeva, T. A. "Nominals with Zero Suffixation in Anna Akhmatova’s Early Poems." Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 162, no. 5 (2020): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2020.5.26-32.

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Zero suffixation in Anna Akhmatova’s poetic texts was studied. The textual analysis of A. Akhmatova’s early poems rich in nominals with various types of zero suffixation was performed. Comparison with her later poems was carried out. On the one hand, this approach shows A. Akhmatova’s desire to overcome the traditions of symbolism and her attempts to develop an original style. On the other hand, nominals with zero suffixation clearly prevailed in A. Akhmatova’s early poems as compared with the later works. Particular attention was paid to the role of nominals with zero suffixation in the poetic space organization of two poetry collections: “Evening” (‘Vecher’) and “Beads” (‘Chetki’). We considered lexical, word-building, syntagmatic, grammatical, stylistic, tropeic, and other features of derivatives of zero suffixes in these poetry collections. It was revealed that nominals with zero suffixation were mainly used as a means of concentration of meanings and embodiment of the special drama of the poet’s lyrical monologue. The results of the research are important for expanding the knowledge on the text-forming function of word formation and, in particular, nominals with zero suffixation.

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Aronoff, Mark, and Sungeun Cho. "The Semantics of -ship Suffixation." Linguistic Inquiry 32, no. 1 (January 2001): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438901554621.

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Aiking-Brandenburg, Marijke J. T. J., Allan R. James, and Willem J. Meijs. "Suffixation and second Language Acquisition." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 87-88 (January 1, 1990): 65–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.87-88.04aik.

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The aim of the present paper was to find out which learning strategies secondary school pupils of different ages employ to acquire complex words in English as their second language: either by applying rules and analogies or by learning by heart. As a working hypothesis, it was postulated that younger pupils probably preferred the latter approach and older pupils the former. In order to test this hypothesis, a 122-item complex word derivation test was devised, containing three categories of words: (1) words of which both the base-form and the derived form had been studied, (2) words of which just the base-form had been studied and (3) words of which neither form had been studied. The test was administered to pupils in three grades of secondary school and a group of 1st year university students of English. Statistical treatment of the data neither confirmed nor falsified the original hypothesis, but it showed many correlations and gave rise to a large number of additional conclusions. Amongst other things, it was concluded that the presence of the proposed tentative change-over in learning approach, from learning words as whole entities to applying word-formation rules, may or may not have been present, but if it were, it had been completely obscured. It was evident from several different indications that a dominant influence on the pupils' scores was exerted by exposure. In addition, the data collected revealed numerous correlations concerning the influence of education level, word category, regularity, frequency, etc. Finally, suggestions are given for application of the test results in second language education in secondary school in general.

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Brdar, Mario. "Metonymy-induced polysemy and the role of suffixation in its resolution in some Slavic languages." Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 7 (November 16, 2009): 58–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arcl.7.03brd.

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The central concern of the present paper are metonymy avoidance strategies as a limiting case of polysemy resolution. Specifically, I look into the role of suffixation in the resolution of metonymy-induced polysemy in a number of languages (Germanic, Romance, Slavic and Hungarian) in two frames, animals and their meat, and trees and woods. The particular mix of strategies a language makes use of is of course dependent on its structural makeup. It is established that Slavic languages do not really have many choices apart from suffixation in the resolution of metonymy-induced polysemy. The analysis of patterns of suffixation found in six Slavic languages reveals that unlike compounding, which as good as removes any ambiguity in spite of its underspecificity, suffixation as a polysemy-resolving strategy is even more underspecified, and as an interesting twist, prone to contract additional polysemy or just relegate it to another level.

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DEVI, MAYANGLAMBAM PREMI, IRENGBAM TILOKCHAN SINGH, and HAOBAM MAMATA DEVI. "Suffixation Rules of Manipuri Verbs in English to Manipuri Machine Translation." Translation Today 16, no. 2 (September 1, 2022): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46623/tt/2022.16.2.ar2.

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The suffixation of verbs plays an important role in the formation of a meaningful sentence in Manipuri language. All the verbs in Manipuri are bound roots. So, there is always a suffix at the verb in Manipuri sentences. In English language, the tense of a sentence is determined from the verb but in Manipuri language, the tense of a sentence is determined from the suffix(es) associated with the verb. English to Manipuri Machine Translation (EMMT) is a rule-based automatic translation system. In EMMT, the suffixation rules of Manipuri verbs are essential for the derivation of an appropriate suffix(es) of the translated verb in Manipuri from the input English sentence. In this MT, suffixation rules are proposed to use in the post-processing module as a new approach. This paper presents the process of EMMT, different suffixation rules of Manipuri verbs and implementation in EMMT according to the types of tense in English.

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Koliopoulou, Maria, and Jim Walker. "Exploring Creativity and Extravagance: The Case of Double Suffixation in English." Languages 9, no. 3 (March 7, 2024): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages9030088.

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There has been a recent focus in studies of English morphology on the concept of extravagance as applied to word formation, and on the interplay between extravagance and creativity. This article examines this issue, taking as a test case the phenomenon of double suffixation of phrasal verbs. While double-ER suffixation (fixer-upper, helper-outer) has attracted substantial interest in the literature, less has been said about other suffixes. This article provides data that demonstrate that double suffixation occurs with -ERY, -AGE, -EE and -ABLE suffixes. As such, double suffixation can be seen as a genuine word formation template, rather than a phenomenon restricted to a single suffix. Furthermore, examination of the data enables a reflection on the interactions between the concepts of productivity, creativity and extravagance. We propose to see these concepts not just as three overlapping notions, but rather as points on a creativity scale. To underscore the parallels between them, we propose to see them successively as F-creativity, E-creativity and X-creativity.

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9

Weist, Richard M., and Emilia Konieczna. "Affix processing strategies and linguistic systems." Journal of Child Language 12, no. 1 (February 1985): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900006206.

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ABSTRACTThe relationship between affix processing and linguistic systems was evaluated through an analysis of prefixation and suffixation in the tense-aspect and locative systems of child Polish. For six children ranging in age from 1; 7 to 2; 6, the distinction between imperfective and perfective aspect was made more frequently by prefixation than by suffixation. Prefixation was found to be just as productive in the specification of locative distinctions as aspectual distinctions. We found no bias in affix processing which might have favoured suffixation, and no interaction of linguistic systems with affix processing. Furthermore, an inter-language comparison confirmed these intralanguage findings. Finally, we argued that affix processing involves a parallel analysis of patterns of stored information providing the motivation for selective attention.

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10

Mandelbaum-Reiner, Françoise. "Suffixation gratuite et signalétique textuelle d'argot." Langue française 90, no. 1 (1991): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/lfr.1991.6199.

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11

Novo Urraca, Carmen. "Old English Suffixation: Content and Transposition." English Studies 97, no. 6 (July 8, 2016): 638–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0013838x.2016.1183955.

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12

Akinjobi, Adenike. "Vowel reduction and suffixation in Nigeria." English Today 22, no. 1 (January 2006): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078406001039.

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THIS STUDY investigates how speakers of Educated Yoruba English (EYE) produce the vowels in typically unstressed syllables of English words whose suffixes require a shift of stress and a consequent reduction of vowels, as in atómic from átom and dramátic from dráma. Twenty suffixed English words were read by one hundred Yoruba subjects, with a Briton who studied at the University of London serving as the control. The focus is on Yoruba English because of both its many speakers and the need for a ‘geo-tribal’ approach to defining the concept Nigerian English. The data was analysed by converting tokens of occurrence to percentages, the higher percentages being taken as the norm. The acoustic analysis was done in a computerized speech laboratory. The study establishes that vowels occurring in typically unstressed syllables in traditional Standard English remain strong and full in educated Yoruba English.

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13

Meir, Irit. "Morphological levels and diachronic change in Modern Hebrew plural formation." Studies in Language 30, no. 4 (August 30, 2006): 777–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.30.4.04mei.

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Modern Hebrew (MH) is undergoing a change in its morphological structure. Unlike earlier periods of the language, in which all nominal suffixation processes resulted in stress shift to the suffix, MH has a few suffixes that exhibit variable behavior. When attached to canonical bases, they pattern with other suffixes in that they attract stress and may cause phonological changes to the base. When attached to non-canonical bases, they do not attract stress and cause no phonological changes to the base. Additionally, stress neutral suffixation is much more regular and productive than stress attracting suffixation in its morphology, distribution and semantics. I argue that these two different patterns can be accounted for in terms of morphological levels within the theoretical framework of Stratal Optimality Theory (Kiparsky 2000, 2002, to appear). The different phonological behavior is accounted for in terms of different ranking of two constraints, applying at stem level vs. word level. The morphological and semantic correlates are attributed to the different properties of stem vs. word-level morphology. The diachronic change, namely the activation of word level for nominal suffixation, triggered further changes in MH’s morphological system: the development of several default suffixes, and the emergence of two distinct subgrammars, which differ from each other in gender assignment and the correlation between gender and inflectional class (in the sense of Aronoff 1994).

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Wanjun, Chan, Tatyana Alexandrovna Korneyeva, and Tatyana Damirovna Markova. "Names of Zero Suffixation in Russian Proverbs and Sayings." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 9 (April 5, 2022): 2250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2020.09.267.

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The problem statement is to study zero exponents' text-forming function in texts of different genres and styles. The object of the study is the usual names of zero suffixation in the Russian language and the features of their functioning in the works of small folklore genres – proverbs and sayings. The purpose of the paper is to identify the main word-formation types of names of zero suffixation presented in proverbs and sayings, to evaluate their role in organizing the literary space of utterances. Leading research methods are theoretical analysis of scientific and educational literature on the topic, method of continuous sampling, language, speech and text analysis, structural and semantic analysis of language material, comparative and statistical methods, and lesson observation. The article reveals the frequency of the use of certain word-formation types of names of zero suffixation (deverbal, denominal, adjective-based) in individual proverbs and sayings, points out the frequency of unprefixed names of zero suffixation, shows the features of compatibility of deverbatives, their place in the meaningful and rhythmic construction of proverbs and sayings. The figural and expressive properties of these formations are considered. The applied significance of the study and the possibility of using the results for linguodidactic purposes of teaching Russian as a native and as a foreign language are emphasized.

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Missud, Alice, and Florence Villoing. "Nominalisations sans base verbale suffixées en -ion, -age et -ment du français : conditions morphologiques." SHS Web of Conferences 138 (2022): 07002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202213807002.

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Cet article se propose d’étudier les conditions de formation des nominalisations en -age, -ment et -ion du français qui semblent se former directement sur des bases nominales ou adjectivales, le verbe intermédiaire n’étant pas attesté ou attesté plus tard. L’étude se donne pour double objectif de montrer (i) que les nominalisations du français sans base verbale ne concernent pas seulement la suffixation en -ion déjà identifiée dans la littérature, mais aussi les suffixations en -age et en -ment ; (ii) que ces nominalisations répondent à des conditions particulières : elles ne relèvent que de certaines familles morphologiques de triplets XN/Adj - XV - XV-ion/-age/-mentN, celles qui se distinguent par une haute fréquence d’apparition en corpus. La recherche est menée sur un corpus de très grande taille (frCOW), permettant de constituer une base de données suffisamment importante pour utiliser des mesures quantitatives significatives.

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Fradin, Bernard. "Le traitement de la suffixation en -et." Langages 37, no. 152 (2003): 51–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/lgge.2003.2439.

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Sleeman, Petra. "Deverbal nominalizations without overt suffixation in French." Linguística: Revista de Estudos Linguísticos da Universidade do Porto, esp (2021): 473–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/16466195/lingespa21.

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Recent work on argument taking deverbal zero nouns in English has shown that they are more present in that language than was previously thought. In this paper the presence and productivity of argument taking zero-derived nouns in French is investigated. It is shown that to determine which nouns can count as zero nouns, several decisions have to be made. This concerns their gender (do both masculine and feminine nouns have to be included in the research?), the determination of what counts as an argument, the criteria used to determine if a noun is an argument taking noun, the form and category that the base may have. On the basis of the adopted criteria and a dictionary and database research, a corpus of French zero-derived nouns in French is composed and analyzed. The results show that, as in English, zero-derived nouns in French are more productive than was thought.

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Boyer, Henri. "Le statut de la suffixation en -os." Langue française 114, no. 1 (1997): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/lfr.1997.5382.

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Yookang Kim. "Remarks on Pleonasm in Old English Suffixation." English Language and Linguistics 24, no. 2 (August 2018): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17960/ell.2018.24.2.001.

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Hagiwara, Hiroko, Yoko Sugioka, Takane Ito, Mitsuru Kawamura, and Jun-ichi Shiota. "Neurolinguistic Evidence for Rule-Based Nominal Suffixation." Language 75, no. 4 (December 1999): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/417732.

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Nesset, Tore. "Antiphonotactic suffixation: Russian ‐sja and optimality theory." Scando-Slavica 44, no. 1 (January 1998): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00806769808601120.

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Labrune, Laurence. "De l’iconicité en japonais : suffixes en r+voyelle et réduplication." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 27, no. 1 (December 15, 1998): 79–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028_027_01-04.

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The aim of this paper is to show that Yamato Japanese exhibits a morpholexical class of words consisting of a r + vowel suffix, which represent the same linguistic values as reduplicated words. It is argued that both reduplication and -rV suffixation are the result of an iconic lengthening operation prosodically specified but melodically unspecified. Segmental specification is provided either by copying segmental material from the base (reduplication) or by default ( -rV suffixation). The choice of r as the surfacing consonant is accounted for by its unmarked and underspecified status in the phonology of Japanese.

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Agustina, Nia, Mahsun Mahsun, and Muhammad Sukri. "KESALAHAN PENGGUNAAN AFIKSASI DI MEDIA SOSIAL INSTAGRAM: KAJIAN MORFOLOGIS." El-Tsaqafah : Jurnal Jurusan PBA 22, no. 1 (June 18, 2023): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/tsaqafah.v22i1.7257.

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This study investigates the inaccuracy of utilizing affixes on Instagram social media based on morphological investigations. This is a qualitative study based on normative norms derived from conventional Indonesian grammar. The data in this study are attached words that exhibit abnormalities in their use on the Instagram social media platform. This study’s data collection method includes observation, documentation, and notes. Furthermore, the data analysis method employs the intralingual equivalent method. Based on data analysis, this study’s findings reveal errors in afiixation process, including prefixation, suffixation, and confixation errors. On prefixation errors, there are prefix errors {m??-}, prefix errors {p??-}, prefix errors {p?r-}, prefix errors {b?r-}, and prefix errors {t?r-}. Then the problems in suffixatiion include faults in the suffixes errors {-in}, suffixes errors {-an}, suffixes errors {-kan}, and suffixes errors {-i}. Meanwhile, confixation errors were founded confix errors {k?-an} and confix errors {p??-an}.

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Handayani, Dwi, and Ricky Eka Sanjaya. "An Analysis of Code-Mixing Used by Boy William on Vlog #Dibalikpintu." JEdu: Journal of English Education 1, no. 2 (August 19, 2021): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/jedu.v1i2.4543.

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The research aims to describe and to analyze the forms of code-mixing used by Boy William on Vlog #Dibalikpintu. This study was a descriptive qualitative method and human research is the main instrument of this study. In collecting the data, this study utilized observation and documentation methods. This study employed content analysis which focused on analyzing the forms of code-mixing which were defined by Suwito (1983). The result of this study: In the word form, there are 19 data found, (15 nouns, 2 verbs, 1 adjective, 1 question word). In the phrase form, there are 19 data found, (17 noun phrases, 2 adjective phrases). In the baster form, there are 5 data found, (1 noun as a form of gerund suffixation, 3 noun suffixation, 1 verb suffixation). In the word reduplication form, there are 2 data found, (1 noun, 1 compound noun). In the idiom form, there are 2 data found, (1 formal idiom, 1 informal idiom). In the clause form, there are 25 data found, (8 noun clauses, 14 verb clauses, 3 adjective clauses).

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Lavrentev, Vitaly А., and Elena V. Logacheva. "Occasional word- and phrase-creating in Sergei Yesenin’s literary prose." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 483 (2022): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/483/4.

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The language of Sergei Yesenin’s prose is still poorly studied. The article aims to analyze Yesenin’s individual authorial formations extracted by the method of continuous sampling from the story Yar, the short story “Bobyl and Druzhok” and the novella At White Water. The main methods of analysis were descriptive, component, and contextual ones. As a result of the study, we identified Yesenin’s individual authorial lexemes, bilexemes and phraseological units. We recorded occasional names of everyday objects, natural phenomena, as well as names of people, animals and body parts formed by suffixation, prefixation and suffixation, and composition. For the derivation of adjectives the writer uses suffixation (with various suffixes, sometimes unproductive), occasional patterns (with missing stages in the derivation chain), and composition. To coin verbs, Yesenin chooses mainly prefixation-suffixation and prefixation-suffixation-postfixation methods. He also adds a derivational morpheme to an onomatopoetic word, which is occasional by nature. When coining participles and adverbs, Yesenin uses mainly traditional schemes, but takes the stems of occasional and dialect verbs as generating ones. His adverbs are mostly lexical occasionalisms and are formed mainly by prefixation-suffixation. We also recorded authorial particles and interjections in Yesenin’s prose. A features of the writer’s individual creative manner is the presence of the so-called bilexemes his works. Yesenin’s prose contains occasional phraseological units, in which a unit’s component is replaced, a unit is part of a comparative construction with a completely replaced predicative component, a unit is broken, a unit’s composition is expanded, several units are combined, a unit is shortened or dephraseologized. A separate group is units with the concept “God” – these are modified set phrases and formations created by Yesenin himself. The structural and semantic analysis of the transformed and authorial phraseological units showed their main functions: emotive, evaluative, transmitting additional information and saving speech resources. Transforming a phraseological unit, Yesenin introduces various semantic clarifications, enhances expression and achieves a comic effect. Occasionalisms are found both in the author’s speech and in characters’ remarks. The performed analysis of Yesenin’s individual authorial formations from literary prose, as well as the appeal to the poet’s lyrics give us grounds to conclude that, for Yesenin, occasional words and phrasess are not just a means of expression, but an integral element of his individual style that, on the one hand, emphasizes the originality of his language, and, on the other, brings it closer to the poetic traditions of folk speech, which indicates the versatility of Yesenin’s talent.

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Bobrova, Alina. "A History of -инг (-ing) Suffixation in Russian." Stephanos. Peer reviewed multilanguage scientific journal 28, no. 2 (March 30, 2018): 248–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24249/2309-9917-2018-28-2-248-255.

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Yookang Kim. "Demarcation of Compounding and Suffixation in Old English." English Language and Linguistics 23, no. 2 (August 2017): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17960/ell.2017.23.2.001.

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Coye, Camille, Karim Ouattara, Klaus Zuberbühler, and Alban Lemasson. "Suffixation influences receivers' behaviour in non-human primates." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1807 (May 22, 2015): 20150265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0265.

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Compared to humans, non-human primates have very little control over their vocal production. Nonetheless, some primates produce various call combinations, which may partially offset their lack of acoustic flexibility. A relevant example is male Campbell's monkeys ( Cercopithecus campbelli ), which give one call type (‘Krak’) to leopards, while the suffixed version of the same call stem (‘Krak-oo’) is given to unspecific danger. To test whether recipients attend to this suffixation pattern, we carried out a playback experiment in which we broadcast naturally and artificially modified suffixed and unsuffixed ‘Krak’ calls of male Campbell's monkeys to 42 wild groups of Diana monkeys ( Cercopithecus diana diana ). The two species form mixed-species groups and respond to each other's vocalizations. We analysed the vocal response of male and female Diana monkeys and overall found significantly stronger vocal responses to unsuffixed (leopard) than suffixed (unspecific danger) calls. Although the acoustic structure of the ‘Krak’ stem of the calls has some additional effects, subject responses were mainly determined by the presence or the absence of the suffix. This study indicates that suffixation is an evolved function in primate communication in contexts where adaptive responses are particularly important.

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Koehl, Aurore. "Altitude, négritude, bravitude ou la résurgence d’une suffixation." SHS Web of Conferences 1 (2012): 1307–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20120100272.

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30

Fabb, Nigel. "English suffixation is constrained only by selectional restrictions." Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 6, no. 4 (November 1988): 527–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00134491.

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31

Fatinah, Siti. "Afiksasi dalam Bahasa Mori." Multilingual 19, no. 2 (December 19, 2020): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/multilingual.v19i2.161.

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Affixation in Mori language has various forms and functions. The research studies about how the form and function of affixation in Mori language are. The research intends to describe the form and function of affixation in Mori language. The method used in collecting data is the participatory method. The data is analyzed using the intralingual correspondence method through the substitution technique. The result of research illuminates that the form of affixation in Mori language is classified as prefixation, infixation, suffixation, con-fixation, and affixation combined. There are eight prefixations found, such as moN-, meN-, poN-, te-, pe-, in-, poko-, and um-. MoN- and poN- prefixation are embedded either in the base form or prefixed word. Infixations found are -in- and -um. Infixation -in- is embedded either in the base form or in the affixed form. Suffixation found consists of three suffixation, namely -o, -a, and -i. in Mori language, confixation are three, they are a-a, po-a, and pe-a. Combinations of affixation are five, affixation of moN-ako, meN-ako, i-in, in-ako, and in-i. Affixation aforementioned functions to form verb and affixed noun. Besides, affixation also functions to change part of the speech of the base form and confirms the meaning of its base form.

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Duraj, Petrit. "The role of word formation manners in the creation of adjectives in the Albanian language." Technium Social Sciences Journal 36 (October 8, 2022): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v36i1.7443.

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This part of the speech has been enriched and is constantly being enriched with new words, both from other parts of the speech and from the adjective class itself. The most productive ways of adjective word formation are origin (affixation, articulation, articulation and affixation at the same time), composition and structure.Initial adjectives are those adjectives, which today are unanalyzable in their constituent parts, neither a word-forming theme nor a word-forming formant can be investigated. Besides type adjective: alive, evil, good, first, young, here also enter all the adjectives of foreign origin, which within Albanian are unresolvable in their constituent elements, eg: absolute, banal, decadent, elegant, naive, real etc.Derivative adjectives are those adjectives, when in present Albanian the source can be investigated, derivation from another word with the participation of different word-forming morphemes. Thus, these adjectives are resolvable, analyzable in their constituent elements. Here are distinguished derivative adjectives with: a) prefixation, b) suffixation, c) articulation and suffixation simultaneously, and d) articulation, prefixation and suffixation simultaneously.Our paper aims to give an insight into the types of adjectives according to the mode of word-formation, as well as their use in different grammatical circumstances.Keywords: typology, part of speech, adjective, word-formation.

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Karlsson, Monica. "Advanced students’ L1 (Swedish) and L2 (English) mastery of suffixation." International Journal of English Studies 15, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ijes/2015/1/196731.

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<p>Developing the skill to form derivatives is a slow incremental process even for native speakers of English, starting in elementary school and continuing through high school. In fact, it appears to be a universally challenging area of the lexicon. Nevertheless, studies have shown that it is one of the most important skills to possess for a learner aiming to enlarge his/her L2 vocabulary and that it therefore may be worth the while for learners spending time on gaining mastery of derivative forms. In the present investigation, 15 Swedish first- term university students were asked to take two gap-filling context-based tests on suffixation, one in their L1 (Swedish) and one in their L2 (English), both of which were frequency-based (both stem and suffix considered). The students were also asked to evaluate their L1 and L2 knowledge of suffixation. The present study thus addresses the following research questions: Considering 1) the combined frequency of the stem and suffix, 2) the complexity of the suffix (in terms of frequency, predictability, productivity and regularity) and 3) what word classes the suffixes are able to form, what 1) quantitative and 2) qualitative knowledge of suffixation do Swedish university students have in English as their L2 as compared to their L1?</p>

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Robinson, Nichodamus, and Joshua Andilile Mwaipape. "ako or Takwa la Katiba? A Description of Verb-to-Noun Derivation in Bantu Languages: The Case of Kiswahili." Journal of Linguistics and Language in Education 16, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 148–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/jlle.v16i2.8.

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This paper describes verb-to-noun derivation in Kiswahili, a process in which nouns are formed from verbs. It places the derivational process squarely on the question of whether it is ‘tako’ or ‘takwa’, with their plural forms ‘matako’ or ‘matakwa’. The guiding question for this description is “how come the verb ‘taka’ changes to ‘takwa’ as opposed to ‘tako’ while similar verbs change to nouns by -o suffixation?” Data were collected through observation, document review, and interviews. The findings justify the theoretical statement that derivation is less productive. Hence, applying a particular rule too broadly to other entities is relatively hard. In this view, derivation by -o suffixation, as well as by other processes, is limited to some verbs. Since derivation is less productive, Kiswahili has many verb-to-noun derivational processes as presented in this paper under four categories, namely verb-to-noun derivation Type 1 (suffixation of vowels -i, -o, -u, and -e), Type 2 (noun class prefixes), Type 3 (infinitive ku-) and Type 4 (miscellaneous nouns). Hence, the paper concludes that ‘tako la katiba’ with its plural ‘matako ya katiba’ is inappropriate, whereas ‘takwa la katiba’ with its plural ‘matakwa ya katiba’ is appropriate in Kiswahili. Keywords: Tako, takwa, verb-to-noun derivation, Kiswahili

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Dressler, Wolfgang U. "Transdisciplinary Aspects of Morphological Productivity." European Review 16, no. 4 (October 2008): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798708000331.

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This contribution presents a model of morphological productivity that allows some points of comparison with the concept of productivity in economics and in other disciplines. It is a two-step model: in the first step, degrees of productivity of morphological rules are established on the so-called syntagmatic axis of language, i.e. how a word is changed in its linear make-up, e.g. English boy becomes boy-s in the plural or is changed to boy-friend, boy-hood, boy-ish in word formation. In the second step, rule application is compared on the so-called paradigmatic axis with possibly competing productive rules, e.g. in adjective formation from nouns, suffixation with -ish (e.g. boy-ish), is compared with suffixations with -y (e.g. fier-y), -ly (e.g. friend-ly), -ic (e.g. syntact-ic), -ical (e.g. morpholog-ical). Then supportive psycholinguistic evidence is presented from online tests and first language acquisition, an area of crucial evidence for linguistic theories, since any constructs of a model must be learnable by children.

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Heinold, Simone. "Derivational Morphology under the Influence of Language Contact in French and German." Journal of Language Contact 2, no. 2 (2009): 68–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000009792497814.

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AbstractThis paper analyses deverbal nominalisations in English, German and French: under special consideration is the -ing-suffixation which appears in all three languages. In German and French, more and more -ing-derived loans have been adopted into the language during the past decades. In both languages, they have developed semantic and morphological properties of their own that overlap or contrast with rival native processes, such as the productive -ung and -en for German, and -age, -(t)ion and -ment for French. I will analyse this evolution especially from a semantic point of view and give reasons why the loan as well as the native forms can co-exist. Moreover, I will discuss the question of how far the -ing-suffixation can be considered an established and transparent word-formation rule for French and German.

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TSARUK, Oksana. "Suffixation as a productive means of English term-formation." Humanities science current issues 6, no. 35 (2021): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24919/2308-4863/35-6-15.

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Ibrahim, Amr Helmy. "déviance de la suffixation en français est-elle structurelle?" Travaux neuchâtelois de linguistique, no. 20 (December 1, 1993): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26034/tranel.1993.2490.

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Min, Kyung-man. "The Synchronic Situation of Er-suffixation in Han Dialects." JOURNAL OF CHINESE HUMANITIES 74 (April 30, 2020): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35955/jch.2020.04.74.25.

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Waya, David, and Olusanmi Babarinde. "The Suffixation Processes in the Morphology of Tiv Verbs." Language Matters 49, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10228195.2018.1443153.

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Rzepiela, Michal. "Les néologismes créés par suffixation dans le latin polonais." Archivum Latinitatis Medii Aevi 63, no. 1 (2005): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/alma.2005.882.

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Pounder, Amanda V. "Adverb-marking in German and English." Diachronica 18, no. 2 (December 31, 2001): 301–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.18.2.05pou.

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Summary Beginning with the observations that strategies for adverb-marking are very different in English and German, and that the respective histories of adverb-marking in these two languages ran parallel for considerable time, this paper endeavours to establish the chronological and systemic points of their divergence. An additional focus of the paper is the role of language standardization in the development of the system in both languages. It is concluded that perhaps the most crucial systemic factor in the decline of lich-suffixation as an adverb-marker in German is the very broad functional domain of lich-suffixation; this situation contrasts strongly with that of ly-suffixation in English. The standardization of the adjective-inflection system leading to a substitute strategy for adverb-marking is not a direct consequence of the decline of lich-affixation in adverb derivation, but does interact with it. In English, patterns of adverb-marking in different syntactic contexts show considerable diachronic differentiation; where large-scale variation is still observable by the time that prescriptive language control makes itself felt, increasing pressure is put upon the selection of conversion in adverb-formation. Résumé Partant de l’observation que les stratégies d’indication morphologique de la fonction adverbiale sont très différentes en anglais et en allemand, alors que l’histoire de la formation adverbiale dans ces deux langues s’est pourtant déroulée longtemps en parallèle, cet article tente d’établir les points de départ chronologique et systémique des divergences de ces stratégies. Nous nous penchons aussi sur le rôle qu’a joué la standardisation dans le développement du système de formation adverbiale dans les deux langues. Nous concluons que le facteur le plus important dans le déclin de la suffixation de lich en tant que signal de la fonction adverbiale en allemand réside dans le domaine fonctionnel très large de la suffixation de lich; cette situation présente un contraste significatif avec celle de l’anglais, où le domaine productif de ly se révèle plutôt restreint. La standardisation du système flexionnel de l’adjectif en allemand, qui sert à appuyer la conversion en tant que moyen morphologique pour signaler la fonction adverbiale, n’est pas directement suivie du déclin de l’affixation de lich dans le domaine adverbial, mais y joue un rôle. En anglais, on observe que le choix entre la conversion et la suffixation dépend en partie de l’environnement syntaxique; là où se manifeste encore de la variation à l’époque de la grammaire prescriptive, on peut constater l’intensification de la pression sur la conversion en tant que procédé morphologique. Zusammenfassung Bekanntlich sind die Strategien der Adverbmarkierung im Englischen und im Deutschen sehr verschieden; interessanterweise aber liefen die jeweiligen Entwicklungen der Adverbbildung lange Zeit parallel. Der vorliegende Aufsatz stellt einen Versuch dar, die zeitlichen und systemischen Ansatzpunkte des Auseinandergehens dieser Strategien festzulegen. Darüber hinaus untersuchen wir die Rolle der Standardisierung in der Geschichte der Adverbbildung. Wir schlagen vor, daß das wichtigste Moment beim Untergang der lich-Suffigierung als Signal der Adverbialfunktion im Deutschen im sehr breiten Funktionalbereich dieses Prozesses liegt; hierdurch unterscheidet sich die Situation im Deutschen stark von der im Englischen herrschenden. Die Standardisierung des Adjektivflektionssystems, die die Konversion als Strategie der Adverbmarkierung unterstützt, folgt nicht direkt aus der Abnahme der lich-Affigierung in der Adverbbildung, ist wohl aber damit verbunden. Im Englischen ist die Wahl zwischen lich-Suffigierung und Konversion zum Teil von der syntaktischen Umgebung abhängig; dort, wo es zur Zeit der präskriptiv arbeitenden Grammatiker noch auffallend Variation gibt, wird auf die Wahl der Konversion als Adverbbildungsmittel zunehmend Druck ausgeübt.

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Ahmad, Nisar, Liaqat Iqbal, and Muhammad Atif. "Pashto-English Contact: The Role of Suffixation in Hybridizing Lexical Items." Global Regional Review IV, no. IV (December 30, 2019): 629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-iv).58.

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The study investigates the role of suffixation in Pashto-English hybridization at the word level and the sociolinguistic significance of such hybridization. Data from electronic media, including programmes from Khyber News, representing both formal and informal domains of language use, is used for the study. The programmes selected include Top Stories, News Hour, Mohim Repotuna, Naway Sahar and Sports Mag. Employing content analysis as a research method, a quantitative approach for the investigation of hybridized English lexical category and a qualitative approach for its sociolinguistic significance have been used. The present study employs the framework presented by Kachru (1978), as adapted by Rasul (2006). The findings of the research show that noun is frequently hybridized both in formal and informal domains of language used mostly by the addition of Pashto inflectional suffixes. It is concluded that suffixation got an important role in Pashto-English hybridization that leads to the creation of hybrid forms predicting language shift and the emergence of a new variety of Pashto.

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Jun, Jongho. "Metrical weight consistency in Korean partial reduplication." Phonology 11, no. 1 (May 1994): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700001846.

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Korean possesses a rich onomatopoeic and mimetic vocabulary that may be augmented by partial reduplication and/or suffixation. This augmented category, which is referred to as partial extension in Jun (1993), is semantically characterised by a lengthening, or temporal extension of the base form:

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Sri Wahyuni, Luh Made, and Ketut Widya Purnawati. "Sufiks –m(u) sebagai Pembentuk Verba Deadjektiva Bahasa Jepang: Kajian Morfologi dan Metabahasa Semantik Alami (MSA)." Linguistika: Buletin Ilmiah Program Magister Linguistik Universitas Udayana 27, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ling.2020.v27.i02.p06.

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This research focuses in analyzing morphological processes and the semantic structure of deadjectival verb suffixation –m(u) in Japanese. Suffix -m(u) is one of the verb-forming suffixes in Japanese. The data was collected from newspaper article from website asahi.com and corpus data from website http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de. The data was collected by observation method and note-taking techniques. The data was analyzed using distribution method. The theory for analyzing the morphological processes is based on semantic class adjective developed by Morita (2010) and affixation theory developed by Sugioka and Ito (2002). Then, the theory for analyzing semantic structure deadjectival verb is Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) theory developed by Goddard and Wierzbicka (2014). The results shows that not all adjectives in Japanese can be affected by the suffix –m(u). Deadjectival verb suffixation –m(u) in Japanese are formed by semantics prime FEEL. The semantic prime of FEEL can be polysemy with semantic prime THINK and HAPPEN.

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Nikolina, N. A. "Tendencies in modern verbal derivation." Russian language at school 82, no. 5 (September 18, 2021): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2021-82-5-80-85.

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The article examines various types of verbal neologisms functioning in modern Russian speech. The aim of the research is to reveal the tendencies of verbal derivation at the turn and at the beginning of the 21st century. It is noted that verb vocabulary is regularly enriched by neologisms of different structural types despite the fact that this part of speech is less open to neologization. It has been demonstrated that suffixation, prefixation, and postfixation (grammatical suffixation) are the most productive processes of derivation. The following tendences of modern verbal derivation have been revealed: intensive formation of new verbs via borrowing from foreign languages; expansion of denominative derivation of verbs; an increase in the number of reflexive verbs expressing various aspects of subject-object relations. It is concluded that verbal neologisms are consistently used not only in media language, but also in the language of modern fiction where they enhance its expressiveness and imagery.

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Acharya, Prabin, and Subarna Shakya. "Generation and Splitting of the Compound Words in Nepali Text." September 2022 4, no. 3 (September 19, 2022): 224–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jitdw.2022.3.007.

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In Nepali language, compound word formation is mostly associated with inflection, derivation, and postposition attachment. Inflection occurs due to suffixation, whereas derivation is driven by both prefixation and suffixation. The compound word generated by the rules may produce lots of out-of-vocabulary words due to limited lexical resources and numerous exceptions. Hence, the machine learning approach can help to generate valid compounds and split them into valid morphemes that can be further used as a resource for spelling suggestions, information retrieval, and machine translation. In this research, a method to generate valid compounds from the corresponding compound splits (head word and prefix/suffix/ postpositions) is suggested. A BiLSTM based deep learning approach was used to generate and split the valid compound words. Publicly available Nepali Brihat Shabdakosh data from Nepal Academy and scraped news data were used for the experimentation. The obtained results were found to be outstanding compared to the rule-based approach applied to a similar job.

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Oschepkova, Victoria, and Elizaveta Razheva. "Analysis of word-formation processes in the English and Russian thematic groups “insectophones”." E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 21014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021021014.

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The article is devoted to the consideration of derivative processes in the English and Russian thematic groups “insectophones” / «инсектофоны». Due to the diversity of the compared languages, the features of word formation in the studied groups are revealed and the processes of occurrence of insectophones in the language are described. For the English language, the key methods are derivation methods such as stem composition, suffixation, back derivation and conversion. The most productive is the stem composition. For the Russian language within the framework of the studied thematic group, the leading methods can be called the same as in English with the exception of conversion. In Russian, the most common way of forming insectophones is suffixation. In both languages, insectophones formed using diminutive suffixes, which subsequently lost the meaning of subjective assessment, are identified. In compound words in English and Russian, the place of the repeating element is different (in English - in the second place, in Russian - in the first one).

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Roelli, Philipp. "Globale Untersuchung zum Sondervokabular des Thomas von Aquin." Archivum Latinitatis Medii Aevi 71, no. 1 (2013): 323–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/alma.2013.1276.

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This contribution studies the vocabulary of scholasticism – exemplified in St. Thomas Aquinas – from a global, linguistic point of view. His digitised opera and the Thomas-Lexikon by Ludwig Schütz in comparison with works from St. Augustin and Cicero serve to determine the formation of words not yet present in these latter authors and changes in the frequencies of prefixes, suffixes, compounds and prepositions. This procedure makes it evident that nominalisation – especially through suffixation – is the main source of new words (although not so much with the «prime suspect » -tas) whereas prefixes and compounds play only a minor rôle. But on the whole it is the amount of prepositions that differs most strikingly in St. Thomas from Augustin and Cicero. They seem to be of special importance to guarantee the perspicuitas needed in scientific university discourse. A concluding glance at Byzantine Greek seems to indicate that there composition took the rôle suffixation plays in Latin scholasticism.

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Sulaiman, Masagus, and Indawan Syahri. "English and Indonesian Nominalization: A Case of Word Classes." International Journal of Education Research and Development 2, no. 2 (November 16, 2022): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.52760/ijerd.v2i2.26.

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This research aims at determining the similarities, dissimilarities, and possible learning difficulties faced by students learning English and Indonesian nominalization as well as the recommendations to TEFL. The qualitative research design was applied. The documentation technique was used to collect the data. To analyze the data, the researchers used a descriptive analysis. The results showed that there were three similarities and four the dissimilarities between English and Indonesian nominalization found. The three similarities were in suffixation, demonstrative pronominal and conversion. While, the four dissimilarities were in affixation, Adjective reduplication, conversion and To-infinitive. The possible learning difficulties faced by students learning English and Indonesian nominalization was suffixation and confixation which were not very familiar with them. The recommendations of this research was as a fundamental teaching guidance in helping English teachers design a better teaching Grammar on nominalization (word classes), in terms of affixation, Adjective reduplication, conversion and To-infinitive. Keywords: Contrastive Analysis (CA), Nominalization, Word Classes

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Journal articles on the topic 'Suffixation'

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