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Oshima, Hiroko. "L’aspect exprimé par le suffixe chû ‘en cours de’ en japonais." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 42, no. 1 (2013): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685322-0421p0003.
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This paper focuses on the aspectual value of the Sino-Japanese suffix -chû ‘in the process of’. It argues that the aspectual meaning and function of -chû differ from those expressed by the continuative aspect marker -teiru, and that these differences may be accounted for by the semantics of -chû. When suffixed to a verbal noun, -chû can only denote a temporary or a momentary activity, whereas -teiru can also denote an habitual and regular activity. When denoting a resultative state, -chû, unlike -teiru, implies a right boundary, and marks the state as temporary. Finally, unlike -teiru, -chû highlights the momentary nature of the event or state in question, so that, depending on the context, it can trigger the readings of ‘opportunity to be seized’ or ‘temporary prohibition’. Nous montrons ici que l’aspect exprimé par le suffixe sino-japonais -chû ‘en cours de’ diffère de celui marqué par la forme en -teiru (marqueur d’aspect continuatif), et que ces différences sont dues au sémantisme du suffixe -chû. Quand il suffixe un nom verbal, -chû n’exprime qu’une activité temporaire et momentanée, alors que -teiru peut également marquer une activité habituelle et régulière. L’état résultant exprimé par chû est borné à droite et considéré comme temporaire, à la différence de l’état résultant marqué par -teiru. On constate également avec -chû un phénomène de saillance liée à la nature temporaire de l’intervalle, qui donne naissance suivant le contexte à diverses interprétations d’occasion à saisir, ou au contraire d’interdiction provisoire d’accès, qui le distinguent aussi de -teiru.
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Dixon, R. M. W. "Internal reconstruction of tense-modal suffixes in Jarawara." Diachronica 18, no. 1 (2001): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.18.1.03dix.
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Summary Jarawara (from the small Arawá family in southern Amazonia) has a system of eleven tense-modal suffixes, which show irregular form; each consists of an initial part (of form -hV-) and a final part of one or two syllables; both parts mark gender of the pivot argument in the clause. An earlier stage of the paradigm, which was almost regular, is obtained by internal reconstruction. The method hinges on recognition that the vowel e plays a pervasive role in diachronic change, engendering various types of assimilation. In addition, what was the final syllable of the stem has — as the result of reallocation of morpheme and word boundaries — been reanalysed as the initial -hV- syllable of the suffix. Résumé Jarawara, langue amérindienne qui fait partie de la petite famille linguistique Arawá de l’Amazonie meridionale, présente onze suffixes de modalité e de temps, chacun avec une forme irregulière. Chaque suffixe comprend une partie initiale, de forme -hV-, et une partie finale, d’une ou de deux syllabes. Les deux parties lèvent une marque de concordance en genre avec l’argument-pivot de la phrase. En suivant la métodologie de reconstruction interne, on arrive à une étape antérieure du système qui était prèsque régulier. L’application de cette méthode est basée à une présupposition que la voyelle e avait joué un rôle préponderant dans les processus de changement diachronique, tout en occasionnant de differents types d’assimilation. En plus de ça, la syllabe finale de chaque radical serait reanalysée comme la syllable initiale -hV- du suffixe, en consequence des modifications des frontières de morphème et de mot. Zusammenfassung Jarawara (eine Sprache der kleinen Arawá-Sprachfamilie im südlichen Amazonien) besitzt ein System aus elf Suffixen, die Tempus/Modalität ausdrücken. Diese sind unregelmäßig in ihrer Form. Jede Form besteht aus einer Anfangskomponente der Form -hv- und einer ein- oder zweisilbigen Endkomponente. Beide Komponenten kennzeichnen das Genus desjenigen Arguments im Satz, das in der Topikalitätshierarchie am höchsten steht (‘the pivot argument’). Durch interne Rekonstruktion erhält man ein früheres Stadium des Paradigmas, das fast regelmäßig war. Die Rekonstruktionsmethode hängt entscheidend davon ab zu erkennen, daß der Vokal e im historischen Wandel eine überaus wichtige Rolle spielt und verschiedene Assimilationsprozesse auslöst. Außerdem wurde aufgrund einer Verschiebung von Morphem- und Wortgrenzen die letzte Silbe des Stamms als Anfangssilbe -hV- des Suffixes reanalisiert.
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Schaffer, Martha E. "The Vernacular Transmission of -Tudo/-Tudine in Romance." Diachronica 4, no. 1-2 (1987): 55–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.4.1-2.04sch.
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SUMMARY Vernacular transmission of -TUDO/-TUDINE in Romance exemplifies cases of the substitution, modification and unimpaired development of an inherited suffix. Where the formant is replaced (Italian, Rumanian, Occitan, Catalan), causes are obscure; substitutes are established by deduction. Although suffix modification takes place in both French and Spanish, it is the result of wholly distinct series of changes. In French, rival solutions were devised to remedy an undesirable sequence of consonants, but none was widely accepted. Eventually these vernacular reflexes, obscure with regard to form and function, were abandoned in favor of more transparent vernacular formants and the learned suffix. In Spanish, a single remedy for the phonetic weakness emerged early and spread systematically. But early productivity is misleading: derivatives were too diffuse semantically, making the formant less attractive to speakers. The modified suffix ceased to be exploited during a period of influx of learned derivatives. The unimpaired development witnessed in Portuguese owes to regular sound changes (preserving the form) and productivity within well-delimited semantic fields (preserving the function). RÉSUMÉ La transmission vernaculaire de -TŪDO/-TUDINE dans les langues romanes illustre de maniere exemplaire plusieurs phenomenes de substitution, de modification et d'evolution spontanee a l'egard d'un suffixe herite du latin. Les cas ou l'on voit un remplacement du formant (en italien, en roumain, en occitan, en Catalan) impliquent des causes obscures; les formes substituees se repèrent par deduction. Bien qu'une modification du suffixe se manifeste a la fois en français et en espagnol, il s'agit la de deux series distinctes de modifications. En francais, des solutions rivales furent concues comme re-medes a une sequence indesirable de consonnes, mais aucune d'entre elles ue fut largement retenue. A la longue ces derives vernaculaires, apparaissant obscurs quant a leurs forme et a leurs fonctions, furent abandonnes au profit de formants vernaculaires plus transparents et du suffixe savant. En espagnol, un unique remede au defaut phonetique se degagea à une epoque precoce et se repandit de fraçon systematique. Pourtant cette productivite precoce parait trompeuse: en effet, les derives etaient trop diffus semantiquement, rendant ainsi le formant moins attrayant aux usagers de la langue. Le suffixe modifie cessa d'etre ex-poite pendant la periode d'afflux de derives savants. Pour ce qui est de 1'évolution spontanee perçue en portugais, elle se doit a une evolution normale des sons (d'ou maintien de la forme) et a une productivite restreinte a un ensemble bien delimite de champs semantique (d'ou le maintien de la fonction). ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Überlieferung des romanischen Suffixes -TŪDO/-TUDINE in den Volkssprachen bietet Bespiele der Substitution, der Veranderung oder der unversehrten Entwicklung. Dort, wo es ersetzt wird (wie im Italie-nischen, Rumanischen, Okzitanischen und Katalanischen), sind die Gründe undurchsichtig; die Ersatzstücke werden durch Ableitung hergestellt. Obschon sowohl im Franzosischen und im Spanischen Veranderungen statt-finden, so vollziehen sich diese auf ganz verschiedene Weise in diesen beiden Sprachen. Im Franzosischen wurden rivalisierende Losungen gefun-den, urn eine unerwünschte Abfolge von Konsonanten zu beseitigen; keine von ihnen wurde jedoch weithin angenommen. SchlieBlich wurden diese einzelsprachlichen Reflexe, zumeist unklar in bezug auf Form und Funk-tion, aufgegeben, und zwar zum Vorteil von durchsichtigeren einzelsprachlichen Bildungen und deni gelehrten Suffix. Im Spanischen bei-spielsweise stellte sich eine einzige Losung fur die phonetische Schwa-che ein, und zwar schon sehr friih, und diese breitete sich immer mehr aus. Ihre Produktivitat jedoch ist irrefuhrend: die Ableitungen sind, semantisch gesehen, zu undeutlich und lassen den Formanten dem Sprecher weniger attraktiv erscheinen. Das modifizierte Suffix wurde dann auch bald nicht mehr weiterverwendet sobald gelehrte Bildungen zurhand waren. Die unversehrte Entwicklung, der wir im Portugiesischen begegnen, ver-dankt dies der Regelaritat der Lautgesetze (die formerhaltend wirkt) und der Produktivitat innerhalb klar umgrenzter Bedeutungsfelder (die funk-tionserhaltend wirkt).
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Vyrsta, Nataliya. "Suffixe der ukrainischen Familiennamen." Zeitschrift für Slawistik 66, no. 1 (2021): 91–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2021-0005.
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Summary The following paper provides a review of research in historical and modern Ukrainian onomastics. The article analyzes the peculiarities of the formation of Ukrainian surnames; in particular it describes the origin, the function, the geographical distribution and the productivity of the suffixes in the formation of the names. The main ways of creating Ukrainian surnames were morphological and semantic methods. The semantic method of creating surnames consists in the transition of personal names, nicknames and appellative personal names into hereditary names without any structural transformations, namely, only as a result of changes in the function. The morphological way of creating hereditary names was to create new anthroponyms with the help of special surname formants. A characteristic feature of the names of the morphological method is that they were formed only from personal names with the help of suffixes. Ukrainian anthroponymy did not have special formants for the creation of surnames, but used the possibilities of its language and adapted them to the onomastic system. By their origin the name suffixes are not the same type but multifunctional. Some of them from the moment of occurrence are used only for the creation of names from parents’ names, while others only eventually began to express kinship. Some suffixes today are actively creating both appellatives and anthroponyms.
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Anastassiadis-Syméonidis, Anna. "Pourquoi une langue emprunte-t-elle des suffixes ? L’exemple du grec et du latin." Meta 55, no. 1 (2010): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/039609ar.
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RésuméAfin de déterminer les raisons pour lesquelles le grec a emprunté des suffixes au latin, nous examinons, en suivant le cadre théorique de Danielle Corbin, le suffixe-(i)ár(is)< du latin ‑arius, par exemple dansvromiaris[‘malpropre’], qui construit des adjectifs dénominaux à caractère [-savant/-soutenu]. En particulier, les adjectifs en-(i)ár(is)attribuent d’une manière permanente une qualité péjorative qui, dans le cadre de l’activité humaine quotidienne, dévie de la norme sociale d’une manière perceptible directement par les sens. Ce trait, lié à leur registre, résulte du fait que le suffixe est emprunté au latin, une langue sans prestige aux yeux des Grecs. Cette représentation stéréotypique de la latinité permet au grec de marquer les différences entre, d’un côté, le [+soutenu], l’officiel, l’objectif et, de l’autre, le [-soutenu], le quotidien, le subjectif, en conservant, dans le premier cas, les éléments d’origine grecque, et en utilisant, dans le second, des éléments empruntés.
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YILMAZ, Selim. "Du suffixe-seà la conjonctionsi." Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 94, no. 1 (1999): 421–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/bsl.94.1.2002484.
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Spa, J. J. "//ese//, Suffixe du Francais Contemporain." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 15, no. 2 (1991): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.15.2.06spa.
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In this article it will be argued that in contemporary French an underlying suffix //ese// has to be admitted in order to account for the surface (lexical) representations /-ess/ and /-so/ (cf. /delikatese/ delicatesse "delicacy" and /obeisase/ obeissance "obedience"). Several arguments will be put forward to make the claim plausible, most important of which are the distributional argument (/ese/ and /se/ do not occur in the same environment) and the phonological argument (/ess/ and /so/ can both be derived from //ese// by otherwise well established rules).
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Meul, Claire. "Le suffixe -ëi- dans la première conjugaison du badiot." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 30, no. 2 (2007): 291–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.30.2.07meu.
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The insertion of inflectional suffixes in the verbal paradigm is a widespread phenomenon, characteristic of Romance verbal morphology. Traditionally, there are two types of hypotheses that concern verbal amplifications: on the one hand there is a phonological explanation that relies on the criterion of the “generalization of stress”, on the other hand there is a semantic-functional hypothesis based on the theory of verbal aspect. This contribution proposes an analysis of the suffix -ëi- that appears in the verbal forms with stressed stem in the Badiot dialect, one of the idioms of the central Ladin group. The confrontation of the traditional hypotheses with a corpus of 2040 verbs of the first conjugation of the Badiot dialect, reveals that neither the phonological hypothesis nor the semantic-functional hypothesis can account for the insertion of the suffix. An alternative hypothesis is proposed, wich considers stress in a paradigmatic perspective wich that explains the presence of the suffix by the generalization of the metrical structure associated with the lexical stem of the infinitive.
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VERNUS, P. "Derechefmỉrégissant une forme à suffixe-t". Revue d'Égyptologie 40 (1 січня 1989): 199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/re.40.0.2011606.
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FERRAND, Marcel. "Un suffixe est aussi un signe." Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 81, no. 1 (1986): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/bsl.81.1.2013688.
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Charles, Florence. "Préfixe, suffixe, mots de la même famille…" Repères, no. 49 (November 30, 2014): 92–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/reperes.706.
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PINAULT, Georges-Jean. "Védiquedámunas-, latindominuset l'origine du suffixe de Hoffman." Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 95, no. 1 (2000): 61–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/bsl.95.1.503719.
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Normand, Claudine. "Sexe, injure et métalangage. Questions de suffixe." Linx, no. 60 (May 1, 2009): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/linx.704.
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Kaliska, Agnieszka. "Les verbes à suffixe libre et l'expressivité." Verbum 8, no. 1 (2006): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/verb.8.2006.1.20.
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Lwoff, André. "Sur les mauvais usages du suffixe « logique »." Commentaire Numéro 30, no. 2 (1985): 698–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/comm.030.0698.
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Pupier, Paul. "Une première systématique des évaluatifs en français." Revue québécoise de linguistique 26, no. 1 (2009): 51–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/603144ar.
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RÉSUMÉLe présent article offre une description synthétique des évaluatifs en français. On commence par caractériser les évaluatifs ou expressions de valeur. Puisque les évaluatifs sont bipolaires et peuvent présenter une gradation dans leur évaluation, il est naturel de vérifier si leur répartition n’est pas identique à celle des antonymes de degré. En fait, elle en est indépendante dans une large mesure. La morphologie dérivationnelle fournit des corrélations plus fortes avec le marquage axiologique. D’abord, il n’existe pas de suffixe axiologiquement positif en français. Ensuite, les suffixes péjoratifs n’opèrent pas tous de la même façon : en gros, la valeur négative peut être introduite par le suffixe ou, au contraire, être héritée du radical. Pour ce qui est des préfixes, leur impact axiologique n’est pas déterminé entièrement par la négation qu’ils expriment. Il y a d’autres marqueurs de l’axiologie que les morphèmes : par exemple certaines constructions, comme la célèbreN de N. Au niveau lexical aussi, le jugement de valeur peut être présupposé ou impliqué par l’usage de certains mots. En axiologie, comme dans d’autres domaines de la linguistique, se pose le problème de la projection des valeurs élémentaires. Nous abordons ce problème à partir de quelques exemples. Enfin, nous reprenons la question de l’ironie, phénomème dont nous avions dû faire abstraction pour fonder nos intuitions axiologiques, et nous montrons que la valeur entre dans la définition même de l’énoncé ironique.
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Noske, Manuela. "ATR harmony in Turkana." Studies in African Linguistics 25, no. 1 (1996): 62–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v25i1.107404.
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This paper analyzes the [ATR] harmony system of Turkana (Eastern Nilotic). The principal claim made in this paper is that Turkana provides evidence for an underlying ternary contrast in the feature [ATR]. This claim is based on the observation that some suffixes alternate in [ATR] in agreement with a preceding root, while other sufflxes surface as either [+ATR] or [-ATR], regardless of the context in which they occur. The claim that non-alternating suffixes are specified for [ATR] is supported by the fact that they cause regressive assimilation: a [-ATR] root surfaces as [+ATR] if followed by a [+ATR] sufflx; a [+ATR] mid vowel root surfaces as [-ATR] if followed by a [-ATR] suffIX. Turkana thus provides evidence that the feature [ATR] is ternary with the three values [+ATR], [-ATR] and [()ATR].
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Suhandoko, S., and Dian Riesti Ningrum. "A corpus-based list of academic English derivational suffixes." Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 10, no. 2 (2020): 481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v10i2.28589.
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The study reported in this paper aims to create a list of academic English derivational suffixes to help EFL teachers decide which derivational suffixes to be taught first and help their learners, especially those of higher education, expand their vocabulary size. Gardner and Davies’ (2014) 3,000-word list of Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) academic was analyzed following Hay (2002) and Plag’s (2006) frameworks by counting the number of words containing the suffixes. This study found 1,251 suffixed words in the corpus deriving from 41 suffixes, which comprise 22 noun suffixes, 13 adjectival suffixes, 4 verbal suffixes, and 2 adverbial suffixes. The suffixes were then ordered into 3 levels based on the frequency; 22 suffixes are put in Level 1, 12 suffixes in Level 2, and 7 suffixes in Level 3. Considering the high frequency, all suffixes in Level 1 should gain more attention of the teachers. The more frequent occurrence of the suffix in a variety of context will provide a greater chance for the learners to get more exposure. Hence, mastering it will likely expand learners’ vocabulary size through combining the suffix and existing base.
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Zayzon, Réka. "Observations on non-possessive usages of personal markers (possessive suffixes) in Nganasan." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 6, no. 2 (2015): 259–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2015.6.2.11.
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This paper aims at a systematic overview of the non-possessive usages of possessive (relational) suffixes in Nganasan. In the analyzed corpus, the non-anchoring usage types of the 3rd person suffix (including the direct anaphoric and situational usages), are less frequent than relational usages. The distribution of the suffixes suggests that in traditional narratives, the primary topic of the discourse tends to be marked with a deictic (2nd person) and the secondary topic with an anaphoric (3rd person) suffix. The language data also show that in Nganasan, the concept of semantic uniqueness does not suffice to explain the occurrence of the 3rd person suffix as definiteness marker, the topical status of the referent being decisive. Furthermore, predicting the (possessive vs. non-possessive) reading of the relational suffix solely by the conceptual type of the host noun is in case of some lexemes impossible and therefore, contextual information gains crucial importance.
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Chanin Pak. "Etude lexicale sur le suffixe -ade d'emprunt en français." Journal of Studies in Language 26, no. 2 (2010): 259–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18627/jslg.26.2.201008.259.
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Miller, D. Gary. "The Morphological Legacy of French." Diachronica 14, no. 2 (1997): 233–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.14.2.03mil.
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SUMMARY A reexamination of a small portion of the morphological evidence reveals that there were no fewer than 100 hybrid derivatives (of the type French suffix on native base) prior to 1450 and at least 64 before 1400. Given that most of the texts are literary, those are fairly high numbers. Moreover, the more banal the hybrid, the more likely it was to be allowed to occur in literary texts. Not surprisingly, glossaries and other non-literary texts are rich in hybrids, implying that the application of French suffixes to non-French roots was not uncommon in colloquial ME. Bilingual selection initially yielded a treasury of diverse caiques and lexemes, but code-switching normally precluded hybrid formation. The reassertion of English was facilitated by greater convergence. Monolingual speakers of this contact language could not distinguish nativized French words from English, permitting overlapping domains and morphological transfer. RÉSUMÉ Un reexamen d'une partie limitee des evidences morphologiques revele qu'il n'y eut pas moins d'une centaine de derives hybrides (du type où un suffixe frangais se joint a une racine anglaise) anterieurs a 1450 et au moins 64 avant 1400. Etant donne que la plupart des attestations viennent de textes litteraires, ces chiffres correspondent a un taux assez eleve. D'ailleurs, plus Thybride etait banal, plus il etait apte a figurer dans des textes litteraires. On constate sans etonnement que les glossaires et les autres textes non-litteraires abondent en formations hybrides, ce qui implique que la jonction des suffixes frangais avec des racines anglaises ne fut pas rare en moyen-anglais popu-late. Au debut ce fut la selection bilingue qui produisit un tresor de lexemes divers et de caiques, tout en evitant des formations hybrides lesquelles, de toute maniere, ne sont pas typiques lorsqu'il y a alternance codique. C'est la convergence linguistique qui a ensuite facilite la resurgence de 1'anglais. Les locuteurs unilingues de cette langue de contact ne surent pas distinguer les formations frangaises naturalisees des formations anglaises, permettant ainsi le chevauchement des domaines et, par la, des transferts morphologiques. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Eine frische Untersuchung eines kleinen Teilbereiches der morpholo-gischen Daten des Mittelenglischen zeigt, da6 vor 1450 nicht weniger als 100 Hybridisierungen existierten; vor 1400 lassen sich mindestens 64 belegen. Benicksichtigt man, daß die zugrundeliegenden Texte uberwiegend litera-risch sind, so sind diese Zahlen durchaus hoch. Daruberhinaus laBt sich beobachten, daB die Mischformen umso eher in literarischen Texten EinlaB fan-den, je banaler sie waren. Es uberrascht also nicht, daB Glossare und andere nichtliterarische Texte reichhaltig an Mischformen sind, was darauf schlieBen laBt, daB die Anheftung franzosischer Suffixe an nichtfranzosische Stamme im umgangssprachlichen Mittelenglisch nicht unublich war. Anfangs produ-zierte zweisprachige Selektion einen Reichtum von verschiedenen Lexemen und Lehniibersetzungen, Kodewechsel aber schloB typischerweise Hybridi-sierungen aus. Konvergenz erleichterte dann die Wiedererstarkung des Engli-schen. Einsprachige Sprecher dieser Kontaktsprache waren nicht in der Lage, vereinheimischte franzosische Worter von englischen auseinanderzuhalten, was Uberlagerungen und morphologischen Transfer erlaubte.
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Marsden, Emma, John Williams, and Xierong Liu. "LEARNING NOVEL MORPHOLOGY." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 35, no. 4 (2013): 619–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263113000296.
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A large body of research has shown that suffixes—both inflectional and derivational—can be primed with adult native speakers, which informs our understanding of storage and access to morphology in mature systems. However, this line of research has not yet been conducted from an acquisition perspective: Little is known about whether or not representations of suffixes are formed after very little exposure to new morphology and, if so, about the nature of those representations or about the influence of attentional orientation and meaning at this initial stage. The three experiments reported here begin to address this gap by investigating the nature of suffixal representations following exposure to a small regular system of suffixed words. The experiment used crossmodal priming of recognition memory judgments to probe morphological representation. Although the lack of priming suggested that abstract morphological representations were not yet established, recognition judgments showed a clear sensitivity to sublexical morphemic units. The pattern of results was unaffected by the orientation of attention or the assignation of meaning to the words or suffixes during training. Offline tests of learning stem and suffix meanings also showed that both were learned to some extent even when attention was not oriented to their meanings and that the resulting knowledge was partially implicit. Thus, there was evidence of sensitivity to both the forms and meanings of the suffixes but not at the level required to support crossmodal priming. We argue that the reason for this may lie in the episodic nature of the knowledge gained after brief exposure.
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Werner, Martina. "Three diachronic sources for the development of -erei-based synthetic compounds in German." Word Structure 13, no. 3 (2020): 347–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2020.0175.
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This article investigates the historical development of synthetic compounds with the suffix -erei, such as German Buchleserei ‘book reading’. Synthetic compounding has been attested in older language stages of German, as in Old High German kirihwihî ‘church consecration’ or Middle High German bluotspîunge ‘blood spitting’. In the history of the German language, synthetic compounds are the last step in the development of a nominalizing suffix. Suffixes attach first to simplex bases (such as German Leserei ‘reading’), and only afterwards can they form synthetic compounds with a compound base (such as Bücherleserei ‘reading of books’). The development of verbal synthetic compounding results from three different sources: a) a suffixal pattern based on compound nominals (such as exocentric Freigeist ‘free spirit’ becomes Freigeisterei ‘free spiritedness’), where the pattern develops the ability to nominalize VPs (such as Nichtstuerei ‘doing nothing’); b) root compounds which develop the ability to take a deverbal head suffixed by -erei (such as Venus–Nascherey ‘Venusian nibbling’); and c) low-frequency - erei-compounds which originate from inherited idiomatic compound verbs (such as Ehebrecherei ‘adultery’, lit. ‘marriage-breakery’ > ehebrechen (V) ‘to commit adultery’, lit. ‘to marriage-break’). The paper delineates the three developments for different word formation types which lead to the morphological distribution of present-day German.
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Agabalian, Grigory. "-Isme : suffixe modal pour la formation de noms de discours." Travaux de linguistique 79, no. 2 (2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/tl.079.0043.
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Iljic, Robert. "À propos des origines du suffixe -men 們 en chinois". Journal of the American Oriental Society 121, № 3 (2001): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/606669.
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Shields, Kenneth. "Speculations About the Indo-European Cardinals 5-10." Diachronica 2, no. 2 (1985): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.2.2.04shi.
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SUMMARY On the basis of some recent research in Indo-European phonology and morphology, it is suggested in this paper that the IE cardinals 5 to 10 were subject to affixation by non-singular markers. These markers, probably originating as quantitative enclitic adverbs, were added to these numerals in order to hypercharacterize their inherent non-singular meaning. Specifically, it is proposed that '5', '7', '8', '9', and '10' were all hypercharacterized by the suffix *-n, while '6' was hypercharacterized by the suffix *-s. In addition, dialectal data imply that within Indo-European '7' and '10' showed the non-singular element *-t, generally in contamination with *-n. Such an assessment represents a major departure from the traditional view that in Indo-European these numerals, with the exception of '8', were uninflected forms. RÉSUMÉ Cet article suggere, a la base de certaines recherches sur la pho-nologie et la morphologie indo-europennes, que les nombres cardinaux 5 a 10 en indo-européen avaient été soumis a une affixation avec des marqueurs 'non-singulier'. Ces marqueurs, venant probablement d'ad-verbes clitiques quantitatifs, ont été ajoutés a ces chiffres afin de surcaractériser leur sens inhérent de 'non-singulier'. En particulier, il est proposé que '5', '7', '8', '9' et '10' étaient tous surcaracté-risés par le suffixe *-n, tandis que '6' était surcaractérisé par le suffixe *-s, De plus, des données dialectales suggerent qu'à l'intéri-eur de '7' et '10' indo-européen il y avait l'élément non-singulier *-t, généralement contamine avec *-n. Une telle analyse représente un écart important par rapport avec 1'acceptation traditionnelle selon laquelle ces chiffres indo-européens, à l'exception de '8!, étaient des formes sans flexion (i.e., invariables). ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In diesem Aufsatz wird der Vorschlag gemacht, auf Grundlage jiing-ster Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiete der idg. Laut- und Formenlehre, daß die idg. Kardinalzahlen 5 bis 10 'nicht-Singular' Merkzeichen in der Form eines Affixes trugen. Diese Merkzeichen, die wahrscheinlich in en-klitischen, quantitativen Adverbien ihren Ursprung haben, wurden diesen Ziffern beigefügt, urn ihre ihnen innewohnende nicht-singulare Bedeutung überzubetonen. Insbesondere wird der Vorschlag gemacht, daß die Ziffern '5', '7', '8', '9' und '10' alle durch das Suffix *-n übercharakterisiert waren, wahrend dies im Falle von der Ziffer '6' durch Anfiigung von *-s geschah. Darüberhinaus legen es dialektale Daten nahe, daß innerhalb des Indogermanischen die Ziffern '7' und '10' das nicht-singullire Element *-t aufwiesen, und zwar zumeist in Kontamination mit *~s. Eine sol-che Interpretation der Materialien bedeutet eine wichtige Abriickung von der traditionellen Auffassung, derzufolge diese Zahlwörter des Indogermanischen, mit Ausnahme der '8', unflektierte Formen gewesen seien.
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Corbin, Danielle. "Préfixes et suffixes: du sens aux catégories." Journal of French Language Studies 11, no. 1 (2001): 41–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269501000138.
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On oppose d'ordinaire les propriétés des préfixes et des suffixes dans les langues indo-européennes en termes de différence de capacité catégorisatrice: contrairement aux suffixes, les préfixes sont réputés ne pas permettre de construire des unités appartenant à des catégories lexicales différentes de celle de leur base; en conséquence, ils n'auraient qu'un rôle sémantique dans les mots construits. On conviendra d'appeler conception dominante cette mise en corrélation de la capacité catégorisatrice des affixes et de leur nature positionnelle. Cette idée reçue se répète à l'envi dans les grammaires, ouvrages de vulgarisation, dictionnaires ou travaux plus théoriques. Sous sa forme dure, elle distingue strictement les deux classes, baptisant “exceptions” les affixes récalcitrants (cf., par exemple, en grammaire générative, Williams, 1981, père du principe de la “tête à droite” selon laquelle, à l'image de ce qui se passe en syntaxe, le constituant de droite (base, ou suffixe assimilé à une catégorie majeure) transmettrait notamment sa catégorie aux mots construits); dans une version plus douce, elle admet que la différence puisse ne pas être aussi tranchée, ce qui se traduit, en grammaire générative, par des tentatives de substitution au principe rigide de la “tête à droite” de principes plus relatifs, mais qui ne changent au fond pas grand chose.
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Stokes, Phillip W. "A Historical Reconstruction of Some Pronominal Suffixes in Modern Dialectal Arabic." Languages 6, no. 3 (2021): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6030147.
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The morphology of the pronominal suffixes in dialectal Arabic are of particular interest for scholars of the history of Arabic for two main reasons. First, multiple dialects attest suffixes that, from a comparative perspective, apparently retain final short vowels. The second and more complicated issue concerns the vowels which precede the suffixes in the dialects, which are thought to either have been case inflecting or epenthetic. In this paper, I take up Jean Cantineau’s “embarrassing question” of how to account for the development of the vowels of the pronominal suffixes. Based on data from dialectal tanwīn in modern dialects, and attestations from pre-modern texts as well, I will argue that the pre-suffix vowels did originate in case inflecting vowels, but that no historical model heretofore proposed can satisfactorily account for how the various dialectal forms might have arisen. I identify two major historical developments and propose models for each. First, I suggest that dialects in which the pre-suffixal vowels harmonized with the suffix vowels developed via a process of harmonization across morpheme boundaries before the loss of final short vowels. For dialects in which one vowel is generalized, I argue that a post-stress neutralization took place, which led to a single vowel both before suffixes and tanwīn as well. Finally, I rely on evidence from the behavior of the suffixes to argue that the final vowel of the 3fs suffix was originally long, but that those of the 3ms, 2ms, and 2fs were most likely short.
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Lacroix, Jacques. "Le suffixe -enn- à l'origine de noms de lieux en France." Nouvelle revue d'onomastique 43, no. 1 (2004): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/onoma.2004.1466.
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Lescure, Francis. "De la rectitude des mots. Us et abus du suffixe “-logie”." Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France, no. 1 (1993): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/64124.
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Schuwer, Martine. "Le suffixe adjectival –ble : Impacts sémantique et syntaxique de la dérivation." ASp, no. 23-26 (December 1, 1999): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/asp.2315.
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Rico, Christophe. "Le suffixe -μος / -μός dans la recherche linguistique, de Ferdinand de Saussure à nos jours". Emerita 70, № 2 (2002): 305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/emerita.2002.v70.i2.115.
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Nurtiddini, Dina, and Laila Soraya. "MORPHOLOGICAL SUFFIXES IN THE ARTICLE OF THE JAKARTA POST ONLINE NEWSPAPER." PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 2, no. 2 (2019): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v2i2.p214-221.
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This study was designed in the form of descriptive qualitative research with the aim at describing the most frequently used suffix in the article entitled “British Company to Invest $200m in West Java waste-to-fuel Plants” from online newspaper The Jakarta Post that published on 4th of March 2019. Documentation is the techniques of data collecting used in this study by reading, analyzing the text, gathering, and counting the suffixes used. The result showed that there are 83 data of suffixes found with 62 data are inflectional suffixes consist of 37% suffix –s (31 data), 18% suffix –ed (15 data), 18% suffix –ing (15 data), and 1% suffix –er (1 data). The rest of 21 data found are derivational suffixes, consist of 1% suffix –able, –ant, –ate, –ation, –ition, –in, –or, –ship, and –ty with each suffix consist of 1 data. The other forms of derivational suffixes found are 5% suffix –ion (4 data), 5% suffix –ly (4 data), 3% suffix –ment (2 data), and 3% suffix –y (2 data). Thus, the writers concluded that inflectional suffixes with the form of suffix –s is the most frequently used suffix in the article.
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Kudirka, Robertas. "Morphology Features of the Suffixal Slang Adverbs in the Lithuanian Language: Hybrid Suffixcal Derivatives -ai formed from the Suffixal Adjectives -iškas and from the Primary Adjectives." Taikomoji kalbotyra, no. 14 (June 16, 2020): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/taikalbot.2020.14.2.
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This article is one part of the research of adverbs in Lithuanian slang. Although there is no systematic and comprehensive research into the Lithuanian language slang, slang is commonly believed to be chaotic and have no grammatical system. The purpose of this article is to morphologically examine the derivatives formed with suffix -ai from the adjectives with suffix -iškas and from the primary adjectives without suffixes. The material (79 adverbs) is collected from the dictionary of Lithuanian slang and the dictionary of non-standard Lithuanian. The study aims to identify the systematic morphological features. To achieve the aim the research words are classified according to their suffixes, their origin is determined and morphological analysis is performed.The research reveals that a foreign language unit that emerges in the context of another language undergoes assimilation - it is transformed in one way or another by adapting it to the linguistic system. In Lithuanian slang, adverbs with the suffix -ai are mostly made up from hybrid adjectives of Russian origin with the suffix -iškas. There is also a number of adverbs formed from English hybrid adjectives. A few are derived from semantically neologic adjectives. The majority of suffixal -ai derivatives that are formed from primary adjectives are Russian origin. Adverbs which are derived from the adjectives with the suffix -iškas always retain the accent in the root: this pattern is common to all slang adverbs. All forms of adverbial degrees have accented suffixes. The findings of the reseach reveal that the morphological features of the studied slang adverbs have undergone certain transformations and follow the regularities of the Lithuanian language system: the slang adverbs copy derivative models of the standard language.
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Suchard, Benjamin D., and Jorik (F J. ). Groen. "(Northwest) Semitic sg. *CVCC-, pl. *CVCaC-ū-: Broken plural or regular reflex?" Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 84, no. 1 (2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x2100001x.
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AbstractThis paper provides a new explanation for the insertion of *a in plural forms of *CVCC- nouns also formed with an external plural suffix, e.g. *ʕabd- : *ʕabad-ū- ‘servant(s)’, in various Semitic languages. This *CVCaC-ū- pattern is usually considered to be a remnant of the Proto-Semitic broken plural system in Northwest Semitic, but we show that it goes back to Proto-Semitic in this form. Internal evidence from Semitic as well as comparative evidence from Afroasiatic points towards a pre-Proto-Semitic plural suffix *-w- underlying the external plural suffixes. This suffix created a consonant cluster in the plural of *CVCC- nouns, triggering epenthesis of *a. As the prime example of broken plural formation in Northwest Semitic thus seems to be purely suffixal in origin, we conclude by briefly considering the implications for the history of nominal pluralization in Semitic.
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Liu, Fangfang, and V. A. Kosova. "Substantive Suffixal Adjectives with the Semantics of Intensity in the Russian Language: A Systemic Functional Approach." Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 162, no. 5 (2020): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2020.5.33-47.
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Comparative analysis of substantive adjectives with the suffixes -at-, -ast-, -ist-, all having a common additional component of intensity in their derivational semantics, was performed. The adjectives were considered within a series of derivational means used to express the semantic category of intensity. The study is relevant due to the necessity to create a fundamentally new and cognitively oriented description of word-formation units of the Russian language from the standpoint of the systemic functional approach. The purpose of the study was to establish the systemic and categorical status of substantive suffixal adjectives with the semantics of intensity, as well as their functional correlations. Conclusions were made about the subcategorizing character of this meaning in the field of mutational semantics of Russian adjectives (the systemic status of its carriers is a derivational subtype with the suffix -ast- and word-formation subtypes with the suffixes -at-, -ist-). Functional features of the derivatives with each suffix were defined. Similarities and differences between them were revealed. Their systemic and functional relationship (synonymy and parallelism) was established. Zones of functional dominance were found.
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Gensler, Orin D. "Verbs With Two Object Suffixes." Diachronica 15, no. 2 (1998): 231–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.15.2.03gen.
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SUMMARY Although verbs in Semitic routinely take a single pronominal Object-suffix, only Arabic, Ethiopic, and Akkadian allow (rarely) two cooccurrent Obj-suf-fixes (he.gives-me-it). This paper examines the rare Semitic double Obj-suffix phenomenon in its larger Afroasiatic context, comparing it to the double Obj-clitic constructions found in Egyptian, Berber, and Hausa. Significant commonalities exist. In all these languages the ordering of morphemes is V-IObj-DObj; in most, the IObj marker is 'heavy', i.e., composed of a language-specific augment adjoined to a common, near-reconstructible pronominal core; and the heavy IObj occurs closer to the V than does the light DObj. This is demonstrably idiosyncratic behavior. A global typological survey reveals that V-IObj-DObj is not a particularly favored order universally, and that heavy-before-light ordering is quite unusual. Further, the Afroasiatic V-IObj-DObj order is empirically shown to be characteristic of the oldest attested strata of the various languages, hence an archaism. These factors make independent parallel development maximally unlikely, and argue for reconstructing a double Object-clitic construction to (pre-)Proto-Semitic. RÉSUMÉ Bien que le verbe admette couramment un seul suffixe-objet dans les langues sémitiques, on ne trouve simultanément (à titre de rareté) deux suffixes-objet qu'en arabe, en éthiopien, et en akkadien (ex.: il.donne-me-le). Cet article traite de cette rareté sémitique, à savoir la construction à suffixe-objet double, dans son contexte afro-asiatique plus large, en la comparant aux constructions à clitique-objet double de l'égyptien, du berbère, et du haoussa. Toutes ces langues montrent entre elles des parallèles frappants. L'ordre des morphèmes y est toujours V-ObjI-ObjD; dans la plupart d'entre elles le morphème d'ObjI est 'lourd', c.-à-d. composé d'un augment spécifique à chaque langue particulière joint à un noyau pronominal semi-reconstructible; et 1'ObjI 'lourd' est situé plus près du thème verbale que ne 1'est l'ObjD 'léger'. Cet état de choses est manifestement idiosyncratique. Un aperçu typologique global met en évidence que l'order V-ObjI-ObjD n'est pas particulièrement favorisé parmi les langues du monde, et que l'ordre lourd-avant-léger est très rare. En outre, l'ordre V-ObjI-ObjD de l'afro-asiatique se révèle caractéristique des couches les plus vieilles des langues en question, donc un archaïsme. Ces considérations rendent peu probable un développement parallèle indépendant, et soutiennent la reconstruction à un stade (pré)protosémitique d'un syntagme à clitique-objet double. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Obschon Verben mit einem Objektsuffix im Semitischen als Normalfall gelten, können im Arabischen, Àthiopischen, und Akkadischen, wenngleich selten, zwei Objektsuffixe gleichzeitig auftreten (er.gibt-mir-es). In diesem Auf-satz wird dieses ungewöhnliche semitische Phänomen von Doppelsuffixen in einem breiteren afroasiatischen Zusammenhang betrachtet und mit den Dop-pelklitikkonstruktionen des Àgyptischen, Berberischen, und Hausa verglichen. Dabei zeigen sich Ûbereinstimmungen in wesentlichen Punkten. In alien ge-nannten Sprachen gilt die Morphemreihenfolge V-IObj-DObj; in den meisten ist der IObj-Markierer 'schwer', insofern als er aus einem für die jeweilige Ein-zelsprache spezifischen Augment und einem alien Sprachen gemeinsamen, meist rekonstruierbaren pronominalen Kern besteht; das 'schwere' IObj steht näher am Verbstamm als das 'leichte' DObj. Dieses Verhalten läßt sich als eigenartig nachweisen, denn eine global-typologische Untersuchung hat ge-zeigt, da6 in den Sprachen der Welt die Reihenfolge V-IObj-DObj nicht die be-vorzugte und da8 die Reihenfolge V-Schwer-Leicht sogar äußerst selten ist. Zudem ist, wie im Aufsatz dargelegt, die afroasiatische Reihenfolge V-IObj-DObj ausgerechnet in den ältesten jeweiligen Sprachstufen zu finden: somit ein Archaismus. All diese Faktoren lassen eine unabhängige Parallelentwicklung unwahrscheinlich erscheinen, sie bilden vielmehr Argumente fur die Annahme von einer Doppelklitikkonstruktion im (Prä-)Protosemitischen.
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Bengtsson, Anders Nils. "L’évolution du suffixe –issime : un inventaire et une fréquence des formes attestées dans Frantext." Bergen Language and Linguistics Studies 10, no. 1 (2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/bells.v10i1.1447.
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The synthetic superlative -ÍSSIMUS in Latin survived in Italian, whereas it was borrowed in the Romance languages on the Iberian Peninsula and in French during the Renaissance. This suffix has been very frequent in these languages with the exception of French. In this language it has been accepted merely when used in titles. Condemned by grammarians, the suffix has thus been quite rare in French literature. The present study shows however that in the database Frantext, which comprises mostly literary texts, nearly 1,400 occurrences of words with the suffix -issime are found, rarissime and richissime being the most frequent (apart from titles). But with the emergence of new media, it seems that the suffix has become much more frequent in French. These adjectives are found mainly in areas like politics, sports, travels, adult movies and in comments by web visitors as shown in this study.
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Bottineau, Tatiana. "Les valeurs sémantiques du suffixe français -âtre, marqueur d'opérations sur le plan notionnel." Syntaxe et sémantique 11, no. 1 (2010): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ss.011.0035.
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Berlan, Françoise. "« La tristitude ça n’existe pas » Synonymie et valeur différentielle du suffixe -(i)tude." Éla. Études de linguistique appliquée N° 178, no. 2 (2015): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ela.178.0227.
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WARLAUMONT, ANNE S., and LINDA JARMULOWICZ. "Caregivers' suffix frequencies and suffix acquisition by language impaired, late talking, and typically developing children." Journal of Child Language 39, no. 5 (2011): 1017–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000911000390.
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ABSTRACTAcquisition of regular inflectional suffixes is an integral part of grammatical development in English and delayed acquisition of certain inflectional suffixes is a hallmark of language impairment. We investigate the relationship between input frequency and grammatical suffix acquisition, analyzing 217 transcripts of mother–child (ages 1 ; 11–6 ; 9) conversations from the CHILDES database. Maternal suffix frequency correlates with previously reported rank orders of acquisition and with child suffix frequency. Percentages of children using a suffix are consistent with frequencies in caregiver speech. Although late talkers acquire suffixes later than typically developing children, order of acquisition is similar across populations. Furthermore, the third person singular and past tense verb suffixes, weaknesses for children with language impairment, are less frequent in caregiver speech than the plural noun suffix, a relative strength in language impairment. Similar findings hold across typical, SLI and late talker populations, suggesting that frequency plays a role in suffix acquisition.
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Lewis, Debra J., and Jennifer Windsor. "Children's Analysis of Derivational Suffix Meanings." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 39, no. 1 (1996): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3901.209.
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This note examined the relation between school-age children's production and comprehension of derivational suffixes in nonsense words and their knowledge of suffix meaning in real derivatives. Results indicated that knowledge of derivational suffixes was used often in defining low-frequency derivatives and that it was significantly correlated with suffix production in the nonsense task. In addition, suffix productivity was found to be an important factor determining the comprehension as well as the production of particular suffixes to convey a range of meanings.
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Küngas, Annika. "lt- ja sti-liiteliste adverbide kasutuse muutumine eesti kirjakeeles." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 4, no. 3 (2013): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2013.4.3.04.
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Artiklis võetakse vaatluse alla mõningate lt-liiteliste adverbide tarvitamine ning nende funktsioonide muutumine eesti kirjakeeles. Antakse ülevaade lt-adverbiliite esinemisest vanas kirjakeeles ning tuuakse välja ka sufiksi tänapäevane kasutamine. Vana kirjakeele korpuse põhjal analüüsitakse eri autorite lt-liiteliste adverbide ja modaaladverbide kasutamist, keskendudes 17. sajandi autorite Georg Mülleri ja Heinrich Stahli tekstidele. Nendes tekstides on paralleelselt vaatluse all lt- ja sti-adverbiliited, kuna läbi kirjakeele ajaloo on neil sufiksitel olnud sarnane funktsioon. Sellest on tingitud ka nende liidete variatiivsus. Mõlema autori tekstides on valdavad sti-liitelised (modaal)adverbid. Tänapäeva kirjakeeles sagedamate lt-liiteliste adverbide ja modaaladverbide jälgimine vanas kirjakeeles loob tausta nende sõnade uurimiseks tänapäeval, mil lt- ja sti-liiteliste adverbide vahekord keeles on vastupidine. Artikli koostamisel on silmas peetud, et lt-liitega sõnad on tänapäeva eesti keeles üksused, millel on peale täistähendusliku ka pragmaatiline kasutus.The change of the use of lt- and sti-suffixed adverbs in Literary Estonian. This paper investigates the use of some of the lt-suffixed adverbs and the change of their functions in Literary Estonian. -lt as an adverbial suffix will be examined on the basis of corpora data both in older and newer Literary Estonian. The article also focuses on the 17th century texts by Georg Müller and Heinrich Stahl and the authors’ use of adverbs and modal adverbs. In these texts, the parallel usage of lt- and sti-suffixes will be demonstrated, since the functions of these suffixes have been similar in the historical development of the Estonian language. This has caused the variability of -lt and -sti. In the texts of both authors, the sti-suffixed (modal) adverbs are dominant, while in present day Estonian, -lt is more frequent. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the change of lt-suffixed adverbs and modal adverbs in older Estonian in order to provide insights into their functions in the present day. In the process of writing this paper, it is implied that the lt-suffixed words in contemporary Estonian may function both as full content adverbs as well as pragmatic markers.
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ROSEN, Haiim B. "Ius, fas et l'attribution de genre grammatical aux abstraits latins à suffixe comportant -s-." Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain 15, no. 1 (1989): 379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/cill.15.1.2016757.
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York, Fanny, Vincent Collette, and Kevin Brousseau. "Les verbes de parole en cri de l’Est." Création orale et littérature 46, no. 2-3 (2017): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1040433ar.
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Cet article traite des verbes de parole en cri de l’Est. S’inspirant du cadre théorique développé par Fillmore (1977, 1982) et par Johnson et Fillmore (2000), les auteurs analysent ici les éléments sémantiques du cadre de communication verbale qui sont représentés dans les verbes de parole de cette langue et montrent que la morphologie grammaticale encode le Locuteur et l’Interlocuteur de même que le Message et le Topique. Dans les verbes complexes, un suffixe lexical (appelé finale concrète) réfère à l’événement de communication tandis que la racine verbale encode le Code, l’état de l’Interlocuteur, le Message et la Manière.
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M.A.R Annamalai, Dr Manonmani Devi. "Are suffixe and situation in Udampadumei in Tamil Grammar propounded by the author of Veeracholiyam?" Journal of Tamil Peraivu 9, no. 1 (2020): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jtp.vol9no1.4.
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Ferrand, Marcel. "Deux clés du mot « village » en russe : son suffixe et la culture par le feu." Revue des études slaves 57, no. 3 (1985): 491–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/slave.1985.5510.
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Иман гызы Ганбарова, Ирада. "Morphological structure of words in Modern English." SCIENTIFIC WORK 65, no. 04 (2021): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/65/106-108.
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In the article “Morphological structure of words in Modern English” the author conducted research on the study of the Morphological structure of words in the process of learning Modern English. In this article, the author describes the morphological structure of the word. They are: 1) simple words; 2) compound words; 3) words that consist of the same root and never change their meaning; 4) words that are obscured by various additions to the derivative; 5) words formed with the help of various suffices; 6) affixes that change the form of the word; 7) abbreviations. A morpheme is a small part of a word. A morpheme has an independent meaning. A morpheme can be considered the root of the word. The word itself cannot be considered a morpheme. Affixes are divided into prefixes and suffixes. Both – prefixes and suffixes can change the meaning of the word. Key words: suffix, prefix, accent, structure, participate, separate, base
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Nagy, William E., Irene-Anna N. Diakidoy, and Richard C. Anderson. "The Acquisition of Morphology: Learning the Contribution of Suffixes to the Meanings of Derivatives." Journal of Reading Behavior 25, no. 2 (1993): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10862969309547808.
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This study explored the development of students' knowledge of the meanings of 10 common English suffixes. A test was constructed to assess students' knowledge of the contribution of suffixes to the meanings of derivatives. Students were asked to choose which of several sentences correctly used a suffixed word. The suffixed words consisted of novel combinations of familiar stems and suffixes (e.g., butterless). Students were also tested on parallel items using familiar nonsuffixed words. The test was administered to 630 fourth-grade, seventh-grade, and high school students. Knowledge of the meanings of common English suffixes was found to undergo significant development between fourth grade and high school. Even in high school, however, there were some students who showed little knowledge of the meanings of these suffixes. The test identified students who have particular difficulties with English suffixes, and thus it has potential as a diagnostic tool.
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Avval, Ali Madaeni, Seyed Reza Hosseininejad та Seyed Hasan Zahraei. "THE MOST PRODUCTIVE SUFFIX -ی [I] OF THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE IN THE MEANING OF GRAMMATICAL PERSON AND THE WAYS OF ITS EXPRESSION IN RUSSIAN". Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 30, № 3 (2020): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2020-30-3-428-433.
Full textAbstract:
This article considers the suffix -ی [i], as the most productive suffix in the Persian language, in terms of productivity and formation of structures that express grammatical person. Given the wide range of meanings and the various roles of this suffix in a sentence, the authors focus on studying those words that, in combination with this suffix, express the meaning of person (nominal meaning). In Russian, as in Persian, among affixes, suffixes occupy a special place in terms of the effect on the word belonging to the components of the word. Therefore, given the importance of this suffix in the Persian language and the similarity of the position of suffixes in both languages, the suffix -ی [i] in the Persian language is considered. By translating the examples given in Russian, the similarities and differences of the equivalents of this suffix in both languages are discovered.