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Journal articles on the topic 'Suffixes and prefixes'
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1
Harvey, Mark, Ian Green, and Rachel Nordlinger. "From prefixes to suffixes." Diachronica 23, no. 2 (December 15, 2006): 289–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.23.2.04har.
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This article provides a counterexample to the commonly held, if unexamined, proposition that morphemes reconstructed as affixes do not change their position with respect to the root. We do not expect to find that a proto-prefix has suffix reflexes, nor that a proto-suffix has prefix reflexes. In this paper we show, through detailed reconstruction, that paradigms of class/case suffixes in a number of Northern Australian languages derive historically from a paradigm of proto-prefixes, through the encliticization and reduction of prefixed demonstratives to nominals. This process has only left a few traces of the demonstrative stems in the synchronic forms.
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Mena, Vera Veti, and Kurnia Saputri. "A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES IN THE DESCRIPTIVE TEXTS OF STUDENT’S TEXTBOOKS." English Community Journal 2, no. 1 (June 24, 2018): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.32502/ecj.v2i1.1007.
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This study is aimed at describing the kinds of the English and Indonesian prefixes and suffixes mostly found in the descriptive text of student’s and finding the similarities and dissimilarities. The writer used descriptive qualitative research method. To collect the data, the writer used documentation technique. In analyzing the data the writer used descriptive analysis. After investigating the data, the writer found out four types of English prefix; quantified, locative, temporal, and negation prefixes. English suffixes have four types; nominal, verbal, adjectival, and adverbial suffixes, and five types of Indonesian prefixes; forming verb, forming adjectival, forming noun, forming numeral, and there forming interrogative. The writer also found out thirty two prefixes and suffixes words categorized as English Prefixes and Suffixes, and twenty prefixes and suffixes words categorized as English Prefixes and Suffixes. The writer found out the similarities and dissimilarities. The similarities between English Indonesian prefixes and suffixes in the descriptive text were on prefixes in line with quantity, and suffixes in line with nominal, verbal, and adjectival suffixes. While the dissimilarities were on prefixes and suffixes. In English prefixes, there were no types of prefixes that forming verb, adjective, noun, and interrogative. While in Indonesian prefixes, there were no types of prefixes such as locative, temporal, and negation prefixes. In English suffixes there were no forming numeral and interrogative. In Indonesian There was no adverbial suffix.
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Pycha, Anne. "Listeners perceive prefixes differently: Evidence from a noise-rating task." Word Structure 8, no. 1 (April 2015): 53–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2015.0073.
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When compared to suffixes, prefixes possess several distinctive but largely unexplained properties. This paper explores the idea that these properties might arise from a common source, namely discontinuous recognition of spoken prefixed words, in which listeners ‘skip’ to that portion of the speech stream which contains the root. If this occurs, listeners could potentially perceive prefixes very differently than roots and suffixes. We investigated this idea with a noise-rating task, which measures the extent to which noise subjectively interferes with speech. Using newly-coined derived English words as a stimuli, participants rated the loudness of white noise overlaid on portions of spoken words corresponding to prefixes, word-initial roots, or suffixes. Results indicate that participants gave overall higher loudness ratings to noise on prefixes compared to noise on suffixes. Furthermore, as signal-to-noise ratios decreased, participants increased their loudness ratings at greater rates for noise on roots compared to noise on prefixes. These results support the discontinuous hypothesis, and suggest that prefixed words introduce a perceptual bias which could explain the development of certain distinctive prefix characteristics over time.
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Hengki and Ratna. "A Morphological Perspective on Verb Formation: A Contrast Analysis Affixes of English, Indonesia and Banjar Kuala Language of South Borneo." International Journal of Linguistics Studies 3, no. 3 (December 4, 2023): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijls.2023.3.3.5.
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The purpose of this research is to find similarities and differences, as well as to describe the types of prefixes and suffixes in English, Indonesian and Banjar in Indonesian Borneo, to develop a description of the socio-cultural background of speakers of Banjar Kuala language and describe the morphology and syntax of the Banjar Kuala language: Formation of verbs in Banjar Kuala Borneo/South Kalimantan. Describes verbs formed from affixes, namely prefixes and suffixes, infixes, and prefixes + suffixes like the prefix maN-/mam-/ ( /maNujun/ 'fishing', /mambanu/ 'selling water', and the prefix maN-/ma- and ending -an like, /unjun/ 'kail' becomes /maunjunan/ 'all for fish' and /mambanuan/ 'sell all the water' other prefixes and suffixes maN- and -i: /maunjuni/ 'fishing' in a certain place/.and other verbs like /manjukuni/ 'give a boat' and prefix maN - and suffix i- + suffix -will /maunjanikan/ 'fishing for', /manjukuniakan/ 'to run a boat for' This research project clearly illustrates the differences in verb formation between the Banjar-Kuala language in South Kalimantan, Indonesia and the international language, namely English .both can be seen from the use of affixes in the formation of verbs, the similarity of the two can form verbs with the addition of prefixes and suffixes, while the difference is that English cannot form verbs from infixes, but Banjar language can form verbs from the same infixes as Indonesian and other languages in the world.
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Amin, Fadrisal, and Raflis Raflis. "Study of Affixation In West Simeulue Language." Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Scholastic 7, no. 3 (December 29, 2023): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36057/jips.v7i3.645.
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This study discusses the type of affixation, especially prefixes and suffixes in the West Simeulue language. This study aims to find what types of prefixes and suffixes are in West Simeulue language. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The data in this thesis are in the form of words, which are taken through an interview process with informants in the form of students who come from Simeulue Island and are native speakers of West Simeulue Language who are in the Padang City West Sumatera. Data collection techniques based on known data regarding the types of Prefix and Suffix affixes in the West Simeulue Language. The results of this study are that there are several types of prefixes and suffixes in West Simeulue language, in the prefix there is pattern form, prefix Ma-+ noun = verb, prefix Ma- + adjective = verb, prefix –Ma + verb = verb, prefix –Ni + noun = Adjective, Prefix –Mam + verb = Verb, prefix –Mang + noun = Verb, prefix Mang- + verb= Verb and in the suffix there is a pattern form that is slightly different from prefix, in the suffix verb + suffix -An= noun, verb + suffix -Ni = adjective, adjective + suffix –Ni = adjective, noun + suffix –I = verb and verb + suffix –I = verb
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Thamrin, Husni. "Affixation Category of Palembang Malay Language Reviewed From Perspective of Morphological Typology." Jomantara: Indonesian Journal of Art and Culture 1, Vol. 1 No. 1 (January 31, 2021): 46–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/jijac.v1i1.3687.
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Abstract This research is related to affixation category of Palembang Malay language, which is a regional part of the Sumatra region exactly South Sumatra. In particular, this study uses category of affixation in the form of prefixes and suffixes (suffiks) used by Dryer's (2013) in researching the Nualu language in Seram island which belongs to the Polynesian Malay ethnic. This research reveals that on Palembang Malay language affixation, the first affixation category was the form of 6 (six) categories of prefixes (awalan) in Palembang Malay language, among others; N-, di-, peN-, be-, te-, and se-.Second, there are found 5 (five) types of suffixes (akhiran) in Palembang Malay language, such as; -ke, -la, -an, -nyo, and –i. The third is found 3 (three) simulfix (awalan-akhiran) which is the type of bound form of the prefix one with another prefix, such as: ke-.. . -an, pe-. . . -an, and be-. -an. Finally, there were found 3 (three) main categories of morphophonemic process prefixes in Palembang Malay language, such as; a) there are four types of prefixesN-in Malay language Palembang has many allomorphs: m, n, ny, ng. b) there are six types of prefixespeN- connected with words, so the prefix will change to: pem-, pen-, peny-, peng-, pel-, orpe-. c)there are four prefixesbe- that has allomorphs bel-, ber, and be- .The Grand theory approach used in this study has been stated by Velupillai (2012) and Lieber (2009).
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Rahmadia, Adinda Hasna, and Usmi Usmi. "Afiks Bahasa Korea dalam Esai Jichyeotgeonna Joahaneun Ge Eopgeona." JLA (Jurnal Lingua Applicata) 5, no. 1 (September 30, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jla.68954.
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This study aims to analyze Korean language affixes. The source data in this research was taken from a Korean essay entitled Jichyeotgeona Joahaneun Ge Eopgeona. This study was designed to answer the following research question; how is the classification of affixes contained in the essay Jichyeotgeona Joahaneun Ge Eopgeona based on the theory of affix classification proposed by Kim et al. (2005). This study used mixed methods with descriptive-analytical approach. Based on the results of data analysis, there were found 28 affixes, consisting of 4 prefixes and 24 suffixes in the data source. From the 4 prefixes, it is found that 3 prefixes are attached to the basic form of noun class and 1 prefix is attached to the base form of verb or adjective class. Furthermore, from 24 suffixes, 6 suffixes form verbs, 15 suffixes form nouns, 2 suffixes form adjectives and 1 suffix forms adverbs. Through the results of this study, it is hoped that it will provide readers with additional knowledge and reference materials regarding affixes in Korean.
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Иман гызы Ганбарова, Ирада. "Morphological structure of words in Modern English." SCIENTIFIC WORK 65, no. 04 (April 21, 2021): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/65/106-108.
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In the article “Morphological structure of words in Modern English” the author conducted research on the study of the Morphological structure of words in the process of learning Modern English. In this article, the author describes the morphological structure of the word. They are: 1) simple words; 2) compound words; 3) words that consist of the same root and never change their meaning; 4) words that are obscured by various additions to the derivative; 5) words formed with the help of various suffices; 6) affixes that change the form of the word; 7) abbreviations. A morpheme is a small part of a word. A morpheme has an independent meaning. A morpheme can be considered the root of the word. The word itself cannot be considered a morpheme. Affixes are divided into prefixes and suffixes. Both – prefixes and suffixes can change the meaning of the word. Key words: suffix, prefix, accent, structure, participate, separate, base
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Puriaieva, Nataliia. "Problems of spelling prefixes and suffixes in the “Ukrainian orthography” of 2019." Ukrainska mova, no. 2 (2023): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrmova2023.02.101.
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The article analyzes some rules for writing prefixes and suffixes, presented in the new edition of “Ukrainian Orthography” in 2019, which appear to be debatable. In particular, comments and suggestions concern spelling innovations that distinguish this edition from the previous ones: variant writing of allomorph prefixes apxi– / архи-; elimination of agentive suffixes –чик (-щик); spelling of derivatives with the suffix –ив-(-о); recommendations on the use of suffixes to create feminine counterparts to male names; tendencies to eliminate foreign language components in adjectival suffixes –ичи-(-ий), –ічн-(-ий) [(-їчн-(-ий)], etc. It is proposed to expand the list of prefixes, the transmission of which will be regulated by spelling, and with respect to individual formants it is expressed a caveat to refrain from codification measures until their full usualization. In particular, it was noted that the prefix архи-, borrowed into the Ukrainian language long ago from Greek through Church Slavonic as part of the Christian religious vocabulary, has a long tradition of pronunciation with [и], and therefore the fixation of the variant архі– in the spelling, which appeared in newly formed derivatives and in ancient words under the influence of the Russian pronunciation of Church Slavonic texts is impractical. The suffixes –чик (-щик), removed from the spelling, obviously in the agentive sense, although the rule regulates the writing in them and, it is advisable to return them to the spelling, because the suffix –чик is a productive diminutive suffix, and in the agentive sense it helps to avoid homonymy (підрядчик — підрядник) and functions in words that are not used with another suffix (bratchyk, nebizhchyk). In the rule governing the use of the suffix –ив-(-о) –yv-(-o) it is necessary to return the lexeme мариво (previously — with the allomorph –ев-(-о) марево) removed from it as one that demonstrates a tendency to unification with the formations of the corresponding word-formation model. Recommendations on the elimination of foreign language components in adjectival suffixes, –ичи-(-ий), –ічи-(-ий) [(-їчи-(-ий)] as an example of renormalization and the rule on suffixes for creating feminine correlates to male names as such, that potentially codifies this latest derivational process itself, we consider premature in view of the incompleteness of the usualization of the corresponding linguistic phenomena. It is also proposed to expand the list of prefixes whose transmission will be regulated by spelling (in particular, foreign language де-, дез-, дис-, ди– (ді-), as well as parts of foreign words that are not prefixes: їре-, їри, їрі-, etc.). Keywords: Ukrainian orthography, spelling of prefixes and suffixes, feminine forms, adjectival suffixes.
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Kastner, Itamar. "Prefixes and suffixes in Afroasiatic." Brill's Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 15, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-01501006.
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Abstract How can we tell whether an agreement feature will end up as a prefix, a suffix, or a combination of exponents? Research on Afroasiatic languages has identified a number of asymmetries which can be found between prefixes and suffixes. This short review considers these asymmetries, points out three cross-Semitic generalizations, and outlines the possible sources for them. Four kinds of theoretical explanations are evaluated: Syntactic, Morphological, Morphotactic and Morphophonological.
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Fitriyani, Fitriyani. "KAUSATIF MORFOLOGI DALAM BAHASA GORONTALO." LITERASI: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Bahasa, Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/literasi.v13i1.6717.
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The purpose of this research is to analyze the causative morphology in Gorontalo using a typological approach. This research was conducted using qualitative methods, data were obtained from speakers of Gorontalo language who were listened to and recorded by researchers for analysis so as to obtain the required morphological causative sentences. The results of the study show that there are several affixes which indicate the existence of a morphological causative construction. This affix consists of prefixes, suffixes, and also infixes. In the prefix category there are prefixes ma-, mopohu-, lo-, mopi-, hemo-, moqo-, and hemopo-. In the category of suffixes, there is the suffix -lo, and in the category of infixes, there is the infix -il-.
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Ramscar, Michael. "Suffixing, prefixing, and the functional order of regularities in meaningful strings." Psihologija 46, no. 4 (2013): 377–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1304377r.
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The world?s languages tend to exhibit a suffixing preference, adding inflections to the ends of words, rather than the beginning of them. Previous works has suggested that this apparently universal preference arises out of the constraints imposed by general purpose learning mechanisms in the brain, and specifically, the kinds of information structures that facilitate discrimination learning (St Clair, Monaghan, & Ramscar, 2009). Here I show that learning theory predicts that prefixes and suffixes will tend to promote different kinds of learning: prefixes will facilitate the learning of the probabilities that any following elements in a sequence will follow a label, whereas suffixing will promote the abstraction of common dimensions from a set of preceding elements. The results of the artificial language learning experiment support this analysis: When words are learned with consistent prefixes, participants learned the relationship between the prefixes and the noun labels, and the relationship between the noun labels and the objects associated with them, better than when words were learned with consistent suffixes. When words were learned with consistent suffixes, participants treated similarly suffixed nouns as being more similar than nouns learned with consistent prefixes. It appears that while prefixes tend to make items more predictable and to make veridical discriminations easier, suffixes tended to make items cohere more, increasing the similarities between them.
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Rybarski, Mateusz. "Neologizmy słowotwórcze w Obserwatorium Językowym Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego (na materiale haseł opracowanych do lutego 2022 roku). Część 1: Substantywne derywaty proste." Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza 30, no. 2 (December 29, 2023): 129–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pspsj.2023.30.2.8.
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This article constitutes the first part of paper cycle devoted to 1,117 Polish derivational neologisms in Obserwatorium Językowe Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego (Language Observatory of University of Warsaw). Its aim is to present and analyze 572 new substantival derivatives in the Polish language. The author divides them into groups of derivational neologisms created by the use of the same formative technique and affix. He states that 529 of them were formed by the use of 37 suffixes, 19 – with 8 prefixes, 16 – by the change of paradigm and 8 – by adding prefix and suffix simultaneously. The study concludes that the biggest class of described new substantival derivatives in contemporary Polish language consists of suffixal structures. As for morphemes used to create them, suffixes -ka, -(ów)ka and -(ow’)ec turned out to be the most productive.
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Grachek, Darby, and Elsi Kaiser. "Phonological learning is asymmetrical between prefixes and suffixes." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 9, no. 1 (June 3, 2024): 5743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v9i1.5743.
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Phonological theories typically treat prefixes and suffixes as if phonological processes apply uniformly to both. However, previous studies have found clear asymmetries between the behavior of both affixes. We argue that this is due to phonological processes being easier to learn in suffix position rather than prefix position. To test this, an artificial language learning task was used to evaluate whether phonological learning is symmetrical between affixes. Results pattern in the direction of the hypothesis, namely, that phonological learning is asymmetrically facilitated in suffix position over prefix position, providing support to general cognitive mechanisms being responsible for strong cross-linguistic tendencies.
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Fábregas, Antonio, and Martin Krämer. "Why prefixes (almost) never participate in vowel harmony." Lexical Issues in the Architecture of the Language Faculty 2, no. 1 (November 6, 2020): 84–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/elt.00016.fab.
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Abstract One of the most common ways of morphological marking is affixation, morphemes are classified according to their position. In languages with affixal morphology, suffixes and prefixes are the most common types of affixes. Despite several proposals, it has been impossible to identify solid generalisations about the behaviour of prefixes, in opposition to suffixes. This article argues that the reason is that our traditional definitions of suffix and prefix are based on pre-theoretical, surface criteria that have been given up in other areas of linguistics: defining a morpheme as a prefix does not tell us anything about its grammatical nature, as that label does not take into consideration the structural configuration underlying the morpheme. Once the structural configuration is taken into account, solid generalisations begin to emerge. The article illustrates the advantages of this approach through a study of the interaction between vowel harmony and affixes.
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Akmal, Akmal, Iin Almeina Loebis, and Chitra Latiffani. "Unique Derivative Affixes In Simalungun Language (Morphosyntax Study)." Aksara: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Nonformal 8, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.37905/aksara.8.2.1383-1392.2022.
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Unique derivative affixes were focused on the morphosyntax process. This study was an interdisciplinary subject in linguistics. The affixations had a function as a form of word class or meaning. The affixations in Indonesian consconsist3 types, namely prefixes, suffixes, and confixes. This study explained the processes of the unique derivative affixes in the Batak Simalungun Language. The research method used the meant that this discussed the processes of morphology and then it was made in the sentences so that the morphological process was early and more completely in the linguistics. This study used the descriptive qualitative method by using the library (documents in the corpus) to interview a few native speakers who live in Batak Simalungun areas to get the data morals. Batak Simalungun Language affixes were prefixes, confixes, and suffixes. There were three prefixes : pa- , si-, ma- (mar), three confixes: par- (pa-)….-on, ha- ... -on/an, masi- . .. –an, and the last is only one suffix; -on. The derivative affixes in Batak Simalungun which the native speaker always expressed in the daily conversation, were so nwereral processes so t the other speakers did not realize that the word had got the affixations. There are two unique derivative affixiations on the suffix –on which had the passive meaning which had the prefix and the repetition prefix which the two first letters are repeated such as sapuh be sasapu. The position of affixation was a suffix, but the meaning was a prefix in passive voice meaning.
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Windiatmika, I. Made Kein, and Ni Putu Cahyani Putri Utami. "AN ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES FOUND IN THE JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER." KULTURISTIK: Jurnal Bahasa dan Budaya 7, no. 2 (July 30, 2023): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/kulturistik.7.2.5793.
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This study focused to analyse derivational affixes found in the Jakarta Post Newspaper. To describe the data source this study used the qualitative method. The observation method is used in this study to collect the data. There were several steps to collecting the data which were, first finding the data on the Jakarta Post website, second reading and underlining all the words containing derivational affixes, and then identifying and classifying based on their categories. This study used the theory proposed by Lieber (2009) as the main theory and supported theory by Katamba (1993) and Plag (2002). This study used formal and informal methods to present the data. After analyzing the data source there are two types of derivational affixes, namely derivational prefixes and derivational suffixes. There were 36 data of derivational affixes found in three newspaper such as 6 data are prefixes -un, -non, -over -ir 16,6% and 30 data are suffixes -y, -ity, -er, -ion, -ly, -al, -ful, -ible -or with percentage 83,4%. Based on the result it can be concluded the derivational suffix is more dominant than the derivational prefixes found in the Jakarta Post newspaper
Keywords: derivation; Jakarta post Newspaper; prefix; suffix
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Malmîsanîj, Mehmet T., and Abdulwahab X. Mosa. "PREFIXES, SUFFIXES, AND INFIXESES IN KURMANJI (ZAZAKI) (Comparative descriptive study)." Humanities Journal of University of Zakho 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.26436/2017.5.2.401.
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This research "Prefixes, Suffixes, and Infixeses in Kurmanjki (Zazaki) is prepared on the basis of comparison to other dialects. The materials are taken from oral and written Kurmanjki resources. One of the aims of this research is to compare prefixes, suffixes, and infixeses of two Kurdish dialects, Kurmanjki and Kurmanji, their mutual and diffident sides to be shown. In the recent times, in Kurmanjki and Kurmanji, new terms and words are inflected. To inflect new words and terms, we should have knowledge about prefixes, suffixes, and infixeses. Another aim of this research is to know the characteristics of Kurmanjki's prefixes, suffixes, and infixeses, and to help inflecting oral words. In this research, several outcomes were shown in the conclusion. Key words, Kurmanjki, Kurmanji, Kurmanjki infixeses, Kurmanjki prefixes, Kurmanjki suffixes, Zazaki.
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Malmîsanîj, Mehmet T., and Abdulwahab X. Mosa. "PREFIXES, SUFFIXES, AND INFIXESES IN KURMANJI (ZAZAKI) (Comparative descriptive study)." Humanities Journal of University of Zakho 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 508–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2017.5.2.362.
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This research "Prefixes, Suffixes, and Infixeses in Kurmanjki (Zazaki) is prepared on the basis of comparison to other dialects. The materials are taken from oral and written Kurmanjki resources. One of the aims of this research is to compare prefixes, suffixes, and infixeses of two Kurdish dialects, Kurmanjki and Kurmanji, their mutual and diffident sides to be shown. In the recent times, in Kurmanjki and Kurmanji, new terms and words are inflected. To inflect new words and terms, we should have knowledge about prefixes, suffixes, and infixeses. Another aim of this research is to know the characteristics of Kurmanjki's prefixes, suffixes, and infixeses, and to help inflecting oral words. In this research, several outcomes were shown in the conclusion. Key words, Kurmanjki, Kurmanji, Kurmanjki infixeses, Kurmanjki prefixes, Kurmanjki suffixes, Zazaki.
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Fox, Robert Allen, and Ilse Lehiste. "Effect of Unstressed Affixes on Stress-Beat Location in Speech Production and Perception." Perceptual and Motor Skills 65, no. 1 (August 1987): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.65.1.35.
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The present study examined the influence of unstressed prefixes and suffixes upon the location of stress-beats in the production and perception of stressed CVC syllables. Analysis indicates that the addition of an unstressed suffix produces a small stress-beat shift, while the addition of an unstressed prefix produces a much larger shift in the opposite direction.
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Fitriana, Lady Agustin, Ali Mustopa, Muhammad Rifqi Firdaus, and Rizka Dahlia. "Application of the Finite State Automata (FSA) Method in Indonesian Stemming using the Nazief & Adriani Algorithm." SISTEMASI 13, no. 3 (May 13, 2024): 1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.32520/stmsi.v13i3.4038.
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Language is a communication tool commonly used in everyday life. Each country has a different language with predetermined rules. For instance, in the Indonesian language, there are approximately 35 official affixes mentioned in the Big Indonesian Dictionary. These affixes include prefixes (prefixes), infixes (insertions), suffixes (suffixes), and confixes (a combination of prefixes and suffixes). In Information Retrieval, there is a stemming process, which is the process of converting a word form into a base word or the process of transforming variant words into their base form. The theory of language and automata is the foundation of the computer science field that provides the basis for ideas and models of computer systems. In the implementation of the research, several stages were carried out, such as explaining the Nazief & Adriani stemming algorithm, finite state automata, creating pseudocode, and testing using a web-based system, resulting in affixed words becoming the correct base words with 20 affixed words. The results obtained from reading this web-based system, the base word "cinta" (love) used as a test yielded accurate results in accordance with the concept of the Nazief & Adriani stemming algorithm. There are some weaknesses in stemming from suffixes, and the solution is to perform stemming from the prefix position (Prefix).
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Berg, Thomas. "Locating affixes on the lexicon-grammar continuum." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 2, no. 1 (September 24, 2015): 150–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.2.1.08ber.
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This study seeks to determine the relative position of derivational affixes on the lexicon-grammar continuum in English. Its major claim is that the set of prefixes is rather more lexical and the set of suffixes rather more grammatical in nature. This hypothesis is supported by a battery of ten tests (nine linguistic and one psycholinguistic). All tests converge to the point where we can raise the possibility of a unified explanation. A theoretical account is offered which is grounded in both language structure and processing. It is erected on a temporal asymmetry between prefixes and suffixes and a logical (relational) asymmetry between stems and affixes. In conjunction with the immediacy-of-processing assumption, these asymmetries lead to a temporal precedence of (more) lexical over (more) grammatical material, hence the higher lexicalness of prefixes and the higher grammaticalness of suffixes. An extended focus on inflectional morphology locates inflectional suffixes at the grammatical end of the spectrum. Inflectional prefixes in languages other than English may find a place either between derivational prefixes and derivational suffixes or between derivational and inflectional suffixes.
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Andayani, Sri, Indra Tjahyadi, Hosnol Wafa, and Adi Sutrisno. "AFFIXES ANALYSIS OF SELOGUDIGAN DIALECT: AN ETHNOLINGUISTIC STUDY." LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 17, no. 2 (January 23, 2023): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/ling.v17i2.17712.
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This study aims to describe the patterns and kinds of the prefixes and suffixes of the Selogudigan dialect, a Javanese dialect used by the Selogudig society living in the Probolinggo district. The study is descriptive qualitative and uses a morphological approach to analyze the data, especially in affixation. An interview was done to collect and clarify the data. The interview is transcripted in a phonetical transcription by using IPA symbols. Based on the analysis, it is found that there are five significant prefixes and eight significant suffixes used in the Selogudigan dialect. The prefixes are {N-, i-, mən-, sə-, a-}. The prefix {N-} has allomorphs. They are {m-, n-, ŋ-, ɲ-, ŋə-}. The suffixes are {-i, -an, -ane, -ni, -ən, -nɔ, -ɔnɔ, -e}. The result of this study implies that the affixes which form the morphological pattern of Selogudig vocabularies are often pronounced not in a way the original affixes do. Not to mention, several affixes also change the word class of the root morpheme.
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Ariani, N. K. "DERIVATIONAL AND INFLECTIONAL PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES IN BATUSESA DIALECT OF BALINESE: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY." International Journal of Language and Literature 1, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/ijll.v1i1.9617.
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This study was designed in the form of descriptive qualitative study with the aim at describing the prefixes and suffixes in Batusesa Dialect of Balinese which belong to derivational and inflectional morpheme. The techniques used to collect the data were observation, recording and interview technique. In this study, there were three informants chosen. The results of this study show that there are four kinds of prefixes found in Batusesa Dialect, namely {n-}, {me-}, {pe-}, and {a-} and five kinds of suffixes namely {-ang}, {-nә}, {-in}, {-an} and {-ә}. There are three kinds of prefixes and one kind of suffixes which belong to derivational morpheme, namely {n-}, {me-}, {pe-}, and {-ang}. Moreover there are three kinds of inflectional prefixes namely {n-}, {me-}, and {a-} and four kinds of suffixes which belong to inflectional morpheme, namely {-nә}, {-in}, {-an} and {-ә}. There were some grammatical functions of prefixes and suffixes in Batusesa dialect of Balinese, namely affix forming verbal, affix forming nominal, affix forming numeral, affix forming adjective, and affix forming adverb, activizer and passivizer.
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Wibawa, Aji Prasetya, and Muhammad Nu’man Hakim. "STEMMING BAHASA JAWA MENGGUNAKAN DAMERAU LEVENSHTEIN DISTANCE (DLD)." JURNAL TEKNIK INFORMATIKA 14, no. 1 (September 6, 2021): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jti.v14i1.15010.
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Stemming is one of the essential stages of text mining. This process removes prefixes and suffixes to produce root words in a text. This study uses a string matching algorithm, namely Damerau Levenshtein Distance (DLD), to find the basic word forms of Javanese. Test data of 300 words that have a prefix, insertion, suffix, a combination of prefix and suffix, and word repetition. The results of this study indicate that the Damerau Levenshtein Distance (DLD) algorithm can be used for Stemming Javanese text with an accuracy value of 49.6%.
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Mountain, Lee. "Recurrent Prefixes, Roots, and Suffixes." Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 58, no. 7 (February 21, 2015): 561–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jaal.394.
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Shlonsky, Ur. "Rescaffolding the bundle in Afroasiatic inflection." Brill's Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 15, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 67–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-01501002.
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Abstract Person, number and gender features in the Afroasiatic verbal system are sometimes prefixes, sometimes suffixes and sometimes both. This paper attempts to derive the Tamazight and Hebrew systems using syntactic tools and eschewing postsyntactic or morphological linearization rules. My point of departure is that syntactic heads contain a single feature and that features can be assembled into bundles and placed to the left or to the right of a stem by syntactic movement alone. In the simplest case, a feature is prefixal when it is merged above the verbal stem and the verbal stem remains below it and is c-commanded by it and it is a suffix when the verbal stem moves above it. The often-complex combination of prefixes and suffixes in the languages studied arises from the combination of multiple steps of movement which can target the stem alone or a category it pied pipes or is pied piped by. Allomorphy is expressed in terms of selectional restrictions and an alternative to impoverishment is proposed to handle neutralization.
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Fadhila, Aulia Zahra. "ANALISIS AFIKSASI DALAM ALBUM “DEKADE” LAGU AFGAN." Jurnal Ilmiah Langue and Parole 4, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36057/jilp.v4i1.441.
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The research conducted was entitled "Affixation Analysis in the DEKADE Afgan Song Album". This research was conducted using qualitative methods. The data used in the study were taken from the lyrics of the Afgan song on the album "DEKADE" which is available on sites on the internet. The problem discussed was the use of affixes to Afgan's song lyrics in DEKADE's album. The results of the research conducted show that there are many uses of affixation in the lyrics of agu Afgan. There are 112 words that contain affixations in the Afgan song lyrics on the album. Of the 112 data found with affixes, suffixes had the highest percentage of usage. There were 69 data suffixes that were found, consisting of the suffixes kan-, -nya, -an, and -i. The suffix that is mostly found is kan-, while the suffix with the smallest frequency of occurrence is the suffix -an. Like suffixes, prefixes are also found in the lyrics of the song. The prefix found in 24 data consisted of tar, ber-, di-, mem-, and se-. Meanwhile, in the confixes of the song lyrics, there are 9 data consisting of performances and occasional data.
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Karpenko, L. B., and T. V. Dmitrieva. "Derivational peculiarities of the high style vocabulary in the lyrics of I.A. Brodsky and A.A. Tarkovsky." Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 29, no. 3 (October 24, 2023): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2023-29-3-114-120.
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The article is devoted to the word-formation features of high style vocabulary on the material of I.A. Brodsky’s and A.A. Tarkovsky poetry. The author shows the continuity of the poetic language of Brodsky and Tarkovsky with the heritage of Pushkin, and links lexical resources used by these poets with the corpus of Slavic words in the Russian literary language. The productivity of book word-formation type of nominative and objectifical names with abstract feature with suffixes -ость/- есть, -ство/-ество, lexical apophathisms, formed by prefix-suffixal method with prefixes без- and не-; the productivity of book-poetic verbal nouns with suffixes --ениj-/-ниj-, verbal derivatives of nouns with the suffix -тель; poets’ active use of participial forms. The conclusion is made about the commonality in the representation of stylistic synthesis by I.A. Brodsky and A.A. Tarkovsky. Along with the widely represented book vocabulary, their poetry reflects common and expressive vocabulary of colloquial style. Style synthesis testifies to the syncretism of the author’s perception of reality: subjective experience is combined with collective, value beginning.
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Schuh, Russell G. "Avatime noun classes and concord." Studies in African Linguistics 24, no. 2 (June 15, 1995): 123–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v24i2.107407.
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Avatime is one of 14 "Central-Togo" (or "Togo Remnant") languages, spoken in Ghana, Togo, and Benin. These languages differ from their nearest Kwa group relatives in that they have active systems of noun classes and concord. Avatime has 13 noun classes, each with a distinct nominal prefix. Prefixes (as well as most other affixes) agree in [ATR] vowel harmony with the host noun root. Some classes impose invariable low tone on the prefix while prefix tone of other classes may be any of three lexically determined tones. Definiteness is marked by a set of suffixes. The ultimate segmental shapes and tones of these suffixes depend on the interaction of the respective class prefix shapes and coalescence phenomena with stem final vowels. There are correlations between noun class and nominal semantics, and nominal derivation is done in part through class choice. A number of attributive modifiers show class concord with the head noun. In the variety of Avatime studied here, such concord is only though vocalic prefixes on attributive modifiers, not by full CV prefixes as is typical of Bantu languages. Some attributives also have "tonal concord", which is not class concord per se, but refers to the tone of the head noun's prefix. Not all attributive modifiers have overt concord marking.
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Nurulita, Dwi Hasna, Puspa Mirani Kadir, and NFN Wagiati. "Affixation in the Album Kalangkang by Nining Meida." SUAR BETANG 19, no. 1 (June 13, 2024): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/surbet.v19i1.14762.
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This research examines affixations in the album Kalangkang using qualitative methods. The data used was taken from the lyrics of Nining Meida's song on the album Kalangkang on the internet site. The results of the research show that from 110 data, 36 prefixes were found, namely the prefixes di-, ka-, mi-, nga-, pa-, nasal (n-, ng-, ny-) predominantly indicating adjectives, 6 data infixes, namely The infixes -um-, -ar-, -al-, predominantly indicate adjectives and plurals. There are 26 data suffixes, namely the suffixes -na, -an, -eun, which are often found in remake songs because the lyrics are in the form of sampirans, pantuns and old poetry, so the suffixes play an important role in adapting the rhyme. There are 24 affix combinations of data, namely prefix+infix, prefix+suffix predominantly indicating adjectives. The affixed and nasal reduplications of 12 data consisting of affixed dwipure, affixed dwipurwa, and affixed dwipurwa predominantly form verbs. There are typical characteristics of Sundanese affixations, including: The prefix ka- has the function of indicating adjectives and verbs and predominantly has an accidental meaning. Apart from that, infixes in Sundanese predominantly indicate plural numbers. The combination of the affix in Sundanese forms its own meaning, namely 'most', reduplication in Sundanese for example, dwipurwa with the affix is a partial repetition where the word being repeated is the first syllable of the word.AbstrakPenelitian ini mengkaji afiks dalam album Kalangkang dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif. Data yang digunakan diambil dari lirik lagu Nining Meida pada album Kalangkang pada situs internet. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari 110 data, ditemukan prefiks sebanyak 36 data yaitu prefiks di-, ka-, mi-, nga-, pa-, nasal (n-, ng-, ny-) didominasi menunjukkan kata sifat, Infiks sebanyak 6 data, yaitu infiks -um-, -ar-, -al-, didominasi menunjukkan kata sifat dan jamak. Sufiks sebanyak 26 data, yaitu sufiks -na, -an, -eun, banyak ditemukan dalam lagu remake karena liriknya berupa sampiran, pantun, dan puisi lama., sehingga sufiks berperan penting untuk menyesuaikan rima. Kombinasi afiks sebanyak 24 data, yaitu prefiks+infiks, prefiks+sufiks didominasi menunjukkan kata sifat. Reduplikasi berafiks dan bernasal sebanyak 12 data yang terdiri atas dwimurni berafiks, dwireka berafiks, dan dwipurwa berafiks didominasi membentuk kata kerja. Terdapat ciri khas afiksasi bahasa Sunda, di antaranya prefiks ka- memiliki fungsi menunjukkan adjektiva dan kata kerja dan didominasi memiliki makna ketidaksengajaan. Selain itu, infiks dalam bahasa Sunda didominasi jumlah jamak. Kombinasi afiks pang- + -na dalam bahasa Sunda membentuk makna tersendiri, yaitu ‘paling’, reduplikasi bahasa Sunda misalnya, dwipurwa berafiks merupakan pengulangan sebagian dan kata yang diulang merupakan suku kata pertama kata tersebut.
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Chairunnisa, Tsania, Dwi Anggraeni, Putri Marshanda, and Jumanto Jumanto. "Analysis of The Affixation Process in The Second Victory Novel by Morris West." Surakarta English and Literature Journal 7, no. 1 (April 7, 2024): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52429/selju.v7i1.209.
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This article has explored the affixation process in the novel The Second Victory by Morris West. Affixation is a morphological process where bound morphemes or affixes are added to create diverse forms of a word. In this study, the researchers analyzed the process of affixation in the novel. This process was researched to be a source of information for readers who want to learn the process of affixation through the explanation of the base word and its affixes. This research aimed to identify the affixes and suffixes present in the novel. The researchers chose Morris West’s The Second Victory because many of Morris West’s works are set in the 40s, which makes readers feel curious about the novel. The qualitative method within analyses of existing verbal data was employed in this research. The researchers found 104 data containing 15 prefixes and 89 suffixes, with a total presentation of 100%. In this novel, the prefix that dominated was RE- which means again to indicate repetition, while the suffix that dominated was -LY which is used to form an adjective from a noun. Using novels as a medium for learning is very effective, especially for people who like to read; therefore, the results of this study can be used to easily identify prefixes and suffixes both in terms of meaning and process in literary works.
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Carden, Julia R., Juan P. Barreyro, Juan Segui, and Virginia Jaichenco. "The fundamental role of position in affix identity." Mental Lexicon 14, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 357–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.19009.car.
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Abstract Previous research suggests that while free morpheme identification during visual word recognition is position-independent, suffixes are activated only when they occur after the stem. Surprisingly, prefix position coding has not yet been assessed. This point is important given that some experimental studies demonstrated clear processing differences between prefixes and suffixes. In this study we examined whether Spanish suffixes and prefixes are recognized independently of their position by adapting the Crepaldi, Rastle, and Davis’s (2010) experimental paradigm. We observed that morphologically structured nonwords in which the affix occurs in its typical position (e.g., curiosura, disgrave) are rejected more slowly and less accurately than their matched orthographic controls (e.g., curiosula, dusgrave). Crucially, such morpheme interference effect is completely absent when the morphemes are inverted (i.e., uracurios and gravedis are rejected as easily as ulacurios and gravedus). Our data provide strong support to the hypothesis that all affix processing is sensitive to position.
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Bril, Isabelle, Achraf Lassoued, and Michel de Rougemont. "A Statistical Model for Morphology Inspired by the Amis Language." International journal of Web & Semantic Technology 13, no. 02 (April 30, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijwest.2022.13201.
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We introduce a statistical model for analysing the morphology of natural languages based on their affixes. The model was inspired by the analysis of Amis, an Austronesian language with a rich morphology. As words contain a root and potential affixes, we associate three vectors with each word: one for the root, one for the prefixes, and one for the suffixes. The morphology captures semantic notions and we show how to approximately predict some of them, for example the type of simple sentences using prefixes and suffixes only. We then define a Sentence vector s associated with each sentence, built from the prefixes and suffixes of the sentence and show how to approximately predict a derivation tree in a grammar.
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Chandra, Yulie Neila. "Morfem Derivasional dalam Bahasa Mandarin." Paradigma, Jurnal Kajian Budaya 3, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17510/paradigma.v3i1.35.
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<p>Affixation is one of the process of morphological in Mandarin. Affixes are bound morphemes that are added to other morphemes to form larger units such as words, especially to form a compound word (成词 héchéng cí). Mandarin has two types of affixes: prefixes (precedes the morpheme) and suffixes (follows the morpheme). Prefixes are rare in Mandarin, such as {初chū-}, {第dì-}, {非fēi-}, {可kĕ-}, etc;while suffixes are more numerous, such as {儿-er}, {化 –huā}, {家 –jiā}, {们 –men}, {员 –yuán}, {者 –zhĕ}, {子-zi}, etc. In Mandarin, affix morphemes can also be divided into two functional categories, namely inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes, both refers two principal word formation processes: inflection and derivation. Although, Mandarin is not the inflection language, only prefix {初chū-} and suffix {们–men} are inflectional morphemes. Therefore, the derivation process is more productive in Mandarin. Derivational morphemes form new words by changing the meaning of the base (root) and the word class. In consequence, derivation in Mandarin may cause a change of word classes; such as nouns, verbs, and adjective, but generally form nouns.</p>
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Güldemann, Tom. "Head-initial meets head-final nominal suffixes in eastern a southern Bantu from a historical perspective." Studies in African Linguistics 28, no. 1 (June 1, 1999): 50–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v28i1.107378.
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Bantu languages in eastern and southern Africa possess nominal suffixes which serve to express locative relations or derive nominal stems. As these grammemes are final to their noun hosts, they are markedly distinct from canonic prefix morphology in Bantu nouns. Moreover, nominal syntagms are head-initial and canonic grammaticalization in this domain can be expected to yield prefixes. The elements under discussion are suffixes, yet they developed in Bantu from inherited nominal lexemes. Thus, they are unusual from a morphotactic viewpoint and cannot easily be accounted for by exclusively language-internal developments. For this reason, it is plausible to investigate the hypothesis that the nominal suffixes emerged due to interference from languages having a different grammatical structure. For this purpose, a sample of non-Bantu languages from the relevant geographic area in Africa is established and analyzed in order to test whether there are languages or entire groups with head-final and suffixing patterns that could have influenced the process of suffix emergence in Bantu.
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Kazlauskienė, Asta, and Gailius Raškinis. "The Structure of Morphemes of Lithuanian Verbs." Respectus Philologicus 23, no. 28 (April 25, 2013): 198–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2013.23.28.17.
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The aim of this research was to establish and describe the most important phonemic patterns of Lithuanian verb morphemes. The investigation was based on a corpus of 30,000 verb types (verbs and their forms). All words in the corpus were stressed and phonetically transcribed. A computer program was developed to extract statistics out of this corpus. The results indicate that monosyllabic morphemes dominate in Lithuanian. They comprise 97%, 99%, 98%, and 97% of all verb roots, prefixes, derivational suffixes, and endings respectively. Inflectional suffixes and the reflexive affix are exclusively monosyllabic. Pronominal inflection endings are either disyllabic (97%) or trisyllabic. There is a high variety of vowelconsonant patterns among verbs: the verb root is represented by 91 patterns, prefixes by 8 patterns, derivational suffixes by 18 patterns, inflectional suffixes by 7 patterns, inflectional endings by 9 patterns, endings of pronominal participles by 7 patterns, and the reflexive affix by 3 different patterns. The consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) pattern appeared to be the most frequent among verb roots (45%), the CV pattern was the most frequent among prefixes (59%), the VC pattern was the most frequent among derivational suffixes (46%), and V pattern was the most frequent among inflectional endings of Lithuanian verbs (76%). In many cases, the root of a verb contains both initial and final consonants (82%). Because of this and because of the tendency to avoid hiatus in Lithuanian, the root can be adjoined by vowel-final prefixes and vowel-initial suffixes or inflectional endings. This appears to be the case, as prefixes are mostly open (80%), and both derivational suffixes (90%) and all inflectional endings begin with vowels. Inflectional suffixes do not follow this regularity. Only one-third of them start with a vowel. The hypothesis that the phonemic structure of a verb root might determine the corresponding patterns of its adjoining affixes seems to be supported by this investigation.
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Trommer, Jochen. "Moraic prefixes and suffixes in Anywa." Lingua 140 (February 2014): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2013.11.003.
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Berg, Thomas. "The iconicity of possessive-affix position in Malayo-Polynesian." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 9, no. 1 (May 30, 2022): 31–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.00089.ber.
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Abstract Most languages which code possession morphologically do so by using either prefixes or suffixes. This study examines the minority of languages which employ both prefixes and suffixes in order to express the contrast between alienable and inalienable possession. The focus is on a possible interaction of affix order type and possession type. An analysis of a dozen Malayo-Polynesian languages (8 Eastern Malayo-Polynesian and 4 Central Malayo-Polynesian) reveals a surprisingly consistent pattern. Ten of these languages consistently associate prefixes with alienable possession and suffixes with inalienable possession. None of the 12 languages does it the other way around. This form-meaning relationship is argued to be iconically motivated. Suffixes are claimed to be more closely linked to their stems than prefixes are. This formal closeness mirrors the tighter relationship between possessor and possessum in inalienable than in alienable possession. Five languages make a three-way contrast among inalienable, intermediate and alienable possession. This suggests that the distinction between alienable and inalienable possession should be viewed as a continuum rather than a dichotomy. Individual languages may split up this continuum in different ways.
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Babar, Muhammad, Ghani Rahman, and Sadia Ashraf. "An Analysis of the Problems in Learning English Words through Words Formation Processes by Undergraduate Students at Hazara University." Global Social Sciences Review V, no. IV (December 30, 2020): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2020(v-iv).09.
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The present study analyzes the problems in learning English words through words formation processes by undergraduate students. The instrument of the test was used to collect data from one hundred seventeen undergraduate students selected through non-random convenient sampling. The findings of the study suggest that students had not acquired most of the English words through word-formation processes. The words formed through conversion, backformation, compounding and acronym were acquired less in number by students than the blending and abbreviation. The results show that undergraduate students had no significant difficulty in learning English common suffixes deriving English words as compared to the non-common ones. The common, occurring prefixes and suffixes forming new words were both difficult, but the suffixes were a bit more difficult than prefixes, while the non-common occurring prefixes and suffixes forming new words were both equally difficult for students. The idiomaticity of the words makes them difficult to learn.
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Mineeva, Z. I. "WORD-FORMING GROUP CHINA IN MODERN RUSSIAN." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 29, no. 6 (December 25, 2019): 942–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2019-29-6-942-952.
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The article deals with derivatives, directly or indirectly motivated by the noun China , being one word formation nest. Corpus analysis, as well as semantic and word formation analysis have been used. The research material includes encyclopedic and explanatory dictionaries of 21 century, the word-building dictionary, the Russian National Corpus, scientific and journalistic texts. The conclusion is that the words derived from the noun China include nouns, adjectives, adverb, verbs and are formed by affixes (prefixes, suffixes, prefixes-suffixes); by addition, including addition with affixoids, interfixes; by abbreviation and contamination; semantic derivation. The large number of derivatives are complex nouns, as well as names and nouns formed using prefixes and suffixes. In total there are 35 productive word-formation models, according to which more than 50 derivatives are formed from the word China.
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Kazlauskienė, Asta, and Jurgita Cvilikaitė-Mačiulskienė. "The structural patterns of Lithuanian affixes." Studies About Languages, no. 34 (June 3, 2019): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.0.34.21003.
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The aim of this research is to identify the main structural patterns of affixes of Lithuanian inflective words, their productivity and frequency. We present a survey of the structural diversity and productivity of these morphemes rendered in The Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian and in The Grammar of Modern Lithuanian. The frequency data was collected from The Database of the Morphemics of the Lithuanian Language. The morpheme analysis has revealed the following tendencies: 1) while prefixes are always monosyllabic, suffixes and flexions can vary from non-syllabic to trisyllabic, 2) within these morphemes, consonant clusters are not frequent. Prefixes in Lithuanian can have C0-2VC0-2 structure. The most productive and frequent pattern is C1V. Suffixes have structures C1-2, C0-2V(W)C0-3 and C0-1VC1-2VC0-2. The most productive are VC1 of nominal words and C1, VC0-1 verbal suffixes. In usage, VC1 suffixes of nominal words and V, C1 as well as VC1 verb patterns dominate. Flexions can have the following structures: C1, VC0-2, VC1VC0-1 or VC1VC1VC0-1. The most productive patterns are simple VC0-1, which also dominate the usage. The analysis has revealed the influence of a root on the structure of other morphemes. The most typical root structure C1-2VC1-2 entails a C1V structure prefix on the one side, while on the other - a suffix or a flexion with VC0-1 structure. The result of such combination is quite a consistent a consonant + a vowel + a consonant (+ a consonant) + a vowel + a consonant (+ a consonant) + a vowel (+ a consonant) chain: C1V + C1-2VC1-2 + VC0-1.
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Togano, Yuri. "A Word-Based Approach to the So-Called Category-Changing Usage of the English Derivational Prefix Out-." Languages 9, no. 5 (May 9, 2024): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages9050172.
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One of the traditional observations about English derivational morphology is that prefixes behave differently from suffixes and are rather close to lexemes. A word-based analysis of prefixes based on this observation has been proposed, but it faces a challenge raised by the seemingly category-changing property of the comparative verb-forming prefix out-. This study aims to solve this problem in a framework that enriches the traditional generative word-based morphology with the concept of the Abstract Lexical Unit. In analyzing data, I pay attention to the degree semantics of comparative out-prefixed verbs and show that the so-called “denominal or deadjectival” out-verbs are produced as hyponyms of already existing out-verbs with sparse semantics. A pseudonym experiment demonstrates that this type of out-verb has a number/rank/action comparative interpretation, and the nouns or adjectives that occupy the head position further specify the object that is counted. The problematic type is related to its base word via head replacement rather than concatenative affixation. Drawing on these new perspective and observations, this paper shows that the traditional finding about the status of English prefixes can be maintained in a word-based approach.
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Kudirka, Robertas. "Hybrid Verbs of English Origin with the Suffix -inti Lithuanian Jargon: Morphology and Adaptive Features." Lietuvių kalba, no. 16 (December 30, 2021): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2021.2.
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The article analyses 198 hybrid verbs of English origin with the suffix -inti and 187 prefix derivatives from the Lithuanian slang and non-standard dictionary. The study reveals that borrows with affixal adaptation are always adapted to the linguistic system, because there weren’t any borrowed verbs without Lithuanian affix detected: phonetically adapted borrowed verbs from English are rare and used as adverbs. A small part of the verbs has no basic words, they are morphologically adapted with the suffix -inti. Word borrowing can be semantically based on the new meanings, but a number of verbs can be interpreted as trendy variants of non-standard language. Most of the verbs with the suffix -inti has basic words. The adaptation of the new borrowings is directly related with the popular suffixes of the Lithuanian standard language. Slang lexicon tends to copy standart language models and integrate into Lithuanian language derivative paradigms. Slang prefixes derived from basic verbs with the suffix -inti are formed regularly, slang derivatives take over the prefixes of the standard language.
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Petrova, N. E. "Spelling of verbs with suffixes -ova-(-eva-)/-iva-(-yva-) in terms of grammatical aspect." Russian language at school 84, no. 4 (July 19, 2023): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2023-84-4-86-91.
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The article aims to reveal the relationship between the orthogram in the verbal suffixes -ova-(-eva-)/-iva- (-yva-) and aspectual varieties and inter-aspectual correlation of Russian verbs. Another objective is to provide additional recommendations for choosing the correct suffix spelling. The relevance of the topic is due to the challenge of fostering a culture of conscious literacy which the modern school faces. To examine the factual material, the research employed observation, morphemic and word-formation analysis, as well as comparative-contrastive analysis. The existing recommendations for selecting the correct spelling of the suffixes -ova-(-eva-)/-iva-(-yva-) are based on the formal relationship between verb stems. However, taking account of the fact that the suffixes under consideration can result in perfectivation and imperfectivation of verbs might help to resolve this spelling issue. The study does not include verbs with the stressed suffix -ova-(-eva), verbs with the morphs -irova-, -izirova- and the suffix -stvova- in the controversial cases as the variants *-iryva-, *-iziryva-, *-stvyva- are unacceptable. Perfective verbs, including bi-aspectual verbs, are also excluded since their structure cannot contain the suffix -iva-(-yva-). The article notes the following regularity: imperfective verbs with the suffix -ova-(-eva-) acquire the perfective aspectual meaning while performing the function of a derivational base. Verbs with the suffix -iva-(-yva-) acquire the imperfective aspectual meaning performing the function of a derived unit. The specific morphemic structure of derivational bases determined the absence of prefixes in imperfective verbs with the suffix -ova-(-eva-) and the regular presence of prefixes, including etymological ones, in verbs with the suffix -iva-(-yva-). Based on these patterns, the paper formulates additional recommendations for choosing the correct vowel in the suffixes -ova-(-eva-)/-iva-(-yva-). These guidelines could be useful in the practice of teaching the Russian language at school.
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Siregar, Fitri Rayani, and Novita Sari Siregar. "An Analysis of Derivational Affixes in Song." English Education : English Journal for Teaching and Learning 9, no. 01 (June 30, 2021): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24952/ee.v9i01.4102.
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This research discusses about derivational affixes in song lyrics. The researcher analyzed five songs in Harris Jung’s Salam album. The five songs are: Salam Alaikum, Good Life, Rasool’ Allah, I Promise, and My Hero. The kind of the research was library research. The researcher analyzed the data by using four steps, they are understanding (reading), identifying, classifying, and describing. The results of the research are there were two kinds of derivational affixes in Harris Jung’s Salam album in the five selected songs, they were derivational prefixes and derivational suffixes. The dominant of derivational affixes in Harris Jung’s Salam album in five selected songs were derivational suffixes with the total percantage 64% that are suffixes –ness (4), -y (1), -ful (1), -en (1), -ly (2) and then derivational prefixes with the total percantage 36% that are prefixes re- (2), un- (1), pro- (1), in- (1).
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Kutsak, Hanna. "The main trends in the word-formative adaptation of the latest borrowings to denote actions and states in the Ukrainian literary language of the 21 st century." Ukrainska mova, no. 2 (2024): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrmova2024.02.105.
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At the beginning of the 21 st century, especially in its second decade, foreign units were entering to the journalistic and scientific Ukrainian language so rapidly that linguists sometimes did not have time for objective reasons to evaluate their “quality” and the appropriateness of their use. The activation of borrowings caused a certain disorder: adaptation to the grammatical system of the Ukrainian language occurs unevenly, often with hesitation in word-formative adaptation. A significant number of new adapted borrowed lexemes are not yet in normative, general or industry dictionaries. The most verb lexemes appeared primarily in the field of information technology, quite a few verb lexemes appeared in the field of business, finance, psychology, cosmetology etc. Lexemes of the foreign languages (mostly from English, less often from German, French, Italian or other languages) such as verbs and nouns were adapted in Ukrainian using verb suffixes -ува-, -изува-/-ізува-. The dynamic entry of such words into modern Ukrainian has caused a multi- tude of ways of them adaptation. It is often difficult to determine whether a verb in the Ukrai- nian language has been formed from a foreign verb or noun. This indicates the ambiguous word-formation adaptation of the analyzed verbs. The verb suffix -и- also proved to be productive in adaptation of the new borrowings. The verbs formed with it have common root corre- lates among foreign verbs and nouns. We observe hesitation in the word-formative adaptation of some verbs. It is indicates by the availability of common root variants with suffixes -ува– and -и-. Derivatives that have replenished the stock of reflexive verbs have been formed from some of the analyzed lexemes either with the help of the postfix -ся, or this postfix and the suffix -и-. Among the prefixes which found in borrowed verb lexemes, the prefix ре- is regularly used and the prefix де- is somewhat less used. In enriching the lexicon of the Ukrainian language with borrowings, there are many cases of simultaneous adaptation to modern Ukrainian of related verb structures: with a prefix and without it. Sometimes it is difficult to establish the direction of derivation. Common root lexemes could have entered modern Ukrainian directly from English or another language with a prefix or have been formed with a prefix from verbs adapted in a suffixal way. The second stage of word-formative adaptation of borrowings shows that derivatives have been formed from many verb bases adapted in modern Ukrainian using proper Ukrainian productive word-forming prefixes зà-, з-(с-), нà-, роз-, по-, про-, пере-, which express the word-formative semantics usual for them. Unmotivated, groundless oversaturation of modern Ukrainian literary language with borrowed lexemes, word-formative formants, etc., uncontrolled using of such units lead to the leveling of national features of the Ukrainian language. This problem prompts a rethinking of ways to replenish the terminological systems of various branches of science with new borrowed language units and this problem prompts to a more critical usage of criteria for adaptation of foreign lexemes. Keywords: borrowings to denote actions and states, word-formative adaptation, proper Ukrainian word-forming verb suffixes, proper Ukrainian word-forming verb prefixes, foreign languages bases.
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Dmitrieva, Olga, and Dariya Orlova. "Trends in Neologization of Verbal Vocabulary in the Old Russian Language (15th – 17th Centuries)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 6 (February 2024): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2023.6.7.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the problem of neologization of the semantic and word-formation subsystem of Russian verbs. The trends of this process are determined in relation to the Old Russian language of the 15 th – 17 th centuries. The main object of study is suffixal verbal neologisms formed during a given period in language development according to traditional and new word-formation models. The peculiarities of verbal neologisms formation with prefixes are described using the material of derived verbs with prefixed formants do-, po-, ot- and za-. Particular attention is paid to the issue of confixation, which, as a regular method of word building, begins to take shape in the Old Russian language. The material for the analysis was comprised of the data from the "Dictionary of the Russian Language of the 11 th – 17 th centuries". The application of a complex semantic and word-formation, as well as functional-semantic methodology for analyzing linguistic material has enabled the authors to identify trends in neologization of Old Russian verbal vocabulary: active formation of evolutive verbs and verbs with general semantics of activity and behaviour, the formation of new types of derivatives with the suffixes -irova-, -izirova-, -nicha-, regular occurrence in the language system of verbs, which denote particular types of verbal action, characterized by prefixes. It is shown that confixal derivatives appear as correlatives with the prefixal ones, and that these models can correlate and compete.
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Kandel, Sonia, Elsa Spinelli, Annie Tremblay, Helena Guerassimovitch, and Carlos J. Álvarez. "Processing prefixes and suffixes in handwriting production." Acta Psychologica 140, no. 3 (July 2012): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.04.005.
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Le, Nhat, Matthew Wiley, Antonio Loza, Vagelis Hristidis, and Robert El-Kareh. "Prediction of Medical Concepts in Electronic Health Records: Similar Patient Analysis." JMIR Medical Informatics 8, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): e16008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/16008.
Full textAbstract:
Background Medicine 2.0—the adoption of Web 2.0 technologies such as social networks in health care—creates the need for apps that can find other patients with similar experiences and health conditions based on a patient’s electronic health record (EHR). Concurrently, there is an increasing number of longitudinal EHR data sets with rich information, which are essential to fulfill this need. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the hypothesis that we can leverage similar EHRs to predict possible future medical concepts (eg, disorders) from a patient’s EHR. Methods We represented patients’ EHRs using time-based prefixes and suffixes, where each prefix or suffix is a set of medical concepts from a medical ontology. We compared the prefixes of other patients in the collection with the state of the current patient using various interpatient distance measures. The set of similar prefixes yields a set of suffixes, which we used to determine probable future concepts for the current patient’s EHR. Results We evaluated our methods on the Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care II data set of patients, where we achieved precision up to 56.1% and recall up to 69.5%. For a limited set of clinically interesting concepts, specifically a set of procedures, we found that 86.9% (353/406) of the true-positives are clinically useful, that is, these procedures were actually performed later on the patient, and only 4.7% (19/406) of true-positives were completely irrelevant. Conclusions These initial results indicate that predicting patients’ future medical concepts is feasible. Effectively predicting medical concepts can have several applications, such as managing resources in a hospital.