Academic literature on the topic 'Sufi chants'

Abstract Sound control policies already had a long history in the French-controlled settlements of the Senegalese coast by the time the prefect of Dakar issued a decree in 1953 prohibiting the use of loudspeakers on public roads and in the open-air courtyards of private residences. Such policies aimed at silencing the nighttime recitation of poems known in the Wolof language of Senegambia as xasida (and referred to by French administrators as chants religieux). Derived from the Arabic term for “ode” (qaṣīda), such poems formed a key component of the liturgy of Senegal's expanding Sufi orders. In this same period, the first Senegalese-owned printing presses began disseminating xasida in printed form more widely than ever, and at times against the wishes of the leadership of the Muridiyya, one of Senegal's leading sufi orders. By highlighting the intertwined nature of print, public recitation, and sound control in midcentury Senegal, this article seeks to illuminate the institutional and political contexts that shaped the production and reception of specific genres of Islamic scholarship in the late colonial period.

В данной статье автор на основе сведений из более чем двадцати еще не исследованных средневековых суфийских трактатов, посвященных проблеме слушания музыки (тадж – самоъ) и влияния религиозных воззрений на процесс формирования жанров традиционной музыки (на'т, муноджот, сувора, айдым, ат-чапар и других), рассматривает вопросы, связанные с поиском исторических и социальных корней взаимовлияния художественно-эстетических и религиозных мировоззрений. Главный акцент автор делает на раскрытие уникальных свойств ряда популярных еще в доисламский период жанров песнопений, которые впоследствии под влиянием суфийских воззрений подверглись функциональной трансформации, сохраняя при этом первозданный музыкальный облик. Наличие огромного объема информации по данному вопросу в музыкальных и суфийских трактатах свидетельствуют о том, что данный вопрос всегда находился в центре внимания выдающихся авторитетов науки и искусства. In this article, the author, based on information from more than twenty medieval Sufi treatises that have not yet been studied, devoted to the problem of listening to music (Samo’) and the influence of religious views on the process of formation of genres of traditional music (Na’t, Munojot, Suvora, Aydim, At-Chapar, etc.), examines issues related to the search for historical and social the roots of the mutual influence of artistic, aesthetic and religious worldviews. The author places the main emphasis on revealing the unique properties of a number of popular genres of chants in the pre-Islamic period, which subsequently underwent a functional transformation under the influence of Sufi views, while preserving their original musical appearance. The presence of a huge amount of information on this issue in musical and Sufi treatises indicates that this issue has always been in the focus of attention of outstanding authorities of science and art.

The relevance of the study of the ancient musical and poetic genre munajat is due to the revival of interest in the folklore of the Tatars in the context of world Islamic culture. The images and symbols permeating the texts of these chants are difficult for modern understanding. A brief review of world examples of munajat in the work of professional poets and in folk art is made. The main feature of the munajat genre is the ability to offer a prayer to the Almighty in the native language. The article contains a hermeneutical analysis of some fragments of Persian and Tatar munajats. Common Muslim, Sufi ritual and esoteric symbols were found in their texts. The materials of the article will be useful to the leaders of vocal groups, teachers of folklore disciplines and all those interested in the Islamic culture of the Middle Ages.

A. K. Coomaraswamy writes in The Dance of Shiva that Nataraja, the Hindu dancing figure, is the “clearest image of the activity of God which any art or religion can boast of.” Nataraja's dance activates dormant vital energy (kundalini) and resonates with the primordial sacred seed sounds (bijas) of the cosmos. Sanskrit seed sounds such as Aum are described in the Katha Upanishads as “consciousness or God (Brahman) itself.” In his book, Healing Mantras, Ashley-Farrand writes that the practice of mantra brings about positive changes in matter and consciousness by the agency of a subtle vibration. Cyndi Dale in The Subtle Body correlates each note of the ancient Solfeggio scale used in Gregorian chants to the energy centers (chakras) in the body. Sacred sounds are recited in Buddhist chants, Jewish hymns (Zemirot), and the dances of Sufi whirling dervishes, among other traditions. The dancer, through mastery of breath, form, and heightened awareness of sound, possesses the potential to “ride” on the crests of musical waves of sacred sound and harmoniously vibrate with wavelike patterns of energy or “cosmic strings,” identified in quantum physics as the essence of matter, and thereby facilitate healing and self-integration. However, in mainstream dance practice and research, sound/movement spiritual practices are largely relegated to the separate category of “new age,” dance therapy, or yoga. This performative paper discusses how the integration of the mindful use of sacred sound in contemporary dance training has profound implications for expanding consciousness, heightening creativity, and enhancing physical capabilities.

AbstractThis article charts several historical paths, hitherto underexplored, through the Hindi or ‘Indian’ Sufi lodges of the Ottoman empire. Focusing on the ‘long eighteenth century (circa1695–1808)’, it tracks their remarkable ascendance as an institutional network for mobile and migrant Indian Sufi pilgrims. From Istanbul to the provinces, the article demonstrates how Naqshbandis and Qadiris on the Hajj circuit drew on local channels of social communications, legal petitioning strategies, and state and inter-state linkages to forge unique identities as ‘trans-imperial subjects’ in an age of decentralization in the Ottoman world. I argue that central to their social success was the creation of new corporate regimes of itinerant piety. But first, I place the little-known lodges at the heart of a specific shift in early modern attitudes to identity, as the story behind ‘Hindi’ beckons wider inquiry into emergent differences among Sufi pilgrims in the Ottoman empire.

Abstract A Hindu samādhi is a shrine that marks the final resting-place of a realised guru’s body and reflects the traditional understanding that the realised sage’s perfected body should not be cremated but rather should be preserved as a localised instantiation of sacred power. While some scholars speculate that the Hindu samādhi shrine tradition is borrowed from the Sufi dargāh (tomb-shrine) tradition, I argue that the Hindu samādhi burial practice has pre-dargāh roots resonant with the Buddhist stūpa and relic worship tradition. This article charts the development of this samādhi burial practice in regard to three important considerations: the act of taking samādhi, burying the body, and marking the burial site. It is this long-established burial practice that eventually blossoms into a full-fledged worship tradition in part by coming into contact with the Sufi dargāh tradition.

Penelitian telah dilaksanakan di Desa Suai, Kecamatan Malaka Tengah, Kabupaten Malaka selama 2 bulan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh tepung biji pepaya terhadap pertumbuhan dan kelulushidupan ikan bandeng (Chanos chanos). Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan yaitu, tepung biji pepaya 10%, 15%, 20% dan 25% pada pakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari penggunaan tepung biji pepaya 25% meningkatkan pertumbuhan berat mutlak sebesar 32,61 gram, laju pertumbuhan spesifik harian sebesar 3,65%, dan persentase kelulushidupan sebesar 100,00%. ANOVA menunjukkan bahwa pemberian tepung biji pepaya muda berpengaruh nyata (P<0,05) pada pertumbuhan berat mutlak, laju pertumbuhan spesifik harian, dan persentase kelulushidupan ikan bandeng. Kata kunci: Ikan bandeng, pakan komersial, tepung biji pepaya

Depuis la promulgation de la Constitution du la sainte liturgie en décembre 1963, lors du Concile de Vatican II, la musique liturgique a subi des transformations qui comptent parmi les plus importantes de l’histoire du catholicisme. Au Québec, les changements ont été d’autant plus marqués qu’ils ont coïncidé avec les bouleversements de la Révolution tranquille. Dans cet article, l’auteur propose une réflexion en plusieurs volets sur ces changements, en partant d’abord de deux courants musico-liturgiques qui prévalaient dans les années 1950, et qui sont symbolisés par le Motu proprio de Pie X et le recueil des 300 cantiques. Il procède ensuite à une périodisation des différentes phases de développement du chant post-conciliaire. C’est à la lumière de ces considérations que l’on peut faire une relecture objective de l’article lapidaire rédigé par Pierre Lapalme, au sujet de la musique choisie lors de la visite du pape au Canada en 1984. Ultimement, cette réflexion soulève la question de l’essence du chant liturgique : est-il aussi immuable que le laissait croire le Motu proprio en 1903 ?

Questa tesi e’ composta da cinque articoli sui temi dell’innovazione, diffusione e adozione di tecnologie energetiche efficienti. Il primo capitolo presenta una rassegna della letteratura empirica sulle dinamiche del cambiamento tecnologico in campo ambientale. Il secondo capitolo studia le piu’ importanti determinanti del flusso di conoscenza. Il terzo capitolo identifica le maggiori determinanti di domanda e offerta dell’innovazione, con particolare attenzione al ruolo della conoscenza internazionale. I risultati presentati mostrano come gli spillover di conoscenza favoriscano ulteriori innovazioni. I capitoli quarto e quinto studiano il settore di produzione dell’energia elettrica. Il capitolo quarto presenta un database di brevetti in technologie energetiche efficienti. Il capitolo quinto studia le determinanti dell’efficienza energetica nella produzione di energia elettrica da fonti fossili, con particolare attenzione al ruolo della tecnologia.
This dissertation is a collection of essays on innovation, diffusion and adoption of energy technologies. Chapter 1 presents a state-of-the art review of empirical contributions on TC dynamics as applied to eco-innovation. Chapter 2 explores the main determinants of knowledge flows and how they favor or hinder the flow of knowledge across border. Both geographical and technological distance hinder the flow of eco-knowledge. Chapter 3 identifies the main demand and supply-side determinants of innovation, with particular attention to the role of foreign knowledge. I point to the importance of knowledge spillovers in fostering further eco-innovation, especially in countries with medium to low innovative abilities. Chapters 4 and 5 focus on TC in the electricity sector, a main contributor to GHG emissions. In Chapter 4 presents the data selection process used to identify patents in efficient fossil electricity technologies and provides a worldwide analysis of innovation trends in these technologies. Chapter 5 studies the evolution of energy efficiency in fossil-fuel based electricity production, devoting particular attention to the contribution of knowledge to production efficiency.

Questa tesi e’ composta da cinque articoli sui temi dell’innovazione, diffusione e adozione di tecnologie energetiche efficienti. Il primo capitolo presenta una rassegna della letteratura empirica sulle dinamiche del cambiamento tecnologico in campo ambientale. Il secondo capitolo studia le piu’ importanti determinanti del flusso di conoscenza. Il terzo capitolo identifica le maggiori determinanti di domanda e offerta dell’innovazione, con particolare attenzione al ruolo della conoscenza internazionale. I risultati presentati mostrano come gli spillover di conoscenza favoriscano ulteriori innovazioni. I capitoli quarto e quinto studiano il settore di produzione dell’energia elettrica. Il capitolo quarto presenta un database di brevetti in technologie energetiche efficienti. Il capitolo quinto studia le determinanti dell’efficienza energetica nella produzione di energia elettrica da fonti fossili, con particolare attenzione al ruolo della tecnologia.
This dissertation is a collection of essays on innovation, diffusion and adoption of energy technologies. Chapter 1 presents a state-of-the art review of empirical contributions on TC dynamics as applied to eco-innovation. Chapter 2 explores the main determinants of knowledge flows and how they favor or hinder the flow of knowledge across border. Both geographical and technological distance hinder the flow of eco-knowledge. Chapter 3 identifies the main demand and supply-side determinants of innovation, with particular attention to the role of foreign knowledge. I point to the importance of knowledge spillovers in fostering further eco-innovation, especially in countries with medium to low innovative abilities. Chapters 4 and 5 focus on TC in the electricity sector, a main contributor to GHG emissions. In Chapter 4 presents the data selection process used to identify patents in efficient fossil electricity technologies and provides a worldwide analysis of innovation trends in these technologies. Chapter 5 studies the evolution of energy efficiency in fossil-fuel based electricity production, devoting particular attention to the contribution of knowledge to production efficiency.

Mediterranean coralligenous habitats are biogenic reefs characterised by high species diversity and built mainly by encrusting calcareous red algae, growing in dim light conditions. The global climate change and several human activities may threaten species living in these habitats, especially some of those that are considered particularly relevant in structuring and in maintaining the complexity and diversity of the benthic assemblages. Among them, the red gorgonian, Paramuricea clavata (Risso, 1826), which can form dense populations, in the last decades showed worrying mass mortality events. Understand the role of this “animal forests” in the coralligenous assemblages is of fundamental importance in order to design appropriate monitoring programs and conservation policies, especially in the marine protected areas. For this purpose, benthic assemblages were studied in presence and absence of red gorgonians at two sites at the Tremiti islands. Overall, the benthic assemblages significantly differed among sites, nevertheless in both places, clear differences between assemblages associated and not associated to the gorgonian forests were found. In particular, encrusting corallinered algae were significantly more abundant in the gorgonian understories at both sites. This result indicates that the gorgonians may promote the development of calcareous algae, which are the main builders of the coralligenous habitats. Moreover species diversity resulted higher in the assemblages associated to the gorgonians. The present study highlights the role of Paramuricea clavata as a relevant ecosystem engineer in the coralligenous habitats.

Scientific and technological causes and consequences of climate change (CC) are getting more important in the general debate agenda (Ford, 2008) especially after the crucial tipping point represented by the year 2007, when it has become a matter of concern and urgency for the public, as most of the surveys on this issue show (Eurobarometer, 2009, Carvahlo, 2008). Indeed, given that the challenge of global CC demands a large effort by the scientific community and policy makers to provide the public with the best information possible, it is important to establish and sustain a genuine sharing of understanding between science and society (Funtowitcz 1993, Carvalho 2008, Felt and Fochler, 2008). My focus in this process is well founded in the relationship between science and its non-expert publics in the Italian context, focusing on the topic of responsibility, as it is indeed a central issue in the communication of the theme and the constitution of policy making. Under the theoretical frame of the process sociology (Elias, 1970) and of the socio-semiotic paradigm (Greimas, 1979, Landowsky, 1989) as a heuristic method of investigation, my analysis is based on two main complementary parts: on the one side, a qualitative research phase with selected publics and, on the other, a media analysis of tv news. The research is built on the European project R.A.C.E.S. (Raising Awareness on Climate Change and Energy Saving, www.liferaces.eu), during which 15 focus groups in five different cities all along Italy were carried out (Trento, Modena, Firenze, Potenza and Bari) with three different publics: teachers, family representatives (householders) and stakeholders (administrators, NGO leaders, service suppliers). The main themes explored referred to the significance of climate change, the most important local issues on climate change, the sources of information and the communication issue. Out of the European project, two additional focus groups were carried out after the COP15 event (in February 2010) in order to focus on the theme of responsibility as central for the communication process. The second and complementary part of the research is the analysis of a sample of TV news during the COP15 conference. The sample comprises the whole monitoring of the prime time TV news of 6 Italian free channels (out of 7), 1 week before and 1 week after the Copenhagen conference (altogether a period of 4 weeks). I collected a total of 80 items, many of which are redundant in material, using the same film report. The research design, the analysis and the results answer to a double necessity: • that of carrying on empirical studies in order to describe the way how phenomena are represented, perceived and discussed by the publics and how they can produce effects on the local communities (Pellizzoni e Ylönen, 2008). It can become important on the strategic level, and potentially asks retro-action on the management of the environmental issue. • that of providing a better understanding of the Italian situation in its geographical and cultural complexity, in front of a growing uncertainty. My assumption is that the actual phenomenon of climate change is not the central issue when talking about the perception of it. As already stated by different scholars, talking about climate change is to pose the environmental issues as a central societal issue. The environmental crisis manifests itself inextricable entangled with the (bad) use of natural resources and current representations of individual and social wellness. This means to talk about the quality of life, the policymaking, or management of environments (cities, industries, countryside, vacations sites, etc.). Results show how different is the perception of the topic of responsibility along Italy, with a more consistent habit to pay attention to the environmental issues and to assume an individual responsibility towards them in the North in the South of the country. In terms of communicative findings, starting from the local issues and from the values carried when talking about responsibility and climate change appear as the most effective starting points to arise the interest and the awareness of the lay public. Indeed, the environmental issues represent a fertile field in observing citizens participating in the dialogue between techno-science and society. Given that environment potentially overcome social classes, cultures and habits and influences the everyday quality of life, it seems obvious that there should be more voices involved in decisional processes, de-monopolizing the expert competence and developing a technological, cosmopolitan citizenship.

Le organizzazioni sono sempre più spinte verso una competitività globale alla continua ricerca della qualità e dell'eccellenza, del continuo cambiamento e dell'innovazione. L’efficacia del cambiamento organizzativo, cruciale per la competitività, dipende sempre più dalla capacità delle organizzazioni di supportare, sostenere attivamente i lavoratori durante il processo di cambiamento (Armenakis & Bedeian, 1999). Vi è la convinzione che l'esperienza psicologica delle persone può influenzare notevolmente l’efficacia dell’attuazione delle iniziative di cambiamento (Herold, Fedor, & Caldwell, 2007). Negli ultimi dieci anni, la ricerca si è spostata da un livello prevalentemente macro (a livello di sistema) ad un livello micro (individuale) al fine di comprendere meglio il ruolo dei fattori individuali nel facilitare o nell’ostacolare i processi di cambiamento (Vakola & Nikolaou, 2005). Acquisire conoscenze più approfondite sui singoli fattori che influenzano il cambiamento è essenziale per costruire strategie che garantiscano il coinvolgimento delle persone durante il cambiamento e ne prevengano il suo potenziale fallimento. Ad oggi poche ricerche sono state svolte per esaminare gli effetti dei cambiamenti organizzativi all’interno dell’ambiente di lavoro infermieristico. La ricerca-azione è ritenuta una forma di ricerca efficace per realizzare cambiamenti organizzativi nei sistemi sanitari (Elsey & Lathlean, 2006; Hampshire, 2000). Tale efficacia è stata attribuita alle caratteristiche intrinseche della ricerca-azione che sono state identificate anche nella letteratura sul cambiamento organizzativo e considerate condizioni importanti per realizzare il cambiamento: la partecipazione e la democrazia. La tesi descrive una ricerca-azione con disegno longitudinale volta ad accompagnare e orientare, dal punto di vista dei modelli d’assistenza centrati sul paziente, il cambiamento nei modelli e processi lavorativi di due unità operative chirurgiche di un ospedale provinciale di secondo livello del Nord Italia. In particolare si propone di ricercare, valutare e monitorare il processo di cambiamento: • sugli operatori sanitari (medici, infermieri e operatori sociosanitari) alcuni fattori individuali (atteggiamenti, percezioni e comportamenti), del clima di gruppo, di collaborazione e del supporto sul piano organizzativo al fine di migliorare l’aderenza ai processi innovativi; • su alcuni processi assistenziali (preparazione preoperatoria, educazione al paziente, dimissione dall’ospedale); • sui pazienti in termini di continuità, sicurezza, qualità dell’assistenza e soddisfazione. La ricerca ha avuto una durata di 30 mesi (maggio 2011 - ottobre 2013). I dati sono stati rilevati all’inizio della riorganizzazione (tempo 1), durante il cambiamento attraverso l’utilizzo di un diario per monitorarlo e ad un anno e mezzo dalla riorganizzazione (tempo 2). Per raccogliere i dati sono stati utilizzati sia metodi quantitativi attraverso l’utilizzo di un questionario strutturato agli operatori sanitari e ai pazienti sia metodi qualitativi attraverso l’intervista semistrutturata, il focus group, l’osservazione sul campo. Attraverso la somministrazione di due questionari e l’esecuzione di focus group si è cercato di cogliere l’insieme di percezioni e aspettative condivise dagli operatori sanitari, il cui contenuto riflette sensazioni, vissuti, stati d’animo presenti sul lavoro, nelle relazioni tra organizzazione e operatori sanitari coinvolti in un processo di cambiamento organizzativo. Sono state individuate le variabili individuali e di relazione individuo/organizzazione più significative che in precedenti ricerche hanno dimostrato di influenzare i processi di cambiamento organizzativo. Le misure erano per la maggior parte tradotte e adattate/validate in lingua italiana in precedenti ricerche; alcune sono state costruite ad hoc per ottenere specifiche informazioni sulla qualità del lavoro della professione infermieristica. Allo scopo di valutare il cambiamento su alcuni processi assistenziali è stata condotta un’osservazione dei processi lavorativi quotidiani utilizzando la tecnica dello shadowing ed è stato eseguito uno studio descrittivo sulla complessità del processo di gestione dei farmaci nel contesto chirurgico. Vengono riportate inoltre due indagini eseguite sui pazienti, attraverso la somministrazione di due questionari, che avevano lo scopo di rilevare il loro livello di soddisfazione percepita rispetto all’assistenza ricevuta durante la degenza e la loro percezione rispetto alle informazioni ricevute durante la degenza ospedaliera e in preparazione alla dimissione. Attraverso l’osservazione consecutiva per una settimana di un campione di pazienti e operatori nelle due chirurgie sono state riportate le dimensioni clinico-assistenziali di stabilità/instabilità, di autocura, di dipendenza dei pazienti degenti in chirurgia con la finalità di descrivere l’impegno assistenziale richiesto per pianificare azioni a sostegno dello sviluppo di competenze e strumenti in grado di migliorare la risposta assistenziale. Dalla ricerca-azione è emerso che gli operatori sanitari che si sentono supportati dall’organizzazione percepiscono una migliore qualità dell’assistenza, se supportati dal coordinatore durante il cambiamento percepiscono inoltre una miglior adeguatezza dell’assistenza e si sentono meno preoccupati per il futuro. Una buona comunicazione aumenta le aspettative delle persone sia legate ai benefici individuali che organizzativi e diminuisce le preoccupazioni sulle modalità di gestione del cambiamento. Alla seconda rilevazione gli operatori sanitari percepiscono un livello più alto di qualità e di adeguatezza dell’assistenza fornita ai pazienti. Ritengono di avere tempo a sufficienza per discutere le problematiche sull’assistenza al paziente e di offrire un’assistenza adeguata alle necessità dei pazienti. Anche la collaborazione tra figure professionali diverse viene percepita con un punteggio medio più elevato. I professionisti sanitari che percepiscono autonomia nella programmazione del lavoro, nel metodo di lavoro e nella presa di decisioni (misurata al tempo 1) sono più propensi a generare nuove e utili idee, soluzioni per risolvere questioni difficili (tempo 2). Gli operatori che sono preoccupati di non riuscire a cogliere la natura del cambiamento, di non comprenderne gli obiettivi (tempo 1) assumono in misura minore comportamenti proattivi come proporre suggerimenti per migliorare l’efficacia e l’efficienza del reparto, le prestazioni (tempo 2). La ricerca-azione ha inoltre conseguito i seguenti obiettivi: • garantire regia e continuità nel percorso del paziente dalla preparazione preoperatoria fino alla dimissione; • contribuire a valutare la complessità assistenziale dei pazienti chirurgici attraverso la messa a punto di un set di criteri appropriati e sintetici; • uniformare l’equipe assistenziale sulla scelta di interventi di assistenza chirurgica basati sulle raccomandazioni delle linee guida e condivise all’interno del Dipartimento Chirurgico; • migliorare il confronto e l’integrazione interprofessionale attraverso la costruzione condivisa di percorsi clinico assistenziali per interventi chirurgici di elevata complessità; • uniformare gli interventi educativi attraverso la predisposizione di percorsi condivisi rispetto a problemi e bisogni informativi rilevati dai pazienti e dall’equipe medico infermieristica; • scegliere il primary nursing quale modello di erogazione dell’assistenza al letto del paziente, attraverso un processo di condivisione considerandolo il più adatto alla peculiarità del contesto e capace di migliorare la sicurezza e la qualità dell’assistenza e allo stesso tempo la responsabilizzazione e la soddisfazione degli infermieri. L’attività di ricerca, caratterizzandosi come ricerca-azione, ha mantenuto in tutte le fasi uno stretto collegamento tra ricercatori e operatori sanitari coinvolti. Le conoscenze acquisite durante lo studio si sono tradotte in uno sviluppo delle competenze assistenziali, in un miglioramento delle relazioni tra operatori dell’equipe e in un perfezionamento dei processi organizzativi che all’inizio dello studio erano stati diagnosticati come critici.
Organizations are increasingly pushed toward global competitiveness, the pursuit of quality and excellence, continuous change and innovation. The effectiveness of organizational change, which is crucial for competitiveness, increasingly depends on the ability of the organizations to actively support the workers during the process of change (Armenakis & Bedeian, 1999). There is the belief that the psychological experience of people can greatly affect the effectiveness of the implementation of change initiatives (Herold, Fedor, & Caldwell, 2007). Over the past decade, research has shifted from a predominantly macro-level (system level) to a micro level (individual) in order to better understand the role of individual factors in facilitating or hindering the processes of change (Vakola & Nikolaou, 2005). Acquiring deeper knowledge about the individual factors that affect the change is essential to build strategies that ensure the involvement of people during the change and prevent its potential failure. To date, little research has been conducted to examine the effects of organizational change within the nursing work environment. Action research is considered a form of effective research to achieve organizational change in health care systems (Elsey & Lathlean, 2006; Hampshire, 2000). This effectiveness has been attributed to the intrinsic characteristics of action research that have also been identified in the literature on organizational change and are considered important conditions for implementing change: participation and democracy. My thesis describes a longitudinal action research project intended to accompany and guide, from the point of view of the patient-centered models of care, the change in working patterns and processes of two surgical units of a second-level provincial hospital of Northern Italy. In particular, it aims to seek, evaluate and monitor the process of change: • on health care professionals (doctors, nurses and community health workers), some individual factors (attitudes, perceptions and behaviors), the group environment, collaboration and support at the organizational level in order to improve adherence to innovative processes; • on some processes of care (preoperative preparation, patient education, hospital discharge); • on patients in terms of continuity, safety, quality of care and satisfaction. The research lasted 30 months (May 2011 - October 2013). The data were collected at the beginning of the reorganization (time 1), during the change, through the use of a diary to monitor it, and a year and a half after the reorganization (time 2). To collect the data, I used both quantitative methods, through the use of a structured questionnaire for health care professionals and patients, and qualitative methods, through semi-structured interviews, focus groups and observation in the field. Using two questionnaires and running focus groups, I have tried to capture the set of perceptions and expectations shared by health care professionals, whose content reflects feelings, experiences, states of mind on the job, in the relations between the organization and the health care providers involved in a process of organizational change. I have identified the most significant individual variables and those concerning the relation individual/organization, which in the previous research have shown to influence the processes of organizational change. The measures were for the most part translated and adapted/validated in Italian in previous research; some have been created ad hoc to obtain specific information on the quality of the work of nursing.

Hiroko Nagasaki looks closely at the poet Raskhan’s signature chands, that is, the metrical forms in which he most frequently composed, focusing in particular on the savaiyā. What she finds is a metrical structure that combined Persian and Indic systems of prosody, allowing different methods of scansion and therefore different stylistic options. This discovery in turn reveals a connection between Raskhan’s poems of Vaishnava bhakti and the highly stylized world of the Persian ghazzal, a form heavily influenced by the idiom of Sufi devotion. These insights into stylistic crossover are especially significant in light of the hagiographical tradition surrounding Raskhan, which claims he was a Muslim who took up devotion to Krishna at some point in adulthood.

By the time of Mughal presence in Gujarat, the textual inscription of the personal and social networks of Sufis and other learned men in texts like Miṣbāḥ al-‘Ālam and Ṣaḥā’if al-sādāt intersected with an identity that was clearly regional and specific to Gujarat. In the seventeenth century, these networks were organized in texts in overlapping and contrasting ways: long chains of spiritual initiation and practice (silsilahs); distinct familial genealogies (silsilat al-naṣab), families (khānwādas), and tribes (qabīlas). This chapter demonstrates that the textual organization of Suhrawardi networks, in particular, was influential in communicating that the joint enterprise of state, community and region formation had been pre-determined: the Suhrawardi Sufis were pre-ordained to inspire and sanctify the entire region of Gujarat with the message of Islam and Sufism. Such historiographical interventions, representing the second narrative moment, were in turn a testimony to the successful expansion of the Suhrawardi lineage in Gujarat.

This chapter shows that a parallel framing of the Indies as a missionary field was crucial in informing, and sometimes challenging the colonial enterprises. In many instances, Dutch missionaries saw a chance for Christianizing the natives given what appeared to them as the natives' weak understanding and practice of Islam, arguing that the Javanese could not be considered Muslims for their “Islam” fell far short of the Islam they knew from the texts edited by their teachers in Delft. More crucially, however, one can see in their writings tangential and certainly unintended evidence of an active engagement with new modes of thinking, with printing, and with Sufi practices imported from the Middle East—practices that were leading some Javanese to label their neighbors ruddy abangan (red ones) while they themselves identified as spotless putihan (white ones). If anything was clear by 1888, it was that Dutch knowledge of Islam was outdated and far too oriented towards texts above contexts.

Western analysts of trends in the contemporary Islamic world often overestimate the impact of contemporary Sufi orders and/or underestimate the impact of the spiritual tradition of Islam. Among the elements of the spiritual tradition conducive to religious pluralism is the ‘mirror’ concept: every human is seen as a mirror of God in three aspects: reflecting the at- tributes and names of God as His work of art, reflection through dependence on God, and reflection through actions God commands or commends. Since only the last aspect is vol- untary, every human, regardless of creed, is a mirror of God in at least the first two aspects. This is a potent argument for peaceful coexistence in religious diversity. The perspective of the spiritual tradition is emphatically inclusive and compassionate and naturally lends itself to non-violence, going beyond mere tolerance to hospitality and friendship. There are impor- tant impediments that prevent this perspective from having a greater impact: (1) the literalist opposition to flexible interpretation of concepts from the Qur’an and the Prophetic tradition, and the wide definition of innovation or heresy (‘bid`a’); (2) deviations of some Sufi orders and subsequent criticisms by orthodox Muslims; and (3) the impact of the politicisation of religion by some groups and political moves by certain Sufi orders. This paper argues that the only approach that has a chance of influencing the majority of contemporary Muslims in positive ways without being open to criticism is the ‘balanced’ spiritual tradition, after the style of the Companions, sometimes called tasawwuf, which strives to harmonise the outer dimensions of Islamic law and worship with the inner dimen- sion of spiritual disciplines firmly rooted in the Qur’an and Prophetic tradition. This paper will present an analysis of this ‘balanced’ spiritual tradition in Islam, from Ghazali, through Rumi, to Gülen.

In this paper we tried to study the values of radiant temperatures (Land Surface Temperature) and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) for areas occupied by buildings and green spaces. The area affected by the Urban Heat Island (UHI) was also determined. Study Area, Iasi, the largest city in eastern Romania, is geographically situated on latitude 47°12'N to 47°06'N and longitude 27°32'E to 27°40'E. LST is an estimate of ground temperature and is important to identify change in environment. An important parameter in global climate change is rapid urbanization which leads to an increase in Land Surface Temperature (LST). The urban heat island (UHI) represents the phenomenon of higher atmospheric and surface temperatures occurring in urban area or metropolitan area than in the surrounding rural zones due to urbanization. It also been found that night UHI is more powerful than day. At night the LST values for SUHI varies between 24.5°C-25.9°C, and during the day between 35°C-38.7°C. With the development of remote sensing technology, it has become an important approach to urban heat island research. MODIS and Landsat data were used to estimate the LST and NDVI. From the analysis of the images it can be seen that the temperatures in SUHI are lower where there are green spaces around the buildings, and temperatures are higher in the non-UHI area, where inside or around the green spaces there are surfaces built or covered with concrete. Statistical data show very average temperatures for areas affected by UHI, 37.8°C for daytime and 24.6°C for night.

The field of architecture and design has changed and been impacted by advanced technology over the past few decades. Our world, which was already experiencing drastic change, has recently encountered accelerated upheaval due to the global pandemic. Enamored by virtual reality (VR), 3D printing, global positioning, and the proliferation of robots, we are arguably too often surrounded by resultant superficial, meaningless, and soulless spaces to which we can neither relate nor connect. The sense of delight, serenity, poetry, and beauty that we inherently desire and yearn for, is becoming increasingly rare -- and at times even lost -- in today’s architecture. It can be argued that contemporary architecture risks becoming more a tool and product than a work of art that mirrors society and self. As architects, we are responsible to humanity through our quest to design spaces that reunite us with our inner selves and foster a sense of being. Considering recent challenges, crises, and catastrophes, designers are continuously researching the well-known traditional and aged architecture of the past for novel approaches that can enlighten future works. Architects are beginning to more assertively seek factors that propel transcendental experience in space. The present paper considers the case of Persian architecture - one of the richest and most eminent architectural styles in the world. Most buildings of this genre were designed by individuals who were most notably spiritual masters, mystics, astronomers, mathematicians, philosophers, and then architects. This paper interrogates architecture to critically delineate Persian architecture’s role in enhancing contemplation and provoking reflection while highlighting spaces that poetically respond to and nurture our soul. Deploying a literature review and analysis of recently built Sufi Centers in the United States, the research then builds an argument for linking the wisdom of Persian architecture with the spirit of place focusing on the encounter of transcendental moments in space. All these Sufi centers are affiliated with the Maktab Tarighat Oveysi (M.T.O.) Shahamaghsoudi School of Islamic Sufism. Analysis of case studies culls out qualities of space that give rise to sacred (non-religious) experiences including connection with self, balance/ harmony, and most important of all, unity, and oneness internally and externally. Persian architecture, as one of history’s most celebrated building traditions, considers the intense relationship between the sacred and profane, between mortal and immortal, and between the physical and the non-physical. The analysis of these exceptional case studies serves as the foundation for an anticipated and thought-provoking guide to ‘transcendental design,’ introducing a novel approach for designers that encourages advancing beyond the physical form to pursue and optimize the vital intersection of wisdom, space, place, and self.

In this paper we tried to study the values of radiant temperatures (Land Surface Temperature) and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) for areas occupied by buildings and green spaces. The area affected by the Urban Heat Island (UHI) was also determined. Study Area, Iasi, the largest city in eastern Romania, is geographically situated on latitude 47°12'N to 47°06'N and longitude 27°32'E to 27°40'E. LST is an estimate of ground temperature and is important to identify change in environment. An important parameter in global climate change is rapid urbanization which leads to an increase in Land Surface Temperature (LST). The urban heat island (UHI) represents the phenomenon of higher atmospheric and surface temperatures occurring in urban area or metropolitan area than in the surrounding rural zones due to urbanization. It also been found that night UHI is more powerful than day. At night the LST values for SUHI varies between 24.5°C-25.9°C, and during the day between 35°C-38.7°C. With the development of remote sensing technology, it has become an important approach to urban heat island research. MODIS and Landsat data were used to estimate the LST and NDVI. From the analysis of the images it can be seen that the temperatures in SUHI are lower where there are green spaces around the buildings, and temperatures are higher in the non-UHI area, where inside or around the green spaces there are surfaces built or covered with concrete. Statistical data show very average temperatures for areas affected by UHI, 37.8°C for daytime and 24.6°C for night.

Thermal properties of surface, Earth’s surface energy balance and atmospheric conditions effect the land surface dramatically. Local and global change continues in the Earth’s climate since the industrial era continues. The urban heat island (UHI) represents the phenomenon of higher atmospheric and surface temperatures occurring in urban area or metropolitan area than in the surrounding rural zones due to urbanization. UHI is most noticeable during the summer and winter. The main cause of the UHI effect is from the modification of land surfaces. In this research was using MODIS and SENTINEL data. From SENTINEL images was extracted coherence maps to determine values of this parameter in areas where UHI was notice. Coherence for SUHI range from 0.20 to 0.89 for day and varies for night between 0.23-0.89.

Quanzhou in south-eastern China was built in the Sui Dynasty, having more than 1,000 years of history. Its urban development led to the triple walls in a different period of time. Its unique landscape of multiple walls is a one of the Chinese ancient city patterns. However, the massive stone-built city wall pattern like Newcastle also has more than 1000, years of history in western cities .City walls maintain the preeminence as the city’s most powerful fixation line. The expansion of the wall in Quanzhou shows how the time-space changes, while Newcastle' s fringe belt is relatively stable, which forms a different urban form. This article mainly compares the following aspects: (1) The development of Quanzhou fringe belt; (2) Differences of fringe belts between the multiple walls city and the sole wall city; (3) Differences of land use in intramural zone between two cities. This paper analyzes the differences of fringe belts caused by city walls between Quanzhou, (China) and Newcastle, (England), and their influence on the urban form between the East and the West.

In February 2022, the European Commission published the proposal of the Data Act, Art. 35 which deals with the sui generis right of database manufacturers. The Database Directive 1996/9/EC has survived again and is about to enter the EU cloud federation almost intact. This fact re­ceived several academic headlines while almost overshadowing a landmark decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union. It is the decision in the case C-762/19 – SIA “CV-Online Latvia” v SIA “Melons”, which signals the be­ginning of a significant change in the existing jurisprudence and has the po­tential to focus the blurred image of The Directive. The Court attached great importance to recital 42 from her, which gives rise towell-founded interest. This is because the qualitative and quantitative weight of recitals in the juris­prudence of the Court of Justice of the EU is little studied and not at all in the field of the legal protection of databases. It is precisely some selected aspects of the place and the meaning of recitals in the judgments of the Court of Jus­tice of the EU in proceedings on preliminary rulings that occupy a central area in the present study.

La mobilità svolge un ruolo vitale per il mercato interno, per l’occupazione e, più in generale per la qualità della vita dei cittadini. Rivolgendo l'attenzione al contesto mondiale, europeo e nazionale si vede come sia divenuta una necessità sempre crescente: la mobilità media per persona in Europa, misurata in passeggeri-chilometro per abitante, è aumentata del 7% tra il 2000 e il 2008 e si prevede che nel 2050 i passeggeri-km nell’Europa OECD saranno il doppio rispetto al 2000. Per ciò che riguarda il trasporto merci la domanda ha continuato a crescere oltre il PIL negli ultimi dieci anni (EC, 2011). L’attuale modello di trasporto è basato però sull'uso dei combustibili fossili e sul predominio del trasporto su strada, sia per le merci che per i passeggeri (EC, 2011) e inoltre una larga parte della mobilità oggi esistente potrebbe essere evitata (McLellan & Marshall, 1998). Di conseguenza, tale modello è responsabile del 23% dell’energia consumata in Europa. Circa i tre quarti dipendono dal trasporto su strada (IPCC, 2007) e il consumo energetico, in questo settore, si stima che aumenterà circa dell’80% entro il 2030. In conseguenza del fatto che l’energia consumata in questo settore proviene per il 96% dal petrolio e dai suoi derivati (IPCC, 2007; EC, 2011) questo stesso è responsabile di elevate emissioni di CO2 e altre sostanze clima-alteranti, dell'aumento della temperatura e di rilevanti problemi di salute nelle popolazioni esposte (U.S. EPA, 2010). La forte dipendenza dal petrolio potrebbe inoltre portare a conseguenze severe sulle possibilità di approvvigionamento di merci e spostamento dei cittadini, sulla sicurezza economica e la competitività globale ed europea nei decenni futuri (EC, 2011; U.S. Joint Forces Command, 2010). La maggior parte degli spostamenti sono interni alle aree urbane e, per il settore dei trasporti, queste sono le aree che influiscono di più sui cambiamenti climatici e sui consumi energetici globali. La città può essere assimilata ad un organismo (Samaniego & Moses, 2008) e gli spostamenti che si compiono in essa, affinché siano efficaci, devono avvenire attraverso una rete che rappresenti una configurazione ordinata di relazioni -o connettività- (Capra, 1996) che implica una certa forma, una struttura definita (con il rispettivo schema) e uno o più processi specifici (Samaniego & Moses, 2008). Le caratteristiche che osserviamo oggi negli organismi sono il risultato di milioni di anni di evoluzione verso l’ottimizzazione delle strutture: minimizzazione dell’energia spesa per la distribuzione delle risorse e massimizzazione del rendimento. Tendono quindi a minimizzare il loro grado di entropia. Per arrivare ad una configurazione del tessuto connettivo urbano che possa minimizzare il suo grado di entropia è necessario innanzi tutto individuare un insieme di indicatori sulla base dei quali sia possibile caratterizzare lo spazio stesso e che rendano possibili analisi dinamiche della morfologia urbana. In quest’ottica, questo contributo si pone quindi come obiettivo quello di individuare un primo set di indicatori significativi derivati dal confronto tra le caratteristiche delle reti vascolari di un organismo e il tessuto connettivo urbano. The mobility plays a very important role for the internal market, employment and, more generally, the citizens’s life quality that takes great advantages from an effective and sustainable transport system. In the last twenty years, mobility has become an ever increasing necessity: the average mobility per capita in Europe, measured in passenger-kilometres per capita, is increased by 7% between 2000 and 2008 and it is expected that in 2050 the passenger-km OECD Europe will double compared to 2000. Furthermore demand for resources and food is continued to grow well beyond the GDP over the past decade (EC, 2011), enhancing thus the freight. The current transport model that responds to this mobility demand, which also includes a large part of trips that could be avoided (McLellan & Marshall, 1998), is based on the dominance of road transport and use of fossil fuels (EC, 2011), both for freight and transport of passengers. As a conseguence this transport model is accountable for 23% of energy consumed in Europe, and about three quarters of which depends on road transport (IPCC, 2007) It is estimated that energy consumption in this sector will increase by around 80% for 2030. In this sector, the energy consumed originates of 96% from oil and its products (IPCC, 2007; EC, 2011; Lerch, 2011). Therefore, the transport sector is responsible for high emissions of CO2 and other climate-altering gases, for the temperature increase and for significant health problems in population directly exposed to oil-derived pollutants(U.S. EPA, 2010). The strong dependence on oil may also have important consequences on the resource supply and mobility of citizens for the next decades (EC, 2011; U.S. Joint Forces Command, 2010). The majority of trips are internal to the urban areas that are affected by this congestion, local air pollution, road accidents and social harms. Finally, urban trips have a major influence on climate change and energy consumption at the global level. Samaniego & Moses (2008) show the similarities existing between cities and organisms. Urban trips are effective if are done through a network representing an ordered configuration of relationships -connectivity-(Capra, 1996) which implies a particular shape, definite structure and one or more specific processes. The characteristics that are observed in organisms today are the result of millions of years of evolution that led to optimized structures that tend to minimize the energy cost for resource allocation thus maximizing their productivity. Therefore, the organisms tend to minimize their degree of entropy. To arrive at a configuration of urban connective tissue that can minimize its level of entropy is first necessary to identify a set of indicators on the basis of which it is possible to characterize the space and make possible dynamic analysis of urban morphology. In this context, the aim of this contribution is to identify a first set of meaningful indicators derived from a comparison of the characteristics of the vascular networks of an organism with the urban connective tissue.

Le secteur bioalimentaire québécois a subi de profondes transformations au cours des dernières décennies : spécialisation des entreprises et des territoires, concentration au sein d’entreprises de plus en plus grandes, industrialisation des processus de production et intensification de l’usage des ressources. Ces mouvements de fond masquent toutefois des évolutions différenciées selon les territoires. Quels sont les meilleurs outils pour accompagner un secteur en pleine restructuration et s’adapter aux dynamiques contrastées qui traversent l’agriculture québécoise ? Cette vaste étude propose un diagnostic clair de la situation en caractérisant les dynamiques spatiales du secteur bioalimentaire de 1961 à 2016. Par « dynamique spatiale », on entend la façon dont un phénomène se déploie sur les territoires ou change au cours du temps. Les auteurs s’intéressent à trois principaux phénomènes : la présence et la constitution de pôles sectoriels, la spécialisation territoriale agricole, et la concentration économique des secteurs sur le territoire. Cette recherche permet de mieux comprendre les facteurs qui ont façonné le développement de différents secteurs du bioalimentaire et de réfléchir aux impacts différenciés qu’ont pu avoir divers facteurs comme les politiques gouvernementales, les conditions agroclimatiques, les conditions de marché, la technologie, les facteurs sociétaux, culturels, démographiques selon le territoire. Les auteurs montrent combien les décisions gouvernementales de soutien ou d’encadrement du secteur bioalimentaire ont de lourdes conséquences territoriales, d’où l’importance que cette dimension soit prise en considération plus systématiquement et ce, dès l’élaboration des programmes, quels qu’ils soient.

The Caribbean and the European Union (EU) have been enjoined in a formal bi-regional relationship since the signing of the Lomé Convention in 1975, and are firm proponents of multilateralism, strong advocates of regional integration, democracy and rule of law, and reflect vibrant multi-ethnic and multilingual polities. The bi-regional relationship has evolved considerably over the intervening 45 years, and is reflected in formal agreements between the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) States and the EU, and in the sphere of economic cooperation, has been strengthened with the signing of the Cariforum-EU Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) in 2008. The EU also remains a significant source of development cooperation for the Caribbean, complemented by a sui generis project management regime that includes multi-annual programming. Beyond this, the bi-regional ties have expanded into new areas of joint multilateral endeavour such as the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. Despite the long and formal engagement, the Cariforum-EU partnership has not engendered either deep understanding of, or universal support in, each other’s conduct of multilateral negotiations. To the contrary, the partnership displays regular flashes of unease and arguably low-level tension. This paper seeks to assess the Caribbean-EU partnership in terms of its contribution of bi-regional trade and economic cooperation to Caribbean development, and possibilities for a renewed partnership considering new impulses shaping the Cariforum-EU relationship, including the post-Cotonou Agreement, Brexit, EU-LAC Political Dialogue and COVID-19 responses. A Cariforum-EU development agenda to fuel post-pandemic Caribbean recovery is mooted with the additional value of harnessing the promise of the revised partnership.