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Journal articles on the topic 'Sugar Act of 1948'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Kang, Mingjie, Pingqing Fu, Kimitaka Kawamura, et al. "Characterization of biogenic primary and secondary organic aerosols in the marine atmosphere over the East China Sea." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 19 (2018): 13947–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13947-2018.

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Abstract. Molecular composition and abundance of sugars and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from biogenic sources over the East China Sea were investigated based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Biogenic SOA tracers and sugars exhibit higher levels in the samples affected by continental air masses, demonstrating the terrestrial outflows of organic matter to the East China Sea. Glucose was the dominant sugar species (0.31–209, 18.8 ng m−3), followed by mannitol – a fungal spore tracer. All sugar compounds show generally higher average concentrations in the nighttime than in the daytime. 3-Methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid, one higher generation photooxidation tracer of monoterpene SOA, was found to be the most abundant species among measured biogenic SOA markers, suggesting the input of aged organic aerosols through long-range transport. Fungal-spore-derived organic carbon (OC) was the biggest contributor to total OC (0.03 %–19.8 %, 3.1 %), followed by sesquiterpene-derived secondary OC (SOC), biomass-burning-derived OC, and monoterpene- and isoprene-derived SOC. Larger carbon percentages of biogenic primary OCs and SOCs in total OC presented in the terrestrially influenced aerosols indicate significant contributions of continental aerosols through long-range transport. Positive matrix factorization results illustrate that the secondary nitrate and biogenic SOA, biomass burning, and fungal spores were the main sources of OC in marine aerosols over the East China Sea, again highlighting the importance of the Asian continent as a natural emitter of biogenic organic aerosols together with anthropogenic aerosols over the coastal marine atmosphere.

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2

Snow, Nancy. "The Smith‐Mundt Act of 1948." Peace Review 10, no. 4 (1998): 619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402659808426214.

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3

Ward, Harriet. "Parental responsibilities and the Children Act 1948." Practice 11, no. 2 (1999): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09503159908412560.

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4

Hughes, Rupert. "Children Act 1948 and 1989: similarities, differences, continuities." Child Family Social Work 3, no. 3 (1998): 149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2206.1998.00095.x.

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5

Naveen, Adduri. "An Empirical Study on Employees Satisfaction towards ESI Act-1948." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 4 (2018): 1250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.4214.

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6

Griffith, Richard. "Compulsory removal from home under the National Assistance Act 1948." British Journal of Community Nursing 11, no. 11 (2006): 494–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2006.11.11.22279.

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7

Horowitz, Sala. "Sugar Alternatives and Their Effects on Health." Alternative and Complementary Therapies 19, no. 1 (2013): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/act.2013.19102.

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8

Noke, Christopher. "Advising on the Act: the UK Companies Act Consultative Committee and Accountancy Advisory Committee 1948—72." Accounting History 12, no. 2 (2007): 165–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373207076037.

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9

Smith, Jeff. "Act Strategic; Be Cool." Design Management Journal (Former Series) 10, no. 1 (2010): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7169.1999.tb00240.x.

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10

Kumar, Vikas. "Census laws and the quality of census data: The limits of punitive legislation1." Statistical Journal of the IAOS 36, no. 4 (2020): 1143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sji-200651.

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Most discussions on data quality overlook the legal framework within which data are collected. This paper examines India’s Census Act, 1948 that provides the legal framework for conducting population censuses. The Act stipulates punishment for interfering with the process of enumeration but the punitive provisions have not been invoked to deal with cases of widespread manipulation of census. Major instances of manipulation were reported in 1951 and 2001 after the government introduced additional punitive measures in 1948 and 1994, respectively. The paper identifies the structural flaws of the Census Act, 1948 vis-à-vis manipulation. It compares the Act with other Indian laws on the collection of statistics and census laws of other common law countries. It shows that fines are very small compared to per capita income in most countries and yet violators are rarely fined. The paper uses simple games to explain why the punitive provisions might be redundant and suggests that the problem of interference with government statistics can possibly be addressed without recourse to law. The insights drawn from the games are examined in light of the experience of Nagaland and other states of India where census statistics were affected by widespread manipulation in the recent decades.

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11

Parker, Roy. "Getting Started with the 1948 Children Act: What Do We Learn?" Adoption & Fostering 35, no. 3 (2011): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030857591103500303.

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12

Ansari, Sarah. "Subjects or Citizens? India, Pakistan and the 1948 British Nationality Act." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 41, no. 2 (2013): 285–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2013.768094.

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13

Beinart, William. "Transkeian Migrant Workers and Youth Labour on the Natal Sugar Estates 1918–1948." Journal of African History 32, no. 01 (1991): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700025330.

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14

Feinberg, H. M. "South Africa and Land Ownership: What's in a Deed?" History in Africa 22 (January 1995): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171925.

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The subject of African land ownership is and will continue to be a highly emotional issue of great importance in the new South Africa. Africans and Afrikaners alike have strong historical ties to the land. Thousands of Africans owned land outside the Reserves before 1948. These landowners included large numbers of Africans who purchased over 3,000 farms and lots between 1913 and 1936 in the Transvaal, Natal, and even the Orange Free State (plus uncounted African buyers in the Cape Province). Individuals, tribal groups, or people organized into partnerships owned land. In the 1990s Africans complain bitterly about land losses, especially after 1948 as a result of the apartheid policy of forced removals which aimed to eliminate the so-called “black spots” from white areas. In addition, some Africans point to the problem of land losses between 1913 and 1948, and others resent the severe restrictions resulting from the Natives Land Act, Act No. 27 of 1913, which prevented Africans from freely buying land in three of the four provinces of South Africa after 1913.On 8 November 1994 the South African Parliament passed the Restitution of Land Rights Act, a law which is intended to allow Africans to reclaim their lost land. Claims by former owners or their descendants will be buttressed by legal documents of one type or another. Some of these legal documents have an interesting and unintended use, however: historians can take advantage of them to build an understanding of African land ownership before and after apartheid began in 1948.

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15

Pandey, Archana, and Jha B K. "The factory act 1948: legislation utilized for quality of work life establishment." Journal of Management and Science 1, no. 1 (2013): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.2013.14.

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Globalization and technical advancement has created a competitive, tougher & stressed professional and personal life for the employees. To reduce their work place tension and to provide the balance in professional and personal life, Quality of work life plays a paramount role. There is no specific enactment with a view to establish Quality of work life at work place. The objective of this research is to examine, review and re-search Indian laws and find acts containing provisions which enforce a standard Quality of work life norms at work place. Also, this study will find out provisions which help employees raise their concerns, grievances and complaints against their employers and legal remedies available to them.

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16

Ball, Caroline. "Regulating child care: from the Children Act 1948 to the present day." Child Family Social Work 3, no. 3 (1998): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2206.1998.00091.x.

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17

Shastri, Amita. "Estate Tamils, the Ceylon citizenship act of 1948 and Sri Lankan politics." Contemporary South Asia 8, no. 1 (1999): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09584939908719856.

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18

Briggs, Tom. "Social Media's Second Act: Toward Sustainable Brand Engagement." Design Management Review 21, no. 1 (2010): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7169.2010.00050.x.

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19

Voloshko, A. M. "Jam based on sugar substitutes." Tovaroved prodovolstvennykh tovarov (Commodity specialist of food products), no. 4 (March 25, 2021): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/igt-01-2104-03.

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The article discusses the development of dietary products, namely sugar-free jam. The production process of jam with sugar substitute is presented. In addition, the necessary ingredients have been selected and the most suitable sweetener has been identified, its properties are touched upon, its positive and negative characteristics are examined. This paper will consider the technological process of jam production based on a sugar substitute, a wide variety of sweeteners that can be used in production, and other components that act as an auxiliary part in the recipe.

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20

Morris, Ken, and Dave Wilder. "It's Not Sugar-Coated, but the Information Goes Down." Design Management Journal (Former Series) 10, no. 2 (2010): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7169.1999.tb00249.x.

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21

Ashok Kumar Sheoran, Ashok Kumar Sheoran. "Implementation of Factories Act, 1948 in Haryana – A Comparative Study of Three Industries." IOSR Journal of Business and Management 9, no. 6 (2013): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/487x-096104110.

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22

Wilson, Kate, and Steph Petrie. "No place like home: lessons learned and lessons forgotten -the Children Act 1948." Child Family Social Work 3, no. 3 (1998): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2206.1998.00096.x.

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23

O'Connor, William. "The Package Design Imperative: Think Globally - Act Locally." Design Management Journal (Former Series) 1, no. 2 (2010): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7169.1990.tb00010.x.

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24

Müller, Günter C., and Yosef Schlein. "Different methods of using attractive sugar baits (ATSB) for the control of Phlebotomus papatasi." Journal of Vector Ecology 36 (March 2011): S64—S70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7134.2011.00113.x.

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25

James, Ann N. "Supporting families of origin: an exploration of the influence of the Children Act 1948." Child Family Social Work 3, no. 3 (1998): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2206.1998.00094.x.

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26

Hobson, S. J. "The ethics of compulsory removal under section 47 of the 1948 National Assistance Act." Journal of Medical Ethics 24, no. 1 (1998): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.24.1.38.

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27

Niebuhr, Robert. "Enlarging Yugoslavia: Tito's Quest for Expansion, 1945–1948." European History Quarterly 47, no. 2 (2017): 284–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691416688174.

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When Yugoslav strongman Josip Broz Tito secured power at the end of the Second World War, he had envisioned for himself a new Yugoslavia that would serve as the center of power for the Balkan Peninsula. First, he worked to ensure a Yugoslav presence in the Trieste region of Italy and southern Austria as a way to gain territory inhabited by Slovenes and Croats; meanwhile, his other foreign policy escapades sought to make Yugoslavia into a major European power. To that end, Yugoslav agents quickly worked to synchronize the Albanian socio-economic and political systems through their support of Albanian Partisans and only grew emboldened over time. As allies who proved themselves in the fight against fascism, Yugoslav policymakers felt able to act with impunity throughout the early post-Cold War period. The goal of this article is to highlight this early foreign policy by focusing on three case studies – Trieste, Carinthia, and Albania – as part of an effort to reinforce the established argument over Tito's quest for power in the early Cold War period.

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28

Lincoln, David. "Manufacturing Browns and Whites Under Apartheid: A Survey of The South African Sugar Industry, 1948 - 1984." Journal of Natal and Zulu History 14, no. 1 (1992): 49–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02590123.1992.11964082.

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29

Lucas, Scott, Dyfed “Fred” Richards, Mike Taylor, Jean Campbell, and Rhonda Hiatt. "High Wire Act: Building Brand Value During an M&A Transition." Design Management Review 23, no. 1 (2012): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7169.2012.00167.x.

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30

Gouagna, Louis-Clément, Rodrigue S. Poueme, Kounbobr Roch Dabiré, Jean-Bosco Ouédraogo, Didier Fontenille, and Frédéric Simard. "Patterns of sugar feeding and host plant preferences in adult males of An. gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae)." Journal of Vector Ecology 35, no. 2 (2010): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7134.2010.00082.x.

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31

Sandland, Ralph. "Casenotes: Human Rights and the Provision of Residential Care under the National Assistance Act 1948." International Journal of Mental Health and Capacity Law 1, no. 16 (2014): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/ijmhcl.v1i16.221.

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32

최호동. "An Inquiry on the Formative Factors to the 1948 June Draft of National Assembly Act." 법사학연구 ll, no. 59 (2019): 85–166. http://dx.doi.org/10.31778/lawhis..59.201904.85.

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33

Liu, YuDong, Li Zhang, SiDa Meng, et al. "Expression of galactinol synthase from Ammopiptanthus nanus in tomato improves tolerance to cold stress." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 1 (2019): 435–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz450.

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34

Aji, Koesmoyo Ponco. "HUMAN RIGHTS IMPLEMENTATION ON INDONESIAN NATIONALITY LAW." Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Keimigrasian 1, no. 1 (2018): 76–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.52617/jikk.v1i1.14.

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Since introduced with Universal Declaration at 1948 by United Nations Organization, human rights has becoming a main instrument in international law and national laws. In Indonesia, regulations concerning human rights has been legalized by Act Number 39 Year 1999. Study is needed to explosure the extend of the rules of human rights that has determined in Indonesia Laws. This journal analyze Indonesia Nationality Law based on universal instrument of human rights by descriptive analysis research. Its found that Act Number 12 Year 2006 concerning Nationality of the Republic of Indonesia has accommodate universal instrument of human rights.

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35

Douglas, A. D. M., and E. G. Oram. "A state of insubordination and mutiny." Psychiatric Bulletin 14, no. 5 (1990): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.14.5.302.

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A strike involving nursing staff prior to the 1948 National Health Service Act was almost an unheard of event. In 1922 nurses at Saxondale, an 800 bedded mental hospital at Radcliffe-on-Trent near Nottingham, staged what was termed a “sit in strike” lasting four days for refusing to work a 66 hour week and accept a wage reduction as ordered by the employing authority.

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36

Bongiorno, Frank. "H.V. Evatt, Australia and Ireland’s departure from the Commonwealth: a reassessment." Irish Historical Studies 32, no. 128 (2001): 537–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002112140001525x.

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On 7 September 1948 the newly appointed Taoiseach, John A. Costello, the leader of a coalition government in which his party Fine Gael was the senior partner, announced in Ottawa that he intended to repeal Eire’s External Relations Act, and thus sever its final tenuous link with the crown. The External Relations Act ‘empowered the Executive Council of the Irish Free State to authorise the use of the king’s signature on the letters of credence to be presented to heads of foreign states by Irish diplomatic representatives’. Eamon de Valera, Costello’s predecessor, had introduced the External Relations Act in 1936, and had regarded it as a device that might help to end partition. The measure magnified Ireland’s constitutional ambiguity, but with its repeal the twenty-six counties would assuredly become a republic outside the Commonwealth.

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37

Tsunoda, Takashi, Atsuko Fukuchi, Shyo Nanbara, and Masahiro Takagi. "Effect of body size and sugar meals on oviposition of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)." Journal of Vector Ecology 35, no. 1 (2010): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7134.2010.00058.x.

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38

Goel, Neha J., Laura J. Caccavale, Suzanne E. Mazzeo, Hollie A. Raynor, and Melanie K. Bean. "Total Sugar in Free Breakfasts Served in Virginia Elementary Schools." Health Behavior and Policy Review 6, no. 5 (2019): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14485/hbpr.6.5.4.

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Objective: School meals comprise a significant amount of children's overall dietary intake. The Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act made substantial improvements to the nutritional quality of meals served within the School Breakfast Program (SBP); yet, there are limited guidelines regarding sugar. In this study, we carried out a systematic evaluation of the sugar content of breakfast items offered within the SBP in Virginia elementary schools with free meals. Methods: We obtained menus and nutritional information from 32 districts, and examined one week of breakfasts. We categorized entrées based on standard deviations (SD) from the grand mean total sugar available: higher-sugar (>+1 SD), average-sugar (within 1SD), or lower-sugar (>-1 SD). Total sugar (g), energy (kcal), and % energy from sugar were examined for entrées and milk. Results: Across districts, entrées varied in total sugar (0-39g; mean+SD = 10.4±4.5g) and energy (60-530kcal; mean+SD = 205±47.8kcal). Most (96.9%) offered 100% fruit juice; of those that specified, 50.0% offered sugar-sweetened milk. Highly processed foods were prevalent. Conclusion: Findings suggest that meals offered might contribute to excessive overall sugar availability for children. Continued enhancements to the SBP are needed to optimize the nutritional content of meals served to low-income children.

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39

Mullane, Avril, John Bosco Conama, and Robert Fourie. "Human Rights and the Deaf Community in Ireland." Journal of Clinical Speech and Language Studies 18, no. 1 (2011): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/acs-2011-18108.

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Background: Deaf individuals are often subject to legislation expressing deafness in medical or disability terms, which neglects sociolinguistic domains. Objective: To evaluate Irish legislation relevant to Deaf individuals and the recognition of Irish Sign Language (ISL), in light of international human rights obligations. Method: The Equal Status Act (2000), The Equality Act (2004), The Disability Act (2005), The Education Act (1998), and The Education for Persons with Special Educational Needs (EPSEN 2004) were evaluated in the light of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR, 1948), the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1990), and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD, 2008), with particular reference to sociolinguistic issues affecting Deaf communities in Ireland. Results and conclusion: The sociolinguistic rights of Irish Deaf communities are not explicitly safeguarded within current Irish law because lawgivers have failed to adequately consult these communities when constructing legislation.

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40

Bond, Michelle R., and John A. Hanover. "A little sugar goes a long way: The cell biology of O-GlcNAc." Journal of Cell Biology 208, no. 7 (2015): 869–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201501101.

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Unlike the complex glycans decorating the cell surface, the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a simple intracellular Ser/Thr-linked monosaccharide that is important for disease-relevant signaling and enzyme regulation. O-GlcNAcylation requires uridine diphosphate–GlcNAc, a precursor responsive to nutrient status and other environmental cues. Alternative splicing of the genes encoding the O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) yields isoforms targeted to discrete sites in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria. OGT and OGA also partner with cellular effectors and act in tandem with other posttranslational modifications. The enzymes of O-GlcNAc cycling act preferentially on intrinsically disordered domains of target proteins impacting transcription, metabolism, apoptosis, organelle biogenesis, and transport.

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41

Bramley, RGV, N. Ellis, RO Nable, and AL Garside. "Changes in soil chemical properties under long-term sugar cane monoculture and their possible role in sugar yield decline." Soil Research 34, no. 6 (1996): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9960967.

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Soil samples from paired 'old' and 'new' sugar cane soils from 6 contrasting sites in 3 climatically contrasting areas of North Queensland were analysed to identify changes in soil chemistry resulting from continuous sugar cane monoculture. The aim was to identify soil factors that may be associated with, or act as triggers to, the expression of sugar yield decline. It was found that there was no consistent effect of time under sugar monoculture on soil chemical properties across all sites, when either the distributions of properties through the soil profile, or property values at specific depths, were considered. However, marked effects were noted at some sites with respect to some soil properties, and the lack of consistent results across all sites may therefore be attributable to the inherent differences between the soils sampled. These effects were generally consistent with soil acidification.

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42

Grabiner, Lord Anthony. "Sex, Scandal and Super-Injunctions – The Controversies Surrounding the Protection of Privacy." Israel Law Review 45, no. 3 (2012): 537–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223712000143.

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Lionel Leonard Cohen – The Rt Hon Lord Cohen of Walmer in the County of Kent – was a distinguished British lawyer. In 1951, he was appointed a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary. Given the fact that he was a committed Jew, this was a remarkable achievement in its time. He chaired the Committee which produced the 1945 Cohen Report, whose recommendations were adopted and in due course enacted in the Companies Act 1948.

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43

Gokhale, Uday B., Ole Hindsgaul, and Monica M. Palcic. "Chemical synthesis of GDP-fucose analogs and their utilization by the Lewis *A(1 → 4) fucosyltransferase." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 7 (1990): 1063–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-165.

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Chemical syntheses are reported for GDP-fucose (5), GDP-3-deoxy-fucose (6), and GDP-arabinose (7), the demethyl analog of 5. All three sugar nucleotides were found to act as donor substrates for an α(1 → 4) fucosyltransferase isolated from human milk when *BDGal(1 → 3)*BDGlcNAc-O(CH2)8COOMe (1) was used as the acceptor. The rate of transfer of sugar residues to 1 was measured using a coupled spectrophotometric assay and was found to be 100% (5), 2.3% (6), and 5.9% (7). The product Lea-active oligosaccharide analogs were identified by both an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Keywords: glycosyltransferase, oligosaccharide synthesis, sugar-nucleotide analog, ELISA assay, fucosyltransferase.

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44

Park, Yeowoon, Dongmin Lee, Seoyoung Park, and Junghoon Moon. "Factors Influencing Purchase Intention for Low-Sodium and Low-Sugar Products." Foods 9, no. 3 (2020): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9030351.

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As sodium and sugar intake in South Korea exceed recommended levels, the government and food industry have been attempting to reduce the amount of sodium and sugar in the food products. In line with these efforts, this study sought to examine how the purchase intention for low-sodium/low-sugar products vary based on consumers’ previous choices of low-sodium/low-sugar products and other consumer-related factors. For this study, two online survey-based experiments were conducted: one using soy sauce to represent a sodium-based product and the other using yogurt to represent a sugar-based product. The significant variables that influenced the purchase intention for both were the consumers’ previous low-sodium/low-sugar product choices and their propensity for food neophobia. Consumers who had previously selected regular products showed a lower intention to purchase low-sodium soy sauce or low-sugar yogurt. In addition, those who had a strong tendency toward food neophobia also had a significantly lower purchase intention for these products. Moreover, the lower the consumer′s unhealthy = tasty intuition (UTI), the higher the purchase intention for the low-sodium soy sauce, but UTI did not act as a significant variable for the low-sugar yogurt. These results demonstrate that government interventions for low-sodium products and low-sugar products should be differentiated.

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45

Sriya A, Keerthi, and Dr Panatula Murali Krishna. "Status of Provisions of the Factories Act, 1948 - A study at Penna Cement Industries Limited (PCIL), Tadipatri." IOSR Journal of Business and Management 16, no. 3 (2014): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/487x-16311426.

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46

Rodriguez-Emmenegger, Cesar, Qi Xiao, Nina Yu Kostina, et al. "Encoding biological recognition in a bicomponent cell-membrane mimic." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 12 (2019): 5376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821924116.

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Self-assembling dendrimers have facilitated the discovery of periodic and quasiperiodic arrays of supramolecular architectures and the diverse functions derived from them. Examples are liquid quasicrystals and their approximants plus helical columns and spheres, including some that disregard chirality. The same periodic and quasiperiodic arrays were subsequently found in block copolymers, surfactants, lipids, glycolipids, and other complex molecules. Here we report the discovery of lamellar and hexagonal periodic arrays on the surface of vesicles generated from sequence-defined bicomponent monodisperse oligomers containing lipid and glycolipid mimics. These vesicles, known as glycodendrimersomes, act as cell-membrane mimics with hierarchical morphologies resembling bicomponent rafts. These nanosegregated morphologies diminish sugar–sugar interactions enabling stronger binding to sugar-binding proteins than densely packed arrangements of sugars. Importantly, this provides a mechanism to encode the reactivity of sugars via their interaction with sugar-binding proteins. The observed sugar phase-separated hierarchical arrays with lamellar and hexagonal morphologies that encode biological recognition are among the most complex architectures yet discovered in soft matter. The enhanced reactivity of the sugar displays likely has applications in material science and nanomedicine, with potential to evolve into related technologies.

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47

García, Daniela Armijo, Lupe Mendoza, Karla Vizuete, et al. "Sugar-Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Selenide Semiconductor Nanocrystals under Ultrasound Irradiation." Molecules 25, no. 21 (2020): 5193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215193.

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Silver selenide (Ag2Se) is a promising nanomaterial due to its outstanding optoelectronic properties and countless bio-applications. To the best of our knowledge, we report, for the first time, a simple and easy method for the ultrasound-assisted synthesis of Ag2Se nanoparticles (NPs) by mixing aqueous solutions of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and selenous acid (H2SeO3) that act as Ag and Se sources, respectively, in the presence of dissolved fructose and starch that act as reducing and stabilizing agents, respectively. The concentrations of mono- and polysaccharides were screened to determine their effect on the size, shape and colloidal stability of the as-synthesized Ag2Se NPs which, in turn, impact the optical properties of these NPs. The morphology of the as-synthesized Ag2Se NPs was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and both α- and β-phases of Ag2Se were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The optical properties of Ag2Se were studied using UV–Vis spectroscopy and its elemental composition was determined non-destructively using scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). The biological activity of the Ag2Se NPs was assessed using cytotoxic and bactericidal approaches. Our findings pave the way to the cost-effective, fast and scalable production of valuable Ag2Se NPs that may be utilized in numerous fields.

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Aasen, Elin Margrethe, and Berit Misund Dahl. "Construction of patients’ position in Norway’s Patients’ Rights Act." Nursing Ethics 26, no. 7-8 (2018): 2278–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733018791345.

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Background: Since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations in 1948, human rights as set out in government documents have gradually changed, with more and more power being transferred to individual. Objectives: The aim of this article is to analyze how the position of the patient in need of care is constructed in Norway’s renamed and revised Patients’ and Service Users’ Rights Act (originally Patients’ Rights Act, 1999) and published comments which accompanying this legislation from the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Service. Research design: A constructivist design was used, and Fairclough’s critical discourse approach was adopted to analyze the text of the Patients’ and Service Users’ Rights Act and comments. Findings: The analysis identified three discourses: (a) political discourse, containing ethical discourses about priority and economy, in which patients are constructed as powerless individuals; (b) expert discourse, containing a theme about patients’ trust in the healthcare team and its knowledge, in which patients are constructed as helpless individuals lacking knowledge; and (c) patient participation and patient autonomy discourse, containing ethical discourses about decision-making, in which patients are constructed not only as individuals with needs and rights but also as “troublesome.” Conclusion: Dominant paternalistic discourses in the legal text validate the power of medicine, the healthcare system, and heath personnel over the needs, rights, participation, and autonomy of the patient.

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DAVIS, JENNIFER. "HOW THE TRADE MARKS ACT SHAPES UP TO PERPETUAL MONOPOLIES." Cambridge Law Journal 57, no. 2 (1998): 235–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197398310016.

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In British Sugar plc v. James Robertson & Sons Ltd. [1996] RPC 281, Jacob J. asked whether the 1994 Trade Marks Act enables “big business to buy ordinary words of the English language at comparatively little cost”. His answer was a resounding “no”. In Philips Electronics NV v. Remington Consumer Products, 22 December 1997, he asks whether trade mark law, by conferring a perpetual monopoly, can interfere with the freedom to manufacture artefacts of a “desirable and good engineering design”. The educated reader might hazard that he would again answer in the negative. And so it transpires. The thrill of the chase is to see how Jacob J. interprets the Act to reach this conclusion.

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Kurimoto, Akira. "Outline of the Workers Co-operative Act in Japan - Líneas generales de la Ley de cooperativas de trabajadores en Japón." CIRIEC-España, revista jurídica de economía social y cooperativa, no. 38 (July 22, 2021): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/ciriec-jur.38.20995.

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The Japanese co-operative legislation is characterized by the separate laws that are specializing to regulate the particular categories of co-operatives and enacted in line with the industrial policies, and the strong government’s control on incorporation and business activities. The Industrial Co-operative Act of 1900 was a uniform law following the German model and provided for the legal framework of credit, supply, marketing and production2 co-operatives. After the Second World War, the allied force introduced the radical land reform as a part of economic democratization programs and helped to enact the Agricultural Co-operative Act in 1947 to cement the effects of reform through organizing farmers in agricultural co-operatives. Then, the other co-operative laws were enacted in line with industrial policies (fishery, forestry, banking, SMEs etc.) during 1948-1978.

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