Journal articles: 'Sugar activation'

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Kleczkowski, Leszek A., Daniel Decker, and Malgorzata Wilczynska. "UDP-Sugar Pyrophosphorylase: A New Old Mechanism for Sugar Activation." Plant Physiology 156, no. 1 (March 28, 2011): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.111.174706.

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Azam, Muhammad, Muhammad Anas, and Erniwati Erniwati. "Analisis Variasi Temperatur Aktivasi Terhadap Daya Serap Arang Aktif Tandan Aren (Arenga Pinnata Merr) Dengan Agen Aktivasi Potassium Silicate(K2SiO3)." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Fisika 5, no. 3 (August 27, 2020): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.36709/jipfi.v5i3.13803.

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This study aims to determine the effect of variation of activation temperature of activated carbon from sugar palm bunches of chemically activatied with the activation agent of potassium silicate (K2SiO3) on the adsorption capacity of iodine and methylene blue. Activated carbon from bunches of sugar palmacquired in four steps: preparationsteps, carbonizationstepsusing the pyrolysis reactor with temperature of 300 oC - 400 oC for 8 hours and chemical activation using of potassium silicate (K2SiO3) activator in weight ratio of 2: 1 and physical activation using the electric furnace for 30 minutes with temperature variation of600 oC, 650 oC, 700 oC, 750 oC and 800 oC. The iodine and methyleneblue adsorption testedby Titrimetric method and Spectrophotometry methodrespectively. The results of the adsorption of iodine and methylene blue activated carbon from sugar palm bunches increased from 240.55 mg/g and 63.14 mg/g at a temperature of 600 oC to achieve the highest adsorption capacity of 325.80 mg/g and 73.59 mg/g at temperature of 700 oC and decreased by 257.54 mg/g and 52.03 mg/g at a temperature of 800 oCrespectively.However, it does not meet to Indonesia standard (Standard Nasional Indonesia/SNI), which is 750 mg/g and 120 mg/g respectively.

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Andersen, C., M. Jordy, and R. Benz. "Evaluation of the rate constants of sugar transport through maltoporin (LamB) of Escherichia coli from the sugar-induced current noise." Journal of General Physiology 105, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.105.3.385.

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LamB (maltoporin) of Escherichia coli outer membrane was reconstituted into artificial lipid bilayer membranes. The channel contains a binding site for sugars and is blocked for ions when the site is occupied by a sugar. The on and off reactions of sugar binding cause an increase of the noise of the current through the channel. The sugar-induced current noise of maltoporin was used for the evaluation of the sugar-binding kinetics for different sugars of the maltooligosaccharide series and for sucrose. The on rate constant for sugar binding was between 10(6) and 10(7) M-1.s-1 for the maltooligosaccharides and corresponds to the movement of the sugars from the aqueous phase to the central binding site. The off rate (corresponding to the release of the sugars from the channel) decreased with increasing number of glucose residues in the maltooligosaccharides from approximately 2,000 s-1 for maltotriose to 180 s-1 for maltoheptaose. The kinetics for sucrose movement was considerably slower. The activation energies of the stability constant and of the rate constants for sugar binding were evaluated from noise experiments at different temperatures. The role of LamB in the transport of maltooligosaccharides across the outer membrane is discussed.

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Souza, Hugo A. L., Thaís C. L. Souza, Alessandra S. Lopes, and Rosinelson S. Pena. "Production and Characterization of Sugary Cassava Syrup." International Journal of Food Engineering 9, no. 1 (June 8, 2013): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2012-0206.

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AbstractA group of cassava landraces that occur naturally in Amazonia (Manihot esculenta Crantz) are known as mandiocaba or sugary cassava because they have high free sugar content, making them a possible feedstock for the production of syrup. The objective of the study was to evaluate the technological viability of obtaining sugary cassava syrup and to characterize the physical and physicochemical properties of the product. The yield of the syrup (80 °Brix) obtained from the manipueira (liquid obtained by crushing and filtering the cassava) concentration was 262.72 g per plant. The reducing sugars represented 77.26% of total sugars, the density was 1.4210 g cm–3 at 20°C, and the volumetric expansion coefficient was 38.6 m K–1. The Newtonian behavior and activation energy (≥69.65 kJ gmol–1) were similar to that of honey found in the literature.

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Kleczkowski, Leszek A., and Daniel Decker. "Sugar Activation for Production of Nucleotide Sugars as Substrates for Glycosyltransferases in Plants." Journal of Applied Glycoscience 62, no. 2 (2015): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2015_003.

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Chen, Yi-Shih, Tuan-Hua David Ho, Lihong Liu, Ding Hua Lee, Chun-Hua Lee, Yi-Ru Chen, Shu-Yu Lin, Chung-An Lu, and Su-May Yu. "Sugar starvation-regulated MYBS2 and 14-3-3 protein interactions enhance plant growth, stress tolerance, and grain weight in rice." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 43 (October 8, 2019): 21925–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904818116.

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Autotrophic plants have evolved distinctive mechanisms for maintaining a range of homeostatic states for sugars. The on/off switch of reversible gene expression by sugar starvation/provision represents one of the major mechanisms by which sugar levels are maintained, but the details remain unclear. α-Amylase (αAmy) is the key enzyme for hydrolyzing starch into sugars for plant growth, and it is induced by sugar starvation and repressed by sugar provision. αAmy can also be induced by various other stresses, but the physiological significance is unclear. Here, we reveal that the on/off switch of αAmy expression is regulated by 2 MYB transcription factors competing for the same promoter element. MYBS1 promotes αAmy expression under sugar starvation, whereas MYBS2 represses it. Sugar starvation promotes nuclear import of MYBS1 and nuclear export of MYBS2, whereas sugar provision has the opposite effects. Phosphorylation of MYBS2 at distinct serine residues plays important roles in regulating its sugar-dependent nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and maintenance in cytoplasm by 14-3-3 proteins. Moreover, dehydration, heat, and osmotic stress repress MYBS2 expression, thereby inducing αAmy3. Importantly, activation of αAmy3 and suppression of MYBS2 enhances plant growth, stress tolerance, and total grain weight per plant in rice. Our findings reveal insights into a unique regulatory mechanism for an on/off switch of reversible gene expression in maintaining sugar homeostatic states, which tightly regulates plant growth and development, and also highlight MYBS2 and αAmy3 as potential targets for crop improvement.

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Wang, Liangyu, Jie Di, Jun Nie, and Guiping Ma. "Multicomponent Doped Sugar-Coated Nanofibers for Peroxymonosulfate Activation." ACS Applied Nano Materials 2, no. 11 (October 14, 2019): 6998–7007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.9b01505.

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Ferrier, Robert J., and Richard H. Furneaux. "Activation of Sugar Hydroxyl Groups Prior to Glycosylation." Australian Journal of Chemistry 62, no. 6 (2009): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch09082.

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The hydroxyl groups of phenols and alcohols, including sugar alcohols, may be activated to make them more susceptible to glycosylation, but frequently activation is not formally carried out before such substitution. The present review considers methods that can be used to bring about hydroxyl group activation and thereby to facilitate glycosylation.

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Papantoni, Afroditi, and Kyle !Burger. "Increased Consumption of Sugar in Beverages Is Associated With Blunted Dopaminergic Brain Response to High Sugar Taste." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab049_027.

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Abstract Objectives The 2020 dietary guidelines specifically recommended a decrease in sugar intake. Reward-related, brain-based models of overeating and obesity suggest that increased intake of highly palatable foods is linked to decreased dopaminergic (striatal and prefrontal) brain functioning. This reduction acts to increase consumption of food to achieve pleasure. Here, we examined whether increased dietary intake of sugar and fat would be associated with increased activation in reward-related brain regions during anticipation of a sugar sweetened beverage (SSB), but decreased activation during SSB receipt. Methods Young adults (n = 100, age = 21.8 ± 2.4 y, BMI = 23.3 ± 3.5, 70% female) underwent an fMRI scan examining brain responses to receipt of a SSB, a tasteless rinse, and response cue-induced anticipation of these tastes. The Block Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess average dietary intake, % daily caloric intake from SSBs, sugar, sugar from SSBs and fat. These were correlated with whole-brain BOLD responses to SSB anticipation and receipt contrasts (e.g., SSB > rinse). Significance was corrected for multiple comparisons; pFWE < .05. Results Increased consumption of sugar calories from SSBs was correlated with decreased activity in regions associated with dopamine (posterior midbrain, dorsolateral/orbitofrontal cortices) and taste processing regions (postcentral gyrus) during receipt of SSB (> rinse). Conclusions These results directly support previous research (Burger & Stice 2012; AJCN) demonstrating that increased consumption of highly palatable foods is associated with reduced dopaminergic brain response during consumption specifically of those foods. Critically, we demonstrate these effects with SSBs which are far more widely consumed. Our results were specific to increased intake of sugar calories from SSBs and not total calories from SSBs or total sugar calories, suggesting that added sugars in these beverages have the potential to lead to altered frontostriatal brain responses. Funding Sources NIDDK R01DK112317.

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Nurlia, Nurlia, Muhammad Anas, and Erniwati Erniwati. "Analisis Variasi Temperatur Aktivasi Terhadap Struktur Kristalin Arang Aktif Dari Tandan Aren (Arenga Pinnata Merr) Dengan Agen Aktivasi Potassium Silicate (K2SiO3)." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Fisika 5, no. 4 (September 18, 2020): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.36709/jipfi.v5i4.14106.

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This study aims to determine the effect of variations of activation temperature of activated carbon from sugar palm bunches of chemically activatied with the activation agent of potassium silicate (K2SiO3) on the crystalline structure. Activated carbon is the result of pyrolysis of carbonaceous raw materials at temperatures lower than of 1000 oC. Activated carbon from bunches of sugar palm acquired in four steps: preparation steps, carbonization steps using the pyrolysis reactor with temperature of 300 oC - 400 oC for 8 hours and chemical activation using of potassium silicate (K2SiO3) activator in weight ratio of 2: 1 and physical activation using the electric furnace for 30 minutes with temperature variation of 600 oC, 650 oC, 700 oC, 750 oC and 800 oC. The crystalline structure tested by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) method, the results yielded of 26,60o, 26,62o, 26,16o, 26,22o, 26,97o, and 26,68o respectively. The highest crystalline structure yield was 22.26% at temperature of 600 oC and the lowest was 8.83% at temperature of 650 oC. The results obtained were amorphous 91.17% at the highest temperature of 650 oC and the lowest 77.74% at temperatur of 600 oC which has a random and irregular arrangement pattern of atoms or molecules repeatedly or not periodically.

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Lacrampe, Nathalie, Félicie Lopez-Lauri, Raphaël Lugan, Sophie Colombié, Jérôme Olivares, Philippe C. Nicot, and François Lecompte. "Regulation of sugar metabolism genes in the nitrogen-dependent susceptibility of tomato stems to Botrytis cinerea." Annals of Botany 127, no. 1 (August 27, 2020): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa155.

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Abstract Background and Aims The main soluble sugars are important components of plant defence against pathogens, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Upon infection by Botrytis cinerea, the activation of several sugar transporters, from both plant and fungus, illustrates the struggle for carbon resources. In sink tissues, the metabolic use of the sugars mobilized in the synthesis of defence compounds or antifungal barriers is not fully understood. Methods In this study, the nitrogen-dependent variation of tomato stem susceptibility to B. cinerea was used to examine, before and throughout the course of infection, the transcriptional activity of enzymes involved in sugar metabolism. Under different nitrate nutrition regimes, the expression of genes that encode the enzymes of sugar metabolism (invertases, sucrose synthases, hexokinases, fructokinases and phosphofructokinases) was determined and sugar contents were measured before inoculation and in asymptomatic tissues surrounding the lesions after inoculation. Key Results At high nitrogen availability, decreased susceptibility was associated with the overexpression of several genes 2 d after inoculation: sucrose synthases Sl-SUS1 and Sl-SUS3, cell wall invertases Sl-LIN5 to Sl-LIN9 and some fructokinase and phosphofructokinase genes. By contrast, increased susceptibility corresponded to the early repression of several genes that encode cell wall invertase and sucrose synthase. The course of sugar contents was coherent with gene expression. Conclusions The activation of specific genes that encode sucrose synthase is required for enhanced defence. Since the overexpression of fructokinase is also associated with reduced susceptibility, it can be hypothesized that supplementary sucrose cleavage by sucrose synthases is dedicated to the production of cell wall components from UDP-glucose, or to the additional implication of fructose in the synthesis of antimicrobial compounds, or both.

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Godfrey, Victoria, and Hasan Zaki. "P162 CRITICAL ROLES OF DIETARY SIMPLE SUGARS IN COLITIS PATHOGENESIS." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 26, Supplement_1 (January 2020): S39—S40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ibd/zaa010.101.

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Abstract The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is strikingly high in Western countries, implicating the role of Western diet in its etiology and pathogenesis. Western diet is characterized by high fat, low fiber, and high sugar. Despite clinical evidence of an association between high sugar diet and IBD susceptibility, the precise role of dietary simple sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose in colitis pathogenesis is unknown. Using dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and IL10-deficient mouse models of colitis, we studied the effect of simple sugars in colitis susceptibility. Mice were given high glucose, fructose or sucrose in their drinking water or left untreated before and during colitis induced by DSS. Sugar-fed mice exhibited increased colitis susceptibility evidenced by higher body weight loss, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and severe histopathological changes in the colon as compared to those of sugar-untreated colitic mice. Pre-colitis dietary habit of sugar consumption was critical since sugar pretreated mice were susceptible to DSS-induced colitis even without high sugar diet intake during DSS administration. Consistent with these findings, there were higher incidence of spontaneous colitis development in Il10-/- mice following consumption of high sugar. To understand the underlying mechanism, we evaluated the effect of high sugar diet on intestinal epithelial cell death, inflammation, epithelial barrier permeability, and gut microbiota composition in healthy mice. We did not observe any major pathological changes and apoptosis in the colon of sugar-fed mice. Inflammatory responses, activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, and the expression of tight junction proteins were comparable between control and sugar-fed mice. Interestingly, gut microbiota composition of sugar-fed mice was altered as measured by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of DNA isolated from feces. Microbial species richness was reduced and relative abundance of several bacterial species was either increased or decreased in sugar-fed mice. We further confirmed that sugar-induced alteration of gut microbiota is responsible for exacerbated colitis by using antibiotics or germ-free mice. Mice receiving antibiotics during high-sugar intake did not show increased DSS-colitis susceptibility. Similarly, high-sugar diet did not induce overt colitis pathogenesis in germ-free mice. These findings demonstrate a critical role of dietary caloric sugars in the predisposition and promotion of colitis and could be implicated in the treatment and management of IBD.

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Yokum, Sonja, and Eric Stice. "Weight gain is associated with changes in neural response to palatable food tastes varying in sugar and fat and palatable food images: a repeated-measures fMRI study." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 110, no. 6 (September 19, 2019): 1275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz204.

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ABSTRACT Background Emerging data suggest that weight gain is associated with changes in neural response to palatable food tastes and palatable food cues, which may serve to maintain overeating. Objective We investigated whether weight gain is associated with neural changes in response to tastes of milkshakes varying in fat and sugar content and palatable food images. Methods We compared changes in neural activity between initially healthy-weight adolescents who gained weight (n = 36) and those showing weight stability (n = 31) over 2–3 y. Results Adolescents who gained weight compared with those who remained weight stable showed decreases in activation in the postcentral gyrus, prefrontal cortex, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex, and increases in activation in the parietal lobe, posterior cingulate cortex, and inferior frontal gyrus in response to a high-fat/low-sugar compared with low-fat/low-sugar milkshake. Weight gainers also showed greater decreases in activation in the anterior insula and lateral orbitofrontal cortex in response to a high-fat/high-sugar compared with low-fat/low-sugar milkshake than those who remained weight stable. No group differences emerged in response to a low-fat/high-sugar compared with a low-fat/low-sugar milkshake. Weight gainers compared with those who remained weight stable showed greater decreases in activation in the middle temporal gyrus and increases in cuneus activation in response to appetizing compared with unappetizing food pictures. The significant interactions were partially driven by group differences in baseline responsivity and by opposite changes in neural activation in adolescents who remained weight stable. Conclusions Data suggest that weight gain is associated with a decrease in responsivity of regions associated with taste and reward processing to palatable high-fat- and high-fat/high-sugar food tastes. Data also suggest that avoiding weight gain increases taste sensitivity, which may prevent future excessive weight gain. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01949636.

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Gunawan, Annetta. "Analisis Pengaruh Communal Activation terhadap Keputusan Membeli untuk Meningkatkan Brand Loyalty (Studi Kasus Teh Botol Sosro Less Sugar)." Binus Business Review 4, no. 2 (November 29, 2013): 631–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v4i2.1377.

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Established in 1974 PT Sinar Sosro is the first bottled ready-to-drink tea producer in Indonesia. In order to fulfill its lovers wherever they are, the newest innovation has been launched, i.e. Teh Botol Sosro Less Sugar, which focuses on diabetics, sportsmen/athletes, and young executives as its target markets. To foster brand loyalty and control the community, PT Sinar Sosro utilizes crowd combo marketing concept, especiallycommunal activation activity that is adjusted with the current New Wave Marketing era, so PT Sinar Sosro can integrate supply and access of Teh Botol Sosro Less Sugar product. The objectives of this research are to analyze the influence of Communal Activation on Buying Decision of Teh Botol Sosro Less Sugar, and to analyze the influence of Communal Activation and Buying Decision on Brand Loyalty of Teh Botol Sosro Less Sugar. The data collection technique used was questionnaire disseminated to the members of Teh Botol Sosro Less Sugar online community, using Likert scale. While the data analysis technique used was Path Analysis. The result of Path Analysis shows the structural equation Y = 0,523 X + 0,8526 ε1 which Communal Activation significantly contributes to Buying Decision at 27,3% and Z = 0,552 X2 + 0,229 Y + 0,7141 ε2 which Communal Activation and Buying Decision simultantly and significantly contribute to Brand Loyalty at 49%.

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Chen, C., H. J. Durrant, R. P. Newton, and N. A. Ratcliffe. "A study of novel lectins and their involvement in the activation of the prophenoloxidase system in Blaberus discoidalis." Biochemical Journal 310, no. 1 (August 15, 1995): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3100023.

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Endogenous and exogenous lectins have been found to activate the prophenoloxidase (proPO) system of the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis, to the same extent as laminarin, a previously known microbial activator of proPO. The lectins can also further enhance this laminarin activation of the proPO system. Non-lectin proteins did not display any activation properties. The time course of proPO activation was studied after reconstitution of the reaction system using purified lectins, a trypsin-like enzyme, a trypsin inhibitor and partially purified lectin-binding proteins from the cockroach haemolymph. Lectin activation of the proPO system is probably not mediated by the lectin sugar-binding sites, as specific inhibitory sugars failed to abrogate the enhanced effect. The results suggest that alternative binding site(s) on the lectins may be involved in the proPO activation process. Evidence also suggests that several different lectins are involved in the regulation of the proPO system through separate receptors or binding molecules on the haemocytes, and that they exert their effects early in the sequence of events leading to conversion of proPO into its active form, possibly via regulation of serine proteases and protease inhibitors.

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Ryu, Seunghyun, Julie Hipp, and Cong T. Trinh. "Activating and Elucidating Metabolism of Complex Sugars in Yarrowia lipolytica." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 4 (December 18, 2015): 1334–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03582-15.

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ABSTRACTThe oleaginous yeastYarrowia lipolyticais an industrially important host for production of organic acids, oleochemicals, lipids, and proteins with broad biotechnological applications. Albeit known for decades, the unique native metabolism ofY. lipolyticafor using complex fermentable sugars, which are abundant in lignocellulosic biomass, is poorly understood. In this study, we activated and elucidated the native sugar metabolism inY. lipolyticafor cell growth on xylose and cellobiose as well as their mixtures with glucose through comprehensive metabolic and transcriptomic analyses. We identified 7 putative glucose-specific transporters, 16 putative xylose-specific transporters, and 4 putative cellobiose-specific transporters that are transcriptionally upregulated for growth on respective single sugars.Y. lipolyticais capable of using xylose as a carbon source, but xylose dehydrogenase is the key bottleneck of xylose assimilation and is transcriptionally repressed by glucose.Y. lipolyticahas a set of 5 extracellular and 6 intracellular β-glucosidases and is capable of assimilating cellobiose via extra- and intracellular mechanisms, the latter being dominant for growth on cellobiose as a sole carbon source. Strikingly,Y. lipolyticaexhibited enhanced sugar utilization for growth in mixed sugars, with strong carbon catabolite activation for growth on the mixture of xylose and cellobiose and with mild carbon catabolite repression of glucose on xylose and cellobiose. The results of this study shed light on fundamental understanding of the complex native sugar metabolism ofY. lipolyticaand will help guide inverse metabolic engineering ofY. lipolyticafor enhanced conversion of biomass-derived fermentable sugars to chemicals and fuels.

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Wahyuni, Kiki, Muhammad Anas, and Hunaidah M. "Analisis Variasi Temperatur Aktivasi dengan Agen Potassium Silicate (K2SiO3) terhadap Sifat Listrik Arang Aktif Tandan Aren (Arenga pinnata Merr.)." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Fisika 5, no. 4 (September 18, 2020): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.36709/jipfi.v5i4.14104.

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This research aims to determine the effect of variations of temperature activation with the Potassium Silicate (K2SiO3) agent on the electrical conductivity and capasitance of activated carbon from the sugar palm bunches (Arenga Pinnata Merr.). Activated carbon from bunches of sugar palm acquired in four steps: 1) preparation; 2) carbonization using the pyrolysis reactor with temperature of 300oC-400oC for 8 hours; 3) chemical activation using of potassium silicate (K2SiO3) activator in weight ratio of 2: 1 for 12 hours; and 4) physical activation using the electric furnace for 30 minutes with temperature variation of 600oC, 650oC, 700oC, 750oC and 800oC. Electrical conductivity was determined and analyzed by the I-V method, the capasitance was determined by using a RC circuit (Resistor Capasitor). The highest electrical conductivity and capasitance were at the temperature of 800oC that equal to 1.75 x 10-1 Ω-1m-1 and 102.07 nF respectively.

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Sesma, Juliana I., Silvia M. Kreda, Natacha Steinckwich-Besancon, Hong Dang, Rafael García-Mata, T. Kendall Harden, and Eduardo R. Lazarowski. "The UDP-sugar-sensing P2Y14receptor promotes Rho-mediated signaling and chemotaxis in human neutrophils." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 303, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): C490—C498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00138.2012.

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The Gi-coupled P2Y14receptor (P2Y14-R) is potently activated by UDP-sugars and UDP. Although P2Y14-R mRNA is prominently expressed in circulating neutrophils, the signaling pathways and functional responses associated with this receptor are undefined. In this study, we illustrate that incubation of isolated human neutrophils with UDP-glucose resulted in cytoskeleton rearrangement, change of cell shape, and enhanced cell migration. We also demonstrate that UDP-glucose promotes rapid, robust, and concentration-dependent activation of RhoA in these cells. Ecto-nucleotidases expressed on neutrophils rapidly hydrolyzed extracellular ATP, but incubation with UDP-glucose for up to 1 h resulted in negligible metabolism of the nucleotide-sugar. HL60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells do not express the P2Y14-R, but neutrophil differentiation of HL60 cells with DMSO resulted in markedly enhanced P2Y14-R expression. Accordingly, UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, and UDP- N-acetylglucosamine promoted Rho activation in differentiated but not in undifferentiated HL60 cells. Stable expression of recombinant human P2Y14-R conferred UDP-sugar-promoted responses to undifferentiated HL60 cells. UDP-glucose-promoted RhoA activation also was accompanied by enhanced cell migration in differentiated HL60 cells, and these responses were blocked by Rho kinase inhibitors. These results support the notion that UDP-glucose is a stable and potent proinflammatory mediator that promotes P2Y14-R-mediated neutrophil motility via Rho/Rho kinase activation.

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Berłowska, Joanna, Katarzyna Pielech-Przybylska, Maria Balcerek, Urszula Dziekońska-Kubczak, Piotr Patelski, Piotr Dziugan, and Dorota Kręgiel. "Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Sugar Beet Pulp for Efficient Bioethanol Production." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3154929.

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Sugar beet pulp, a byproduct of sugar beet processing, can be used as a feedstock in second-generation ethanol production. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of pretreatment, of the dosage of cellulase and hemicellulase enzyme preparations used, and of aeration on the release of fermentable sugars and ethanol yield during simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of sugar beet pulp-based worts. Pressure-thermal pretreatment was applied to sugar beet pulp suspended in 2% w/w sulphuric acid solution at a ratio providing 12% dry matter. Enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted using Viscozyme and Ultraflo Max (Novozymes) enzyme preparations (0.015–0.02 mL/g dry matter). Two yeast strains were used for fermentation: Ethanol Red (S. cerevisiae) (1 g/L) andPichia stipitis(0.5 g/L), applied sequentially. The results show that efficient simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of sugar beet pulp was achieved. A 6 h interval for enzymatic activation between the application of enzyme preparations and inoculation with Ethanol Red further improved the fermentation performance, with the highest ethanol concentration reaching26.9±1.2 g/L and86.5±2.1%fermentation efficiency relative to the theoretical yield.

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Waheed, Shahida, and Shujaat Ahmad. "Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of Different Products from the Sugarcane Industry in PakistanPart 1: Essential Elements for Nutritional Adequacy." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 91, no. 2 (March 1, 2008): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/91.2.392.

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Abstract Jaggery, brown sugar, white sugar, and molasses collected from the local sugarcane industry of Pakistan have been analyzed for essential elements in order to estimate their nutritional adequacy. Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to determine Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, and Zn through sequential, short, medium, and long irradiation times. Maximum concentrations for most of these elements were determined in molasses, with lower concentrations determined in jaggery and brown sugar; white sugar contained trace amounts of all essential elements. Contributions to the weekly Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) values for the elements were estimated only for jaggery, brown sugar, and white sugar because molasses in Pakistan is not consumed as a dietary item. Jaggery contributes the highest percentages of Cr, Mg, Mn, and Zn, whereas the highest percentages of Cl, Fe, K, and Na can be acquired from brown sugar. The contribution of white sugar to the weekly RDAs for these elements is negligible, indicating that white sugar is a poor source of the essential elements. However, the introduction of molasses to the diet can contribute to an adequate intake of these elements.

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Griffith, J., R. J. Rosenberg, O. Díaz-Rizo, and E. González. "Neutron activation analysis of final molasses from Cuban sugar industry." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters 213, no. 1 (May 1996): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02162487.

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Wei, Wei, Mei-nv Cheng, Liang-jie Ba, Run-xi Zeng, Dong-lan Luo, Yong-hua Qin, Zong-li Liu, et al. "Pitaya HpWRKY3 Is Associated with Fruit Sugar Accumulation by Transcriptionally Modulating Sucrose Metabolic Genes HpINV2 and HpSuSy1." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 8 (April 17, 2019): 1890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20081890.

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Sugar level is an important determinant of fruit taste and consumer preferences. However, upstream regulators that control sugar accumulation during fruit maturation are poorly understood. In the present work, we found that glucose is the main sugar in mature pitaya (Hylocereus) fruit, followed by fructose and sucrose. Expression levels of two sucrose-hydrolyzing enzyme genes HpINV2 and HpSuSy1 obviously increased during fruit maturation, which were correlated well with the elevated accumulation of glucose and fructose. A WRKY transcription factor HpWRKY3 was further identified as the putative binding protein of the HpINV2 and HpSuSy1 promoters by yeast one-hybrid and gel mobility shift assays. HpWRKY3 was localized exclusively in the nucleus and possessed trans-activation ability. HpWRKY3 exhibited the similar expression pattern with HpINV2 and HpSuSy1. Finally, transient expression assays in tobacco leaves showed that HpWRKY3 activated the expressions of HpINV2 and HpSuSy1. Taken together, we propose that HpWRKY3 is associated with pitaya fruit sugar accumulation by activating the transcriptions of sucrose metabolic genes. Our findings thus shed light on the transcriptional mechanism that regulates the sugar accumulation during pitaya fruit quality formation.

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Liu, Song Yu, and John P. N. Rosazza. "Enzymatic Conversion of Glucose to UDP-4-Keto-6-Deoxyglucose in Streptomyces spp." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 10 (October 1, 1998): 3972–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.10.3972-3976.1998.

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ABSTRACT All of the 2,6-dideoxy sugars contained within the structure of chromomycin A3 are derived from d-glucose. Enzyme assays were used to confirm the presence of hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase, UDPG pyrophosphorylase (UDPGP), and UDPG oxidoreductase (UDPGO), all of which are involved in the pathway of glucose activation and conversion into 2,6-dideoxyhexoses during chromomycin biosynthesis. Levels of the four enzymes inStreptomyces spp. cell extracts were correlated with the production of chromomycins. The pathway of sugar activation inStreptomyces spp. involves glucose 6-phosphorylation by hexokinase, isomerization to G-1-P catalyzed by phosphoglucomutase, synthesis of UDPG catalyzed by UDPGP, and formation of UDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose by UDPGO.

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Prabowo, Hartiwi, Brian Garda Muchardie, and Dedy Handrimurtjahjo. "Pengaruh Communal Activation untuk Membentuk Brand Loyalty Produk Minuman." Binus Business Review 3, no. 1 (May 31, 2012): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v3i1.1341.

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Established in 1974, PT Sinar Sosro is the first ready-to-drink tea beverage in bottles in Indonesia and in the world. Teh Botol Sosro market position is the leader in ready to drink tea industry. One of the leading products of PT Sinar Sosro is Teh Botol Sosro glass bottle often called RGB (returnable Glass Bottle). To meet the lovers’ needs anywhere they are, the latest innovation from Teh Botol Sosro products is Teh Botol Sosro Less Sugar which was launched on August 20, 2008. As the time passes by, the market condition encourages a change in marketing plan that leads to a decentralized system (horizontal) in which the customer demands the same service from the same brand from any location they are. This era is called the New Wave Marketing (2008), which is still running today. The purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of communal activation of the buying decisions to increase brand loyalty in Teh Botol Sosro Less Sugar product. Data collecting technique is the questionnaire to members of the online community Botol Sosro Less Sugar and interviews, while the data analysis technique using path analysis. Path Analysis Results show there was an impact dan significant between Communal Activation and Buying Decisions, and there was also a positive correlation and significant between Buying Decisions and Brand Loyalty.

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Marziali, Giacomo, Antonella Marangoni, Claudio Foschi, Maria Carla Re, and Natalia Calonghi. "Effect of Sugars on Chlamydia trachomatis Infectivity." Pathogens 9, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9040298.

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Background. Previous works suggest that sugars can have a beneficial effect on C. trachomatis (CT) survival and virulence. In this study, we investigated the effect of different sugars on CT infectivity, elucidating some of the molecular mechanisms behind CT-sugar interaction. Methods. CT infectivity was investigated on HeLa cells after 2 hour-incubation of elementary bodies (EBs) with glucose, sucrose, or mannitol solutions (0.5, 2.5, 5.0 mM). The effect of sugars on EB membrane fluidity was investigated by fluorescence anisotropy measurement, whereas the changes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure were examined by cytofluorimetric analysis. By means of a Western blot, we explored the phosphorylation state of Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) in HeLa cells infected with EBs pre-incubated with sugars. Results. All sugar solutions significantly increased CT infectivity on epithelial cells, acting directly on the EB structure. Sugars induced a significant increase of EB membrane fluidity, leading to changes in LPS membrane exposure. Especially after incubation with sucrose and mannitol, EBs led to a higher FAK phosphorylation, enhancing the activation of anti-apoptotic and proliferative signals in the host cells. Conclusions. Sugars can increase CT infectivity and virulence, by modulating the expression/exposure of chlamydial membrane ligands. Further in-depth studies are needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved.

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Dalgård, Christine, Flemming Nielsen, Jason D. Morrow, Henrik Enghusen-Poulsen, Torbjörn Jonung, Mogens Hørder, and Moniek P. M. de Maat. "Supplementation with orange and blackcurrant juice, but not vitamin E, improves inflammatory markers in patients with peripheral arterial disease." British Journal of Nutrition 101, no. 2 (May 28, 2008): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114508995660.

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Inflammation and endothelial activation are associated with an increased risk of CVD and epidemiological evidence suggests an association between levels of markers of inflammation or endothelial activation and the intake of fruit. Also, vitamin E, a fat-soluble antioxidant, has anti-inflammatory properties. We performed a randomised 2 × 2 factorial, crossover trial to determine the effect of orange and blackcurrant juice (500 ml/d) and vitamin E (15 mg RRR-α-tocopherol/d) supplementation on markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in forty-eight patients with peripheral arterial disease. Patients were randomly allocated to two dietary supplements from the four possible combinations of juice and vitamin E: juice+vitamin E; juice+placebo; reference beverage (sugar drink)+vitamin E; and reference beverage+placebo. The supplementations were given for 28 d, separated by a 4-week wash-out period. Analysis of main effects showed that juice decreased C-reactive protein (CRP) by 11 % and fibrinogen by 3 % while the reference drink increased CRP by 13 % and fibrinogen by 2 % (P < 0·008 and P < 0·002, respectively). No significant differences were measured for IL-6 and the endothelial activation markers von Willebrand factor, tissue-plasminogen activator and plasmin activator inhibitor-1. Vitamin E supplementation had no significant effects on the various markers. We observed no significant interaction between juice and vitamin E. In this study, orange and blackcurrant juice reduced markers of inflammation, but not markers of endothelial activation, in patients with peripheral arterial disease, relative to sugar drinks.

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Álvarez-Añorve, Laura I., Isabelle Gaugué, Hannes Link, Jorge Marcos-Viquez, Dana M. Díaz-Jiménez, Sergio Zonszein, Ismael Bustos-Jaimes, Isabelle Schmitz-Afonso, Mario L. Calcagno, and Jacqueline Plumbridge. "Allosteric Activation of Escherichia coli Glucosamine-6-Phosphate Deaminase (NagB)In VivoJustified by Intracellular Amino Sugar Metabolite Concentrations." Journal of Bacteriology 198, no. 11 (March 21, 2016): 1610–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00870-15.

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ABSTRACTWe have investigated the impact of growth on glucosamine (GlcN) andN-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on cellular metabolism by quantifying glycolytic metabolites inEscherichia coli. Growth on GlcNAc increased intracellular pools of both GlcNAc6P and GlcN6P 10- to 20-fold compared to growth on glucose. Growth on GlcN produced a 100-fold increase in GlcN6P but only a slight increase in GlcNAc6P. Changes to the amounts of downstream glycolytic intermediates were minor compared to growth on glucose. The enzyme glucosamine-6P deaminase (NagB) is required for growth on both GlcN and GlcNAc. It is an allosteric enzyme inE. coli, displaying sigmoid kinetics with respect to its substrate, GlcN6P, and is allosterically activated by GlcNAc6P. The high concentration of GlcN6P, accompanied by the small increase in GlcNAc6P, drivesE. coliNagB (NagBEc) into its high activity state, as observed during growth on GlcN (L. I. Álvarez-Añorve, I. Bustos-Jaimes, M. L. Calcagno, and J. Plumbridge, J Bacteriol 191:6401–6407, 2009,http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.00633-09). The slight increase in GlcNAc6P during growth on GlcN is insufficient to displace NagC, the GlcNAc6P-responsive repressor of thenaggenes, from its binding sites, so there is only a small increase innagBexpression. We replaced the gene for the allosteric NagBEcenzyme with that of the nonallosteric,B. subtilishomologue, NagBBs. We detected no effects on growth rates or competitive fitness on glucose or the amino sugars, nor did we detect any effect on the concentrations of central metabolites, thus demonstrating the robustness of amino sugar metabolism and leaving open the question of the role of allostery in the regulation of NagB.IMPORTANCEChitin, the polymer ofN-acetylglucosamine, is an abundant biomaterial, and both glucosamine andN-acetylglucosamine are valuable nutrients for bacteria. The amino sugars are components of numerous essential macromolecules, including bacterial peptidoglycan and mammalian glycosaminoglycans. Controlling the biosynthetic and degradative pathways of amino sugar metabolism is important in all organisms to avoid loss of nitrogen and energy via a futile cycle of synthesis and breakdown. The enzyme glucosamine-6P deaminase (NagB) is central to this control, andN-acetylglucosamine-6P is the key signaling molecule regulating amino sugar utilization inEscherichia coli. Here, we investigate how the metabolic status of the bacteria impacts on the activity of NagBEcand theN-acetylglucosamine-6P-sensitive transcriptional repressor, NagC.

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Suehara, Ken-ichiro, Takaharu Kameoka, and Atsushi Hashimoto. "Evaluation of Salt Influence on Sugar Consumption by Suspension Cells Based on Spectroscopic Analysis." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/401718.

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The influence of metal salt on sugar consumption by suspension cells in food models constructed by a sugar and salt aqueous solution was investigated based on mid-infrared spectroscopic analysis. The contaminated suspension cells in the food model could be detected using the spectral feature change that measured the present spectrum subtracted in the initial spectrum. The cells were prepared for growth and although the cell did not grow under the induction period, the cell activation (start of sugar metabolism) was detected on the subtracted spectral behavior before the cell growth. The rough grasp of the spectral change behavior is useful for the high-throughput spectroscopic method to detect the contaminated cell activation. Furthermore, the detailed sugar consumption kinetics of the cells was also investigated based on the spectroscopic method. The kind of added salt in the food model influenced the cell activation and the potassium ions play an important role in the plant cells. The living cells activity in fresh food may act to prevent microbial contamination and to suppress the growth of the contaminated microorganism. Both the simple and detailed analyses based on the spectroscopic method presented in this study might be useful for risk management of food.

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Bosco, Michaël, Philippe Bisseret, and Jacques Eustache. "Synthesis of sugar-derived phostones by activation of γ-hydroxyphosphonic acids." Tetrahedron Letters 44, no. 11 (March 2003): 2347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(03)00240-5.

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Levi, Marcel. "Does sugar cause clotting? Intensive insulin treatment and activation of coagulation*." Critical Care Medicine 36, no. 5 (May 2008): 1657–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181704574.

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Sch�ler, C., H. Kayser, and W. Reutter. "S7.10 Influence of amino sugar analogues on the activation of lymphocytes." Glycoconjugate Journal 10, no. 4 (August 1993): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01209937.

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Papenfort, Kai, Yan Sun, Masatoshi Miyakoshi, Carin K. Vanderpool, and Jörg Vogel. "Small RNA-Mediated Activation of Sugar Phosphatase mRNA Regulates Glucose Homeostasis." Cell 153, no. 2 (April 2013): 426–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.03.003.

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Chambers, Prima, Aminatu Issaka, and Sean P. Palecek. "Saccharomyces cerevisiae JEN1 Promoter Activity Is Inversely Related to Concentration of Repressing Sugar." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 1 (January 2004): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.1.8-17.2004.

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ABSTRACT When carbon sources are changed, Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcriptional patterns drastically change. To identify genes whose transcription can be used to quantitatively measure sugar concentrations, we searched genomic expression databases for a set of genes that are highly induced during the diauxic shift, and we used the promoters from these genes to drive expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). Certain sugars, including glucose, fructose, and mannose, repress the promoter of JEN1, which encodes a lactate-pyruvate transporter, in a dose-dependent manner. Nonrepressing carbon sources include galactose, raffinose, ethanol, lactate, and glycerol. JEN1 promoter activity is a linear function of glucose concentration when organisms are grown at a steady-state glucose concentration below 1 g/liter. JEN1 promoter repression is specific to carbon source; heat or cold shock, osmotic stress, DNA damage, and nitrogen starvation do not significantly affect promoter activity. Activation of the JEN1 promoter requires the Snf1 protein kinase, but multiple regulatory elements most likely combine to provide the linear relationship between JEN1 promoter activity and sugar concentration. Thus, a JEN1 promoter-reporter system appears to provide a good living cell biosensor for the concentration of certain sugars. The JEN1 promoter also permits quantitative regulation of cellular functions not normally controlled by sugar concentrations. For example, a strain expressing FLO1 under control of the JEN1 promoter flocculates at a low glucose concentration.

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Lee, Kian Keat, Wenming Hao, Mikaela Gustafsson, Cheuk-Wai Tai, Daniel Morin, Eva Björkman, Malte Lilliestråle, Fredrik Björefors, Anna M. Andersson, and Niklas Hedin. "Tailored activated carbons for supercapacitors derived from hydrothermally carbonized sugars by chemical activation." RSC Advances 6, no. 112 (2016): 110629–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra24398c.

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Yu, Hai, and Xi Chen. "One-pot multienzyme (OPME) systems for chemoenzymatic synthesis of carbohydrates." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 14, no. 10 (2016): 2809–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ob00058d.

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Constable, S. H., R. J. Favier, J. Uhl, and J. O. Holloszy. "Bradykinin does not mediate activation of glucose transport by muscle contraction." Journal of Applied Physiology 61, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 881–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.3.881.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the report that bradykinin is the “muscle activity hypoglycemia factor” responsible for the activation of glucose transport that occurs in response to muscle contractile activity. Stimulation of rat epitrochlearis muscles to contract resulted in approximately a fourfold increase in the rate of intracellular accumulation of the nonmetabolizable glucose analog 3-O-methylglucose. Incubation of the muscles with high concentrations of aprotinin (Trasylol), a polypeptide inhibitor of kallikrein which blocks formation of kinins, did not inhibit the activation of sugar transport by contractile activity. Furthermore incubation of muscles with bradykinin did not have a stimulatory effect on the uptake of 3-methylglucose either at a physiological concentration or at high concentrations. These results provide no support for the claims that aprotinin prevents the activation of sugar transport in muscle by contractile activity or that bradykinin is the muscle activity hypoglycemia factor.

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Sclafani, Anthony, Damien S. Glass, Robert F. Margolskee, and John I. Glendinning. "Gut T1R3 sweet taste receptors do not mediate sucrose-conditioned flavor preferences in mice." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 299, no. 6 (December 2010): R1643—R1650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00495.2010.

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Most mammals prefer the sweet taste of sugars, which is mediated by the heterodimeric T1R2+T1R3 taste receptor. Sugar appetite is also enhanced by the post-oral reinforcing actions of the nutrient in the gut. Here, we examined the contribution of gut T1R3 (either alone or as part of the T1R3+T1R3 receptor) to post-oral sugar reinforcement using a flavor-conditioning paradigm. We trained mice to associate consumption of a flavored solution (CS+) with intragastric (IG) infusions of a sweetener, and a different flavored solution (CS-) with IG infusions of water (23 h/day); then, we measured preference in a CS+ vs. CS- choice test. In experiment 1, we predicted that if activation of gut T1R3 mediates sugar reinforcement, then IG infusions of a nutritive (sucrose) or nonnutritive (sucralose) ligand for this receptor should condition a preference for the CS+ in B6 wild-type (WT) mice. While the mice that received IG sucrose infusions developed a strong preference for the CS+, those that received IG sucralose infusions developed a weak avoidance of the CS+. In experiment 2, we used T1R3 knockout (KO) mice to examine the necessity of gut T1R2+T1R3 receptors for conditioned flavor preferences. If intact gut T1R3 (or T1R2+T1R3) receptors are necessary for flavor-sugar conditioning, then T1R3 KO mice should not develop a sugar-conditioned flavor preference. We found that T1R3 KO mice, like WT mice, acquired a strong preference for the CS+ paired with IG sucrose infusions. The KO mice were also like WT mice in avoiding a CS+ flavor paired with IG sucralose infusions These findings provide clear evidence that gut T1R3 receptors are not necessary for sugar-conditioned flavor preferences or sucralose-induced flavor avoidance in mice.

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Awadallah, R. M., M. K. Sherif, A. E. Mohamed, and F. Grass. "Determination of trace elements in Egyptian cane sugar by neutron activation analysis." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 92, no. 1 (October 1985): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02065386.

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Haas, Tobias, Jochen Metzger, Frank Schmitz, Antje Heit, Thomas Müller, Eicke Latz, and Hermann Wagner. "The DNA Sugar Backbone 2′ Deoxyribose Determines Toll-like Receptor 9 Activation." Immunity 28, no. 3 (March 2008): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2008.01.013.

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Geiger, Margarethe, and Bernd R. Binder. "Plasminogen Activation in Diabetes Mellitus: Normalization of Blood Sugar Levels Improves Impaired Enzyme Kinetics In Vitro." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 54, no. 02 (1985): 413–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1657861.

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SummaryWe have demonstrated previously that fibrin enhanced plasmin formation by the vascular plasminogen activator was significantly impaired, when components isolated from the plasma of three uncontrolled diabetic patients (type I) were used to study plasminogen activation in vitro. In the present study it can be demonstrated that functional properties of the vascular plasminogen activators as well as of the plasminogens from the same three diabetic patients are significantly improved after normalization of blood sugar levels and improvement of HbAlc values. Most pronounced the Km of diabetic vascular plasminogen activator in the presence of fibrin returned to normal values, and for diabetic plasminogen the prolonged lag period until maximal plasmin formation occurred was shortened to almost control values. From these data we conclude that the observed abnormalities of in vitro fibrinolysis are not primarily associated with the diabetic disease, but might be secondary to metabolic disorders caused by diabetes.

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Valverde, Pablo, Jean-Baptiste Vendeville, Kristian Hollingsworth, Ashley P. Mattey, Tessa Keenan, Harriet Chidwick, Helene Ledru, et al. "Chemoenzymatic synthesis of 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-l-fucose and its enzymatic incorporation into glycoconjugates." Chemical Communications 56, no. 47 (2020): 6408–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc02209h.

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Thiem, Kathrin, Geerte Hoeke, Enchen Zhou, Anneke Hijmans, Tom Houben, Margien G. Boels, Isabel M. Mol, et al. "Deletion of haematopoietic Dectin-2 or CARD9 does not protect from atherosclerosis development under hyperglycaemic conditions." Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research 17, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 147916411989214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479164119892140.

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Background: C-type lectin receptors, including Dectin-2, are pattern recognition receptors on monocytes and macrophages that mainly recognize sugars and sugar-like structures present on fungi. Activation of C-type lectin receptors induces downstream CARD9 signalling, leading to the production of cytokines. We hypothesized that under hyperglycaemic conditions, as is the case in diabetes mellitus, glycosylated protein (sugar-like) structures activate C-type lectin receptors, leading to immune cell activation and increased atherosclerosis development. Methods: Low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice were lethally irradiated and transplanted with bone marrow from control wild-type, Dectin-2−/− or Card9−/− mice. After 6 weeks of recovery, mice received streptozotocin injections (50 mg/g BW; 5 days) to induce hyperglycaemia. After an additional 2 weeks, mice were fed a Western-type diet (0.1% cholesterol) for 10 weeks. Results and Conclusion: Deletion of haematopoietic Dectin-2 reduced the number of circulating Ly6Chi monocytes, increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production, but did not affect atherosclerosis development. Deletion of haematopoietic CARD9 tended to reduce macrophage and collagen content in atherosclerotic lesions, again without influencing the lesion size. Deletion of haematopoietic Dectin-2 did not influence atherosclerosis development under hyperglycaemic conditions, despite some minor effects on inflammation. Deletion of haematopoietic CARD9 induced minor alterations in plaque composition under hyperglycaemic conditions, without affecting lesion size.

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Suppi, Sandra, Tiina Michelson, Katrin Viigand, and Tiina Alamäe. "Repression vs. activation ofMOX,FMD,MPP1andMAL1promoters by sugars inHansenula polymorpha: the outcome depends on cell's ability to phosphorylate sugar." FEMS Yeast Research 13, no. 2 (December 17, 2012): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1567-1364.12023.

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Naito, Yuko, Hiromu Takematsu, Susumu Koyama, Shizu Miyake, Harumi Yamamoto, Reiko Fujinawa, Manabu Sugai, et al. "Germinal Center Marker GL7 Probes Activation-Dependent Repression of N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid, a Sialic Acid Species Involved in the Negative Modulation of B-Cell Activation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 27, no. 8 (February 12, 2007): 3008–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.02047-06.

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ABSTRACT Sialic acid (Sia) is a family of acidic nine-carbon sugars that occupies the nonreducing terminus of glycan chains. Diversity of Sia is achieved by variation in the linkage to the underlying sugar and modification of the Sia molecule. Here we identified Sia-dependent epitope specificity for GL7, a rat monoclonal antibody, to probe germinal centers upon T cell-dependent immunity. GL7 recognizes sialylated glycan(s), the α2,6-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) on a lactosamine glycan chain(s), in both Sia modification- and Sia linkage-dependent manners. In mouse germinal center B cells, the expression of the GL7 epitope was upregulated due to the in situ repression of CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase (Cmah), the enzyme responsible for Sia modification of Neu5Ac to Neu5Gc. Such Cmah repression caused activation-dependent dynamic reduction of CD22 ligand expression without losing α2,6-linked sialylation in germinal centers. The in vivo function of Cmah was analyzed using gene-disrupted mice. Phenotypic analyses showed that Neu5Gc glycan functions as a negative regulator for B-cell activation in assays of T-cell-independent immunization response and splenic B-cell proliferation. Thus, Neu5Gc is required for optimal negative regulation, and the reaction is specifically suppressed in activated B cells, i.e., germinal center B cells.

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Clausen, T., and J. A. Flatman. "Effects of insulin and epinephrine on Na+-K+ and glucose transport in soleus muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 252, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): E492—E499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1987.252.4.e492.

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To identify possible cause-effect relationships between changes in active Na+-K+ transport, resting membrane potential, and glucose transport, the effects of insulin and epinephrine were compared in rat soleus muscle. Epinephrine, which produced twice as large a hyperpolarization as insulin, induced only a modest increase in sugar transport. Ouabain, at a concentration (10(-3) M) sufficient to block active Na+-K+ transport and the hyperpolarization induced by the two hormones, did not interfere with sugar transport stimulation. After Na+ loading in K+-free buffer, the return to K+-containing standard buffer caused marked stimulation of active Na+-K+ transport, twice the hyperpolarization produced by insulin but no change in sugar transport. The insulin-induced activation of the Na+-K+ pump leads to decreased intracellular Na+ concentration and hyperpolarization, but none of these events can account for the concomitant activation of the glucose transport system. The stimulating effect of insulin on active Na+-K+ transport was not suppressed by amiloride, indicating that in intact skeletal muscle it is not elicited by a primary increase in Na+ influx via the Na+/H+-exchange system.

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Yeung, Andy Wai Kan, and Natalie Sui Miu Wong. "How Does Our Brain Process Sugars and Non-Nutritive Sweeteners Differently: A Systematic Review on Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies." Nutrients 12, no. 10 (September 30, 2020): 3010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12103010.

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This systematic review aimed to reveal the differential brain processing of sugars and sweeteners in humans. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies published up to 2019 were retrieved from two databases and were included into the review if they evaluated the effects of both sugars and sweeteners on the subjects’ brain responses, during tasting and right after ingestion. Twenty studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The number of participants per study ranged from 5 to 42, with a total number of study participants at 396. Seven studies recruited both males and females, 7 were all-female and 6 were all-male. There was no consistent pattern showing that sugar or sweeteners elicited larger brain responses. Commonly involved brain regions were insula/operculum, cingulate and striatum, brainstem, hypothalamus and the ventral tegmental area. Future studies, therefore, should recruit a larger sample size, adopt a standardized fasting duration (preferably 12 h overnight, which is the most common practice and brain responses are larger in the state of hunger), and reported results with familywise-error rate (FWE)-corrected statistics. Every study should report the differential brain activation between sugar and non-nutritive sweetener conditions regardless of the complexity of their experiment design. These measures would enable a meta-analysis, pooling data across studies in a meaningful manner.

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Striem, B. J., U. Pace, U. Zehavi, M. Naim, and D. Lancet. "Sweet tastants stimulate adenylate cyclase coupled to GTP-binding protein in rat tongue membranes." Biochemical Journal 260, no. 1 (May 15, 1989): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2600121.

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Sucrose and other saccharides, which produce an appealing taste in rats, were found to significantly stimulate the activity of adenylate cyclase in membranes derived from the anterior-dorsal region of rat tongue. In control membranes derived from either tongue muscle or tongue non-sensory epithelium, the effect of sugars on adenylate cyclase activity was either much smaller or absent. Sucrose enhanced adenylate cyclase activity in a dose-related manner, and this activation was dependent on the presence of guanine nucleotides, suggesting the involvement of a GTP-binding protein (‘G-protein’). The activation of adenylate cyclase by various mono- and di-saccharides correlated with their electrophysiological potency. Among non-sugar sweeteners, sodium saccharin activated the enzyme, whereas aspartame and neohesperidin dihydrochalcone did not, in correlation with their sweet-taste effectiveness in the rat. Sucrose activation of the enzyme was partly inhibited by Cu2+ and Zn2+, in agreement with their effect on electrophysiological sweet-taste responses. Our results are consistent with a sweet-taste transduction mechanism involving specific receptors, a guanine-nucleotide-binding protein and the cyclic AMP-generating enzyme adenylate cyclase.

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KRAAKMAN, Leon S., Joris WINDERICKX, Johan M. THEVELEIN, and Johannes H. DE WINDE. "Structure–function analysis of yeast hexokinase: structural requirements for triggering cAMP signalling and catabolite repression." Biochemical Journal 343, no. 1 (September 24, 1999): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3430159.

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In baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) the hexokinases PI (Hxk1) and PII (Hxk2) are required for triggering of the activation of the Ras-cAMP pathway and catabolite repression. Specifically, Hxk2 is essential for the establishment of glucose repression, whereas either Hxk1 or Hxk2 can sustain fructose repression. Previous studies have suggested that the extent of glucose repression is inversely correlated with hexokinase catalytic activity and hence with an adequate elevation of intracellular sugar phosphate levels. However, several lines of evidence indicate that glucose 6-phosphate is not the trigger of catabolite repression in yeast. In the present study we employed site-directed mutagenesis of amino acids important for the binding of sugar and ATP, for efficient phosphoryl transfer and for the closure of the substrate-binding cleft, to obtain an insight into the structural requirements of Hxk2 for sugar-induced signalling. We show that the ATP-binding Lys-111 is not essential for catalysis in vivo or for signal triggering. Substitution of the catalytic-centre Asp-211 caused loss of catalytic activity, but high-affinity sugar binding was retained. However, this was not sufficient to cause cAMP activation nor catabolite repression. Mutation of Ser-158 abrogated glucose-induced, but not fructose-induced, repression. Moreover, 2-deoxyglucose sustained repression despite an extremely low catalytic activity. We conclude that the establishment of catabolite repression is dependent on the onset of the phosphoryl transfer reaction on hexokinase and is probably related to the stable formation of a transition intermediate and concomitant conformational changes within the enzyme. In contrast, the role of Hxk2 in Ras-cAMP activation seems to be directly connected to its catalytic function. The implications of this model are discussed.

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Frías, M., and E. Villar-Cociña. "Influence of calcining temperature on the activation of sugar-cane bagasse: kinetic parameters." Advances in Cement Research 19, no. 3 (July 2007): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/adcr.2007.19.3.109.

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Schwartz, Cory, Nicholas Curtis, Ann-Kathrin Löbs, and Ian Wheeldon. "Multiplexed CRISPR Activation of Cryptic Sugar Metabolism Enables Yarrowia Lipolytica Growth on Cellobiose." Biotechnology Journal 13, no. 9 (May 18, 2018): 1700584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biot.201700584.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sugar activation'

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