Academic literature on the topic 'Sugar cane harvester'
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Journal articles on the topic "Sugar cane harvester"
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Manhães, Carmen Maria Coimbra, Ricardo Ferreira Garcia, Delorme Correa Júnior, Francisco Maurício Alves Francelino, Cristóbal Soto Solano, and Helenilson Oliveira Francelino. "Operational Consumption of fuel of a sugar cane harvester." Revista Vértices 20, no. 2 (2018): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.19180/1809-2667.v20n22018p171-179.
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Studies have shown that using higher operational capacity harvesters render less fuel consumption per harvested area and, as a result, less operating expenses. This paper aims to obtain the effective fuel consumption per hour of the CASE IH A4000 harvester during the mechanical harvest of raw sugar cane. The study took place in a sugar cane plantation with mechanical harvest in an area belonging to a producer for Coagro (Cooperativa Agroindustrial do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Ltda.) (Agroindustrial Cooperative of the State of Rio de Janeiro), in the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro/Brazil. The variety of sugar cane was evaluated at RB867515 in its third cut. The system of automatic data acquisition was built from a volumetric flow sensor to determine the fuel flow, in addition to a data collector (Datalogger) and a global positioning system (GPS) device. To determine the fuel consumption per hour, data from the fuel flow sensor were used. The consumption per hour of fuel was 33.9 L.h-1. The effective consumption was estimated in 1.84 L. ton-1. The consumption per hour and the effective consumption of the CASE IH A4000 were more than double of what the manufacturers stipulated, which means, the consumption is much higher than desirable.
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McCarthy, Stuart, and John Billingsley. "A sensor for the sugar cane harvester topper." Sensor Review 22, no. 3 (2002): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280210433089.
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Danilo, Sim otilde es, Gustavo Santin Luis, and Torres Fenner Paulo. "Ergonomic characterization of three sugar cane harvester machinery models." African Journal of Agricultural Research 11, no. 8 (2016): 724–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar2015.10695.
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Hu, Xiu Chi, Lan Xia Zheng, Yang Yuan, and Meng Lian. "Simulation Study on Bad Cutting State Criterion of Sugar Cane." Advanced Materials Research 219-220 (March 2011): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.219-220.235.
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Bad cutting state of sugar cane is a most situation in sugar cane cutting process, which seriously affects the cutting performance of sugarcane harvester and its promotion. According to the fourth strength theory, through finite element analysis software ANSYS, the mechanical simulation analysis on bad cutting state of cane was done. And through regression analysis on simulation results by software SPSS, the criterion of bad cutting state of sugarcane was obtained.
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R. Sam and P. Ridd. "Sugar Cane Harvester Base-cutter Height Sensing Using Electromagnetic Induction Technology." Transactions of the ASAE 39, no. 6 (1996): 2291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.27739.
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Narimoto, Lidiane Regina, and João Alberto Camarotto. "How do users design? The case of sugar cane harvester machines." Work 57, no. 3 (2017): 421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-172574.
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Baio, Fábio Henrique Rojo. "Evaluation of an auto-guidance system operating on a sugar cane harvester." Precision Agriculture 13, no. 1 (2011): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11119-011-9241-6.
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Kroes, S., and H. D. Harris. "A Kinematic Model of the Dual Basecutter of a Sugar Cane Harvester." Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 62, no. 3 (1995): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1995.1074.
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Higgins, A. J., M. A. Haynes, R. C. Muchow, and D. B. Prestwidge. "Developing and implementing optimised sugarcane harvest schedules through participatory research." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, no. 3 (2004): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar03172.
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The Australian sugar industry saw opportunities for increasing productivity and hence whole- of-industry profitability through optimising the harvest date of sugarcane, accounting for geographical and crop differences in cane yield and the sugar content of cane for different harvest dates throughout the harvesting season. Research scientists engaged in participatory research with 3 case-study mill regions to construct the models needed to produce these optimised harvest schedules. Average potential gains of up to AU$119/ha at a sugar price of AU$250/t were shown and the case study regions were keen to pilot the schedules. This paper focusses on the development of a pathway to pilot implementation and evaluation through collaboration with growers, harvester contractors, and millers collectively. We developed: strategies to overcome implementation barriers; the design of the pilot scheme; software tools; and an evaluation strategy of pilot study results to provide proof-of-concept and encourage further uptake. With the development of this pathway, pilot implementation took place during the 2000 and 2001 harvest seasons for about 200 farms. Action learning methodologies were applied to improve the scheme for the 2001 season. Most growers and millers who followed the optimised schedules closely, achieved gains of up to AU$200/ha, with the Maryborough Sugar Factory estimating a gain of AU$34 000 for their crop. Although optimised harvest schedules were implemented by only a small percentage of growers in each of the case study regions, there is growing adoption throughout the sugar industry.
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Shikanai, Takeshi, and Senlin Guan. "Recording Operation of Sugar Cane Harvester and Analysis of Working Efficiency by Digital Tachograph System." Agricultural Information Research 24, no. 4 (2015): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3173/air.24.101.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Sugar cane harvester"
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McCarthy, Stuart George. "The integration of sensory control for sugar cane harvesters." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, 2003. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00001469/.
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The research concerns the design and implementation of mechatronic systems to assist in the operation and control of a sugar cane harvester. Two functions were chosen for attention, the primary separation system, and the ‘topper’ that discards the leafy crown. Although these operations are given low priority by the operator of the harvester, their optimisation is of particular significance to the industry. Optimum separation requires a fine balance between discarding ‘trash’ that would contaminate the quality of the cane billets and losing good sugar-bearing material through over cleaning. Poor control of the topper can create extra load for the separation system and cause it to operate at a low efficiency with high loss. Alternatively it can cause a length of sugar-bearing cane stalk to be lost before it even enters the harvester system at all. A variety of mechatronic techniques were explored, that addressed the problem of providing useful data directly from the harvester functions and the electronic instrumentation to allow the data to be collected in a useful form in real-time. Computer control issues were also investigated, to make best use of the data stream. Novel acoustic transducers were introduced to the sensory separation system to provide a signal that indicated material striking the fan blades. A rotary transformer was required to allow transmission of the signal, and a signal interface system was implemented to record the returned data. Many real-time time-series analyses were conducted, and from these a suitable algorithm to extract an impact signal was developed. This system was assessed under harvesting conditions with results that confirmed its ability to quantify the amount of cane lost from the harvest. An investigation was conducted to detect the optimum topping height on a sugar cane stalk. The techniques considered both the internal and external attributes of the stalk, and a method was selected to measure the sugar concentration with a chemical sensor. An important design parameter was that the sensor must operate on the harvester in real time. The novel refractometer worked well in laboratory conditions, yielding repeatable and accurate results. The field environment complicated the application of this system, however this was partly overcome with introduction of a custom sample-crushing mechanism. This device provided the necessary juice sample from a selection of the topped cane stalks. The complete sampling and measuring mechanism operated well on cane stalks, and returned encouraging results. Both sets of data returned useful information regarding the operation of the particular harvester operations. The control of either the separation system or the topper requires careful balancing, and novel control techniques that consider the ergonomics for the operator are discussed. These include visual indication devices through to automatic control algorithms. With the integration of mechatronic techniques into the functioning of the sugar cane harvester, the overall efficiency of many of its functions may be improved, and the operator’s task may be greatly simplified. The ultimate objective is to maximise the yield with an improved level of harvested and separated cane.
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Junior, João Conrado Schmidt. "Avaliação de desempenho efetivo de colhedora de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-23112011-094646/.
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A cultura da cana-de-açúcar está relacionada principalmente à produção de açúcar e de etanol, sendo ambos os produtos considerados commodities na economia mundial. A demanda por alimentos e energia renovável é crescente, proporcionando o crescimento da produção nacional destes produtos. Segundo a ÚNICA (2010), o Brasil atingiu na safra 2008/2009 uma produção total de cana-de-açúcar de 569,1 milhões de toneladas processadas, o que representa um crescimento de 14,8% com relação à safra anterior. O setor sucro-alcoleiro no Brasil vem ganhando espaço no mercado nacional e internacional em função da diversificação e melhoria de produtividade, principalmente no setor agrícola. A colheita da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil era tradicionalmente realizada com corte e carregamento manual. Esta técnica começou a ser questionada quando o cultivo desta cultura tomou dimensões mais expressivas no cenário nacional, juntamente a apelos ambientais e sociais. A mão-de-obra utilizada no corte se torna escassa e normalmente apresenta incompatibilidade perante a atual legislação trabalhista brasileira. A colheita mecanizada favorece o processo de corte e carregamento, depositando a cana picada diretamente no sistema de transporte. O corte da cana-de-açúcar crua também apresenta vantagens no processo de moagem na usina, sendo assim a mecanização da colheita reduz custo, aumenta o desempenho operacional e diminui o impacto ambiental. Por estes fatores, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, através de um ensaio padrão, a combinação ideal entre a velocidade de deslocamento e a velocidade do exaustor primário para um protótipo de colhedora de cana-de-açúcar, baseado nos padrões já utilizados pela usina. Os ensaios foram realizados na Usina Jalles Machado, município de Goianésia, Estado de Goiás, em condições de campo, sem queima prévia do canavial, sendo a cana-de-açúcar da variedade SP 841431 em seu segundo corte. O espaçamento utilizado era de 1,5m e a produtividade estimada, pela usina, de 85 t ha-1. O porte do canavial foi determinado como ereto, assim como o paralelismo entre as fileiras de plantio dentro do limite desejável e o relevo em condições adequadas. A colhedora avaliada foi submetida a três velocidades de deslocamento e duas velocidades do exaustor primário, enquanto a colhedora referência utilizou os padrões da usina. A metodologia de ensaio e avaliação do desempenho efetivo foram os propostos por Ripoli & Ripoli (2009), por meio de determinações da eficácia de manipulação, perdas de matéria-prima de campo, índices de matéria estranha vegetal e mineral na matéria-prima, consumo de combustível e frequência do comprimento e índice de cisalhamento de rebolos. Foi constatado que o consumo de combustível da colhedora avaliada foi menor que o consumo da colhedora referência, e que este apresentou relação com a velocidade de deslocamento. A eficácia de manipulação não apresentou diferença entre os tratamentos, sendo as perdas totais maiores na maior velocidade de deslocamento. Os valores encontrados para a variável matéria-estranha total apresentaram diferença estatística ao nível de 5% de probabilidade entre os tratamentos.<br>The sugar cane crop is mainly related to the production of sugar and ethanol, both products being considered as commodities in the global economy. The demand for food and renewable energy is growing, providing the growth of domestic production of these products. According to UNICA (2010), Brazil has achieved in the 2008/2009 crop a total production of 569.1 million tons of sugar cane to be processed, representing an increase of 14.8% compared to the previous harvest. The sugar-alcohol sector in Brazil has been gaining ground in national and international market due to the diversification and improvement of productivity, especially in the agricultural sector. The harvesting of sugar cane in Brazil has traditionally been done with cutting and loading by men. This technique began to be questioned when the cultivation of this culture took most significant dimensions in the national scene, along with environmental and social causes. The manpower used in the harvest becomes scarce and usually mismatch current Brazilian labor legislation. Mechanized harvesting favors the process of cutting and loading, directly depositing the chopped cane into the transport system. The mechanical harvest of sugar cane also has advantages in the milling process at the plant, so the harvest mechanization reduces cost, improves operational performance and decreases the environmental impact. By these factors, this study used a standard test to evaluate the ideal combination of speed and primary extractor velocity for a prototype of sugar cane harvester based on standards already used by the sugar cane mill. The assessments were performed in Jalles Machado sugar cane mill, municipality of Goianésia, State of Goias, in field conditions without prior burning of the sugarcane. The sugar cane variety was SP 841431 in its second cut. The spacing between rows was 1.5 m and yields were estimated by Jalles Machado to be around 85 t ha-1. The sugar cane was erect and the land was under appropriate conditions for mechanical harvesting. Also the parallelism between rows of planting was considered appropriated. The evaluated harvester worked in three different forward speeds and two different speeds of the primary exhaust, while the harvester used as reference worked in standards of the Jalles Machado mill. The test methodology and evaluation of actual performance used were those proposed by Ripoli & Ripoli (2009), by determination of the effectiveness of manipulation, field losses indexes, harvesting quality and vegetable and mineral impurities indexes, fuel consumption and damage index and length frequency of the billets. It was found that the fuel consumption of the evaluated harvester was lower than the consumption of the reference harvester, and that this was related to speed. The effectiveness of manipulation had no difference between treatments, with higher total losses at higher speed. The values found for the variable total foreign matters showed statistical difference at 5% probability between treatments.
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Mello, Roberto da Cunha [UNESP]. "Utilização de lâminas serrilhadas no corte basal da cana-de- açúcar." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101833.
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mello_rc_dr_botfca.pdf: 1756104 bytes, checksum: 8f837d784813911ebf3c8ca7e85b19c2 (MD5)<br>As colhedoras atuais de cana-de-açúcar são autopropelidas, com todo acionamento, das peças ativas e locomotoras, hidráulico. O cortador de base é composto por dois discos contra rotativos, com cinco lâminas retangulares cada, que cortam os colmos em sua base por impacto. Um rolo defletor empurra os caules para frente antes do corte para auxiliar na alimentação da máquina. A deflexão e o corte de base por impacto são responsáveis por danos na soqueira e no produto colhido. Estes danos aceleram o processo de deterioração, aumentam o nível de perdas e prejudica a rebrota. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi desenvolver e avaliar um sistema de corte de base que não se baseie no corte por impacto e que possa ser adaptado em qualquer colhedora comercial sem a necessidade de alterações na máquina. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, foi realizado um estudo cinemático de lâminas curvas e foram conduzidos experimentos de laboratório e campo. Os discos do cortador de base estão sujeitos a dois movimentos, rotação e translação (avanço da colhedora). O estudo cinemático descreve estes movimentos em forma de matrizes. Foram elaborados programas com o uso do software MATLAB para a realização de uma simulação virtual, usada para investigar as configurações alternativas do cortador de base e fornecer subsídios para um desenvolvimento teórico do processo de corte da cana-de-açúcar. No laboratório foi construída uma estrutura de teste que simulava os movimentos de rotação e translação do disco, para cortar uma amostra do caule da cana-de-açúcar. Foram realizados dois experimentos; no primeiro foi utilizado um delineamento estatístico em esquema fatorial onde foi avaliado o passo do serrilhado, o ângulo horizontal da lâmina com inclinação para frente e para trás e a velocidade de corte. Foram analisados os danos no caule, perdas de massa, forças e energia de corte...<br>The current sugar cane harvesters are self propelled and all transmissions are hydraulic. The basecutting mechanism consists of two rotating discs, with five rectangular blades each, which cut the stalk at its base by impact. A knockdown roller pushes the stem forward before the cut to assist the machine feeding. The deflection and the basecutting by impact are responsible for damage to the stump and harvested product. This damage accelerates the deterioration process, increases the level of losses, damage and reduces the ratoon. The objective of this research was to develop and evaluate a basecutter system that is not based on the impact cut and can be adapted to any commercial harvester without any modification in the machine. To achieve the proposed objective, a cinematic study of curved blades was developed and was also conducted laboratory and field experiments. The basecutter discs are subject to two basic movements, rotation and translation (advancement of the harvester). The cinematic study describes these movements in form of matrices and some programs were written using the MATLAB software and this virtual simulation was used to investigate alternative basecutting configurations and provide knowledge to a theoretical development of the sugarcane cutting process. At the laboratory it was built a test rig that simulates the rotation and translation movements of the disc to cut a sample of sugarcane stalk. Two experiments were conducted: in the first, it was used a factorial statistics design which assessed the pitch of the serration, the horizontal blade angle (backward and forward) and cutting speed. It was analyzed the damage to stem, mass 4 losses, forces and cutting energy. In the second experiment the sample of whole sugarcane was submitted to a bending stress to simulate the effect of deflection roll and it was analyzed the damage to stem, mass loss and consumed energy... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Santos, Neisvaldo Barbosa dos. "Identificação dos fatores críticos da colheita mecanizada de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-19102011-090951/.
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A cultura da cana-de-açúcar tem significativa participação na economia do agronegócio brasileiro. Seus subprodutos são utilizados para a geração de energia elétrica, produção de combustível, matéria-prima para a indústria química e alimentação. Na produção da cana, a colheita é considerada como uma das operações mais importantes, pois deve atender a demanda de matéria-prima requerida pela Usina, com qualidade e a um custo competitivo. Porém, o desempenho operacional e econômico da colheita é influenciado por inúmeras variáveis interrelacionadas sistemicamente. Esse fato dificulta prever os efeitos de alterações individuais nas variáveis durante a operação. Tendo em vista essa dificuldade, o objetivo desse trabalho foi o de analisar, de modo sistêmico, a influência das variáveis no desempenho operacional e econômico do processo de colheita mecanizada da cana-de-açúcar. Para tanto foi desenvolvido um modelo, denominado de ColheCana, em planilha eletrônica e em linguagem de programação. O modelo foi verificado, validado e utilizado na análise das variáveis e no desenvolvimento de cenários. Os resultados evidenciaram que a eficiência de campo e o valor inicial das colhedoras são variáveis de grande impacto no custo e que existe uma área máxima que um equipamento pode atender e para essa área o custo é mínimo. O aumento da produtividade do talhão impacta positivamente no custo de produção, porém é preciso considerar a influência no custo de combustível. O aumento da produtividade pode causar um aumento no consumo de combustível da colhedora e consequentemente nos custos. A eficiência gerencial é uma das variáveis que pode refletir na diminuição do custo de produção pela redução nos tempos perdidos.<br>The sugar cane has significant role on Brazilian agribusiness economy. Its sub products are used for electric power generation, fuel production, as raw material for food and chemical industry. On sugarcane production, harvesting is considered as one of the most important operations of the process for it has to attend the raw material demanded by the sugar mill in quality and a competitive cost. However, the economical and operational harvesting performance is influenced by several variables systemically inter-related. Because of this to predict the effects of individual alterations on variables during the operation is difficult. Due to this difficulty the aim of this study was to analyze, in a systemic way, the variables influence on economical and operational performance in sugar cane mechanized harvesting process. For this purpose a model called \"ColheCana\", was developed in a spreadsheet and in a programming language. The model was checked, validated and used on the variables analysis and on the scenarios development. The results showed that the field efficiency and harvester´s initial value are variables of great impact in the cost and that there is a maximum area that one equipment can attend and for this area the cost is minimum. The increasing of field productivity has a positive impact on production cost, but the influence on fuel cost must be considered. The increasing of productivity may cause an increasing of harvester fuel consumption and consequently on the costs. The managerial efficiency is one of the variables that may reflect the reduction of production cost by reducing the time wasted.
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Mello, Roberto da Cunha 1958. "Utilização de lâminas serrilhadas no corte basal da cana-de- açúcar /." Botucatu, [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101833.
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Orientador: Kléber Pereira Lanças<br>Banca: Saulo Philipe Sebastião Guerra<br>Banca: Paulo Roberto Arbex Silva<br>Banca: Ila Maria Corrêa<br>Banca: Nilson Salvador<br>Resumo: As colhedoras atuais de cana-de-açúcar são autopropelidas, com todo acionamento, das peças ativas e locomotoras, hidráulico. O cortador de base é composto por dois discos contra rotativos, com cinco lâminas retangulares cada, que cortam os colmos em sua base por impacto. Um rolo defletor empurra os caules para frente antes do corte para auxiliar na alimentação da máquina. A deflexão e o corte de base por impacto são responsáveis por danos na soqueira e no produto colhido. Estes danos aceleram o processo de deterioração, aumentam o nível de perdas e prejudica a rebrota. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi desenvolver e avaliar um sistema de corte de base que não se baseie no corte por impacto e que possa ser adaptado em qualquer colhedora comercial sem a necessidade de alterações na máquina. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, foi realizado um estudo cinemático de lâminas curvas e foram conduzidos experimentos de laboratório e campo. Os discos do cortador de base estão sujeitos a dois movimentos, rotação e translação (avanço da colhedora). O estudo cinemático descreve estes movimentos em forma de matrizes. Foram elaborados programas com o uso do software MATLAB para a realização de uma simulação virtual, usada para investigar as configurações alternativas do cortador de base e fornecer subsídios para um desenvolvimento teórico do processo de corte da cana-de-açúcar. No laboratório foi construída uma estrutura de teste que simulava os movimentos de rotação e translação do disco, para cortar uma amostra do caule da cana-de-açúcar. Foram realizados dois experimentos; no primeiro foi utilizado um delineamento estatístico em esquema fatorial onde foi avaliado o passo do serrilhado, o ângulo horizontal da lâmina com inclinação para frente e para trás e a velocidade de corte. Foram analisados os danos no caule, perdas de massa, forças e energia de corte... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: The current sugar cane harvesters are self propelled and all transmissions are hydraulic. The basecutting mechanism consists of two rotating discs, with five rectangular blades each, which cut the stalk at its base by impact. A knockdown roller pushes the stem forward before the cut to assist the machine feeding. The deflection and the basecutting by impact are responsible for damage to the stump and harvested product. This damage accelerates the deterioration process, increases the level of losses, damage and reduces the ratoon. The objective of this research was to develop and evaluate a basecutter system that is not based on the impact cut and can be adapted to any commercial harvester without any modification in the machine. To achieve the proposed objective, a cinematic study of curved blades was developed and was also conducted laboratory and field experiments. The basecutter discs are subject to two basic movements, rotation and translation (advancement of the harvester). The cinematic study describes these movements in form of matrices and some programs were written using the MATLAB software and this virtual simulation was used to investigate alternative basecutting configurations and provide knowledge to a theoretical development of the sugarcane cutting process. At the laboratory it was built a test rig that simulates the rotation and translation movements of the disc to cut a sample of sugarcane stalk. Two experiments were conducted: in the first, it was used a factorial statistics design which assessed the pitch of the serration, the horizontal blade angle (backward and forward) and cutting speed. It was analyzed the damage to stem, mass 4 losses, forces and cutting energy. In the second experiment the sample of whole sugarcane was submitted to a bending stress to simulate the effect of deflection roll and it was analyzed the damage to stem, mass loss and consumed energy... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutor
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Belardo, Guilherme de Castro. "Avaliação de desempenho efetivo de três colhedoras em cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum ssp) sem queima." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-26112010-144709/.
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O aumento nacional e mundial no consumo de açúcar e as pressões pelo uso de fontes de energia renováveis, como o etanol e a energia elétrica gerada através da queima de subprodutos da cana-de-açúcar vêm impulsionando o crescimento da área destinada à produção da cultura no Brasil nas últimas décadas. Segundo a UNICA (2010), o Brasil atingiu na safra 2008/2009 uma produção total de cana-de-açúcar de 569,1 milhões de toneladas processadas, o que representa um crescimento de 14,8% com relação à safra anterior. Esse incremento é representado pelo aumento no consumo de etanol como combustível que cresceu 22,2% no mesmo período. A colheita mecanizada de cana-de-açúcar também vem aumentando nos últimos anos e as principais razões para esse crescimento são a escassez de mão-de-obra para colheita manual, as legislações ambientais que buscam a eliminação gradativa da queima prévia do canavial para a colheita e a redução de custos operacionais da colheita mecanizada frente à colheita manual. Por esses fatores, e com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho efetivo dos três modelos de colhedoras de cana-de-açúcar mais comercializadas no Brasil, foram realizados ensaios em condições de campo operando em colheita de cana crua na Usina Clealco, município de Clementina, Estado de São Paulo no período de 22 a 27 de março de 2010. A variedade colhida foi a RB85-5453, sem queima prévia, de primeiro corte, com espaçamento entre fileiras de 1,5m, o solo foi classificado como latossolo vermelho e o micro-relevo do terreno estava em condições adequadas para operação de colheita mecânica com declividade de 2,4%, e bom paralelismo entre fileiras de plantio. A área do ensaio foi caracterizada como canavial de porte ereto e a produtividade agrícola média foi de 115,14 t.ha-1. As máquinas foram ensaiadas em duas velocidades de deslocamento pré-estabelecidas em 5,0 e 7,0 km.h-1 (tratamentos 1 e 2) com cinco repetições para cada velocidade totalizando 30 determinações, ou seja, 10 para cada máquina. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com esquema fatorial 3X2. Cada repetição correspondeu a 150 m de colheita ao longo das fileiras de plantio. A metodologia de ensaio e avaliação do desempenho efetivo foram os propostos por Ripoli & Ripoli (2009), por meio de determinações das capacidades efetivas, eficácia de manipulação, perdas de matériaprima de campo, índices de matéria estranha vegetal e mineral na matéria-prima, consumo de combustível e freqüência do comprimento e índice de cisalhamento de rebolos. Foi constatado que com o aumento da velocidade de deslocamento não houve diferença estatística nas variáveis eficácia de manipulação e na maioria dos índices de qualidade de colheita e de perdas, apenas a variável perda de colmos e sua frações melhorou, contudo melhorou-se as capacidades efetivas e consumos de combustível por unidades de área e produção, ou seja, o aumento da velocidade de deslocamento trouxe benefícios de ordem econômica mantendo a qualidade de colheita.<br>Increasing national and global sugar consumption and pressures by the use of renewable energy sources, such as ethanol and the electric energy generated by the burning of sugar cane sub-products are driving the growth of the area destined to the production of culture in recent decades. According to UNICA (2010), the Brazil reached in 2008/2009 harvest season a total sugarcane production of 569.1 million tons processed, representing a growth of 14.8% regarding the previous crop. This increment is represented mainly by the increase in consumption of ethanol as a fuel which grew 22.2% over the same period. Sugar cane mechanical harvesting also has been increasing in recent years and the main reasons for this growth are the shortage of labor to harvest manual, environmental laws that seek the gradual elimination of sugar cane areas flaring prior to the harvest and the reduction of operational costs of mechanical harvesting against manual harvest. By these factors, and to assess the actual performance of the three sugar cane harvesters models made in Brazil, were conducted tests in field conditions operating in green sugarcane at Clealco sugar cane mill, municipality of Clementina, State of São Paulo in the period from 22 to 27 March 2010. The variety harvested was the RB85-5453, without burning, first cut, with 1,5 m spacing between rows, the soil was classified as red latosol and micro-relief of the land was under appropriate conditions for mechanical harvesting operation with 2.4% slope, and parallelism between planting rows. The test area has been characterized as erect sugar cane and average agricultural productivity was 115.14 t ha-1. The machines were tested at two harvesting speeds pre-established in 5.0 and 7.0 km h-1 (treatments 1 and 2) with five repetitions for each treatment totaling 30 determinations, i.e. 10 to each machine. The statistic analyses design was entirely randomized with schema factorial 3 x 2. Each repetition matched 150 m of harvesting along the row of planting. The test methodology and evaluation of effective performance used were those proposed by Ripoli & Ripoli (2009), through effective capacities determinations, effectiveness of manipulation, field losses indexes, harvesting quality and mineral and vegetal impurities index, fuel consumption and damage index and length frequency of the billets. It was found that with the increased speed of displacement there was no statistical difference in the variables effectiveness of manipulation and in most harvesting quality indexes and harvest losses, only the variable loss of stalks and its fractions has been improved, but the variables effective capacities and fuel consumptions per unit area and production has shown betters index, in other words, increasing the speed of displacement has benefited from economic order while maintaining quality harvest.
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Salvi, José Vitor. "Qualidade do corte de base de colhedoras de cana-de-açúcar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-07122006-142950/.
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Na colheita mecanizada de cana-de-açúcar, existem algumas peculiaridades relacionadas às interações solo-máquina-planta, que tem causado preocupações, devido às perdas de matériaprima deixada no campo e à redução da longevidade do canavial, ocasionados pela deficiência do controle de altura de corte. A melhoria da qualidade do corte e da matéria-prima é proposta na bibliografia por meio de intervenções na colheita e em outras práticas culturais existentes, e de mudanças nos projetos das colhedoras. Os fabricantes desses equipamentos têm desenvolvido dispositivos para auxiliar o operador no controle da altura de corte. Tendo em vista a importância do corte de base na qualidade e perda de matéria-prima e na longevidade da soqueira, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência de um dispositivo semi-automático de controle de altura do corte de base, DAC, na qualidade do corte de base e seu desempenho ao longo de uma jornada de trabalho. Para tanto, os ensaios foram realizados em duas usinas de açúcar e álcool, com colhedoras equipadas com o DAC. Para a avaliação da qualidade do corte de base, foram utilizadas duas metodologias distintas, denominadas de etapa 1 e etapa 2. A primeira procurou identificar a influência da utilização do DAC na qualidade operacional. A segunda foi voltada para a avaliação da qualidade operacional com o uso DAC em situação normal de trabalho. Nas duas etapas, utilizaram-se técnicas do controle estatístico do processo. Os resultados mostraram que, em termos gerais e nas condições do trabalho, os parâmetros qualitativos analisados do corte de base realizado por colhedoras de cana-de-açúcar não atendem aos padrões especificados pelas usinas, independente do uso do DAC.<br>In sugar cane mechanized harvesting, there are some peculiarities related to soil-machineplant interaction which has been causing some concern due to raw material left on the field losses and the reduction in sugar cane crop longevity caused by deficiency in cut height control. Improvement in cut quality and raw material are proposed in bibliography by means of intervention at harvest and other crop practices available and changes in harvester design. Harvester producers have developed devices to aid the operator in controlling cut height. Whit the importance of base cutting in raw material quality and losses and crop longevity in mind, this study aimed at evaluating the influence of a semi-automatic base cutting control device, DAC, on base cutting quality and its performance on a normal working day. Thus, the trials were carried out in two sugar and alcohol mills with harvesters equipped with DAC. Two different methodologies, denominated stage one and stage two, were used in order to evaluate base cutting quality. The first one tried to identify the influence of DAC utilization on operational quality. The second one evaluated the operational quality with DAC use on a normal working condition. On both stages, techniques of statistical process control were used. The results showed that, in general and under the harvester operation conditions, the analyzed qualitative parameters of base cutting done sugar cane harvesters do not meet the standard specified by sugar mills regardless the DAC use.
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Orsolini, José Mauricio. "Protótipo de cortadora-amontoadora: desempenho operacional e econômico em cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) com queima prévia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-07012003-161133/.
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O presente trabalho teve por objetivo efetuar a análise dos Desempenhos Operacional e Econômico do protótipo de uma cortadora-amontoadora para cana-de-açúcar, comparado-os com valores obtidos na bibliografia e referentes ao corte manual realizado em cana-de-açúcar, com queima prévia e sugerir modificações no projeto mecânico do espécime. O protótipo analisado é apresentado como uma opção para a substituição da mão-de-obra responsável pelo corte dos canaviais. Para tanto foram utilizadas as metodologias propostas por Ripoli (1986) e Molina Jr. (2000). O protótipo em questão foi o Phoenix CM500i®, fabricado pela empresa Motocana® Ltda 2 . Os testes foram realizados na Usina Costa Pinto, localizada no município de Piracicaba, interior de São Paulo, durante o mês de julho de 2.000. Foram determinados os seguintes parâmetros: Capacidade Efetiva de Corte (média de 398,27kN.h -1 ou 40,61t.h -1 ); Eficácia de Manipulação (média de 93,84%); Perdas (média de 6,59%, de canas não colhidas e/ou suas frações remanescentes na soqueira); Matéria Estranha média de 3,75% e Custo estimado de R$0,194.kN -1 (ou R$1,90.t -1 ) na Capacidade Efetiva de Corte, o que, se comparado ao custo de R$0,306.kN -1 (ou R$3,00.t -1 ) do corte manual representa uma redução de 36,6% no custo da operação. Por se tratar de um protótipo, foram realizados, ainda, exercícios de projeção com base nas modificações sugeridas e referentes ao seu projeto mecânico. Estes estudos apresentaram novos valores estimados de Capacidade Efetiva de Corte de R$0,083.kN -1 (ou R$0,81.t -1 ) de cana cortada, ou seja, uma redução da ordem de 85% nos custos em relação aos custos da utilização da mão-de-obra para este mesmo fim.<br>The present study had the objective to analyze the Operational and Economic Performances of a chopper-pile prototype for sugar cane, comparing them with the found values in the bibliography and referring to the manual cut in burned sugar cane and suggest modifications on the machine mechanical project. The analyzed prototype is presented as a substitution option for the hand workers, which are responsible for the sugar cane cut. The methodologies that had been used in this study were proposed by Ripoli (1986) and Molina Jr. (2000). The prototype was the Phoenix CM500i®, manufactured by Motocana® Ltd 3 . The tests had been carried out in Costa Pinto Sugar Mill, located in Piracicaba county, São Paulo State, during the month of July 2.000. The following parameters had been determined: Cut Effective Capacity (average of 398,27kN.h -1 or 40,61t.h -1 ); Manipulation Effectiveness (93,84% average); Losses (6,59% average, not harvested sugar cane and/or its remaining fractions in the stubble); 3,75% of Strange Matter Harvested and a Estimated Cost of R$0,194.kN -1 (or R$1,90.ton -1 ) in the Cut Effective Capacity, which if compared with the R$0,306.kN -1 (or R$3,00.ton -1 ) manual cut cost represents a 36,6% cost reduction of the operation costs. Dealing with the prototype, projection's exercises had been made on the basis of the suggested modifications referring to in its mechanical project. These studies had presented Cut Effective Capacity estimated values of R$0,083.kN -1 (or R$0,81.ton -1 ) of cut sugar cane, a 85% cost reduction in relation with the use of hand workers for this same end.
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Cox, Graeme J. "A yield mapping system for sugar cane chopper harvesters." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, 2002. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00004617/.
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[Abstract]: Yield maps provide essential information for the spatial analysis and evaluation of crop production management at a within field level. Technology has been developed to conduct yield mapping in various crops including grain, potatoes and forage, but as yet no technology exists for yield mapping sugar cane. The chopper harvester is the most common form ofmechanical harvester for sugar cane. Therefore, the goal of this research is to develop a yield mapping system for the chopper type sugar cane harvester.After a review, it is proposed that a suitable accuracy goal for the sugar cane mass flow sensor would be ‘less than 5% cumulative measurement error, 95% of the time (2 standard deviations), measured over a 100m2 harvest area’.Existing mass flow sensors for other crops are reviewed.Based on this review four potential techniques are proposed to measure the mass flow rate of sugar cane. These were defined as the chopper power, elevator power and feed roller separation and weigh pad. These weretested simultaneously by placing various sensors on a single harvester and comparing the sensor outputs with the mass flow rate as measured by a weigh truck. In this trial, all techniques offered potential but none produced results close to the accuracy goal. A weighing technique, known as the ‘weigh pad’, offered the most potential for improvement and potential to accurately measure the mass flow rate with a single calibration under all conditions. The weigh pad technique suffered from very small load cell sensitivity to flow rate, drift in baseline readings and susceptibility to mechanical noise/acceleration dynamics.An opportunity arose to install a complete yield mapping system on a harvester within a commercial operation. This opportunity was accepted to assess the potential for applying yield maps to the agronomic management of sugar cane. Because the weigh pad sensor required further development at this stage, chopper and elevator power were used as a measure of mass flow rate. A full yield mapping system was developed. Yield mapping, directed soil sampling and variable rate gypsum application was conducted on a case study field. Economic analysis shows a clear economic benefit when compared with standardmanagement.Analysis is conducted on the weigh pad sensor examining its susceptibility to mechanical noise/acceleration dynamics. Theory is developed to mathematically model the effects of acceleration dynamics on the accuracy of weigh pad sensor. Laboratory bench testing supported the mathematical model. From the theoretical and experimental analysis a number of conclusions are drawn:· The weigh pad should be made as light as possible to minimise the error due todynamic conditions.· Electronic analogue filters should be used to reduce the noise due to externalacceleration.· The weigh pad should be as rigid as possible to maximise its natural frequency.A new weigh pad sensor was designed based on these conclusions. Field trials indicated the effects of external accelerations dynamics were significantly reduced. Baseline drift was then found as the next major factor limiting accuracy. The baseline drift was principally caused by the secondary extractor fan of the harvester inducing a negative pressure on the weighpad. A rubber curtain placed between the weigh pad and the secondary extractor fan reduced the negative force on the weigh pad due to the secondary extractor fan by 74% (from 17 N to 4.4 N). Therefore it is recommended the curtain be used to minimise the impact of the secondary extractor fan on the baseline drift of the weigh pad.A yield mapping system has been developed for the sugar cane chopper harvester incorporating the weigh pad sensor, a ground speed sensor, a DGPS receiver, a yielddisplay/monitor and data logger. Three identical systems have been constructed and installed on three harvesters for the 1998 cane harvest season. The results show sugar cane could be yield mapped using standard yield mapping principles.The level of accuracy being achieved by the yield mapping system is less than 16% error, with 95% confidence, over a measurement area of approximately 1400 m2. Although theaccuracy achieved is not to the desired research goal, yield maps were produced with satisfactory detail to make agronomic management decisions. The reliability of the sugar cane yield mapping system under field condition in a commercial operation was satisfactory. However, two techniques are proposed (“auto-zeroing” and “batch weighing” techniques) to improve the accuracy and reliability of the weigh pad readings during wet or adverseharvesting conditions.After note: At the time of writing the NCEA along with Case Austoft (CNH) were continuing to conduct research and development on the system and are intending to make theyield mapping system available as a standard item on new harvesters and a retrofit unit on existing harvesters in the near future (C. Barret, per. comm. 2001). The proposed “autozeroing” and “batch weighing” techniques are being tested.
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Filho, Josà de Souza Oliveira. "Phosphorus dynamics and organic matter in quartzipsamment cultivated with sugar cane harvested without burning." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8135.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior<br>Na cultura da cana-de-aÃÃcar, por razÃes econÃmicas e ambientais, a queima da palhada, feita para facilitar a colheita e o transporte, vem sendo substituÃda pela colheita mecanizada. Sabe-se que a manutenÃÃo da palhada sobre o solo influencia a dinÃmica da Ãgua, nutrientes e matÃria orgÃnica, mas seus efeitos ainda nÃo sÃo suficientemente conhecidos. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do manejo do solo cultivado com cana-de-aÃÃcar sem a queima prÃvia do canavial para a colheita, comparado com a mata nativa, sobre a matÃria orgÃnica do solo e, por consequÃncia, os efeitos desta sobre o fÃsforo do solo. Para tanto, foram determinados, nas profundidades de 0 â 2,5, 2,5 â 5, 5 â 10 , 10 â 20 e 20 â 30 cm, os teores de carbono orgÃnico total (COT) e particulado (COP) e seus respectivos estoques (EstCOT e EstCOP), a matÃria orgÃnica leve (MOL), fracionada pelo mÃtodo da flotaÃÃo em Ãgua, as concentraÃÃes de fÃsforo orgÃnico e inorgÃnico obtidas atravÃs da extraÃÃo sequencial proposta por Hedley et al.(1982) com modificaÃÃes e a capacidade mÃxima de adsorÃÃo de fÃsforo do solo (CMAP). As amostras de solo para as anÃlises foram coletadas de uma Ãrea sob cultivo de cana-de-aÃÃcar e de uma Ãrea contÃgua sob vegetaÃÃo nativa, ambas localizadas no municÃpio de Paraipaba â CE. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à anÃlise de variÃncia e comparados entre si pelo Teste de Tukey (p< 0,05) utilizando-se para tanto, o programa estatÃstico Assistat. Os maiores teores de COT e COP foram encontrados na primeira camada da Ãrea de mata. Em profundidade, os teores de COP na Ãrea de cana foram superiores. O EstCOT foi superior na Ãrea de mata, no entanto, o EstCOP foi superior na Ãrea sob cultivo de cana. As maiores concentraÃÃes de MOL foram encontradas nas primeiras camadas da Ãrea cultivada, nÃo diferindo da Ãrea de mata em profundidade. A concentraÃÃo de fÃsforo orgÃnico foi superior a concentraÃÃo de fÃsforo inorgÃnico nas duas Ãreas. Entre as fraÃÃes orgÃnicas obtidas pelo fracionamento de Hedley, a fraÃÃo orgÃnica bicarbonato (Po bic) foi a que obteve maior proporÃÃo em relaÃÃo ao fÃsforo total do solo. Dentre as fraÃÃes inorgÃnicas, a fraÃÃo inorgÃnica hidrÃxido 0,1 (Pi hid 0,1) apresentou-se em maiores concentraÃÃes que as demais. O maior valor de CMAP foi obtido na ultima camada da Ãrea de mata e o menor valor encontrado na primeira camada da Ãrea cultivada. Observou-se correlaÃÃo negativa entre os valores de COP e MOL com os valores de CMAP na Ãrea sob cultivo. Os maiores valores de CMAP foram encontrados nas camadas com menores concentraÃÃes de COP e MOL. Essa tendÃncia nÃo foi observada na Ãrea de mata. No geral, na ultima camada avaliada (20 â 30 cm), nÃo se observou diferenÃas significativas para as caracterÃsticas avaliadas entre as duas Ãreas. Nessa profundidade, a influÃncia do sistema de manejo à mÃnima.<br>Considering the sugar cane crop, for economic and environmental reasons, the burning of straw, used to facilitate the crop harvest and transportation, has been replaced by mechanical harvesting. It is known that the maintenance of straw on the soil influences the dynamics of water, nutrients and organic matter, but its effects are not yet sufficiently known. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of soil management cultivated with sugar cane without burning the plants prior to harvest, compared with the soil under native forest, on soil organic matter and, consequently, the effect on the phosphorus in the soil profile. To do so, it was determined, at depths from 0 - 2.5, 2.5 - 5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20 - 30 cm, the concentrations of the total organic carbon (TOC) and the particulate organic carbon (POC), as well as their accumulated amounts (EstCOT and EstCOP), light organic matter (LOM), which was fractionated by the method of flotation in water, concentrations of organic and inorganic phosphorus, obtained by sequential extraction proposed by Hedley et al. (1982) with modifications, and soil P maximum adsorption capacity (PMAC). Soil samples for analysis were collected from an area under cultivation of sugar cane and from a contiguous soil area under native vegetation, both located in the municipality of Paraipaba - CE. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and compared by Tukey test (p <0.05), using, for this purpose, the statistical program Assistat. The highest TOC and POC were found in the first soil layer of the forest area. At depth, the concentrations of COP in the area of sugar cane crop were higher. The EstCOT was higher in the forest, however, it was also higher in EstCOP in the area under sugar cane cultivation. The highest concentrations of MOL were found in the first soil layers of the sugar cane cultivated area, but not differing from the soil forest area in depth. The concentration of organic phosphorus was higher than the concentration of inorganic phosphorus in the two areas. Among the organic fractions, obtained by fractionation of Hedley method, the organic bicarbonate fraction P (bic Po) was proportionally the highest one present in the total soil phosphorus. Among the inorganic, the 0.1 hydroxide inorganic P fraction (Pi hid 0.1) appeared in higher concentrations than the others. The highest value of PMAC was obtained in the deepest soil layer of the forest area and the lowest PMAC value was found in the first soil layer of the sugar cane cultivated area. There was negative correlation between the values of both COP and MOL with CMAP values in the area under cane cultivation. The highest values of CMAP were found in layers with lower concentrations of COP and MOL. This trend was not observed in the forested area. Considering the deepest soil layer evaluated (20-30 cm) for the two soil areas, it was found no significant differences for the evaluated characteristics between the two areas. At this soil layer, the influence of the management system was almost null.
Books on the topic "Sugar cane harvester"
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Kirchman, David L. Symbioses and microbes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0014.
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The book ends with a chapter devoted to discussing interactions between microbes and higher plants and animals. Symbiosis is sometimes used to describe all interactions, even negative ones, between organisms in persistent, close contact. This chapter focuses on interactions that benefit both partners (mutualism), or one partner while being neutral to the other (commensalism). Microbes are essential to the health and ecology of vertebrates, including Homo sapiens. Microbial cells outnumber human cells on our bodies, aiding in digestion and warding off pathogens. In consortia similar to the anaerobic food chain of anoxic sediments, microbes are essential in the digestion of plant material by deer, cattle, and sheep. Different types of microbes form symbiotic relationships with insects and help to explain their huge success in the biosphere. Protozoa are crucial for wood-boring insects, symbiotic bacteria in the genus Buchnera provide sugars to host aphids while obtaining essential amino acids in exchange, and fungi thrive in subterranean gardens before being harvested for food by ants. Symbiotic dinoflagellates directly provide organic material to support coral growth in exchange for ammonium and other nutrients. Corals are now threatened worldwide by rising oceanic temperatures, decreasing pH, and other human-caused environmental changes. At hydrothermal vents in some deep oceans, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria fuel an entire ecosystem and endosymbiotic bacteria support the growth of giant tube worms. Higher plants also have many symbiotic relationships with bacteria and fungi. Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legumes and other plants fix more nitrogen than free-living bacteria. Fungi associated with plant roots (“mycorrhizal”) are even more common and potentially provide plants with phosphorus as well as nitrogen. Symbiotic microbes can provide other services to their hosts, such as producing bioluminescence, needed for camouflage against predators. In the case of the bobtail squid, bioluminescence is only turned on when populations of the symbiotic bacteria reach critical levels, determined by a quorum sensing mechanism.
Book chapters on the topic "Sugar cane harvester"
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Bakker, H. "Harvest and Transport." In Sugar Cane Cultivation and Management. Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4725-9_14.
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Jena, Sanjay, and Marcus Poggi de Aragão. "A Mixed Integer Programming Approach for Sugar Cane Cultivation and Harvest Planning." In Computational Methods for Agricultural Research. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61692-871-1.ch009.
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The planning of agricultural cultivation and harvesting is a complex task. However, this area of study is still relatively young. This chapter focuses on the tactical and operational planning for sugar cane cultivation and harvesting which determines the best moment to harvest the fields, maximizing the total profit given by the sugar content within the cane. It considers resources such as cutting and transport crews, processing capacities in sugar cane mills, the use of maturation products and the application of vinasse on harvested fields. The mixed integer programming model extends the classical Packing formulation, adding a network flow structure to represent the harvest scheduling. All experiments were performed with real-world instances provided by a Brazilian sugar cane producer. The suggested solutions are discussed in terms of quality and use in practice.
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Sartori, M. M. P., and A. L. Leão. "Available Energy from Sugar-Cane Post Harvest Residues." In World Renewable Energy Congress VI. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008043865-8/50274-9.
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Syed, Misha F. "Conjunctival Buttonholes." In Complications of Glaucoma Surgery. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195382365.003.0016.
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A conjunctival buttonhole is a defect in the conjunctival tissue that occurs during manipulation of the conjunctival flap where the underlying Tenon’s capsule may or may not remain intact. Buttonholes during glaucoma filtering surgery have been reported in 3% of fornix-based conjunctival flaps and approximately 1% of limbus-based conjunctival flaps. Recognition of conjunctival defects is important since infections can occur if the microbial surface flora get into the bleb, and hypotony can result from excessive egress of filtered aqueous. Furthermore, if the bleb flattens, fibrous adhesions may compromise filtration. A conjunctival buttonhole presents a unique challenge intraoperatively during trabeculectomy surgery because the usual surgical approach must be revised, and the repair strategy depends on the location of the buttonhole. Conjunctival buttonholes are well-documented potential intraoperative complications during glaucoma surgery. Sugar was among the first to report their occurrence in the 1960s, when he described a conjunctival hood procedure for repairing buttonholes in a fornix-based flap. A conjunctival flap was dissected from Tenon’s capsule after opening the conjunctiva at the limbal margin and then pulled down onto the peripheral cornea and sutured into place. Tincture of iodine was applied to the bleb surface, and the corneal margin was abraded. Grady and Forbes, among others, began reporting the use of tissue adhesive in the closure of ophthalmic surgical wounds. They suggested the novel use of alkyl 2-cyanoacrylate glue because the temporary nature of the adhesive was particularly well suited to repairing conjunctival buttonholes: “Tissue adhesives serve to stop the continuous external flow of aqueous humor, thereby allowing the conjunctival wound to heal; after healing has occurred, the persistence of adhesive is no longer necessary or desirable.” These authors also mentioned other popular surgical repair options common at that time, including the rolling of a conjunctival flap over the buttonhole, suturing of the torn edge of conjunctiva into a corneal groove, or closing the buttonhole with a tissue patch of conjunctiva harvested from another area. Interestingly, many of these same options are used today. In the late 1970s, a new “atraumatic” needle emerged and was reported to improve treatment of intraoperative conjunctival buttonholes.
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Pallot, Judith, and Tat'yana Nefedova. "Meeting Ana Petrovna and Others." In Russia's Unknown Agriculture. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199227419.003.0008.
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We met Ana Petrovna, an elderly woman in a padded jacket and shawl, on a roadside verge with her goat. She was pleased to pass the time telling her story to the visitors to her village, one hundred miles to the west of Moscow city. Ana Petrovna has been retired from her job as a farm worker for many years and has lived alone since the death of her second husband. She receives a pension of 900 roubles a month (about £20 sterling at 2003 exchange rates) of which just under half goes on paying for utilities and other services. Were it not for the vegetable patch (ogorod) next to her house and her goat Masha, who supplies her with milk, soured cream, and cheese, it would be difficult for Ana Petrovna to live on this income. Her allotment is small—four ‘one-hundredths’ or sotki (where one sotka is 100 sq. m). It is given over mainly to potatoes, but there are also several rows of cucumbers, tomatoes, onions, and cabbages, two apple trees, raspberry canes, and redcurrant and blackcurrant bushes. On her 400 sq. m Ana Petrovna can produce enough food for the year. In early autumn much of her effort goes into salting and preserving the output of her plot to get her through the winter months, which she adds to the mushrooms and berries, gathered in the forests around her village, that she dried and bottled earlier in the summer. Ana Petrovna rarely eats meat; when she was younger she used to keep a cow and a calf for slaughtering each year, but this is beyond her now. She buys staples that she cannot produce herself in the small village shop: groats, bread, sugar, vegetable oil, and chocolate for an occasional treat. Ana Petrovna has a daughter living in Moscow who comes to the village during the potato-picking season to help with the harvest. She returns to Moscow laden with potatoes and vegetables even though, as she tells her mother, they are not expensive to buy in the city, even for a teacher on a low salary.
Conference papers on the topic "Sugar cane harvester"
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Jinlian, Deng, Cao Huanya, and Li Shangpin. "Key Parts of Sugar Cane Harvester Conceptual Design Method and Analysis." In 2006 International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icma.2006.257785.
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Pacheco, Diogo Ferreira, Tarcisio Daniel P. Lucas, and Fernando B. de Lima Neto. "How to Obtain Fair Managerial Decisions in Sugar Cane Harvest Using NSGA-II." In 7th International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/his.2007.53.
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