Academic literature on the topic 'Sugar factory'
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Journal articles on the topic "Sugar factory"
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BORMAN, STU. "SUGAR FACTORY." Chemical & Engineering News Archive 79, no. 15 (April 9, 2001): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v079n015.p042.
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Lawes, R. A., M. K. Wegener, K. E. Basford, and R. J. Lawn. "Commercial cane sugar trends in the Tully sugar district." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 7 (2000): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00035.
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Commercial cane sugar (CCS), as measured by sugar mills, is in decline in the wet tropics of Australia. One of these mills, Tully Sugar Ltd, has measured CCS in the factory as required by legislation and also measured whole clean stalk CCS through a small mill, which is free of contaminants. ‘Factory CCS’ measures the CCS of cane entering the mill, after it has been harvested. The harvesting and transport process delivers to the mill cane that is contaminated by extraneous matter such as leaf material and soil. Beween 1988 and 1998, 1516 blocks were sampled for ‘small mill CCS’. These data were combined with block productivity information to determine the trends in small mill CCS and factory CCS using a linear mixed model analysis as the data were unbalanced. Other data, including the date of harvest for factory CCS, date of sampling for small mill CCS, farm of origin and cane variety were available and fitted as random effects in the mixed model. Year was fixed to determine time related trends in the 2 measures of CCS. Small mill CCS was higher than factory CCS and remained constant from 1988 to 1998. Predicted factory CCS declined from 12.76 units in 1988 to 10.91 units in 1998. We conclude that the CCS levels in whole clean stalks were actually stable, since small mill CCS remained constant over the 10-year period. Possible reasons for the differences in the trends for the 2 CCS measures are discussed.
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Bharatbhai, Shah Gunjan. "Analysis of Sugar Production in South Gujarat Region with Special Reference from Chalthan Sugar Factory." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2013/89.
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Pratiwi, Trikuntari Dian, Evan Pratama Wibowo, and Heru Wibowo. "Daya Saing Usahatani Tebu terhadap Komoditas Eksisting di Wilayah Kerja Pabrik Gula Wonolangan Kabupaten Probolinggo Tahun 2018." Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 33, no. 1 (April 23, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v33i1.19562.
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<p>This study aims to describe in general the performance of Wonolangan Sugar Factory and to analyze the comparison of sugarcane farming with a non-sugarcane commodity in the working area of Wonolangan Sugar Factory. Wonolangan Sugar Factory is located in Probolinggo Regency, almost 90% of sugarcane raw material is obtained from Lumajang Regency. Commodities that become competitors and the main choice of farmers to be cultivated are rice, maize, and onion. The data used in this study are primary and secondary data. The sampling method used is purposive with in-depth interview technique. Portrait performance of Wonolangan Sugar Factory in the last 5 years is very fluctuating caused by various factors such as climate impacts that are less supportive, the motivation of farmers to grow sugarcane, government policy in the sugar industry. To maintain the smoothness of the mill in the implementation of milling, Wonolangan Sugar Factory has several strategies both on the farm (garden) and off-farm (sugarcane processing at the factory). Based on the comparison of Sugar Business Result (SHU) of sugarcane and non-sugarcane planting pattern, it appears that the analysis shows that sugarcane farming with one Ratoon Cane (RC) category in paddy field can only compete with the pattern of non-cane maize farming throughout the year in South Sugar Factory Wonolangan.</p>
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Serykh, I. R., E. V. Chernysheva, and A. N. Degtyar. "Inspection of sugar factory brick wall*." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1926, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1926/1/012006.
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Merino, A., R. Mazaeda, R. Alves, A. Rueda, L. F. Acebes, and de Prada C. "SUGAR FACTORY SIMULATOR FOR OPERATORS TRAINING." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 39, no. 6 (2006): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20060621-3-es-2905.00046.
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Sahin, Necmettin, Erkan Kaplan, Mustafa Bayrak, I. Faruk Yaka, and Afsin Gungor. "Exergy analysis of Eregli sugar factory." World Journal of Engineering 12, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1708-5284.12.5.463.
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Progressive decline in world energy resources, rising costs, on behalf of the various studies has led businesses to use energy resources efficiently. This work is at the top of the exergy analysis. In this study, using data from Eregli Sugar Factory 2010–2011 campaign year for sugar production processes, the first law of thermodynamics (energy analysis) and analysis of these condlaw (exergy analysis) were conducted. Depending on there sults of this analysis of the sugar production process yields the first and these cond law is calculated. Obtained in the light of the secalculation stoin crease theen ergy efficiency of the plant, was tetoprovide energy to gainth embackand give direction to the development of new technologies Eregli Sugar Factory recommendations were made.
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Nugroho, Purwanto Setyo, Nany Yuliastuti, and Siti Rukayah. "Cultural Aspects and the Sustainability of the Tasikmadu Sugar Factory as an Industrial Living Heritage in Java." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 830, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/830/1/012064.
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Abstract Adipati Mangkunegara IV founded the Tasikmadu Sugar Factory in the Karanganyar region, Central Java, in 1871 and is still active today. The Tasikmadu sugar factory is an essential industrial heritage in Java because it is the first modern sugar factory in the Javanese kingdom that still survives its function. The existence of a sugar factory in the Javanese kingdom initiated the interaction between Javanese agrarian feudal culture and modern capitalism culture at that time. This paper aims to identify what cultural elements are present in Praja Mangkunegaran’s sugar factory environment. The cultural interactions in the sugar factory environment are then viewed from the system setting which consists of aspects of actors, activities, and places through a qualitative descriptive historical approach. The findings from the aspect of actors indicate central figures who are culturally very influential on the sugar factory production system. The activity aspect findings show that there are ritual activities in the production process that are culturally important because they are considered to determine the success of all activities in the sugar factory. The aspects of actors and activities are in line with findings from the aspect of the place, which show that rational considerations in factory buildings’ structure are related to the sacred-profane conception that is believed by the Javanese people. These cultural aspects play a role in supporting the sustainability of the Praja Mangkunegaran sugar factory.
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Nugroho, Purwanto Setyo, Nany Yuliastuti, and Siti Rukayah. "Cultural Aspects and the Sustainability of the Tasikmadu Sugar Factory as an Industrial Living Heritage in Java." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 830, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/830/1/012064.
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Abstract Adipati Mangkunegara IV founded the Tasikmadu Sugar Factory in the Karanganyar region, Central Java, in 1871 and is still active today. The Tasikmadu sugar factory is an essential industrial heritage in Java because it is the first modern sugar factory in the Javanese kingdom that still survives its function. The existence of a sugar factory in the Javanese kingdom initiated the interaction between Javanese agrarian feudal culture and modern capitalism culture at that time. This paper aims to identify what cultural elements are present in Praja Mangkunegaran’s sugar factory environment. The cultural interactions in the sugar factory environment are then viewed from the system setting which consists of aspects of actors, activities, and places through a qualitative descriptive historical approach. The findings from the aspect of actors indicate central figures who are culturally very influential on the sugar factory production system. The activity aspect findings show that there are ritual activities in the production process that are culturally important because they are considered to determine the success of all activities in the sugar factory. The aspects of actors and activities are in line with findings from the aspect of the place, which show that rational considerations in factory buildings’ structure are related to the sacred-profane conception that is believed by the Javanese people. These cultural aspects play a role in supporting the sustainability of the Praja Mangkunegaran sugar factory.
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Amany, Ahsana Nadiyya. "Pengaruh Staffing dan Beban Kerja Terhadap Prestasi Kerja Karyawan di Pabrik Gula Djombang Baru." BIMA : Journal of Business and Innovation Management 2, no. 2 (August 19, 2020): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33752/bima.v2i2.137.
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The purpose of this analyze the effect of staffing and workload toward employee work performance at Sugar Factory of Djombang Baru. This type of research is associative description and sample collection techniques are purposive side techniques with a total sample of 122 employees of Sugar Factory in Djombang Baru. Data collection techniques using observation, interviews, questionnaires and documentation. Data analysis techniques using multiple linier regression. The results of this study indicate that, 1) Staffing has a partially significant effect on the work performance Djombang Baru Sugar Factory employees, 2) Workload has partially significant effect on the work performance Djombang Baru Sugar Factory employees and, 3) Staffing and workload simultaneously affects work performance of Djombang Baru Sugar Factory employees.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sugar factory"
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Rehman, Abdul. "Lagooning and bio-consortium optimisation for secondary level remediation of simulated sugar factory wastewater." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14578/.
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Sugar factories are a significant source of water pollution, particularly in developing countries such as Pakistan, where the sugar industry is the second largest after tanneries. The wastewater is disposed of untreated to the environment, since traditional wastewater treatment processes are capital-intensive, energy-demanding and complex in operation. The common approach is to use waste stabilization ponds or lagoons mostly operated on complete retention basis. This work is an attempt to highlight the possibility of effectively applying wastewater lagooning process utilizing the inherent organic contents of sugar factory wastewater with the aid of an algae-bacterial consortium (ABC) to investigate its capacity to utilize this resource to produce renewable fuel while de-polluting wastewater rather than it being a liability to be disposed of. A lagoon photo tank (LPT) resembling a prototype raceway lagoon was designed and used to carry out mass cell cultivation on a sugar-oriented medium for the assessment and inter-optimization of the process conditions such as temperature, incident light (IL), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO). The evaluation of the process performance was observed via the analyses of parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon and cell mass growth. The first part of this study was related with the baseline assessment of LPT process conditions using distilled water as well as sucrose solution or sugar water to establish basis for a priori analysis of simulated sugar factory wastewater (SSFW) carried out in the second part. The suitability of the dosing of copolymer Polyacrylate polyalcohol was optimised through a series of trial runs to aid in the immobilization of mono or mixotrophic cultures of green algae Chlorella Vulgaris and bacteria Pseudomonas Putida at the surface of LPT in order to influence reduction in the organic concentration of SSFW. This research study has contributed to the knowledge base of the concerned area of study with respect to hitherto unknown application of copolymer Polyacrylate polyalcohol, which showed viable characteristics in the cultivation medium in terms of cell immobilization at the surface of LPT resulting in the formation of growth-conducive copolymer-algae matrices leading to the rapid growth of the cell mass with increased process efficiency. This process optimisation resulted in SSFW depollution by around 89% along with energetic biomass growth with a calorific value of 27 kJ g1 and at an optimum growth rate of 1.2 d1 suggesting towards the potential of copolymer addition in the system to enhance the efficiency of the organisms inducing optimum substrate utilization.
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Massicotte, Luc. "Assessment of the agricultural value of sugar refinery by-products." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23410.
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The sugar refinery process used by Lantic Sugar Ltd generates three by-products having characteristics that give them potential as soil amendments or fertilizers, particularly as a phosphorous and calcium source. Laboratory and a field trials were conducted in order to examine the changes in agronomic properties of soil produced by the application of these residues.During the laboratory experiment, the by-products examined were spend bone char (SBC), filter-press mud (FPM), clarification scum (SCU) and a compost (COM) produced using FPM and SCU, where as in a field experiment, COM, SBC and a mixture (MIX) made of FPM and SCU, were compared to a commercial fertilizer (TSP) and non-treated soils.
The orthic humic gleysol of clay texture and low pH soil conditions in which the field experiment was conducted resulted in high P fixation of all the applied residues. Contrasts analysis showed that TSP behaved as the soils unamended P for all nutrient concentrations in tissues over two cropping seasons (1993 and 1994), on two crops, namely wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) and corn (Zea mays, L.). Treatments (residues at different rates of application) did not significantly increase the Ca levels in COM plots nor did they increase the wet aggregate stability of soil under either crop. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Thaval, Omkar P. "Modelling the flow of cane constituents through the milling process of a raw sugar factory." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/60915/1/Omkar_Thaval_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis reports on an investigation to develop an advanced and comprehensive milling process model of the raw sugar factory. Although the new model can be applied to both, the four-roller and six-roller milling units, it is primarily developed for the six-roller mills which are widely used in the Australian sugar industry. The approach taken was to gain an understanding of the previous milling process simulation model "MILSIM" developed at the University of Queensland nearly four decades ago. Although the MILSIM model was widely adopted in the Australian sugar industry for simulating the milling process it did have some incorrect assumptions. The study aimed to eliminate all the incorrect assumptions of the previous model and develop an advanced model that represents the milling process correctly and tracks the flow of other cane components in the milling process which have not been considered in the previous models.
The development of the milling process model was done is three stages. Firstly, an enhanced milling unit extraction model (MILEX) was developed to access the mill performance parameters and predict the extraction performance of the milling process. New definitions for the milling performance parameters were developed and a complete milling train along with the juice screen was modelled. The MILEX model was validated with factory data and the variation in the mill performance parameters was observed and studied. Some case studies were undertaken to study the effect of fibre in juice streams, juice in cush return and imbibition% fibre on extraction performance of the milling process. It was concluded from the study that the empirical relations developed for the mill performance parameters in the MILSIM model were not applicable to the new model. New empirical relations have to be developed before the model is applied with confidence.
Secondly, a soluble and insoluble solids model was developed using modelling theory and experimental data to track the flow of sucrose (pol), reducing sugars (glucose and fructose), soluble ash, true fibre and mud solids entering the milling train through the cane supply and their distribution in juice and bagasse streams.. The soluble impurities and mud solids in cane affect the performance of the milling train and further processing of juice and bagasse. New mill performance parameters were developed in the model to track the flow of cane components. The developed model is the first of its kind and provides some additional insight regarding the flow of soluble and insoluble cane components and the factors affecting their distribution in juice and bagasse. The model proved to be a good extension to the MILEX model to study the overall performance of the milling train.
Thirdly, the developed models were incorporated in a proprietary software package "SysCAD’ for advanced operational efficiency and for availability in the ‘whole of factory’ model. The MILEX model was developed in SysCAD software to represent a single milling unit. Eventually the entire milling train and the juice screen were developed in SysCAD using series of different controllers and features of the software. The models developed in SysCAD can be run from macro enabled excel file and reports can be generated in excel sheets. The flexibility of the software, ease of use and other advantages are described broadly in the relevant chapter. The MILEX model is developed in static mode and dynamic mode. The application of the dynamic mode of the model is still under progress.
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Dunfield, Peter F. "Effects of a sugar-factory byproduct compost on root growth and mycorrhizal infection of sugarcane in Barbados." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60017.
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A compost consisting 95% of the sugar mill byproducts: bagasse, filter press mud, and fly ash, applied at 5 t ha$ sp{-1}$, increased vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection of sugarcane roots in one of three experimental fields in Barbados. In a plant cane field, compost stimulated formation of intracellular hyphal coils and arbuscules, but not vesicles or hyphae. Infection was greater in roots 35 cm and 65 cm than 5 cm distant from the plant stem, and compost effects were not significant at 5 cm. Two other sources of phosphorus, filter press mud and triple superphosphate, did not affect and suppressed mycorrhizal infection, respectively. Two ratoon crops showed no residual effect of compost on mycorrhizal infection. Compost also stimulated tillering, phosphorus content, and perhaps yield of cane, but did not differentially effect high versus low tillering or sloped versus flat areas. Root length, weight, and specific root length were unaffected by compost addition, but root branching was decreased.
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Passolongo, Rodnei [UNESP]. "Avaliação termodinâmica, termoeconômica e econômica da integração de sistemas de gaseificação da biomassa em uma usina sucroalcooleira." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88865.
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passolongo_r_me_ilha.pdf: 1135025 bytes, checksum: dbd8595b1dfa21765349cdeb44120185 (MD5)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Este trabalho analisa, sob o ponto de vista termodinâmico, termoeconômico e econômico a integração da gaseificação da biomassa em uma usina sucroalcooleira. Considera-se a gaseificação da palha e da vinhaça, com a queima do bagaço na caldeira para gerar o vapor necessário para a usina. São considerados cinco casos de estudo. Inicialmente é feita uma análise da planta atual de vapor de uma usina do oeste paulista que utiliza equipamentos modernos e eficientes, incluindo uma caldeira que produz vapor a altos níveis de pressão e temperatura, o qual é utilizado para geração de eletricidade em uma turbina de extração-condensação de múltiplos estágios e em outra turbina de contrapressão. Além disso, todos os acionamentos das moendas são eletrificados. Na sequência são definidos casos de estudo que combinam a gaseificação da vinhaça e da palha da cana com a planta atual de vapor da usina. Por fim, é definida uma planta de uma usina nova com o dobro da moagem considerada inicialmente, incluindo uma caldeira que gera vapor a altos níveis de pressão e temperatura, e uma turbina de extração-condensação de múltiplos estágios, integrando a gaseificação da palha e da vinhaça. Os resultados mostram que as plantas com gaseificação promovem um aumento substancial na geração de eletricidade da usina e na eficiência da planta. Entretanto, sob o ponto de vista termoeconômico e econômico, as plantas que integram a gaseificação apresentam maior custo de geração da eletricidade e maior tempo de retorno do investimento
In this work, the integration of biomass gasification in a sugarcane plant is analyzed from the thermodynamic, thermoeconomic and economic point of view. The gasification of straw and stillage by-products is taken into account, alongside the burning of bagasse in the boilers to generate steam for the plant. Five case studies are considered. At first, an analysis is carried out of the current steam plant from a sugarcane factory in the western region of Sao Paulo State that deploys modern and efficient equipment, including a boiler that produces steam at high pressure and temperature, which is used to generate electricity in a multistage condensation-extraction steam turbine and in a backpressure turbine. All drives of the mills are electrified. Following that, some more case studies are specified, combining the gasification of stillage and straw with the current steam plant of the sugarcane factory. Finally, a new plant is proposed, with twice the milling currently obtained, including a boiler that generates steam at higher pressure and temperature, and a multistage condensation- extraction turbine, integrating the gasification of straw and stillage. The results show that plants with gasification promote a substantial increase in electricity generation and in the efficiency of the plant. However, from the thermoeconomic and economic point of view, the plants that considers gasification presents a higher cost of the electricity and a longer payback
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Passolongo, Rodnei. "Avaliação termodinâmica, termoeconômica e econômica da integração de sistemas de gaseificação da biomassa em uma usina sucroalcooleira /." - Ilha Solteira : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88865.
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Orientador: Ricardo Alan Verdu RamosBanca: Cassio Roberto Macedo Maia
Banca: Arnaldo Cesar da Silva Walter
Resumo: Este trabalho analisa, sob o ponto de vista termodinâmico, termoeconômico e econômico a integração da gaseificação da biomassa em uma usina sucroalcooleira. Considera-se a gaseificação da palha e da vinhaça, com a queima do bagaço na caldeira para gerar o vapor necessário para a usina. São considerados cinco casos de estudo. Inicialmente é feita uma análise da planta atual de vapor de uma usina do oeste paulista que utiliza equipamentos modernos e eficientes, incluindo uma caldeira que produz vapor a altos níveis de pressão e temperatura, o qual é utilizado para geração de eletricidade em uma turbina de extração-condensação de múltiplos estágios e em outra turbina de contrapressão. Além disso, todos os acionamentos das moendas são eletrificados. Na sequência são definidos casos de estudo que combinam a gaseificação da vinhaça e da palha da cana com a planta atual de vapor da usina. Por fim, é definida uma planta de uma usina nova com o dobro da moagem considerada inicialmente, incluindo uma caldeira que gera vapor a altos níveis de pressão e temperatura, e uma turbina de extração-condensação de múltiplos estágios, integrando a gaseificação da palha e da vinhaça. Os resultados mostram que as plantas com gaseificação promovem um aumento substancial na geração de eletricidade da usina e na eficiência da planta. Entretanto, sob o ponto de vista termoeconômico e econômico, as plantas que integram a gaseificação apresentam maior custo de geração da eletricidade e maior tempo de retorno do investimento
Abstract: In this work, the integration of biomass gasification in a sugarcane plant is analyzed from the thermodynamic, thermoeconomic and economic point of view. The gasification of straw and stillage by-products is taken into account, alongside the burning of bagasse in the boilers to generate steam for the plant. Five case studies are considered. At first, an analysis is carried out of the current steam plant from a sugarcane factory in the western region of Sao Paulo State that deploys modern and efficient equipment, including a boiler that produces steam at high pressure and temperature, which is used to generate electricity in a multistage condensation-extraction steam turbine and in a backpressure turbine. All drives of the mills are electrified. Following that, some more case studies are specified, combining the gasification of stillage and straw with the current steam plant of the sugarcane factory. Finally, a new plant is proposed, with twice the milling currently obtained, including a boiler that generates steam at higher pressure and temperature, and a multistage condensation- extraction turbine, integrating the gasification of straw and stillage. The results show that plants with gasification promote a substantial increase in electricity generation and in the efficiency of the plant. However, from the thermoeconomic and economic point of view, the plants that considers gasification presents a higher cost of the electricity and a longer payback
Mestre
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Phakam, Bunnaporn. "Scale deposition and removal from heated surfaces in sugarcane factories." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/123574/1/Bunnaporn_Phakam_Thesis.pdf.
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The deposition of foulants on chemical, food processing and power generating facilities, continues to pose serious challenges in energy and environmental management. The thesis titled, "Scale deposition and removal from heated surfaces in sugarcane factories" studied the deposits formed in Thai sugar factories and used advanced analytical tools, that hitherto have not been used for scale evaluation. The work developed a new formulation for the cleaning of evaporators and provided pointers that will result in a step change in the development and design of cleaning formulations for the sugar industry.
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Léget, Pierre-François. "Modélisation des spectres des Supernovas de Type Ia observés par la collaboration The Nearby Supernova Factory dans le but d’améliorer les mesures de distances extragalactiques." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22730/document.
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À la fin des années 90, deux équipes indépendantes ont montré l’expansion accélérée de notre Univers, à partir des mesures de distances de supernovas de type Ia (SNIa). Depuis, une des priorités de la cosmologie moderne est de caractériser ce phénomène et d’en comprendre ses fondements. L’amélioration des mesures de distance réalisées à partir des SNIa est une technique majeure permettant de mieux caractériser l’accélération et donc de déterminer la nature physique de ce phénomène. Ce document développe un nouveau modèle de distribution spectrale en énergie de SNIa nommé le Supernova Useful Generator And Reconstructor (SUGAR) permettant d’améliorer les mesures des distances. Ce modèle est construit à partir des propriétés spectrales des SNIa et des données spectrophotométriques de la collaboration The Nearby Supernova Factory. L’avancée principale, proposée dans SUGAR, réside dans l’ajout de deux paramètres supplémentaires pour caractériser la variabilité des SNIa. Le premier dépend des propriétés des vitesses des éjectas des SNIa, le deuxième dépend de leurs raies du calcium. L’ajout de ces paramètres, ainsi que la grande qualité des données de la collaboration the Nearby Supernova Factory font de SUGAR le meilleur modèle qui existe pour décrire la distribution spectrale en énergie des SNIa et améliore les mesures des distances de l’ordre de 15% par rapport à la méthode usuelle. Les performances de ce modèle en font un excellent candidat pour préparer les expériences futures comme LSST ou WFIRST. Par ailleurs, ce document présente une analyse sur l’effet de l’appartenance d’une SNIa à un amas de galaxies sur sa mesure de distance. Les galaxies d’un amas possèdent une vitesse propre largement supérieure à la valeur supposée lors de la mesure des distances avec les SNIa. Ceci a pour conséquence d’introduire une source d’erreur systématique sur la mesure de distance. Le fait de ne pas prendre en compte cet effet peut dégrader la mesure de distance de l’ordre de 2,5% pour les SNIa appartenant à un amas. Cette analyse à été réalisée en utilisant les données de la collaboration the Nearby Supernova Factory et des catalogues public d’amas de galaxiesAt the end of the 90s, two independent teams showed, based on distance measurements of type Ia supernovæ (SNIa), that expansion of our Universe is accelerating. Since then, one of the priorities of modern cosmology is to characterize this phenomenon and to understand its nature. The improvement of distance measurements of SNIa is one technique to improve the constraints on acceleration and to determine the physical nature of it. This document develops a new SNIa spectral energy distribution model, called the Supernova Useful Generator and Reconstructor (SUGAR), which improves distance measurement. This model is constructed from SNIa spectral properties and spectrophotometric data from The Nearby Supernova Factory collaboration. The main advancement proposed in SUGAR is the addition of two additional parameters to characterize the SNIa variability. The first depends on the properties of SNIa ejecta velocity, the second depends on their calcium lines. The addition of these parameters as well as the high quality of the data of The Nearby Supernova Factory collaboration make SUGAR the best model available to describe the spectral energy distribution of SNIa and improves distances measurements of the order of 15 % relative to the usual method. The performance of this model makes it an excellent candidate for preparing future experiments like LSST or WFIRST. In addition, this document presents an analysis of the effect of SNIa belonging to a galaxy cluster on its distance measurement. Galaxies of a cluster have a peculiar velocity much higher than the assumed value when measuring distances with SNIa. This has the effect of introducing a systematic error into the distance measurement. Failure to take into account this effect may degrade the distance measurement by 2.5% for SNIa belonging to a cluster. This analysis was carried out using data from the collaboration of the Nearby Supernova Factory and public catalogs of galaxy cluster
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Nxumalo, G. L. "The application of the six sigma quality concept to improve process performance in a continuous processing plant." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50467.
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Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This report presents the application of the six sigma quality concept in solving a true business problem. Six sigma is a quality improvement and business strategy/tool developed by Motorola in the mid 1980s. It aims at delivering products and services that approach levels of near perfection. To achieve this objective a six sigma process must not produce more than 3.4 defects per million opportunities, meaning the process should be at least 99.9997% perfect [Berdebes, 2003]. Motorola's success with six sigma popularised the concept and it has now been adopted by many of the world's top compames e.g. General Electric, Allied Signal-Honeywell, etc. All the six sigma companies report big financial returns as a result of increased quality levels due to the reduction in the number of defects. 'General Electric reports annual benefits of over $2.5 billion across the organisation from six sigma' [Huag, 2003]. The six sigma concept follows a five step problem-solving methodology known as DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve, Control) to improve existing processes. Each of these steps makes use of a range of tools, which include quality, statistical, engineering, and business tools. This report first gives a theoretical presentation on quality and six sigma, attempting to answer the question 'What is six sigma'. A step-by-step guide on how to go through the DMAIC problem solving cycle is also presented. The six sigma concept was demonstrated by application to the colour removal process of a continuous processing plant manufacturing refined sugar. Colour removal is a very important process in sugar refining since the purpose of a refinery is to remove colour and other impurities from the raw sugar crystals. The colour removal process consists of three unit operations; liming, carbonation and sulphitation. Liming involves the addition of lime (calcium hydroxide) required for the formation of a calcium precipitate in the next unit operations. Carbonation is carried out in two stages; primary and secondary carbonation. Both stages involve the formation of a calcium carbonate precipitate, which traps colour bodies and other impurities. Sulphitation occurs in a single step and involve the formation of a calcium sulphite precipitate which also traps impurities. The pH and colour are the main variables that are being monitored throughout the colour removal process. Colour removal process Raw sugar Melting Carbonation Crystalli ~ Liming ~ c::J Secondary f+ Sulphitation .. Sugar sation Figure 1: Colour removal process The pH control of the two colour removal unit operations; carbonation and sulphitation, is very poor and as a result the colour removal achieved is below expectation. This compromises the final refined sugar quality since colour not removed in the colour removal processes ends up in the sugar. The first carbonation stage (primary) fails to lower the pH to the required specification and the second carbonation stage (secondary) is highly erratic, the pH fluctuating between too high and too low. The sulphitation process adds more sulphur dioxide than required and hence the pH is lowered below the lower specification limit. The six sigma DMAIC cycle was implemented in order to solve the problem of poor pH control. The Define phase defined the project and identified the process to be improved. The Measure phase measured the current performance of the process by collecting past laboratory data with the corresponding field instruments data. The data was used to draw frequency distribution plots that displayed the actual variation of the process relative to the natural variation of the process (specification width) and to calculate process capability indices. The Analyse phase analysed the data so as to determine the key sources of variation. The Improve phase used the findings of the analyse phase to propose solutions to improve the colour removal processes. The Control phase proposed a control plan so as to monitor and sustain the improvement gained. The key findings of the study are presented below: • Failure of the first carbonation stage to lower the pH to the required level is due to insufficient carbon dioxide gas supply. • The second carbonation reaction occurs very fast hence poor control will result in high variability. • The amount of colour removed is dependent on the input raw melt colour. • The histograms of the colour removal unit operations are off-centered and display a process variation greater than the specification width and hence a large proportion of the data falls outside the specification limits. • The % CaO and CO2 gas addition were found to be the key variables that control the processes centering on target. The % CaO having a stronger effect in the liming process and CO2 gas addition on the carbonation process. • The variation between the field instrument's pH and laboratory pH is the key variable that control the processes spread (standard deviation of the processes). • The processes Cpk values are less than C, (Cpk
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Rocha, Glauber [UNESP]. "Análise termodinâmica, termoeconômica e econômica de uma usina sucroalcooleira com processo de extração por difusão." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88870.
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rocha_g_me_ilha.pdf: 2184479 bytes, checksum: 3442824b5f0f3377090625de5e9acd1f (MD5)Neste trabalho são realizadas análises termodinâmicas, termoeconômicas e econômicas aplicadas a uma usina de açúcar e álcool com processo de extração por difusão, envolvendo desde a configuração inicial de implantação da usina até a expansão para uma planta moderna de potência cujo principal objetivo é a produção de excedente de energia elétrica. São consideradas quatro situações: a configuração inicial da planta, definida como Caso 1, que opera visando gerar energia elétrica apenas para o próprio consumo e, também, vapor para o processo de produção de álcool; na seqüência tem-se a configuração, definida como Caso 2, onde o intuito é produzir o máximo de energia elétrica que o turbogerador pode fornecer e vapor para a produção de álcool e, também açúcar; na configuração seguinte, definida como Caso 3, é adicionada na planta uma turbina de condensação visando um melhor aproveitamento para a geração de energia elétrica; e, por fim, na última configuração, definida como Caso 4, é adicionada uma nova turbina de extração condensação e uma caldeira de alta pressão, priorizando a geração de energia elétrica
In this work thermodynamic, thermoeconomic and economical analyses were accomplished in a sugar-alcohol factory with extraction process for diffusion, considering the initial configuration implanted until the expansion for a modern power plant whose main objective is the production of electric power surplus. Four situations were considered: the initial configuration of the plant, defined as Case 1, that operates generating electric power just for the own consumption and, also, steam for the alcohol production process; in sequence it was studied the configuration defined as Case 2, where the intention is to produce the maximum of electric power that the turbogenerator can supply and steam for the production of alcohol and, also, sugar; in the following configuration, defined as Case 3, it is added in the plant a condensation turbine for a better use in the electric power generation; and, finally, in the last configuration, defined as Case 4, it is added a new extractioncondensation turbine and a high pressure boiler, prioritizing the electric power generation
Books on the topic "Sugar factory"
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Vergne, Teresita Martínez. Capitalism in colonial Puerto Rico: Central San Vicente in the late nineteenth century. Gainesville, Fla: University Press of Florida, 1992.
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Cieślinski, Antoni. Cukrownia Gryfice 1898-1998. Gryfice: Cukrownia Gryfice, 1998.
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Chane-Kune, Sonia. La fermeture de Beaufonds: Sucrerie réunionnaise. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1999.
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Bull, Robert C. $weet dream$: The La Grande sugar factory : with the men and businesses supporting it in Union County, 1898. La Grande, Or: Union County Historical Society, 2003.
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Olszewski, Edward. Cukrownia "Kluczewo" S.A. w Stargardzie Szczecińskim 1948-1998. Stargard Szczeciński: "Saga-Tour", 1998.
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Cheeroo-Nayamuth, B. F. Vulnerability and adaptation assessment of the sugar cane crop to climate change in Mauritius. Réduit, Mauritius: Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute, 1999.
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Other, Emmit, Thomas C. Ricks, Lennie Gray Mowris, and Rhombus Ticks. Spiders in the Sugar Factory. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Sugar factory"
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Lemmens, Lex. "8. The Kabras experience: An exploratory socio-economic impact analysis of the West Kenya sugar factory." In Cane Sugar, 105–42. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780444635.008.
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Taha, J., and B. El Hamouri. "Sugar Beet Factory Wastewater Treatment in a High Rate Oxidation Pond." In Progress in Photosynthesis Research, 407–10. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0519-6_83.
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Zaiets, Nataliia, Lidiia Vlasenko, and Nataliia Lutska. "Neural Network Model for Predicting Technological Losses of a Sugar Factory." In Automation 2023: Key Challenges in Automation, Robotics and Measurement Techniques, 93–104. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25844-2_9.
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Ghomeshi, Mohsen, Mohamadreza Pourzargar, and Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad. "A Healthy Approach to Post-COVID Reopening of Sugar Factory of Kahrizak, Iran." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 2638–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06825-6_252.
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Mathewos, Tesfaye, Perumalla Janaki Ramulu, and Esmael Adem Esleman. "Design Analysis and Modification of Sugarcane Fibrizer Hammer at Wonji Shoa Sugar Factory (WSSF) Ethiopia." In Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering, 933–46. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9072-3_78.
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Vlasenko, Lidiia, Nataliia Zaiets, Nataliia Lutska, and Olga Savchuk. "Neural Network Model for Predicting the Resource Efficiency of the Defecosaturation Department of a Sugar Factory." In Intelligent Computing & Optimization, 121–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19958-5_12.
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Ohtsubo, Kazuaki. "Glyco-Predisposing Factor of Diabetes." In Sugar Chains, 209–18. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55381-6_13.
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Saez-Calvo, José Antonio. "Inheritance Value of the Machinery of the Factory “Azucarera del Pilar” in Motril and the Sugar Industry in Eastern Andalusia." In Explorations in the History and Heritage of Machines and Mechanisms, 470–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98499-1_38.
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Chantasiriwan, Somchart, and Sarocha Charoenvai. "Improving the Performance of Cogeneration System in Sugar Factory by the Integration of Superheated Steam Dryer and Parabolic Trough Solar Collector." In Renewable Energy and Sustainable Buildings, 899–908. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18488-9_75.
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Kishida, Satoshi, and Kenji Kadomatsu. "The Involvement of Midkine, a Heparin-Binding Growth Factor, in Cancer Development." In Sugar Chains, 127–38. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55381-6_8.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Sugar factory"
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Sims, Albert L., Carol E. Windels, and Carl A. Bradley. "Field applications of sugar factory spent lime: Effects on soil phosphorus." In American Society of Sugar Beet Technologist. ASSBT, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5274/assbt.2007.15.
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Rahayu, Cantika Samrestu, Mustika Ikfa Darmayanti, Alfiyah Qaulan Karimah, and Nona Merry M. Mitan. "Potential sugarcane bagasse for sugar factory water treatment." In THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON CHEMICAL EDUCATION (ISCE) 2021. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0113848.
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Misto, Tri Mulyono, and Bowo Eko Cahyono. "Using multisample refractometer to determine the sugar content of sugarcane juice in sugar factory Besuki." In HIGH-ENERGY PROCESSES IN CONDENSED MATTER (HEPCM 2020): Proceedings of the XXVII Conference on High-Energy Processes in Condensed Matter, dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the birth of RI Soloukhin. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0014706.
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"Prospects of Maintenance Management Functions in Sugar Industries: A Case Study on Ethiopian Metehara Sugar Factory." In 7th International Conference on Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology. International Institute of Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iie.e1115050.
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Kochergin, Vadim, Mark Suhr, and Christian Lohrey. "Utilization of beet sugar factory resources for production of Algal Biodiesel." In American Society of Sugarbeet Technologist. ASSBT, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5274/assbt.2011.69.
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Jethi, Govind Singh, Sandeep Kumar Sunori, Priyanka Joshi, Amit Mittal, and Pradeep Juneja. "Genetic Algorithm based Controller Design for Cane Carrier of Sugar Factory." In 2022 3rd International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication (ICOSEC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icosec54921.2022.9951901.
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Sunori, Sandeep Kumar, Kavita Ajay Joshi, Amit Mittal, Pradeep Juneja, Prakash Garia, and Pawan Agarwal. "Designing the Control Systems for Boiler-Turbine Unit of Sugar Factory." In 2022 6th International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccmc53470.2022.9753966.
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Sunori, Sandeep Kumar, Vimal Singh Bisht, Navneet Joshi, Pawan Agarwal, Amit Mittal, and Pradeep Juneja. "DC Motor based Control of Cane Carrier Motor for Sugar Factory." In 2022 4th International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icirca54612.2022.9985633.
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Lutska, Nataliia, Lidiia Vlasenko, Nataliia Zaiets, and Vitaliy Lysenko. "Modeling the Productivity of a Sugar Factory using Machine Learning Methods." In 2022 IEEE 17th International Conference on Computer Sciences and Information Technologies (CSIT). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csit56902.2022.10000571.
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Smityuh, Yaroslav, Vasil Kyshenko, Oleksandr Romashchuk, and Anton Gorpinchenko. "Intelligent synergistic control of the technological complex for the sugar factory." In 2022 IEEE 11th International Conference on Intelligent Systems (IS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/is57118.2022.10019728.
Full textReports on the topic "Sugar factory"
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Day, Donal F. Biorefinery Development using Multiple Feedstocks, Audubon Sugar Institute - Factory Operations Seminar 2011. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1028112.
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Granot, David, and Sarah M. Assmann. Novel regulation of transpiration by sugar signals within guard cells. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597924.bard.
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Water is the major limiting factor in agriculture and stomata, composed of two guard cells and the pore they circumscribe, are the chief gates controlling plants’ water loss. The prevailing century old paradigm was that sugars act as an osmoticum in guard cells, contributing to the opening of the stomata. In contrast, we discovered that sugars close stomata and the closure is mediated by the sugar-sensing enzyme hexokinase (HXK) that triggers the abscisic acid (ABA)-signaling pathway within the guard cells. This new discovery suggests a sugar-sensing mechanism within guard cells that controls stomatal closure, and supports the existence of a stomatal feedback mechanism that coordinates photosynthesis with transpiration.
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Aloni, Beny, Roger Wyse, and Jaleh Daie. Assimilation and Sugar Translocation in Transplants of Vegetable Crops: Study of Limiting Factors and Means for Enhancement of Post-Transplantation Recovery. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1986.7566869.bard.
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Fallik, Elazar, Robert Joly, Ilan Paran, and Matthew A. Jenks. Study of the Physiological, Molecular and Genetic Factors Associated with Postharvest Water Loss in Pepper Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593392.bard.
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The fruit of pepper (Capsicum annuum) commonly wilts (or shrivels) during postharvest storage due to rapid water loss, a condition that greatly reduces its shelf life and market value. The fact that pepper fruit are hollow, and thus have limited water content, only exacerbates this problem in pepper. The collaborators on this project completed research whose findings provided new insight into the genetic, physiological, and biochemical basis for water loss from the fruits of pepper (Capsicum annuum and related Capsicum species). Well-defined genetic populations of pepper were used in this study, the first being a series of backcross F₁ and segregating F₂, F₃, and F₄ populations derived from two original parents selected for having dramatic differences in fruit water loss rate (very high and very low water loss). The secondly population utilized in these studies was a collection of 50 accessions representing world diversity in both species and cultivar types. We found that an unexpectedly large amount of variation was present in both fruit wax and cutin composition in these collections. In addition, our studies revealed significant correlations between the chemical composition of both the fruit cuticular waxes and cutin monomers with fruit water loss rate. Among the most significant were that high alkane content in fruit waxes conferred low fruit water loss rates and low permeability in fruit cuticles. In contrast, high amounts of terpenoids (plus steroidal compounds) were associated with very high fruit water loss and cuticle permeability. These results are consistent with our models that the simple straight chain alkanes pack closely together in the cuticle membrane and obstruct water diffusion, whereas lipids with more complex 3-dimensional structure (such as terpenoids) do not pack so closely, and thus increase the diffusion pathways. The backcross segregating populations were used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with water loss (using DART markers, Diversity Arrays Technology LTD). These studies resulted in identification of two linked QTLs on pepper’s chromosome 10. Although the exact genetic or physiological basis for these QTLs function in water loss is unknown, the genotypic contribution in studies of near-isogenic lines selected from these backcross populations reveals a strong association between certain wax compounds, the free fatty acids and iso-alkanes. There was also a lesser association between the water loss QTLs with both fruit firmness and total soluble sugars. Results of these analyses have revealed especially strong genetic linkages between fruit water loss, cuticle composition, and two QTLs on chromosome 10. These findings lead us to further speculate that genes located at or near these QTLs have a strong influence on cuticle lipids that impact water loss rate (and possibly, whether directly or indirectly, other traits like fruit firmness and sugar content). The QTL markers identified in these studies will be valuable in the breeding programs of scientists seeking to select for low water loss, long lasting fruits, of pepper, and likely the fruits of related commodities. Further work with these newly developed genetic resources should ultimately lead to the discovery of the genes controlling these fruit characteristics, allowing for the use of transgenic breeding approaches toward the improvement of fruit postharvest shelf life.
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Bennett, Alan B., Arthur A. Schaffer, Ilan Levin, Marina Petreikov, and Adi Doron-Faigenboim. Manipulating fruit chloroplasts as a strategy to improve fruit quality. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598148.bard.
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The Original Objectives were modified and two were eliminated to reflect the experimental results: Objective 1 - Identify additional genetic variability in SlGLK2 and IPin wild, traditional and heirloom tomato varieties Objective 2 - Determine carbon balance and horticultural characteristics of isogenic lines expressing functional and non-functional alleles of GLKsand IP Background: The goal of the research was to understand the unique aspects of chloroplasts and photosynthesis in green fruit and the consequences of increasing the chloroplast capacity of green fruit for ripe fruit sugars, yield, flavor and nutrient qualities. By focusing on the regulation of chloroplast formation and development solely in fruit, our integrated knowledge of photosynthetic structures/organs could be broadened and the results of the work could impact the design of manipulations to optimize quality outputs for the agricultural fruit with enhanced sugars, nutrients and flavors. The project was based on the hypothesis that photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic plastid metabolism in green tomato fruit is controlled at a basal level by light for minimal energy requirements but fruit-specific genes regulate further development of robust chloroplasts in this organ. Our BARD project goals were to characterize and quantitate the photosynthesis and chloroplast derived products impacted by expression of a tomato Golden 2- like 2 transcription factor (US activities) in a diverse set of 31 heirloom tomato lines and examine the role of another potential regulator, the product of the Intense Pigment gene (IP activities). Using tomato Golden 2-like 2 and Intense Pigment, which was an undefined locus that leads to enhanced chloroplast development in green fruit, we sought to determine the benefits and costs of extensive chloroplast development in fruit prior to ripening. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter, coding and intronicSlGLK2 sequences of 20 heirloom tomato lines were identified and three SlGLK2 promoter lineages were identified; two lineages also had striped fruit variants. Lines with striped fruit but no shoulders were not identified. Green fruit chlorophyll and ripe fruit soluble sugar levels were measured in 31 heirloom varieties and fruit size correlates with ripe fruit sugars but dark shoulders does not. A combination of fine mapping, recombinant generation, RNAseq expression and SNP calling all indicated that the proposed localization of a single locus IP on chr 10 was incorrect. Rather, the IP line harbored 11 separate introgressions from the S. chmielewskiparent, scattered throughout the genome. These introgressions harbored ~3% of the wild species genome and no recombinant consistently recovered the IP parental phenotype. The 11 introgressions were dissected into small combinations in segregating recombinant populations. Based on these analyses two QTL for Brix content were identified, accounting for the effect of increased Brix in the IP line. Scientific and agricultural implications: SlGLK2 sequence variation in heirloom tomato varieties has been identified and can be used to breed for differences in SlGLK2 expression and possibly in the green striped fruit phenotype. Two QTL for Brix content have been identified in the S. chmielewskiparental line and these can be used for increasing soluble solids contents in breeding programs.
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Sionov, Edward, Nancy Keller, and Shiri Barad-Kotler. Mechanisms governing the global regulation of mycotoxin production and pathogenicity by Penicillium expansum in postharvest fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.7604292.bard.
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The original objectives of the study, as defined in the approved proposal, are: To characterize the relationship of CreA and LaeA in regulation of P T production To understand how PacC modulates P. expansumpathogenicity on apples To examine if other secondary metabolites are involved in virulence or P. expansumfitness To identify the signaling pathways leading to PAT synthesis Penicilliumexpansum, the causal agent of blue mould rot, is a critical health concern because of the production of the mycotoxinpatulin (PAT) in colonized apple fruit tissue. Although PAT is produced by many Penicilliumspecies, the factors activating its biosynthesis were not clear. This research focused on host and fungal mechanisms of activation of LaeA (the global regulator of secondary metabolism), PacC (the global pH modulator) and CreA (the global carbon catabolite regulator) on PAT synthesis with intention to establish P. expansumas the model system for understanding mycotoxin synthesis in fruits. The overall goal of this proposal is to identify critical host and pathogen factors that mechanistically modulate P. expansumgenes and pathways to control activation of PAT production and virulence in host. Several fungal factors have been correlated with disease development in apples, including the production of PAT, acidification of apple tissue by the fungus, sugar content and the global regulator of secondary metabolism and development, LaeA. An increase in sucrose molarity in the culture medium from 15 to 175 mM negatively regulated laeAexpression and PAT accumulation, but, conversely, increased creAexpression, leading to the hypothesis that CreA could be involved in P. expansumPAT biosynthesis and virulence, possibly through the negative regulation of LaeA. We found evidence for CreAtranscriptional regulation of laeA, but this was not correlated with PAT production either in vitro or in vivo, thus suggesting that CreA regulation of PAT is independent of LaeA. Our finding that sucrose, a key ingredient of apple fruit, regulates PAT synthesis, probably through suppression of laeAexpression, suggests a potential interaction between CreA and LaeA, which may offer control therapies for future study. We have also identified that in addition to PAT gene cluster, CreA regulates other secondary metabolite clusters, including citrinin, andrastin, roquefortine and communesins, during pathogenesis or during normal fungal growth. Following creation of P. expansumpacCknockout strain, we investigated the involvement of the global pH regulator PacC in fungal pathogenicity. We demonstrated that disruption of the pH signaling transcription factor PacC significantly decreased the virulence of P. expansumon deciduous fruits. This phenotype is associated with an impairment in fungal growth, decreased accumulation of gluconic acid and reduced synthesis of pectolytic enzymes. We showed that glucose oxidase- encoding gene, which is essential for gluconic acid production and acidification during fruit colonization, was significantly down regulated in the ΔPepacCmutant, suggesting that gox is PacC- responsive gene. We have provided evidence that deletion of goxgene in P. expansumled to a reduction in virulence toward apple fruits, further indicating that GOX is a virulence factor of P. expansum, and its expression is regulated by PacC. It is also clear from the present data that PacC in P. expansumis a key factor for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, such as PAT. On the basis of RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis and physiological experimentation, the P. expansumΔlaeA, ΔcreAand ΔpacCmutants were unable to successfully colonize apples for a multitude of potential mechanisms including, on the pathogen side, a decreased ability to produce proteolytic enzymes and to acidify the environment and impaired carbon/nitrogen metabolism and, on the host side, an increase in the oxidative defence pathways. Our study defines these global regulatory factors and their downstream signalling pathways as promising targets for the development of strategies to fight against this post-harvest pathogen.
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Chen, Pictiaw, Boaz Zion, and Michael J. McCarthy. Utilization of NMR Technology for Internal Nondestructive Quality Evaluation of Fruits and Vegetables. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568778.bard.
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Objective: The objective of this research was to investigate the potential use of NMR for evaluating various internal quality factors of fruits and vegetables, leading to the eventual development of practical techniques that are useful for future development of NMR sensors. Summary: Investigation on NMR imaging, one-dimension NMR projection, and single-pulse free-induction-decay (FID) spectrum led to the development of high-speed NMR techniques for real-time sensing of internal quality of selected fruits. NMR imaging can be used for detecting internal defects and various quality factors such as bruises, dry regions, worm damage, stage of ripeness, tissue breakdown, and the presence of voids, seeds, sprouts, and pits. The one-dimension (1-D) image profile technique, in which the 1-D projection of the NMR signal of a selected slice of the intact fruit is recorded, is suitable for detecting tissue breakdown regions, presence of pits, and other defects in fruits. The oil and sugar content of fruits can be determined from the single-pulse FID spectrum measurement, in which a surface coil is used to acquire the FID spectrum and the ratio of the resonance peaks is used as the quality index. The latter two techniques are suitable for high-speed sorting of fruits. The most important accomplishment is the successful development of high-speed NMR techniques for determining internal quality of fruits while they are moving at speed up to 30 cm/s. This accomplishment is an important step toward the development of NMR techniques for on-line sorting of fruits and vegetables.
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Shomer, Ilan, Ruth E. Stark, Victor Gaba, and James D. Batteas. Understanding the hardening syndrome of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber tissue to eliminate textural defects in fresh and fresh-peeled/cut products. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587238.bard.
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The project sought to understand factors and mechanisms involved in the hardening of potato tubers. This syndrome inhibits heat softening due to intercellular adhesion (ICA) strengthening, compromising the marketing of industrially processed potatoes, particularly fresh peeled-cut or frozen tubers. However, ICA strengthening occurs under conditions which are inconsistent with the current ideas that relate it to Ca-pectate following pectin methyl esterase (PME) activity or to formation of rhamnogalacturonan (RG)-II-borate. First, it was necessary to induce strengthening of the middle lamellar complex (MLX) and the ICA as a stress response in some plant parenchyma. As normally this syndrome does not occur uniformly enough to study it, we devised an efficient model in which ICA-strengthening is induced consistently under simulated stress by short-chain, linear, mono-carboxylic acid molecules (OAM), at 65 oC [appendix 1 (Shomer&Kaaber, 2006)]. This rapid strengthening was insufficient for allowing the involved agents assembly to be identifiable; but it enabled us to develop an efficient in vitro system on potato tuber parenchyma slices at 25 ºC for 7 days, whereas unified stress was reliably simulated by OAMs in all the tissue cells. Such consistent ICA-strengthening in vitro was found to be induced according to the unique physicochemical features of each OAM as related to its lipophilicity (Ko/w), pKa, protonated proportion, and carbon chain length by the following parameters: OAM dissociation constant (Kdiss), adsorption affinity constant (KA), number of adsorbed OAMs required for ICA response (cooperativity factor) and the water-induced ICA (ICAwater). Notably, ICA-strengthening is accompanied by cell sap leakage, reflecting cell membrane rupture. In vitro, stress simulation by OAMs at pH<pKa facilitated the consistent assembly of ICAstrengthening agents, which we were able to characterize for the first time at the molecular level within purified insoluble cell wall of ICA-strengthened tissue. (a) With solid-state NMR, we established the chemical structure and covalent binding to cell walls of suberin-like agents associated exclusively with ICA strengthening [appendix 3 (Yu et al., 2006)]; (b) Using proteomics, 8 isoforms of cell wall-bound patatin (a soluble vacuolar 42-kDa protein) were identified exclusively in ICA-strengthened tissue; (c) With light/electron microscopy, ultrastructural characterization, histochemistry and immunolabeling, we co-localized patatin and pectin in the primary cell wall and prominently in the MLX; (d) determination of cell wall composition (pectin, neutral sugars, Ca-pectate) yielded similar results in both controls and ICA-strengthened tissue, implicating factors other than PME activity, Ca2+ or borate ions; (e) X-ray powder diffraction experiments revealed that the cellulose crystallinity in the cell wall is masked by pectin and neutral sugars (mainly galactan), whereas heat or enzymatic pectin degradation exposed the crystalline cellulose structure. Thus, we found that exclusively in ICA-strengthened tissue, heat-resistant pectin is evident in the presence of patatin and suberinlike agents, where the cellulose crystallinity was more hidden than in fresh control tissue. Conclusions: Stress response ICA-strengthening is simulated consistently by OAMs at pH< pKa, although PME and formation of Ca-pectate and RG-II-borate are inhibited. By contrast, at pH>pKa and particularly at pH 7, ICA-strengthening is mostly inhibited, although PME activity and formation of Ca-pectate or RG-II-borate are known to be facilitated. We found that upon stress, vacuolar patatin is released with cell sap leakage, allowing the patatin to associate with the pectin in both the primary cell wall and the MLX. The stress response also includes formation of covalently bound suberin-like polyesters within the insoluble cell wall. The experiments validated the hypotheses, thus led to a novel picture of the structural and molecular alterations responsible for the textural behavior of potato tuber. These findings represent a breakthrough towards understanding of the hardening syndrome, laying the groundwork for potato-handling strategies that assure textural quality of industrially processed particularly in fresh peeled cut tubers, ready-to-prepare and frozen preserved products.
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Blumwald, Eduardo, and Avi Sadka. Citric acid metabolism and mobilization in citrus fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7587732.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Accumulation of citric acid is a major determinant of maturity and fruit quality in citrus. Many citrus varieties accumulate citric acid in concentrations that exceed market desires, reducing grower income and consumer satisfaction. Citrate is accumulated in the vacuole of the juice sac cell, a process that requires both metabolic changes and transport across cellular membranes, in particular, the mitochondrial and the vacuolar (tonoplast) membranes. Although the accumulation of citrate in the vacuoles of juice cells has been clearly demonstrated, the mechanisms for vacuolar citrate homeostasis and the components controlling citrate metabolism and transport are still unknown. Previous results in the PIs’ laboratories have indicated that the expression of a large number of a large number of proteins is enhanced during fruit development, and that the regulation of sugar and acid content in fruits is correlated with the differential expression of a large number of proteins that could play significant roles in fruit acid accumulation and/or regulation of acid content. The objectives of this proposal are: i) the characterization of transporters that mediate the transport of citrate and determine their role in uptake/retrieval in juice sac cells; ii) the study of citric acid metabolism, in particular the effect of arsenical compounds affecting citric acid levels and mobilization; and iii) the development of a citrus fruit proteomics platform to identify and characterize key processes associated with fruit development in general and sugar and acid accumulation in particular. The understanding of the cellular processes that determine the citrate content in citrus fruits will contribute to the development of tools aimed at the enhancement of citrus fruit quality. Our efforts resulted in the identification, cloning and characterization of CsCit1 (Citrus sinensis citrate transporter 1) from Navel oranges (Citrus sinesins cv Washington). Higher levels of CsCit1 transcripts were detected at later stages of fruit development that coincided with the decrease in the juice cell citrate concentrations (Shimada et al., 2006). Our functional analysis revealed that CsCit1 mediates the vacuolar efflux of citrate and that the CsCit1 operates as an electroneutral 1CitrateH2-/2H+ symporter. Our results supported the notion that it is the low permeable citrateH2 - the anion that establishes the buffer capacity of the fruit and determines its overall acidity. On the other hand, it is the more permeable form, CitrateH2-, which is being exported into the cytosol during maturation and controls the citrate catabolism in the juice cells. Our Mass-Spectrometry-based proteomics efforts (using MALDI-TOF-TOF and LC2- MS-MS) identified a large number of fruit juice sac cell proteins and established comparisons of protein synthesis patterns during fruit development. So far, we have identified over 1,500 fruit specific proteins that play roles in sugar metabolism, citric acid cycle, signaling, transport, processing, etc., and organized these proteins into 84 known biosynthetic pathways (Katz et al. 2007). This data is now being integrated in a public database and will serve as a valuable tool for the scientific community in general and fruit scientists in particular. Using molecular, biochemical and physiological approaches we have identified factors affecting the activity of aconitase, which catalyze the first step of citrate catabolism (Shlizerman et al., 2007). Iron limitation specifically reduced the activity of the cytosolic, but not the mitochondrial, aconitase, increasing the acid level in the fruit. Citramalate (a natural compound in the juice) also inhibits the activity of aconitase, and it plays a major role in acid accumulation during the first half of fruit development. On the other hand, arsenite induced increased levels of aconitase, decreasing fruit acidity. We have initiated studies aimed at the identification of the citramalate biosynthetic pathway and the role(s) of isopropylmalate synthase in this pathway. These studies, especially those involved aconitase inhibition by citramalate, are aimed at the development of tools to control fruit acidity, particularly in those cases where acid level declines below the desired threshold. Our work has significant implications both scientifically and practically and is directly aimed at the improvement of fruit quality through the improvement of existing pre- and post-harvest fruit treatments.
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Wolf, Shmuel, and William J. Lucas. Involvement of the TMV-MP in the Control of Carbon Metabolism and Partitioning in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7570560.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The function of the 30-kilodalton movement protein (MP) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is to facilitate cell-to-cell movement of viral progeny in infected plants. Our earlier findings have indicated that this protein has a direct effect on plasmodesmal function. In addition, these studies demonstrated that constitutive expression of the TMV MP gene (under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter) in transgenic tobacco plants significantly affects carbon metabolism in source leaves and alters the biomass distribution between the various plant organs. The long-term goal of the proposed research was to better understand the factors controlling carbon translocation in plants. The specific objectives were: A) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants a virally-encoded (TMV-MP) gene that affects plasmodesmal functioning and photosynthate partitioning under tissue-specific promoters. B) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants the TMV-MP gene under the control of promoters which are tightly repressed by the Tn10-encoded Tet repressor, to enable the expression of the protein by external application of tetracycline. C) To explore the mechanism by which the TMV-MP interacts with the endogenous control o~ carbon allocation. Data obtained in our previous project together with the results of this current study established that the TMV-MP has pleiotropic effects when expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. In addition to its ability to increase the plasmodesmal size exclusion limit, it alters carbohydrate metabolism in source leaves and dry matter partitioning between the various plant organs, Expression of the TMV-MP in various tissues of transgenic potato plants indicated that sugars and starch levels in source leaves are reduced below those of control plants when the TMV-MP is expressed in green tissue only. However, when the TMV-MP was expressed predominantly in PP and CC, sugar and starch levels were raised above those of control plants. Perhaps the most significant result obtained from experiments performed on transgenic potato plants was the discovery that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbohydrate allocation within source leaves was under developmental control and was exerted only during tuber development. The complexity of the mode by which the TMV-MP exerts its effect on the process of carbohydrate allocation was further demonstrated when transgenic tobacco plants were subjected to environmental stresses such as drought stress and nutrients deficiencies, Collectively, these studies indicated that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbon allocation L the result of protein-protein interaction within the source tissue. Based on these results, together with the findings that plasmodesmata potentiate the cell-to-cell trafficking of viral and endogenous proteins and nucleoproteins complexes, we developed the theme that at the whole plant level, the phloem serves as an information superhighway. Such a long-distance communication system may utilize a new class of signaling molecules (proteins and/or RNA) to co-ordinate photosynthesis and carbon/nitrogen metabolism in source leaves with the complex growth requirements of the plant under the prevailing environmental conditions. The discovery that expression of viral MP in plants can induce precise changes in carbon metabolism and photoassimilate allocation, now provide a conceptual foundation for future studies aimed at elucidating the communication network responsible for integrating photosynthetic productivity with resource allocation at the whole-plant level. Such information will surely provide an understanding of how plants coordinate the essential physiological functions performed by distantly-separated organs. Identification of the proteins involved in mediating and controlling cell-to-cell transport, especially at the companion cell-sieve element boundary, will provide an important first step towards achieving this goal.