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1
Tanner, Rene Michelle 1963. "Food chain organisms in industrial waste water ponds." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192096.
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The following thesis research examined the algae and invertebrates making up a food chain in two, hypersaline, industrial waste water ponds at the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station in Phoenix, Arizona. The ponds had high levels of total salts (65 g/I, mainly NaC1), nitrate (580 mg/1), BOD (31.6 mg/1) and algae (up to 650,000 cells/m1). Currently, the only toxic element of concern is selenium (1641 IA g/ 1) . The dominant algae were the diatoms Chaetoceros sp. and Nitzschia frustulum (Kurtz.) Grun. and the cyanobacteria, Synechococcus Nageli 1849. The only aquatic fauna were two invertebrates: Artemia sp. (brine shrimp) and Trichocorixa sp. (water boatmen). A salinity tolerance experiment on algae indicated that the current dominant species will not persist above 150 g/I salt, hence the ponds, which are not expected to reach this salininity for many years, will continue to support a food chain and attract waterfowl as the mineral content increases.
2
Benjathapanum, Nunthika. "Artificial intelligence applications in waste water monitoring for industrial purposes." Thesis, City University London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294426.
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Madiraju, Saisantosh Vamshi Harsha. "COLOR REMOVAL AND TREATMENT OF DYE AND SUGAR WASTE WATER USING LOW COST ADSORBENTS." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1530272885958543.
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Kam, Kwok-hang Dave. "Review on the industrial wastewater management in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19945437.
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5
Ko, Chi-ho. "A study of industrial waste water treatment and the feasibility of recycling /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17457749.
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Ko, Chi-ho, and 高志浩. "A study of industrial waste water treatment and the feasibility of recycling." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253398.
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Ayesha, Sadia. "Impact of industrial waste water on the environment: case study : Kot Lukh Put Industrial Estate, Lahore,Pakistan." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31260998.
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Corden, Thomas Joseph. "Development of design and manufacturing techniques for glass reinforced plastic waste water treatment equipment." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339665.
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Menzli, Slim. "WATER FOOTPRINT OF AVIATION FUEL SYNTHESIS BY THE FISCHER TROPSCH PROCESS USING SUGAR CANE WASTE & LANDFILL GAS AS FEEDSTOCKS." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4018.
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The recent spikes in oil prices have spurred an already bullish demand on biofuels as a source of alternative energy. However, the unprecedented price records set simultaneously by staple food have raised high concerns about potential impacts of biofuels on the global agricultural landscape as fuel and food markets are being inextricably coupled. The revival of interest in the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process comes into full force since it offers a promising way to produce carbon-neutral liquid fuels which are readily usable with today's existing infrastructure. The FT synthesis offers the possibility of using crop waste as feedstock instead of the crop itself thus avoiding the risk of further straining water and land resources while helping to alleviate the national energy bill and to achieve independence from foreign oil. As the airline industry is the hardest-hit sector with fuel jumping ahead of labor as the primary cost item, this thesis investigates the prospects of the FT process to transform sugar cane waste (namely bagasse, tops and green leaves) and landfill gas in order to produce kerosene (C12H26) as jet fuel for civil aviation. Established chemical correlations and thermodynamics of chemical reactions are used to assess the water footprint inherent to kerosene production using the above feedstocks at optimal conditions of temperature, pressure, catalyst and reactor type. It has been estimated that 9 to 19 gallons of water are needed for every gallon of kerosene produced. In addition, for the case of sugar cane, less land area per unit energy is required compared to ethanol production since all non-food waste of the plant can be used to produce FT fuel as opposed to ethanol which would utilize only the sugar (food) portion of the plant. This translates into a much lower water footprint for irrigation and consequently a lower water footprint overall.<br>M.S.M.E.<br>Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering;<br>Engineering and Computer Science<br>Mechanical Engineering MSME
10
Wallace, Trevor Haig. "Biological Treatment of a Synthetic Dye Water and an Industrial Textile Wastewater Containing Azo Dye Compounds." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34115.
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In this research, the ability of anaerobic and aerobic biological sludges to reduce and stabilize azo dye compounds was studied. Synthetic dye solutions and an industrial textile wastewater were both treated using anaerobic and aerobic biomass, separately and in sequential step-treatment processes. The primary objective was to reduce the wastewater color to an intensity that complies with the Virginia Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (VPDES) permit level. This level is set at 300 American Dye Manufactures Institute (ADMI) units. Further objectives were to achieve reductions in the total kjehdal nitrogen (TKN) and total organic carbon (TOC) in the wastewater. Anaerobic and aerobic treatment systems were both effective in reducing the wastewater color; however, anaerobic treatment generally produced the greatest color removal. Anaerobic/aerobic (ANA/AER) sequential step-treatment provided the best reductions in ADMI color, TKN and TOC. Anaerobic/aerobic/anaerobic/aerobic (ANA/AER/ANA/AER) sequential step-treatment did not yield greater reductions in ADMI color, TKN, or TOC as compared to ANA/AER sequential step-treatment.<br>Master of Science
11
Walklett, Hilary James. "The pollution of the rivers of South-East Lancashire by industrial waste between c1860 and c1900." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335084.
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Stoll, Anita. "Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by the yeast S. cerevisiae and the bioremediation of industrial waste water." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004075.
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Water is an essential element in all aspects of life and is vital for both domestic and industrial purposes regarding both the quality and quantity thereof. Similar to many other drought stricken countries, South Africa requires water for the socio-economic growth of the country, yet is faced with the problem of maintaining the quality of its drinking water as well as protecting the dwindling supplies. In an attempt to prevent the deterioration of South African water supplies the treatment, purification and recycling of industrial and mining waste water has recently become of prime importance. Many industrial and mining waste waters contain heavy metals in toxic quantities. The conventional processes that have been used till recently to address this problem, are often expensive or contain chemical agents which compound the environmental problem. As an alternative biological methods of metal accumulation appear to offer an economic and efficient alternative to these methods. An advantage to the South African scenario is the commercial production of the yeast, S. cerevisiae as a readily inexpensive by-product from some fermentation industries, Yeast cells, and in particular S. cerevisiae have proven to be capable of accumulating heavy metals, and therefore exhibit potential application in the bioremediation of waste water. The aim of this project was twofold. The initial part of this work attempted to define the mechanisms of metal accumulation by the yeast cells and cellular components. The information obtained from these initial studies provided a data base required for the development of a bioremediation system. Initial contact with the metal ions occurs at the wall interface of the yeast cell. Metal accumulation appears to be a function of all the cell wall components. The isolated cell wall components are better metal chelators then the intact cell walls. An apparent affinity series of mannan > chitin> glucan > intact cell walls exists. However, these components differ in their affinities for metal ions. Storage of metal ions within the cell occurs predominantly in the vacuole. The present study concluded that metal accumulation by the vacuole could be related to size. Metal accumulation occurred in the order of Cu2+ > Co2+ > Cd2+ with a corresponding decrease in atomic radii of Cd2+ > C02+ > Cu2+. Vacuolar ion deposition occurs at an early stage during the internalization of metal ions within the yeast cells. At the onset of vacuolar saturation, depositions of metal ions as granules within the cytosol occurs. In the presence of heavy metal cations viable yeast cells can be shown to exhibit two types of cellular responses. Uptake of Cu2+ and Cd2+ causes the loss of intracellular physiological cations from within the yeast cell. In comparison, uptake of Co2+ into the cell does not have this effect. All three heavy metal cations initiate plasma cell membrane permeability, thus the Cu2+ and Cd2+ induced loss of the intracellular cations, occurs. ~ a result of ion-exchange mechanisms and not due to cation leakage brought about by membrane permeabilization. Uptake of heavy metals by viable yeasts appears to be generally non-selective though the amount of metals accumulated are largely affected by the ratio of ambient metal concentration to biomass quantity. In addition, the energy dependent nature of internalization necessitates the availability of an external energy source for metal uptake by viable yeast cells. For these reasons metal removal from industrial waste water was investigated using non-viable biomass. By immobilizing the yeast cells additional mechanical integrity and stability was conferred apon the biomass. The three types of biomass preparations developed in this study, viz. polyvinyl alcohol (PV A) Na-alginate, PV A Na-orthophosphate and alkali treated polyethylenimine (PEI):glutaraldehyde (GA) biomass pellets, all fulfilled the necessary physical requirements. However, the superior metal accumulating properties of the PEI:GA biomass determined its selection as a biosorbent for bioremediation purposes. Biosorption of heavy metals by PEI:GA biomass is of a competitive nature, with the amount of metal accumulated influenced by the availability of the metal ions. This availability is largely determined by the solution pH. At low pH values the affinity of the biomass for metals decreases, whilst enhanced metal biosorption occurs at higher pHs, ego pH 4.5 - 6.0. PEI:GA biomass pellets can be implemented -as a biosorbent for the bi9remediaiton of high concentration, low-volume metal containing industrial waste. Several options regarding the bioremediation system are available. Depending on the concentration of the metals in the effluent, the bioremediation process can either be used independently or as part of a biphasic remediation system for the treatment of waste water. Initial phase chemical modification may be required, whilst two types of biological systems can be implemented as 'part of the second phase. The PEI:GA biomass can either be contained within continuous-flow fixed bed tanks or continuous-flow stirred bioreactor tanks. Due to the simplicity of the process and the ease with which scale-up is facilitated, the second type of system shows greater application potential for the treatment of this type of industrial waste water than the fixed-bed systems.
13
Fonseka, K. C. M. (Kosmafonsekage Chintha Mirani) 1960. "Characterization of dissolved organic matter in industrial wastewaters." Monash University, Dept. of Chemistry, 2000. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8932.
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Chakraborti, Amrita. "Alpha-poly-l-lysine as a potential biosorbent for removal of hexavalent chromium from industrial waste water." Worcester, Mass. : Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2008. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-050109-114725/.
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Chakraborti, Amrita. "Alpha-Poly-L-Lysine As A Potential Biosorbent For Removal Of Hexavalent Chromium From Industrial Waste Water." Digital WPI, 2009. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/601.
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Remediation of heavy metals from industrial effluents and ground water sources poses a significant challenge. Hexavalent chromium is one such heavy metal, prevalent in industrial wastewaters, which has been proven to be toxic to humans and other living organisms. Most of the conventional methods available for dealing with chromium are either cost prohibitive or generate secondary effluents which are difficult to deal with. The idea of bioremediation has gained much momentum over the last few decades because of its potential low cost and minimum impact on the environment. This study explored the potential for hexavalent chromium bioremediation using a synthetic cationic biopolymer alpha-poly-l-lysine (alpha-PLL) as a biosorbent. In the present research work, equilibrium batch studies were performed in a specially designed dialysis apparatus to obtain preliminary information about the adsorption capacity of the polymer. Metal uptake by the polymer was found to be maximum when the pH of chromium solution (pH 4.6) and that of poly-lysine (pH 5.7) was not changed at the beginning of the experiment. Applying the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model showed that alpha-PLL has a maximum uptake capacity of 42.2 microgram Cr/mg alpha-PLL, and a binding constant of 1.2 microgram/mL +/- 10%. The metal uptake performance of the polymer was also evaluated in a Polymer Enhanced Diafiltration (PEDF) system. The polymer-metal complex was retained and concentrated by the PEDF set up using a tangential flow filtration membrane, while the clean filtrate flowed through. When 3.4 L of 10 mg/L chromium solution in the Cr2O72- form was processed using 300 mL of 2 gm/L PLL, the concentration of chromium in the permeate reached a maximum of 0.79 mg/L. When 30 mg/L chromium solution was used, 2 L could be processed using 300 mL of 2gm/L PLL, and 7.8 mg/L chromium could be detected in the permeate in the end.
16
Bergseije, Victor. "Effects of Heat Transfer Fluid from District Heating Networks on Activated Sludge : A respirometric analysis using a dilution series to assess disruption of biological treatment processes in wastewater treatment facilities." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för biologi och miljö (BOM), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-34038.
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District heating has a long standing tradition in Sweden and today it is the most common way of producing and transporting heat. A District heating system (DH system) is divided into three parts: a production facility, distribution network (DH network) and one more heat stations. The heat produced in the facilities is distributed to the customers via a heat transfer medium, usually water (DH water), in piping networks that make up the DH network. The heat is transferred to the customers via the heat exchanger at which point they can use it as heated tap water or for heating purposes. The DH networks are often constructed in steel as it is cheap and a relatively resistant material. However it has the disadvantages of corrosion and expansions when it is exposed high temperatures which lead to damages in the DH network resulting in loss of the DH water, this is an unavoidable occurrence in any DH network. This results in addition of pollutants by leakages into the DH network or with the water that is used to compensate for the losses. The pollutants cause further corrosion, leading to metal contamination, and more damages on the DH network meaning there is a continuous degradation. Therefore various treatments are used to clean and ascertain an acceptable chemical environment in the DH systems. These treatments are effective but not at a level which is required so many chemicals are used to enhance the treatment of the water. Some of these are known to be toxic to humans and water ecosystems. As leakages are abundant and often end up in the WWTPs of the concerned municipality, which often have troubles with disturbances of the biological treatment, it was decided that an assessment of the toxic effects that DH water pose on activated sludge was to be investigated. This was done by testing water from two DH networks, Växjö and Kalmar, on the same activated sludge obtained from Tegelviken WWTP in Kalmar. A respirometric bioassay approach established by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), OECD standard 209; OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals was used with changes made to exposure and measuring time as this decrease the risk of misinterpretation of the results. A dilution series using different concentrations (6.25%, 25% and 100%) of DH water was tested and compered to a blank control samples containing only activated sludge. Assessment of toxicity on total oxidation, oxidation carbon and oxidation of nitrogen was made. To get some idea of what might cause toxic effect samples of the waters was sent to outside laboratories for analyses of metals. The result from the bioassay and metal analysis was used to formulate risk factors associated with a DH water spill and exposure to WWTPs. It was found that both DH waters have a significant inhibition on nitrification in WWTPs. The DH water from Kalmar exhibited similar toxicity dynamics, roughly 20% inhibition, despite large differences in concentration. The DH water from Växjö showed a negative correlation between an increase in concentration of DH water and toxicity, 74% for the lowest concentration and 11% for the highest. The metal analysis concluded that there was no abundance of metal contamination which led to the inference that toxicity is probably caused by the chemicals used for treatment. This poses a great risk for the Baltic Ocean as many WWTPs release their treated water directly into water courses with a short detention time before reaching the sea.
17
Versfeld, Lizelle. "Factors influencing the use of solid phase microextraction techniques for environmental analysis of industrial waste water / Lizelle Versfeld." Thesis, North-West University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/550.
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The goal of an analytical laboratory is to have a high sample throughput, quick
turnaround time and reduced operating costs.
In most of the cases, a sample preparation step is necessary to prepare the
sample for the specific analysis. Generally, a sample preparation step is
incorporated in the analysis to eliminate interferences from the sample and to
result in a "cleaner" sample that produces a signal with an enhanced signal
response.
In chromatographic analysis, the sample preparation step is in most cases the
rate determining step. This is because most of the sample preparation steps
are outdated, time- and labour-intensive, contain multiple steps that can lead to
the loss of analytes and involve the use of toxic organic solvents. It should
also be noted that the possibility of errors increases significantly if the number
of steps are increased. The errors can be due to human, systematic or
contamination inconsistencies.
A sample preparation technique should be reproducible and cost effective.
SPME meets these requirements. It is quick, sensitive and versatile; and no
solvents or complicated apparatus are required. SPME consists of only two
steps, namely the concentration and extraction of analytes out of the sample
matrix, followed by desorption using a GC or HPLC.
The successful analytical extraction of small polar organic compounds from
water samples is very difficult and the commonly used liquid-liquid extraction
techniques are often not suitable for some polar analytes. The required
recovery of target compounds out of the aqueous phase can not be achieved
because of low partition coefficients. Continuous direct injections of water
samples into a GC lead to the removal of the stationary phase of the gas
chromatographic column and ultimate deterioration of the column, which
increases maintenance costs (Chapter 1). Direct injections are sometimes not
sensitive enough for the very low level of organic pollutants in waste water
streams, an aspect that will be demonstrated in the presentation of data in
later chapters.
SPME is a potential alternative technique for the sampling of these pollutants
in environmental waste water, particularly because of the diverse range of
possible organic contaminants (Chapter 2).
An investigation was launched to compare two methods for the analysis of
organic analytes in industrial waste water. The current method in use is a
direct injection NAC method. Data from this technique has been
unsatisfactory and this has led to the development of a SPME method,
specific to the needs of an industrial client (Chapter 3). Comparisons between
these two methods show that SPME gives a more effective picture of the
pollution status.
The effectiveness of SPME depends on the efficiency of extraction. The
various factors that have an influence on the extraction were investigated, in
particular fibre choice, extraction duration, temperature and sample pH. It
was found that fibre selection is dependent on the molecular weight, polarity,
functionality and concentration level of the analyte of interest. According to
the results, extraction time before equilibrium is achieved, affects the
extraction process significantly. The amount of analyte extracted after
equilibrium has been reached will remain similar, but for pre-equilibrium
extraction, it is crucial to keep the extraction time constant. Associated with
equilibrium effects is the variation of temperature and its influence on the
extraction concentrations of the analytes. The higher the sampling
temperature, the greater the extraction efficiency of the analytes will become,
until a maximum is reached. The pH of the sample influenced the amount of
acidic and basic analytes sorbed; basic compounds partitioning towards the
fibre when the matrix had a high pH and similarly, acidic compounds
partitioning towards the fibre when the pH was low. Polar analytes were
driven out of the solution when the ionic strength of the sample was increased
(Chapter 4).
Before SPME can be quantitatively used in analysis, all these factors should
be optimized for maximum sensitivity, precision and ruggedness.
Quantification with SPME can be done using either an internal standard, or
external standards with calibration graphs. For simple matrices, an internal
standard can be used, provided the compound chosen is similar in
characteristic to the target analytes. In this study it was found that the internal
standard approach was not an appropriate method for quantification, simply
because the range of organic compounds in the waste water was so diverse
that no internal standard could be chosen to represent the group in response.
It was concluded that SPME was a suitable method for qualitative analysis,
because more analytes could be detected. For quantitative analysis, it is
important to optimize and control the extraction process. This makes the
procedure sensitive to subtle changes that can affect data and therefore may
not be rugged enough for routine analysis.<br>Thesis (M.Sc. (Chemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.
18
Toll, Nils. "Considerations and Novel Technologies in Industrial Water Treatment - Treatment of challenging wastewater." Thesis, KTH, Kemiteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297642.
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Industriell vattenrening är ett extremt viktigt område inom Miljöskyddsteknik då 60% av allt sötvatten inom Sverige används av industrier. Substanser som PFAS, aromatiska textilfärger, fenol och läkemedelsrester är extra utmanande då dessa kan vara gifta för biologisk rening. Syftet med denna rapport var att först redogöra några av de viktigaste avvägningarna som behöver göras när ett industriellt vattenreningsverk designas. I del två av arbetet har en kartläggning av teknologier som kan användas för att assistera eller ersätta biologisk rening. Det existerar flera olika typer av tekniker för att ersätta biologisk rening, men majoriteten av dessa konsumerar stora mängder värme eller elektricitet, vilket kan leda till stora rörliga kostnader. En trend inom industriell vattenrening är elektrifiering. Elektrifiering ger möjlighet att återvinna kemikalier, selektiv separation av joner, automatisk justering av pH via tekniker som elektrodialys och elektrokoagulering. Kall plasmaoxidation och kavitation kan även användas för destruktion av organiska ämnen. I takt med att förnyelsebar energi blir billigare att producera och om regeringen inför el-subventioner för industrin så kommer användbarheten av dessa tekniker att öka. Membranprocesser kan användas för att intensifiera processer som extraktion och indunstning. Med hjälp av membran kan separationshastigheten och energianvändningen minskas. Enzym kan användas för att skräddarsy rening för att bryta ner specifika ämnen vid låga tryck och temperaturer. Skumseparation är en mycket lovande process som kan användas för separation av ytaktiva ämnen som PFAS och har en mycket enkel design och låga energikostnader.<br>Industrial water treatment is an important field of study as industries in Sweden consumes over 60% of the available freshwater. Furthermore, only 60% of the industrial wastewater in Europe receive treatment before its discharged. Hard to oxidize compounds such as dyes, phenol, and PFAS are a major problem within the field as they often exhibit toxic or inhibiting qualities towards biological treatment methods. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is twofold; firstly, some of the most important considerations when designing an industrial wastewater treatment plant is discussed to aid someone new to the field. Secondly, novel technologies that could be used to support or replace biological treatment methods are discussed. There exist several different novel technologies that can be used to treat organic pollutants. However, many of these techniques are very energy intensive, leading to high operational costs. A major trend within wastewater treatment is the electrification of treatment techniques. These enables the recycling of chemicals, selective removal of ions and automatic neutralization of pH by means of electrodialysis and electrocoagulation. They can also be used for destruction of organics using cavitation or cold plasma oxidation. The usefulness of these techniques is likely to increase in the future as the electrification of industry picks up speed and subsidies on industrial electricity prices are put in place. Membrane processes can intensify already existing unit operations such as evaporation and extraction. By employing a membrane, the speed of separation and the energy use can be lowered. Enzymatic treatment can be used to degrade several different compounds at low temperatures and pressures by tailoring the mix of enzymes to perfectly fit the wastewater in question. Foam separation is also interesting technology in the removal of surface-active chemicals and compounds due to its simplistic design and low operational cost. The use of this technology is likely to increase in the future if the legislation regarding persistent organics is tightened further.
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Eloff, Estie. "Evaluation of hydrogen as energy source for biological sulphate removal in industrial wastewaters." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50344.
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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Biological removal of sulphate from wastewater can be achieved by using a gas mixture
consisting of 80% hydrogen and 20% carbon dioxide as energy and carbon sources. A novel
reactor, including a venturi device for optimal hydrogen gas-liquid contact, and geotextile for
immobilisation of the sulphate reducing bacterial community, was introduced. Efficient,
relatively stable sulphate removal was obtained when the reactor was operated in continuous
mode. The maximum sulphate removal rate obtained when the reactor was 8% packed with
geotextile, was 1 g S04/(L.d) and 4 g S04/(L.d) when the reactor was 80% packed with
geotextile. Kinetic batch studies showed that the highest sulphate removal rates were
obtained at 29.5 °C; a pH of 7.5; initial sulphate concentration of 4000 mg/L; initial alkalinity
of 1600 mg/L; cobalt concentration of 3 mg/L and when excess hydrogen gas was fed
compared to what is stoichiometrically required (900 ml/min). Nickel addition showed
inhibition at increased concentrations (>3 mg/L).
The biofilm structure was observed on the geotextile with electron microscopy, while the
viability of the biofilm was indicated with fluorescence microscopy. These observations
indicated the suitability of the geotextile as a support material for biofilm formation in the
sulphate reducing system. The stability of the sulphate reducing community was analysed,
using the T-RFLP protocol. It was shown that the composition of the community changed
after a period of 3 months, when the reactor was subjected to environmental changes. The
reactor was also observed to be more efficient in terms of sulphate removal after the
environmental changes, of which the temperature change from an average of 39 to 29.5 °C
was the most prominent. Subsequently, it was speculated that the population shift was in
favour of a more efficient system for sulphate removal. A dynamic, viable, mesophilic
sulphate reducing community was therefore observed on the geotextile support, responsible
for successful sulphate removal in a novel venturi-reactor.
Defining optimal operating conditions, and a knowledge of biofilm structure and composition
may contribute to the successful implementation of the biological sulphate removal
component of the integrated chemical-biological process for the treatment of industrial
wastewater, when hydrogen and carbon dioxide are supplied as the energy and carbon
sources, respectively.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ongewenste industriële afval-water kan biologies behandel word deur 'n gasmengsel van 80%
waterstof en 20% koolstofdioksied te gebruik vir sulfaat verwydering. 'n Reaktor wat 'n
venturi apparaat bevat vir optimale waterstofgas-vloeistof kontak, asook geotekstiel vir die
immobilisasie van die bakteriële sulfaatverwyderende gemeenskap, is bekend gestel.
Effektiewe, relatief stabiele sulfaatverwydering is waargeneem sodra die reaktor op 'n
kontinue basis gevoer is. Die optimale sulfaat verwyderingstempo wat bereik is as die reaktor
8% met geotekstiel gevul was, was 1 g S04/(L.d) en 4 g S04/(L.d) wanneer die reaktor 80%
met geotekstiel gevul was. Kinetiese groepstudies het getoon dat die beste
sulfaatverwydering bereik is by 'n gemiddelde temperatuur van 29.5 °C; pH van 7.5;
aanvanklike sulfaatkonsentrasie van 4000 mg/L; aanvanklike sulfied konsentrasie van 268
mg/L; aanvanklike alkaliniteit van 1600 mg/L; kobalt konsentrasie van 3 mg/L, asook
wanneer 'n oormaat waterstofgas gevoer is (900 ml/min), in vergelyking met wat
stoichiometries benodig word. 'n Verhoogde byvoeging van nikkel by die voerwater (3
mg/L), het tekens van inhibisie getoon.
Die biofilm struktuur is waargeneem op die geotekstiel met behulp van 'n
elektronrnikroskoop, terwyl die lewensvatbaarheid van die biofilm aangedui is met behulp
van fluoressensie mikroskopie. Hiermee is die bruikbaarheid van geotekstiel as 'n
ondersteunings-matriks bevestig. Die stabiliteit van die sulfaatverwyderende gemeenskap is
ondersoek deur die T-RFLP protokol te gebruik. Hiermee is aangedui dat die samestelling
van die gemeenskap verander het na die 3 maande toets periode, toe die reaktor onderhewig
was aan omgewings veranderinge. Die reaktor het ook 'n verbetering in sy
sulfaatverwyderings vermoë getoon na hierdie tydperk van omgewingsveranderinge, waarvan
'n temperatuur verandering vanaf 'n gemiddeld van 39 na 29.5 °C die prominentste was. Dit
is dus gespekuleer dat die populasie verskuiwing ten gunste was van 'n beter sisteem vir
sulfaatverwydering. 'n Dinamiese, lewensvatbare, mesofiliese sulfaatreduserende
gemeenskap, verantwoordelik vir die sulfaatverwydering in die venturi-reaktor, is dus
waargeneem op die geotekstiel as 'n ondersteuningsmatriks.
Met hierdie evaluasie kan die insig wat verkry is in die reaktor samestelling en die optimale
kondisies vir die reaktor werking, bydra tot die suksesvolle implementasie van die biologiese
komponent, in die geïntegreerde chemies-biologiese proses vir die behandeling van industriële afval water, wanneer 80% waterstof en 20% koolstofdioksied gas as energie en
koolstofbron respektiewelik, gebruik word.
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Costa, Andréa Fernanda de Santana. "Aplicação de tratamentos biológico e físico-químico em efluentes de lavanderia e tinturaria industriais do município de Toritama no estado de Pernambuco." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2008. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=374.
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Os corantes presentes em efluentes industriais são poluentes recalcitrantes que apresentam toxicidade aos seres vivos e são de difícil remoção por tratamentos convencionais. O processo de beneficiamento de jeans utiliza grande volume de água e produtos químicos diversos, incluindo os corantes sintéticos. O presente estudo investigou a influência de fatores biológicos e físico-químicos na remoção de cor e turbidez em tratamentos de efluentes de lavanderia e tinturaria industriais. Planejamentos fatoriais com ponto central foram empregados em biodegradações e em tratamentos por coagulação-floculação, utilizando delineamento experimental com análise de interação entre os fatores investigados. As variáveis independentes foram consórcio microbiano, aeração, agitação, concentrações de tanino e do polímero auxiliar de floculação (POLICAP - 32) sobre as variáveis respostas, cor e turbidez. O consórcio microbiano com capacidade de descolorir corantes foi obtido a partir do efluente na ausência de nutrientes, a 28 - 30 C, sob agitação de 150 rpm e aeração de 1 vvm. No tratamento biológico, a aeração e o aumento da agitação desfavoreceram significativamente a descoloração; a maior remoção de cor foi obtida no ponto central do planejamento - concentração do consórcio a 1,25 % v/v e agitação de 50 rpm. Nessa condição experimental, a cor média atingiu aproximadamente 138 mgPt/L, correspondendo a uma descoloração do efluente não tratado de cerca de 90 %. No tratamento físico-químico, o aumento da concentração de tanino e a interação entre as concentrações de tanino e do polímero favoreceram significativamente a descoloração do efluente. A maior remoção de cor e redução de turbidez foram obtidas no ponto central do planejamento - concentração do tanino 0,3 g/mL, polímero auxiliar de floculação 15 ppm em pH 7,5 durante 20 minutos. Nessa condição experimental, a cor média foi aproximadamente 50 mgPt/L e a turbidez média, aproximadamente 4 UNT. A descoloração atingiu 96 % e a redução de turbidez, 79 % do efluente não tratado no tratamento físico-químico<br>The industrial effluents with dyes are recalcitrant pollutants exhibiting toxicity to the living being and are difficult to remove by conventional processes. The treatment process of jeans uses large volumes of water and various chemicals, including synthetic dyes. This study investigated the influence of biological and physico-chemical factors in the removal of color and turbidity in the effluent treatment from laundry and dyeing industries. Factorial designs with central point were used in biodegradation and coagulation-flocculation treatments using analysis of interactions between the investigated factors. The independent variables were microbial consortium, aeration, agitation, tannin and the floculation polymer (POLICAP - 32) concentrations, whereas the response variables were color and turbidity. The microbial consortium with capacity of dye decolorization was obtained from the effluent in the absence of nutrients at 28 to 30 C, aeration of 1 vvm under agitation of 150 rpm. The biological treatment of the effluent occurred during 48 hours. In the experimental design of the biodegradation, the aeration and the increase of the agitation unfavored significantly the decolorization. The higher removal of color was obtained from the central point of the factorial design 1.25 % v/v consortium concentration and 50 rpm agitation. In this condition, the color average reached approximately 138 mgPt/L, corresponding to a decolorization of the untreated effluent of approximately 90 %. In the physico-chemical treatment, the increase of the tannin concentration and the interactions between tannin and polymer concentrations significantly favored the decolorization of the effluent. The higher removal of color and further reduction of turbidity were obtained at the central point of the factorial design 0.3 g/mL tannin concentration, 15 ppm polymer floculation at pH 7.5 for 20 minutes. In this experimental condition, the average color was approximately 50 mgPt/L and the average turbidity, approximately 4 NTU. The decolorization reached 96 % and the turbidity reduction, 79 % of the untreated effluent in the physical-chemical treatment
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Kam, Kwok-hang Dave, and 甘國恒. "Review on the industrial wastewater management in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254044.
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RELA, PAULO R. "Desenvolvimento de dispositivo de irradiacao para tratamento de efluentes industriais com feixe de eletrons." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2003. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11050.
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CHEPCANOFF, VERA. "Separacao e recuperacao de cromio e outros elementos de valor em solucoes de trabalho e residuos industriais de galvanoplastia por troca ionica." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2001. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10909.
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Salih, Ali Mohammed. "The purification of industrial wastewater to remove heavy metals and investigation into the use of zeolite as a remediation tool." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/621859.
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Zeolites are well-known aluminosilicate minerals that have been widely used as adsorbents in separation, purification processes and environmental pollution control. Zeolites are used in various industrial applications due to their high cation-exchange ability, molecular sieve and cataltic properties. In order to reduce the costs of acquisition and minimise the disposal of adsorbents, both modified natural zeolite and synthetic zeolite (derived from kaolinite) were used for the purification of wastewater. The characteristic properties and applications of adsorbents are also discussed including the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. The present work involves the study of the removal of Cu2+, Fe3+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ from synthetic metal solutions using natural zeolite. Laboratory experiments were used to investigate the efficiency of adsorbents in the uptake of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. These include equilibrium tests, kinetic studies and regeneration studies. The physical and chemical characterization of the zeolites was carried out using different analytical techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X - Ray Diffraction (XRD), X - Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). The kinetic study indicated the suitability of the natural zeolite for the removal of Cu2+, Fe3+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ ions from synthetic wastewater. Batch experiments were used to identify the effect of parameters that affect the rate of adsorption such as the effect of adsorbent mass, effect of adsorbent particle size, effect of initial solution pH, effect of initial solution concentration, effect of agitation speed and effect of pre-treatment of adsorbent and evaluated their impact on the efficiency of the zeolite in the removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. The kinetic studies showed that the capacity of the adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals increased with a greater mass of absorbent, increased initial solution pH, increased agitation speed, higher solution concentration as well as the application of a pre-treatment. The results from the equilibrium studies positively demonstrated that natural zeolite can be used as an excellent adsorbent for removing heavy metals from multi-component solutions. The equilibrium experiments indicated that the capacities of natural zeolite for the uptake of heavy metals increased when the initial solution pH increased. The results indicated that the maximum removal capacities Q were 22.83, 14.92, 14.49 and 17.54 mg/g natural zeolite for copper, iron, zinc, and lead respectively. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to characterize the experimental data and to assess the adsorption behaviour of natural zeolite for copper, iron, lead and zinc. The experimental data were slightly better suited to the Langmuir isotherm than the Freundlinch isotherm. The value of the correlation coefficients r2 ranged from 0.93 to 0.99 for the Langmuir isotherm and from 0.90 to 0.99 for the Freundlich isotherm. The present work also involved the study of synthetic zeolite A, which was derived from natural kaolinite. The conversion of the raw materials into zeolitic materials was carried out in two ways: first, conventional hydrothermal synthesis and second, alkaline fusion prior to hydrothermal synthesis. The results from both routes show that zeolite A was synthesised successfully. Finally, the experiments show that both natural and synthetic zeolites can be available in commercial quantities. Synthetic zeolites are more attractive for some specific applications, while the cheapness of natural zeolite may favour its use.
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Pereira, Wellington da Silva. "Estudo da aplicação de ferro zero no tratamento de efluente têxtil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46132/tde-05092016-144057/.
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O presente trabalho de mestrado descreve o estudo da viabilidade da aplicação de ferro de valência zero no tratamento de quatro classes de corantes muito utilizados pela indústria têxtil: corante preto remazol B (azo), vermelho remazol RB 133 (triazina), azul remazol brilhante RN (antraquinona) e turquesa remazol G 133 (ftalocianina). O processo também foi aplicado na remediação de um efluente têxtil. O Fe0 mostrou uma grande eficiência na degradação dos corantes estudados, empregando-se uma concentração de Fe0 de 5 g L-1 (oriundo de um resíduo de processo metalúrgico) no tratamento de soluções de azocorantes com concentração de 100 mg L-1, obteve-se uma taxa de descoloração superior a 90% em apenas 15 minutos de tratamento. Uma característica bastante favorável do processo proposto foi sua ampla faixa operacional de pH, observando-se uma degradação do grupo cromóforo superior a 80% para soluções com pH entre 1,5 e 9 (sendo a faixa ótima observada entre 3 e 5). O processo também se mostrou pouco susceptível a variações na concentração de corante (faixa estudada: 25 - 150 mg L-1). Por outro lado, a eficiência do tratamento com ferro de valência zero mostrou-se dependente do tamanho de partícula, da massa e da superfície do material metálico. O mecanismo de degradação também variou em função do emprego de condições anaeróbias ou aeróbias. Para 15 minutos de tratamento, a descoloração dos corantes e do efluente têxtil atingiu níveis ao redor de 95% independente da condição anaeróbia/aeróbia. Entretanto na presença de O2 , observou-se uma redução do carbono orgânico total de até 75% (contra cerca de 25% na condição anaeróbia), mostrando que quando esta espécie aceptora de elétrons esta presente, o mecanismo envolve etapas de oxidação, provavelmente associadas a reações do tipo Fenton. O processo de tratamento emp~egando Fe0 apresentou uma cinética de pseudo-primeira ordem para a degradação dos grupos cromóforos e para a mineralização da matéria orgânica dos corantes e do efluente real. Para os corantes, as constantes cinéticas apresentaram a seguinte ordem: ftalocianina < azo < antraquinona < triazina. De um modo geral, o processo remediatiyo estudado apresentou boas características, que o capacitam como uma alternativa promissora para o tratamento de corantes e efluentes têxteis.<br>This work describes a study to evaluate the viability of zero-valent iron in the treatment of four classes of dyes that are commonly used in the textile industry: Remazol Black B (azo), Remazol Red RB133 (triazine), Remazol Brilliant Blue RN (anthraquinone) and Remazol Turquoise G133 (phtalocyanine). The process was also apllied in the textile effluent remediation. Fe0 process showed a great efficiency in the degradation of the studied dyes, it was obtained a discoloration level higher than 90% in just 15 minutes of treatment employing 5 g L-1 of Fe0 (obtained from of a metallurgic residue) in the degradation of 100 mg L-1 azodye solutions. A quite favorable characteristic of the proposed process was the wide pH operational range; the degradation of chromophore group was upper to 80% for azodye solutions with pH between 1,5 and 9 (the optimum range observed between 3 and 5). The process showed low susceptibility to variations in dye concentration (studied range: 25 - 150 mg L-1). On the other hand, the efficiency of the treatment with zero-iron valence zero was dependent on particle size, mass and surface of the metallic material. The degradation mechanism also varied as function of anaerobic and aerobic conditions. For 15 minutes of treatment, the discoloration of studied dyes and textile effluent reached levels around 95% independent of anaerobic/aerobic condition. However, in the presence of O2, the total arganic carbon showed a reduction up to 75% (versus just around 25% observed in the anaerobic condition). These results showed that when this electron acceptor species is present, the mechanism involves oxidation stages, probably associated with type Fenton reactions. The treatment using Feo presented pseudo-first arder kinetics for the degradation of chromophore groups and for organic matter mineralization. The kinetic constants presented the following order for the studied dyes: phtalocyanine < azo < anthraquinone < triazine. In general, the studied remediative process showed some good characteristics, which makes it a promising alternative for the treatment of dyes and textile effluents.
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BORRELY, SUELI I. "Reducao da toxidade aguda de efluentes industriais e domesticos tratados por irradiacao com feixe de eletrons, avaliada com as especies Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia similis e Poecilia reticulata." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2001. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10943.
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Hakkou, Rachid. "Récupération de l'argent des bains photographiques usés et élimination du cadmium des effluents cyanurés de traitement de surface par électrolyse et par flottation ionique." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1993_HAKKOU_R.pdf.
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Deux nouvelles techniques sont étudiées pour récupérer l'argent à partir des bains photographiques usés et éliminer le cadmium contenu dans les eaux usées de rinçage de galvanoplastie. Il s'agit de l'électrolyse sur cathode volumique sous champ magnétique (électrolyseur REAM) et de la flottation ionique. L’étude du REAM a permis de conclure que l'application d'un champ magnétique à l'électrode volumique n'apporte quasiment aucune amélioration à la cinétique et au rendement d'épuisement de l'Ag et du Cd. Cet appareil se comporte donc comme un électrolyseur à électrode volumique classique. L’étude de la flottation ionique a montré que l'argent et le cadmium peuvent être extraits en utilisant comme collecteurs, respectivement, l'Aérophine 4818A et le dibromure de triphenylphosphonium-p-xylene (TPP^PX). Les rendements obtenus sont supérieurs à 97 %, pour une consommation en collecteur juste stœchiométrique. Les deux précipités obtenus flottent en moins de 5 mn, et titrent 34 % Ag et 12,4 % Cd. L'argent en présence du fer-EDTA est sélectivement précipité par l'aérophine, le solide obtenu est stable (pKs11,5). Le traitement thermique, à 900°C sous air de ce précipité, permet d'obtenir directement Ag métal (99,9%). Par ailleurs, après flottation, les bains photographiques épuisés en argent peuvent être recyclés. Le collecteur TPP^PX donne avec Cd(CN)₂ ⁴ un précipité stable (pKs9). L'élimination du cadmium par flottation ionique n'influe pas sur le pH et sur la concentration en cyanure libre de la solution
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Manipura, Walappuly Mudiyanselage Janakasiri Aruna Shantha Bandara. "Bioprocess development for removal of nitrogenous compounds from precious metal refinery wastewater." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007341.
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Removal of nitrogenous compounds from precious metal refinery (PMR) wastewater is important in terms of avoiding eutrophication (environmental protection), metal recovery (increased overall process efficiency and value recovery) and reuse of treated water (maximum use of natural resources). Extreme pH conditions (4 to 13 depending on the wastewater stream), high chemical oxygen demand (> 10,000 mg/I), numerous metals and high concentrations of those metals (> 20 mg/l of platinum group metals) in the wastewater are the main challenges for biological removal of nitrogenous compounds from PMR wastewater. Nitrogenous compounds such as NH₄⁺-N and N0₃-N are strong metal ligands, which make it difficult to recover metals from the wastewater. Therefore, a bioprocess was developed for removal of nitrogenous compounds from carefully simulated PMR wastewater. A preliminary investigation of metal wastewater was carried out to determine its composition and physico-chemical properties, the ability to nitrify and denitrify under different pH conditions and denitrification with different carbon Source compounds and amounts. Even at pH 4, nitrification could be carried out. A suitable hydraulic retention time was found to be 72 hours. There was no significant difference between sodium acetate and sodium lactate as carbon sources for denitrification. Based on these results, a reactor comparison study was carried out using simulated PMR wastewater in three types of reactors: continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR), packed-bed reactor (PBR) and airlift suspension reactor (ALSR). These reactors were fed with 30 mg/l of Rh bound in an NH₄⁺ based compound (Claus salt: pentaaminechlororhodium (III) dichloride). Total nitrogen removal efficiencies of > 68 % , > 79 % and > 45 % were obtained in the CSTR, PBR and ALSR, respectively. Serially connected CSTR-PBR and PBR-CSTR reactor configurations were then studied to determine the best configuration for maximum removal of nitrogenous compounds from the wastewater. The PBR-CSTR configuration gave consistent biomass retention and automatic pH control in the CSTR. Ammonium removal efficiencies > 95 % were achieved in both reactors. As poor nitrate removal was observed a toxicity study was carried out using respirometry and the half saturation inhibition coefficients for Pt, Pd, Rh and Ru were found to be 15.81, 25.00, 33.34 and 39.25 mg/l, respectively. A mathematical model was developed to describe the nitrogen removal in PMR wastewater using activated sludge model number 1 (ASMl), two step nitrification and metal toxicity. An operational protocol was developed based on the literature review, experimental work and simulation results. The optimum reactor configuration under the set conditions (20 mg/I of Rh and < 100 mg/I of NH₄⁺-N) was found to be PBR-CSTR-PBR process, which achieved overall NH₄⁺-N and N0₃⁻-N removal efficiencies of > 90 % and 95 %, respectively. Finally, a rudimentary microbial characterisation was carried out on subsamples from the CSTR and PBRsecondary. It was found that the CSTR biomass consisted of both rods and cocci while PBRsecondary consisted of rods only. Based on these experimental works, further research needs and recommendations were made for optimisation of the developed bioprocess for removal of nitrogenous compounds from PMR wastewater.
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Bacionaitė, Miglė. "Ruopiškio ežero (Rokiškio raj.) asimiliacinių galimybių tyrimai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120620_150555-57573.
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Magistro darbe nagrinėjama išleidžiamų nuotekų į ežerą koncentracija, asimiliacija. Darbo objektas – Ruopiškio (Alsetos) ežeras. Darbo metodai – pH, BDS7, ištirpusio deguonies, amonio azoto ir suspenduotų medžiagų dalelių koncentracijų skirtumo įtekančiame ir ištekančiame nustatymas ir gautų duomenų analizė. Darbo rezultatai. Tiriant išleidžiamų gamybinių nuotėkų į Ruopiškio (Alsetos) ežerą, koncentracijų (skirtumas) tarp vandens, kuris išteka iš išleistuvo ir vandens, kuris išteka iš ežero, nustatyta, kad asimiliacija yra neigiama, kadangi ištekančiame vandenyje koncentracijos didesnės nei įtekėjo. Vandens rūgštingumo (pH) koncentracija ištekančiame iš išleistuvo vandenyje mažesnė negu koncentracija ežero ištakoje. Biocheminio deguonies sunaudojimo (BDS7) koncentracijų kaita ežere yra labai didelė. Ištirpusio deguonies įtekančiame į ežerą vandenyje, koncentracija yra didesnė, nei ištekančiame iš išleistuvo, tačiau ištekančiame iš ežero jau sumažėjusi. Amonio azoto koncentracija ežere yra didesnė šaltuoju metu sezonu nei šiltuoju. Suspenduotų medžiagų dalelių nusėdimo koncentracijų kaita labai skirtinga, tai priklauso nuo veiksnių, kurie būdingi sezono metu (temperatūra, vegetacija, vėjas, kuris įtakoja bangavimą be sroves). Vandeniui pratekant pro ežerą, statistikai reikšmingų skirtumų visais tiriamų rodiklių atvejais nėra (p>0,05), daroma išvada, kad tirtų medžiagų asimiliacija nereikšminga ir ežeras papildomo apvalymo neatlieka.<br>Discharges of wastewater concentration and assimilation was investigated in the work of master science. Object of the work – Ruopiskis lake (Alseta). Method of the work – pH BOD7, dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen and suspended particulate matter concentracions in the inflowing and out flowing difference identification and analysis of the data. The results of the work. Study of industrial waste water discharged into Ruopiskis (Alseta) lake levels change between the water flowing out of¬ the bleeder and the water that flows from the lake showed that assimilation is negative, since leaving the water levels higher than flow in. Water acidity (pH) concentration in water leaving the bleeder less than concentration flowing from the lake. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD7) concentrations variation is very high. Ammonium nitrogen concentration in the lake in the cold season is more higher than warm season. Dissolved oxygen in water flowing into the lake the concentration is higher than leaving the bleeder, but leaving the lake has a lower. Deposition of suspended particulate matter concentrations variation very differently, is depending on factors that are typical of the s¬eason (temperature, vegetation, wind, which affects waves and streams). Water flows through the lake, statistically is insignificant in all cases (p>0,05), so there is no assimilation, concluded that the investigated materials assimiliation is insignificant and the lake additional purification does not perform.
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Bureau, Valérie. "Adaptation de la séparation cryomagnétique aux technologies de l'environnement : application a l'épuration d'effluents liquides industriels." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPL154N.
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Les performances qu'offre la séparation magnétique haut champ - haut gradient, ont permis d'envisager l'épuration magnétique de métaux lourds, précipités sous forme colloïdale, dans des effluents de lavage de l'industrie de traitement de surface. Or, les ions paramagnétiques, précipités en milieu basique sous forme d'hydroxydes, présentent une structure amorphe, très hydratée, qui masque les propriétés magnétiques sous-jacentes et ne permet pas une bonne épuration magnétique. La coprécipitation d'un porteur magnétique avec les métaux lourds a donc été étudiée : le chlorure ferrique forme, en milieu basique, un oxyde de fer hydrate. Sa structure est du type goethite, se stabilisant sous forme d'hématite. La susceptibilité magnétique du produit obtenu est faible et sa structure cristalline n'est pas suffisamment affirmée pour qu'une filtration magnétique soit efficace. Le mélange sulfate ferreux et chlorure ferrique fournit, en milieu basique, une magnétite hydratée. Les rapports initiaux fer divalent sur fer trivalent varient entre 0,5 et 1,2. Ce mélange, coprécipité avec les métaux lourds, permet d'obtenir une épuration magnétique optimale dans le filtre haut champ - haut gradient
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NASCIMENTO, FERNANDO C. "Tratamento de efluentes da produção de tintas industriais, automotivas e de repintura por irradiação com feixe de elétrons." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10571.
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Albarelli, Juliana Queiroz. "Produção de açúcar e etanol de primeira e segunda geração : simulação, integração energética e análise econômica." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266572.
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Orientadores: Maria Aparecida Silva, Adriano Viana Ensinas<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T07:39:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2013<br>Resumo: Nesta tese, utilizou-se o simulador comercial Aspen Plus® para simular o processo de produção conjunta de açúcar, etanol e eletricidade em uma usina convencional e a produção de etanol e eletricidade em uma destilaria autônoma. A integração dos processos e diferentes usos para o bagaço excedente foram estudados. Foram avaliadas modificações nos processos convencionais para aumentar a produção de eletricidade e a produção de etanol de segunda geração, utilizando como matéria prima o bagaço ou fração fina do bagaço composta por células de parênquima (fração-P). Os casos estudados também foram avaliados economicamente e quanto à captação de água, propondo alternativas para minimização desta. Os resultados indicaram que a integração energética dos processos convencionais minimizou a quantidade de vapor necessária, disponibilizando uma maior quantidade de bagaço para outros usos. O uso do bagaço excedente, em conjunto com a palha, como combustível em um sistema de cogeração com a instalação de uma turbina de condensação, permitiu o aumento da eletricidade disponível em 244%, quando utilizada a maior quantidade de palha admitida para o caso estudado para a destilaria autônoma. Os casos que estudaram a fração-P apresentaram maior produção de energia elétrica e produção de etanol/t material lignocelulósico do que os casos de segunda geração a partir do bagaço. Todos os casos apresentaram captação de água superior à permitida no Estado de São Paulo, 1 m3/t de cana de açúcar, sendo desta forma considerada a concentração da vinhaça e o aproveitamento, após tratamento, da água de lavagem do material pré-tratado, para os casos de segunda geração. A análise econômica mostrou que é possível aumentar a lucratividade dos processos convencionais, a longo prazo, com modificações no sistema de cogeração resultando em pouca alteração no tempo de retorno do investimento. O uso da fração-P para produção de etanol de segunda geração, tendo como pré-tratamento LHW e utilizando custo baixo para as enzimas, se apresentou igualmente atrativo, do ponto de vista econômico, ao melhor caso estudado de modificações no sistema de cogeração. Menores tempo de retorno, rentabilidade do investimento e lucratividade, a longo prazo, foram encontrados para os casos que consideraram a produção conjunta de açúcar e etanol. A viabilidade econômica dos processos de segunda geração apresentou-se altamente dependente do custo das enzimas<br>Abstract: In this thesis, the commercial simulator Aspen Plus® was used to simulate the conventional mill producing sugar, ethanol and electricity and the autonomous distillery producing ethanol and electricity. The integration of processes and different uses for the surplus bagasse were studied. It was evaluated changes in conventional processes to increase electricity production and the production of second generation ethanol using bagasse or bagasse fine fraction composed by parenchyma cells (fraction-P). The cases were economically evaluated and water uptake was analyzed, alternatives were proposed to its minimization. The results indicated that the energy integration of the conventional processes minimized the amount of steam, it provided a larger amount of bagasse for other uses. The use of bagasse, together with sugarcanetrash, as a fuel to the cogeneration system considering the installation of a condensation turbine led to an increase of 244% in the available electricity when using the higher amount of sugarcane-trash studied for the autonomous distillery. The cases that studied the P-fraction showed higher production of electricity and ethanol/t lignocellulosic material than the cases of second generation that used bagasse. All cases presented water uptake higher than allowed in the state of São Paulo, 1 m3/t de sugarcane, therefore, it was considered the concentration of vinasse and recovery of wash water from the pre-treated material, for the second generation cases. The economic analysis showed that it is possible to increase the profitability of the conventional processes, in the long term, with changes in the cogeneration system resulting in little change in the payback time of the investment. The use of P-fraction for production of second generation ethanol, with the LHW pretreatment and considered low cost of the enzymes, was equally attractive, from an economic point of view, to the best studied case of changes in the cogeneration system. Lower payback time, return on the investment and long-term profitability were found for cases that considered the joint production of sugar and ethanol. The economic viability of the second generation process presented itself highly dependent to the enzyme cost<br>Doutorado<br>Engenharia Química<br>Doutor em Engenharia Química
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Melo, Fábio Sebastião Duarte de. "Recuperação de metais e reutilização da água do efluente industrial do processamento de zinco por coluna de troca iônica e adsorção." CNEN - Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Belo Horizonte, 2006. http://www.bdtd.cdtn.br//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=258.
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Nenhuma<br>A pesquisa consistiu no estudo de recuperação do zinco e metais associados presentes no efluente do processo industrial, como também na reciclagem da água para o processo produtivo da Votorantin Metais Unidade Juiz de Fora, empregando-se o processo de adsorção por troca iônica, visando obter condições operacionais que viabilizasse a
implantação do sistema. Os principais constituintes do efluente estudado são: Zn, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cd, Cu e Pb. A investigação realizada, se aplicada ao processo industrial, possibilita a reciclagem de alguns destes metais, tais como: Zn, Cd, Cu e Pb. Os demais metais podem ser removidos do sistema viabilizando a reutilização da água, atualmente descartada. Para a recuperação dos metais foi utilizado o processo de adsorção com trocadores iônicos, tendo
sido empregadas resinas de troca iônica, zeólitas e outros adsorventes naturais, que geralmente são empregados em soluções que contenham baixas concentrações de metais,
tal como a amostra investigada. A amostra foi coletada na bacia de equalização, local este que recebe todo efluente da planta industrial para tratamento final e posterior descarte no
corpo receptor.<br>The research consisted of the study of recovery of zinc and metals associates present in the effluent of the industrial process of the Votorantin Metais, Juiz de Fora Unit. The main
constituent of the shedied effluent are: Zn, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cd, Cu and Pb. The experimental work, if applied to the industrial process, will enable the recovery of some of these metals,
such as: Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb. The metals can be removed from the system enabling the recicling of the water curretly discarded. This research was developed considering the
conditions that enabled tha set up of the system. For metals recovery it was used the adsorption process with ionic exchangers, such as exchange zeolites and other natural
adsorbents. These materials are generally used in solutions that contain low metal concentrations, as the investigated sample. This sample was collected in the Bacia de
Equalização where all effluentes generated in the industrial plant are sent and the final treatment befor discarding is made.
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Nurmesniemi, E. T. (Emma-Tuulia). "Experimental and computational studies on sulphate removal from mine water by improved lime precipitation." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2018. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526220635.
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Abstract Lime precipitation has been used for the treatment of mine water for decades; however, the impact of precipitation conditions is not adequately known. In this thesis, four aspects related to the removal of sulphate from mine water by lime precipitation are considered: the effect of magnesium on lime precipitation, the utilisation of by-products in lime precipitation, enhancement of lime precipitation, and utilisation of the precipitate. Sulphate removal in the presence of magnesium at the commonly used lime precipitation treatment pH of 9.6 was found unefficient as magnesium was keeping the sulphate soluble in the form of magnesium sulphate. At higher treatment pH of 11.5, magnesium that was naturally present in the mine water was shown to precipitate as magnesium hydroxide, which could serve as seed crystals for gypsum or co-precipitate sulphate thus enhancing sulphate removal. Quicklime manufacturing generates by-products that, currently, have few applications. The by-products examined in this study were successfully applied for mine water neutralization replacing commercial lime products. These by-products were found to remove sulphate equally well from the mine water. However, differences between by-products were observed in the consumption, and produced sludge quantities and qualities. An enhanced lime precipitation method is the precipitation as ettringite, which was used to reduce the sulphate content in mine water to less than the value set as the drinking water guideline in Finland. Furthermore, the formed precipitate was found to remove arsenate from the model solution<br>Tiivistelmä Vaikka kalkkisaostusta on käytetty kaivosten vesienkäsittelyyn useiden vuosikymmenten ajan, tieto olosuhteiden vaikutuksesta käsittelyn tehokkuuteen sulfaatin poiston osalta on puutteellista. Tämä väitöskirja käsittelee sulfaatinpoistoa kaivosvesistä kalkkisaostuksen avulla neljällä eri osa-alueella: magnesiumin vaikutus kalkkisaostukseen, kalkinpolton sivutuotteiden hyödyntäminen kalkkisaostuksessa, kalkkisaostuksen tehostaminen ja muodostuvan saostuman hyödyntäminen. Magnesiumin todettiin kokeellisesti ja laskennallisesti haittaavan sulfaatin poistoa kaivosvedestä kalkkisaostuksessa yleisesti käytetyssä pH:ssa 9.6 pitämällä sulfaattia liukoisessa muodossa magnesiumsulfaattina. Korkeammassa pH:ssa 11.5 puolestaan kaivosveden luontaisesti sisältämän magnesiumin havaittiin kokeellisesti ja laskennallisesti saostuvan magnesiumhydroksidina, joka voi toimia siemenkiteinä kipsille tai kerasaostaa sulfaattia ja siten tehostaa sulfaatin poistoa. Kalkinpolton sivutuotteina muodostuu jakeita, joille ei tällä hetkellä ole juurikaan käyttökohteita. Tässä työssä käytettiin kalkinpolton sivutuotteita korvaamaan kaupallista kalkkia kaivosveden neutraloinnissa. Sivutuotteet poistivat sulfaattia yhtä tehokkaasti kuin kaupalliset kalkkituotteet. Sivutuotteiden välillä havaittiin eroja niiden kulutuksessa sekä muodostuvan lietteen määrässä ja laadussa. Saostuksella ettringiittinä, joka on tehostettu versio perinteisestä kalkkisaostuksesta, saavutettiin sulfaattipitoisuuden lasku alle Suomessa juomavedelle käytetyn suositusarvon. Lisäksi havaittiin muodostuneen ettringiittisaostuman olevan potentiaalinen materiaali arsenaatin poistoon vedestä
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Santos, Roberto César Mendes Marques dos. "Estudo de parâmetros relevantes da poluição da água por efluentes de lavanderia e tinturaria industriais em um rio não perene." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2008. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=380.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as condições para modelagem da poluição de um rio não perene por efluente de lavanderia e tinturaria industriais. Foram coletadas amostras do efluente tratado no município de Toritama, Pernambuco e do rio Capibaribe a montante e a jusante do lançamento desse efluente. Foram analisados: temperatura, pH, cor, turbidez, sólidos sedimentáveis, condutividade elétrica, nitrogênio (amônia, nitrito e nitrato), oxigênio dissolvido, demanda química de oxigênio, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, contagem padrão de bactérias e coliformes totais e termotolerantes. Os resultados de temperatura, pH, cor, turbidez e sólidos sedimentáveis do efluente industrial não interferiram na qualidade da água do rio Capibaribe. A condutividade elétrica elevada devido ao excesso de sais existentes no efluente de lavanderia e tinturaria industriais foi um dos parâmetros responsável pelo desequilíbrio ecológico. A ausência de oxigênio dissolvido nesse efluente tratado foi um fator que desfavoreceu a autodepuração da água. O lançamento de matéria orgânica na água do rio Capibaribe, com baixa concentração de oxigênio dissolvido foi confirmado pelos valores elevados da demanda bioquímica de oxigênio. Os valores elevados de contaminação bacteriológica detectados também contribuíram para a poluição da água. A não perenidade do rio no período de estiagem e a dificuldade de determinar a vazão devido à existência de barragens no trecho analisado, foram fatores que dificultaram o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para identificar o tipo de modelo matemático que deveria ser aplicado no referido estudo. A ocupação desordenada da região por Empresas desse segmento nas margens do Rio e a falta de saneamento básico nessa região foram os fatores que caracterizaram a poluição difusa. Então, a construção de um modelo para simular o impacto ambiental por efluente de lavanderia e tinturaria industriais foi inviável. As condições de investigação não ofereceram recursos mínimos necessários para a modelagem da água do rio Capibaribe em Toritama. Há necessidade de um levantamento de dados em pequenos trechos do Rio para que os resultados experimentais possam ser avaliados e interpretados, visando à elaboração de um modelo que possa auxiliar na gestão dos recursos hídricos da região<br>The objective of this study was to evaluate the conditions for modeling the pollution of a river by an effluent from laundry and dying industries. Samples were collected from this treated effluent in the city of Toritama, Pernambuco and in the Capibaribe river before and after the effluent launch. Temperature, pH, color, turbidity, sedimented solids, electrical conductivity, nitrogen (ammonium, nitrite and nitrate), dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, bacteria counting pattern and coliforms (total and thermotolerant) were analyzed. The results of temperature, pH, color, turbidity and sedimented solids from the industrial effluent did not interfere in the water quality of the Capibaribe river. The high electrical conductivity due to the excess of salts in this effluent was one of the parameters responsible for the ecological imbalance. The absence of dissolved oxygen in the treated effluent was one of the factors that did not help the selfdepuration of water. The launch of organic material in the Capibaribe river water with low concentrations of dissolved oxygen was confirmed by the high biochemical oxygen demand. The high bacteriological contamination detected also contribuited for the water pollution. The non sustainability of the river in the period of drought and the difficulty of determining the flow because of dams in the stretch examined, were determining factors that haltered the development of a methodology to identify the type of the mathematic model that should be applied in this study. The disorderly occupation of laundry and dying industries on the banks of the river and the lack of sanitation in the region were the factors that characterized the diffuse pollution. Thus, the construction of a model to simulate the environmental impact of the effluents from the laundry and dying industries was not feasible. The conditions for this investigation did not offer minimal resources needed for the modeling of the River in Toritama. There is a need for a survey of data in small portions of the Rio so that the experimental results can be evaluated and interpreted, targeting the development of a model that could assist in the management of water resources in the region
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BOIANI, NATHALIA F. "Remoção da toxicidade do fármaco propranolol e de sua mistura com cloridrato de fluoxetina em solução aquosa empregando irradiação com feixe de elétrons." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2016. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/27140.
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Submitted by Maria Eneide de Souza Araujo (mearaujo@ipen.br) on 2017-03-10T16:49:56Z
No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-10T16:49:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>A saúde do meio ambiente vem sendo comprometida devido ao descarte incorreto de produtos e seus subprodutos. Dentre os contaminantes emergentes encontram-se os fármacos, causadores de problemas ambientais por serem descartados no meio ambiente através dos efluentes. As técnicas convencionais de tratamento são insuficientes na remoção de diversos fármacos, por apresentarem resíduos resistentes e baixa biodegradabilidade. Sendo assim os processos oxidativos avançados vêm sendo estudados como alternativa para o tratamento de diferentes tipos de efluentes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi aplicar o processo de irradiação com feixe de elétrons para reduzir os efeitos tóxicos do propranolol, e de sua mistura com cloridrato de fluoxetina, em solução aquosa. Foram realizados ensaios ecotoxicológicos com o fármaco propranolol, e de sua mistura com o cloridrato de fluoxetina, utilizando como organismos-teste o microcrustáceo Daphnia similis, e a bactéria Vibrio fischeri. Observamos que o organismo D. similis mostrou-se mais sensível as amostras de fármacos quando comparado à bactéria V.fischeri. Após serem submetidas ao tratamento com radiação ionizante, todas as doses aplicadas para o propranolol e a mistura, mostraram significativa redução de toxicidade, tendo como organismo-teste D. similis. Para a bactéria V. fischeri apenas na dose de 5,0 kGy foi verificada a redução da toxicidade para o fármaco propranolol. Quanto à mistura dos fármacos, apenas as doses de 2,5 e 5,0 kGy apresentaram eficiência de remoção da toxicidade. A dose 5,0 kGy mostrou-se a melhor, apresentando redução de 79,94% para D. similis, e 15,64% para V. fischeri, quando expostas ao fármaco propranolol. Quanto à mistura, apresentou 81,59% e 26,93%, para D.similis e V.fischeri, respectivamente.<br>Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)<br>IPEN/D<br>Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Lira, Daniella Cristina Barbosa de. "Estudo de degradação fotoquímica para reúso de águas de processo em complexo industrial petroquímico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3137/tde-19042007-143328/.
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A racionalização dos recursos hídricos tem sido uma das metas das indústrias em vários setores. Tais metas exigem inovações tecnológicas tanto para novos processos produtivos quanto para novas técnicas de tratamento e reutilização de água na cadeia de produção. Os custos elevados de água industrial no Brasil, particularmente nas regiões metropolitanas, têm estimulado as indústrias nacionais a avaliar as possibilidades de reúso. O objetivo deste trabalho é a aplicação do tratamento de águas de processo contendo polipropileno utilizando radiação ultravioleta e peróxido de hidrogênio, isto é, o sistema UV/H2O2, visando adequá-las para reúso no próprio processo, reduzindo a necessidade de captação de água pré-tratada e de descarte de efluente. A primeira parte do estudo consistiu na realização de experimentos em um sistema fotoquímico de batelada, empregando quatro diferentes correntes efluentes de processo, para a avaliação da viabilidade técnico-econômica do tratamento fotoquímico, bem como para a obtenção de dados referentes à cinética das reações fotoquímicas. Com base nas informações obtidas, na segunda parte do estudo foram realizados experimentos em um sistema fotoquímico contínuo, a fim de obter dados para o aumento de escala para aplicação industrial do processo de tratamento contínuo. Os resultados experimentais indicaram a viabilidade técnica de aplicação do sistema UV/H2O2 utilizando fonte de luz artificial para todas as correntes de processo estudadas, tendo sido alcançados níveis de remoção de matéria orgânica acima de 90%. No entanto, sob o ponto de vista econômico, apenas as correntes com baixo teor de carbono orgânico total dissolvido (COT), entre 6 e 12 mgC L-1, mostraram-se adequadas ao reúso, após o tratamento.<br>Rationalization of water use has been one of the goals in many industrial activities, and, in particular, in the petrochemical industry. Such goals demand technological innovations in the productive processes and in techniques for treatment and reuse of water in the production chain. The high costs of industrial water, particularly in some metropolitan regions, have stimulated the industries to evaluate the possibilities of water reuse. The objective of this work is to evaluate the feasibility of the UV/H2O2 photochemical process applied to the treatment of process waste water containing polypropylene, aiming at the reuse of the waste water in the as process water in the industrial complex, thus reducing the need for tap water supply and waste water generation rate. The first part of this study consisted of laboratory-scale experiments in a batch photochemical reactor with four different waste water streams to perform the technical and economical feasibility of the photochemical treatment, as well to obtain data on the degradation rate. Based on the results of the first part, the second part of this study consisted of experiments in a continuous photochemical reactor, aimed at obtaining experimental data for reactor scale-up. Experimental results indicate that the UV/H2O2 photodegradation process is able to remove more than 90% of the organic compounds contained in the waste water. However, only waste waters containing relatively low contaminant levels (between 6 and 12 mgC L-1) can be treated at economically favourable costs.
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SILVA, MAURO V. da. "Desenvolvimento de tijolos com incorporação de cinzas de carvão e lodo proveniente de estação de tratamento de água." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2011. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10064.
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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:34:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Dissertação (Mestrado)<br>IPEN/D<br>Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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De, Jager Debbie. "Membrane bioreactor application within the South African textile industry: pilot to full-scale." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/926.
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Thesis submitted in the requirements for the degree
Doctor Technologiae: Chemical Engineering
in the Faculty of
Engineering
at the
CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 2013<br>To date, limited information has been published on textile wastewater treatment, for re-use, in South Africa (SA), with treatment processes focusing on conventional wastewater treatment methods. A large contributor to the contamination of water within textile industries is from dyehouse processes. A major concern in textile wastewater treatment is the release of azo dyes and their metabolites, some of which are carcinogenic and mutanogenic, into the environment since they are xenobiotic and aerobically recalcitrant to biodegradation. A necessity therefore exists to find an effective treatment method capable of removing both the strong colour and the toxic organic compounds from textile wastewater. Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are favoured when treating high-strength wastewater, since the membrane area is determined by the hydraulic throughput and not the biological load; no sludge is wasted and all bacteria are retained within the reactor, including specific bacteria capable of degrading the toxic, non-biodegradable constituents present in textile wastewater. MBR systems, using various configurations have been utilised extensively in the rest of the world to treat textile wastewater at both lab and pilot-scale.
This DTech project formed part of a collaborative Water Research Commission (WRC) funded project K5/1900 - Pilot application of a dual-stage membrane bioreactor (dsMBR) for industrial wastewater treatment. The main purpose of this study was the on-site evaluation of a pilot-scale dsMBR incorporating two ultrafiltration (UF) sidestream membrane modules for the treatment, recovery and re-use of textile wastewater.
The objectives of this project were to determine the treatment efficiency of the system; to evaluate the degree of colour removal from the textile wastewater; to improve residual colour removal within the system using treatment processes, such as NF and RO, as well as to propose a design and cost for a full-scale plant.
A textile industry located in Bellville, Western Cape, was chosen as the industrial partner for the on-site evaluation of a semi-automated pilot wastewater treatment MBR plant using two 5.1 m2 Norit X-flow AirliftTM membrane modules. Since the wastewater treatment system was located on the premises, real continuously changing industrial wastewater was being treated. The industrial textile wastewater was treated in a series of tanks: 1) an anaerobic tank, which cleaved the azo bonds of the reactive dyes; 2) an anoxic tank containing reduced amounts of dissolved oxygen, in which denitrification occurred; and 3) an aerobic tank, in which i) nitrification, as well as ii) mineralisation of the aromatic amines occurred. The UF-membrane modules would account for the removal of any organic material.
The wastewater stream was characterised by a chemical oxygen demand (COD) range of between 45 to 2,820 mg/L and an average biological oxygen demand (BOD) of 192.5 mg/L. The dsMBR achieved an average COD reduction of 75% with a maximum of 97% over the 220 day test period. The COD concentration obtained after dsMBR treatment averaged at 191 mg/L, which was well within the City of Cape Town industrial wastewater discharge standard. The average reduction in turbidity and TSS was 94% and 19.6%, respectively, during the UF-MBR stage of the system. Subsequent treatment of the UF permeate with nanofiltration (NF) for 4 days, alternated with reverse osmosis (RO) for 14 days removed both the residual colour and salt present in the UF permeate. A consistent reduction in the colour of the incoming wastewater was evident. The colour in the wastewater was reduced from an average of 659 ADMI units to ~12 ADMI units in the NF permeate, a lower American dye manufacturing index (ADMI) (i.e. method of colour representation) compared to the potable water (~17 ADMI units) utilised by the industrial partner in their dyeing processes. The colour was reduced from an average of 659 to ~20 ADMI units in the RO permeate, a lower ADMI and therefore colour when compared to the potable water. An average conductivity rejection of 91% was achieved with conductivity being reduced from an average of 7,700 to 693 μS/cm and the TDS reduced from an average of 5,700 to 473 mg/L, which facilitated an average TDS rejection of 92%. Based on the composition of the UF permeate fed to the RO membrane a maximum removal of 98.7% was achieved for both conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS).
The proposed full-scale plant would incorporate a UF-MBR system, followed by NF, RO, flocculation and a filter press. Therefore, the two waste products produced during operation of the proposed full-scale plant, would be the solid filter cakes and the liquid filtrate from the filter press. Implementing the proposed full-scale plant it would cost the industrial partner an operating cost of ZAR 113.85 and ZAR 3,415.49 to treat 97.1 m3 and 2,913 m3 of textile wastewater, respectively, per day and per month. This results in an annual saving of ZAR 845,848 on potable water expenses.
This research, would provide SA textile industries, with an option to: 1) reduce their water consumption, thereby utilising less of a valuable decreasing commodity; 2) meet the SA government discharge standards and reduce their discharge costs; 3) reduce their carbon footprint (i.e. reduce their impact on the environment) by re-using their treated wastewater and therefore using less water from the municipality; and 4) decrease their annual expenditure on water, since the treated wastewater would be available for re-use.
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Hedenfelt, Eva. "Mikroalger för hållbar energiproduktion - Chlorella vulgaris i en kretsloppsanpassad alg-biogasprocess." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Teknik och samhälle, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21509.
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Odling av mikroalger för framställning av biogas är ett relativt outforskat område. Den forskning som hittills utförts har påvisat lovande resultat tack vare möjligheten att utnyttja resurser som idag går till spillo, eller till och med utgör miljöproblem; mikroalgerna kan rena både näringsrikt vatten (exv. avloppsvatten) och koldioxidutsläpp (rökgaser från industrin) då de tar upp föreningar innehållande kväve, fosfor och kol från dessa källor. Den producerade biogasen kan ersätta fossila bränslen. Dessutom skapas en rötrest som kan återföras till odlingsmarker vilket sluter näringskretsloppet. Mikroalgen Chlorella vulgaris undersöks gällande dess egenskaper i alg-biogasprocessen för att aktuella flöden ska kunna sammanlänkas genom industriell symbios. Mikroalger kan skapa unika möjligheter till kretsloppsanpassad energiproduktion bland annat tack vare att vissa av dem har potential att fungera både som växt och som djur. För att energiproduktionen ska kunna kretsloppsanpassas måste de olika systemen i alg-biogasprocessen lokaliseras strategiskt med avseende på dess flöden.<br>The area of microalgae cultivation for the production of biogas is quite uninvestigated. Research has shown promising results due to the possibility to make use of resources that are unused or even cause negative environmental impact: the microalgae can purify nutrient rich water (waste water) as well as exhausts rich in carbon dioxide (flue gas) as they take up compounds containing carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from these sources. The produced biogas can replace fossil fuels. In addition, a digest is produced which can be returned to cropland which closes the nutrient loop. The microalgae Chlorella vulgaris is studied regarding its traits in the algae-to-biogas process in order to evaluate if the flows present can be interlinked through industrial symbiosis. Microalgae can create unique possibilities for loop adapted energy production partly thanks to their potential to function both as plant and as animal. For a loop adapted energy production the different systems in the algae-biogas process need to be located strategically with regards to the flows in the process.<br>The area of microalgae cultivation for the production of biogas is quite uninvestigated.Research has shown promising results due to the possibility to make use of resources that areunused or even cause negative environmental impact: the microalgae can purify nutrient rich water(waste water) as well as exhausts rich in carbon dioxide (flue gas) as they take up compoundscontaining carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from these sources. The produced biogas can replacefossil fuels. In addition, a digest is produced which can be returned to cropland which closes thenutrient loop. The microalgae Chlorella vulgaris is studied regarding its traits in the algae-to-biogasprocess in order to evaluate if the flows present can be interlinked through industrial symbiosis.Microalgae can create unique possibilities for loop adapted energy production partly thanks to theirpotential to function both as plant and as animal. For a loop adapted energy production the differentsystems in the algae-biogas process need to be located strategically with regards to the flows in theprocess
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Baillet, Francis. "Evaluation des capacités de biosorption de la bactérie Thiobacillus ferrooxidans et application à la conception d'un procédé de traitement d'effluent contenant des métaux lourds : cas du cadmium et du chrome." Grenoble INPG, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPG0151.
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Le travail presente dans ce memoire traite de l'utilisation de la bacterie acidophile thiobacillus ferrooxidans pour la biosoption des metaux toxiques contenus dans les effluents industriels et la mise au point d'un procede de traitement d'effluent utilisant cette bacterie. Les proprietes de resistance et de biosorption de t. Ferrooxidans vis-a-vis du cadmium et du chrome sont etudiees. Les resultats montrent que la souche bacterienne utilisee (dsm 583) resiste et s'adapte a de fortes concentrations en metaux et que d'importantes quantites de metal sont fixees (respectivement 0. 2 g de cd#2#+ et 0. 5 g de cr#6#+ par gramme de biomasse seche). Des cliches realises par microscopie electronique a transmission permettent d'observer des precipites a la surface des bacteries indiquant un mecanisme de bioprecipitation des metaux. Cette hypothese est confirmee par des tests d'elution des metaux fixes et la mise au point d'un modele empirique, par la methodologie des plans d'experiences, de la biosorption des metaux en fonction de cinq parametres (temperature, ph, vitesse d'agitation, concentration et etat physiologique de la biomasse). L'optimisation du modele empirique conduit a des quantites fixees superieures a 1g/g de biomasse seche et montre des differences dans les conditions optimales de biosorption suivant le metal etudie. Un procede de traitement d'effluent utilisant t. Ferrooxidans est alors propose et la production de la biomasse necessaire a ce procede particulierement etudiee. Un reacteur electrochimique de regeneration du substrat de la bacterie est concu et realise et permet de produire 3 a 5 fois plus de biomasse qu'une culture classique sans regeneration. La regeneration du milieu de culture est ensuite commandee par un regulateur automatique non lineaire ce qui permet d'obtenir de fortes concentrations en bacteries dans l'etat physiologique desire et d'envisager la mise au point d'un pilote de traitement d'effluent continu et selectif quant aux metaux elimines
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Vieira, Edson Rodrigues. "Produção de lipases por Yarrowia lipolytica e potencial aplicação em tratamento de soro de queijo." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2013. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=943.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>A fisiologia microbiana é uma área promissora da biotecnologia para a síntese de compostos de elevado valor agregado. Os micro-organismos apresentam vantagens devido ao menor período de geração, às facilidades de modificações fisiológicas e genéticas e à grande diversidade de processos metabólicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi degradar óleos e gorduras de efluente lácteo por lipases produzidas por Yarrovia lipolytica. Planejamentos fatoriais foram utilizados para investigar os efeitos de variáveis em três etapas: em fermentação para produção de lipases, em formulação de bioproduto com atividade lipásica para estabilização da ação catalítica da enzima e em tratamento de soro de queijo para degradação de óleos e gorduras. Na presença de resíduo de refinaria de óleo vegetal a 3 % e cloreto de amônio a 0,2 g.L-1 com 48 h a 28 oC, lipases foram produzidas sob cultivo submerso. O líquido metabólico livre de células com atividade lipásica foi estabilizado com sorbato de sódio a 0,5 %, glicerol a 5 % e RENEX-95 a 10 %. Esse bioproduto apresentou 177 UI.mL-1 da atividade enzimática durante 30 dias sob armazenamento à temperatura ambiente (27 - 30 oC); pH ótimo 5,0 e 7,0, temperatura ótima de 50 oC e estabilidade térmica durante 120 min com retenção de 100 % da atividade enzimática a 50 oC e pH 5,0. A aplicação de 7 % do bioproduto durante 12 h de tratamento de efluente lácteo degradou 98 % dos óleos e gorduras presentes no soro de queijo. As lipases produzidas por Y. lipolytica e formuladas com substâncias estabilizadoras tem potencial para serem aplicadas na degradação de óleos e gorduras.<br>The microbial physiology is a promising area of biotechnology for the synthesis of compounds of high value. The micro-organisms have advantages because of their shorter generation facilities to physiological and genetic changes and the wide variety of metabolic processes. The aim of this study was to degrade oils and fats from lipases produced by Yarrovia lipolytica. Factorial designs were used to investigate the effects of variables in three stages: fermentation for lipase production, bioproduct formulation for stabilization the catalytic action of lipases and treatment of whey for degradation of fats and oils. In the presence of a vegetable oil residue at 3 % and ammonium chloride at 0,2 g.L-1, during 48 h at 28 oC, lipases were produced under submerged cultivation. The cell-free liquid metabolic was stability with sodium sorbate at 0.5 %, glycerol at 5 %, RENEX-95 at 10 %. This bioproduct presented 177 UI.mL-1 of the lipase activity during 30 days of storage at room temperature (27 - 30 C); it showed optimum pH at 5.0 and 7.0, optimum temperature of 50 oC and thermal stability for 120 min with retention of 100 % of the enzyme activity at 50 oC and pH 5,0. The application of the bioproduct at 7 % during 12 h degraded 98 % of oils and fats present in cheese whey. The lipases produced by Y. lipolytica and formulated with stability agents have potential to be applied in the degradation of oils and fats.
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Silva, Ricardo Vandré Trótski Oliveira. "Resíduos de coco, acerola e caju para produção de carvão ativado." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2015. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1088.
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Com o crescimento das atividades industriais e da população, aumentam também a quantidade de resíduos gerados que ocasiona problemas ambientais. No Brasil, produtor de bens na agroindústria, os problemas causados pelo acúmulo e destinação inadequada dos resíduos sólidos é de grande porte. A partir dessa problemática são criados mecanismos que incentivam a reutilização e reciclagem dos resíduos. É buscando desenvolver tecnologia inédita de matérias-primas alternativas que se produziu carvão ativado a partir de resíduos de coco, acerola e caju. Primeiramente coletou-se a fibra-de-coco seco e bagaços/cascas de acerola e do caju para posterior preparação desse material através da impregnação com ZnCl2, da ativação química e da realização de um teste de avaliação da eficiência do carvão. Foi produzido carvão ativado com todas as amostras, onde a aplicação na amostra de água coletada no rio Capibaribe (perto do túnel Chico Science), Recife, Pernambuco, apresentou redução da turbidez em 97,3 % usando o tratamento com 25 % de fibra-de-coco + 75 % de caju.<br>With the growth of industrial activities and population, also increases the amount of generated waste which causes environmental problems. In Brazil, a major producer of goods in the agricultural industry, the problems caused by the accumulation and improper disposal of solid waste are large. From this problematic, mechanisms that encourage the reuse and recycling of waste are created. It is seeking to develop new technology of alternative raw materials that are produced activated carbon from coconut waste, barbados cherry and cashew. Primarily, the collection of fiber-to-dry coconut and cake/shells from barbados cherry and cashew for later preparation of this material by impregnation with ZnCl2, chemical activation and conducting an evaluation test coal efficiency. The result, within all samples, was an activated carbon where the application in the water sample collected from the Capibaribe River (near Chico Science tunnel), Recife, presented a decrease in turbidity in 97.3% using treatment with 25% fiber- coconut + 75% cashew.
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Pavier, Claire. "Oxypropylation de la pulpe de betterave à sucre et utilisation des polyols obtenus pour la préparation de nouveaux matériaux polyuréthanes." Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPG0041.
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L'industrie sucriere, basee sur la betterave a sucre, donne une quantite importante de pulpe, un dechet dont il n'a pas encore ete trouve d'utilisation en tant que source de materiaux. Cette pulpe de betterave est compose essentiellement de polysaccharides et est particulierement riche en fonctions hydroxyles. Alors que l'oxypropylation de la cellulose, de la lignine et plus recemment du chitosane, aient ete etudiees, aucune investigation equivalente sur la pulpe de betterave n'a ete conduite avant ce travail. Le but de cette etude a ete de transformer un solide insoluble dans tous les solvants en un polyol liquide visqueux adapte a l'elaboration de polyurethanes apres melange avec des polyisocyanates. La premiere etape de ce travail consistait a examiner la faisabilite puis a optimiser la reaction d'oxypropylation de la pulpe de betterave a sucre. La reaction a ete menee en suspendant la pulpe dans de l'oxyde de propylene (op) en presence de differents catalyseurs basiques et en chauffant ce melange sous pression. En faisant varier differents parametres, on obtient des polyols possedants des viscosites et des indice d'oh differents. Il s'avere que ces liquides visqueux sont en fait des melanges homogenes de pulpe oxypropylee et d'homopolymeres de op. Ces polyols ont ete utilises seuls ou en combinaison avec des extenseurs de chaines (diols d'origines diverses) pour l'elaboration de polyurethanes a la fois sous forme de materiaux pleins (en utilisant le procede rim) et de mousses. Les cinetiques de ces polymerisations ainsi que la caracterisation des materiaux obtenus ont ete correlees avec la composition du melange reactionnel. Les proprietes de ces nouveaux polyurethanes suggerent que la pulpe de betterave a sucre peut constituer un dechet agroindustriel viable, base sur l'exploitation agricole d'une ressource renouvelable, pour l'elaboration de materiaux polymeres originaux.
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Rey, Aurélien. "Mise au point de méthodes pour l’analyse de substances critiques issues des rejets industriels et de la fabrication des produits de la filière cuir." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10015/document.
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Dans le cadre de la protection de l’environnement et du consommateur, CTC effectue des tests enchimie analytique sur de nombreux paramètres en matrices aqueuses, cuir et textile. Les nouvelles substancesmises sur le marché ainsi que les réglementations évoluant sans cesse, le développement de nouvellesméthodes d’analyses est donc nécessaire.Plusieurs méthodes analytiques ont ainsi été développées. Pour l’analyse des rejets d’effluents industriels desinstallations classées et pour l’analyse d’innocuité de produits utilisant le cuir ou le textile (chaussures,maroquinerie, prêt-à-porter…).Les chloroalcanes ont été dosés en chromatographie gazeuse (GC) associée à la spectrométrie de masse (MS)utilisant l’ionisation chimique, à la fois en matrices aqueuses (limite de quantification, LQ, à 0,6 μg/l) et sur lescuirs (LQ à 2 mg/kg).Une analyse des alkylphénols et alkylphénols ethoxylates a été développée pour les matrices aqueuses parGC/MS (LQ à 0,05 μg/l).Plusieurs familles de retardateurs de flammes ont ensuite été étudiées. Les polybromodiphénylethers peuventêtre dosés dans les eaux (LQ<0,05 µl) et le cuir (LQ <= µg/kg), par GC/MS en ionisationchimique.L’hexabromocyclododécane et des organophosphates, par chromatographie liquide et spectrométrie de masseen tandem pour des matrices textiles (LQ à 6 mg/kg). Des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques dans le cuir ont ensuite été analysés par GC/MS-MS (LQ à 250 μg/kg).Enfin, une méthode multirésidus portant sur plusieurs familles de micropolluants organiques a été mise aupoint en GC/MS pour les rejets d’effluents (LQ <0,1 µg/l)<br>Taking in account the increasing needs and demands in environmental and consumer protection, CTCis always seeking improvement in analytical methods and development of new ones dealing with leather,fabrics and aqueous samples. In this thesis, several new methods were developed to be able to handleanalytical requests dealing with leather and textile materials being parts of shoes, clothes and other leathergoods.A GC/MS method using chemical ionization was developed to detect short polychlorinated alkanes down to aconcentration of 0.6 μg/L in aqueous sample and 2 mg/kg in leather samples. Alkylphenols and theirethoxylates were similarly determined by GC/MS down to 0.05 μg/L.Flame retardants are another large class of chemicals becoming suspicious. Polybromodiphenylethers weredetermined in aqueous samples and leathers. The respective GC/MS highest limits of quantification (LOQ)were0.05 µg/l and 80 μg/kg. Other members of this class are hexabromocyclododecane andorganophosphates. Both were determined by LC/MS-MS with LOQ of about 6 mg/kg.Carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbons were also determined in leather samples using GC/MS-MS down to250 μg/kg.The last improved GC/MS analytical method was handling sewage sludge seeking multi residues of organicpolluants down to the 0.1 µg/l level or below. The analytical performances developed or improved allowedfor an efficient and useful control of the various sample received from the CTC customers and followinginternational quality rules
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Solastiouk, Pierre. "Application de l'extraction liquide-liquide au traitement et a la revalorisation d'effluents industriels." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13140.
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Proposition d'une nouvelle approche de l'elimination des effluents des ateliers de traitement de surface. Separation zinc/nickel en solution concentree et separation du chrome hexavalent dans des effluents chromates
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Hostachy, Jean-Christophe. "Réduction de la charge polluante des effluents du blanchiment de la pate à papier par un traitement à l'ozone." Grenoble INPG, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPG0167.
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Le traitement a l'ozone peut constituer une voie interessante pour la reduction de la toxicite des effluents du blanchiment de la pate a papier. La mise au point du procede d'ozonation s'est attachee a definir les limites du traitement a l'ozone en etudiant l'influence des principaux parametres experimentaux et d'addition de catalyseurs. Dans les conditions les plus favorables, c'est-a-dire a ph alcalin et avec une charge de reactif suffisamment elevee, la reduction des aox atteint 90%. L'effet de l'ozonation sur la charge polluante des effluents a montre, par contre, que les resultats concernant l'abattement de la dco et de la dbo5 sont nettement insuffisants pour esperer concurrencer les performances d'un traitement biologique. Toutefois, l'application d'une charge en ozone tres faible permet l'elimination de la toxicite aigue et des derives chlorophenoliques. Une etude complete de l'effet de l'ozonation sur un effluent industriel a montre que, pour une charge en ozone d'environ 1 kg par tonne de pate blanchie, le traitement a l'ozone permet une augmentation de 35% de la biodegradabilite, l'elimination de la toxicite aigue et la destruction de la majorite des composes chlorophenoliques. En parallele, la caracterisation d'une partie des composes toxiques et l'etude de la reactivite de l'ozone ont ete etudiees. La tres grande oxydabilite des chlorocatechols a ph alcalin a permis d'expliquer la correlation entre la disparition de ces derives et la reduction de la toxicite aigue. Enfin, le pentachlorophenol utilise comme compose modele a ete ozone dans differentes conditions operatoires. Les mecanismes impliques dans l'attaque de l'ozone et des radicaux issus de sa decomposition ont pu etre determines dans leurs grandes lignes
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Silva, Cícero Alexandre. "Atributos físico-químicos em argissolos tratados com vinhaça por 25 anos no Estado de Alagoas." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2013. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/2012.
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The sugarcane is a raw material which after industrialization originates derivatives, like sugar and alcohol, extremely important for the country economical income. The process of fermentation of the broth and posterior distillation originate alcohol and vinasse. The last was earlier considered as a pollutant, however, nowadays it is carefully used for the improvement of biological, physical and chemical properties of the soil. The present work aims to evaluating, in laboratory, the modifications and
displacements of some physical and chemical attributes in two clayish soils that had received vinasse for more than 25 years, in the factories Marituba (UMA) and Sto Antonio (USA), in the sugar cane region of Alagoas state, Brazil. The soil samples were collected in five layers (0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-70 and 70-100 cm) of depth, using the factorial [(2) plant (2) +vinasse (+v)/ -vinasse (-v) - (5) layers], 22x5
totalizing twenty treatments with four repetitions. From the results, it was noticed that vinasse promoted significant alterations in the soil, in accordance with the variance analysis (ANAVA), for with 0,01 of probability for test F, the attributes: pH, P, K+, Ca2++Mg2+, Total Organic Matter in Soil (OMS), Water Soluble Carbon (WSC), Potassium Saturation in the Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and porosity, The variables Soil Density (SD) and clay had presented significant differences, 0,05 level of probability and sands had been non-significant (NS). For the changeable layers in the profile of the ground, the parameters that had significance in 1% were; pH, P, K+, Ca2++Mg2+, OMS, WSC, CEC, sands and porosity, while the variable CEC and SD had been non-significant (NS). In the interaction of vinasse with layers the parameters that had significant differences for F test 0,01 were P, K+, Ca2++Mg2+,
MOS, CTC, DS, % K+ CTC and sands, with significant difference of 0,05 for pH, CSA and clay. In the interaction of vinasse with layers, the differences 0,01 had been for P, Ca2++Mg2+, OMS, WCS, and % K+ CTC, of 0,05 of probability, the variables CTC and DS presented significant differences, already pH, K+, CEC, sands, clay and porosity had been NS. Comparing the averages among areas with and without vinasse, for the test of Tukey 0,05, have average higher for layers of the area that received
vinasse: pH, P, K+, Ca2++Mg2+, WCS, SD and % K+ CTC. They had been similar for CEC and sands, however, in the area that did not receive vinasse, OMS, clay and porosity had presented higher values. The data obtained in this study indicate that the addition of vinasse was beneficial to the soil and therefore it is recommended to maintain its use, on the comparison between the benefit and the damage it can cause stillage.<br>A cana-de-açúcar é a matéria prima que depois de industrializada origina vários derivados, tendo como principais o açúcar e o álcool. Após o processo de fermentação do caldo e posterior destilação, originam-se o álcool e a vinhaça. Essa, que antes era considerada poluente, atualmente é utilizada, com zelo, para a melhoria das propriedades biológicas, físicas e químicas do solo. O presente
trabalho visou avaliar, em laboratório, as modificações e deslocamentos de alguns atributos físicos e químicos em dois Argissolos que recebem vinhaça há mais de 25 anos, nas usinas Marituba (UMA) e Sto Antonio (USA), localizadas na região canavieira de Alagoas, Brasil. Foram utilizadas amostras de solos coletadas em cinco camadas (0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-70 e 70-100 cm) do perfil do solo, em que se aplicou o fatorial 22x5 [(2)usinas-(2) com vinhaça (CV) e sem vinhaça (SV)-(5)camadas], totalizando vinte tratamentos com quatro repetições. Pelos resultados, se observou que a vinhaça promoveu alterações significativas no solo. Os atributos: pH, P, K+, Ca2++Mg2+, Matéria Orgânica do Solo (MOS), Carbono Solúvel em Água (CSA), percentagem de potássio trocável na capacidade de troca de cátions em (%KCTC) e porosidade apresentaram diferenças significativas a 0,01 de probabilidade
pelo teste F. As variáveis, densidade do solo (DS) e argila, apresentaram diferenças significativas a 0,05 de probabilidade e capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC) e areias foram não significativas (NS). Para as variáveis do solo houve significância a 0,01 para: pH, P, K+, Ca2++Mg2+, MOS, CSA, CTC, areias e porosidade, enquanto as variáveis % K+ CTC e DS foram NS. Na interação de vinhaça com camadas, houve diferenças significativas pelo teste F a 0,01 para P, K+, Ca2++Mg2+, MOS, CTC, DS,
% K+ CTC e areias. Houve diferença significativa a 0,05 para pH, CSA e argila. Na interação de vinhaça com camadas, as diferenças a 0,01 foram para P, Ca2++Mg2+, MOS, CSA, e % K+ CTC, com 0,05 de probabilidade, as variáveis CTC e DS apresentaram diferenças significativas, já pH, K+, CTC, areia, argila e porosidade foram NS. Comparando as médias entre as áreas com e sem vinhaça, pelo teste de Tukey a 0,05, tem-se médias maiores para camadas da área que receberam vinhaça, para pH, P, K+, Ca2++Mg2+, CSA, DS e % K+ CTC. Foram semelhantes para CTC e areias, porém, na área que não recebeu vinhaça apresentaram superioridade: MOS, argila e porosidade. Os dados obtidos no presente trabalho indicam que a adição de vinhaça ao solo foi benéfica e por isso se recomenda a
manutenção de seu uso, diante da comparação entre o benefício e o prejuízo que a vinhaça poderá causar.
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Otton, Virginie. "Modélisation et analyse d'un procédé à paramètres répartis : étude de la digestion anaérobie en réacteur à lit fluidisé." Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPG0013.
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Ce travail de recherche s'inscrit dans le cadre de la conception d'un systeme de controle d'un procede de traitement d'effluents de l'industrie papetiere. Deux approches permettent d'ameliorer les performances de traitement. D'un point de vue genie des procedes, le montage experimental a ete concu pour obtenir des performances tres satisfaisantes de depollution. Par ailleurs, les experimentations realisees ont permis d'elaborer un modele en mettant en evidence notamment la presence de dispersion axiale et en retenant la methanogenese comme etape limitante de la digestion anaerobie. D'un point de vue automatique, la modelisation dynamique du procede est un outil essentiel dans la comprehension du systeme et dans la perspective d'un controle. La complexite du procede implique une methodologie rigoureuse de modelisation de maniere a prendre en compte tous les phenomenes hydrodynamiques et biologiques pertinents. Ainsi, deux modeles (hydrodynamique et biologique) ont ete etablis et valides experimentalement. L'etude du procede complet s'appuie sur les resultats obtenus sur les deux sous-systemes de maniere a concevoir un modele du procede fiable, de nature algebro-distribuee, qui traduit precisement les dynamiques du procede (biologique, hydrodynamique et physico-chimique). Ce modele a ete valide experimentalement apres reduction des equations aux derivees partielles en equations differentielles ordinaires par collocation orthogonale. Par ailleurs l'analyse du systeme est basee sur l'analyse de chaque sous-systeme qui definit des limites de validite. Nous avons montre que le systeme est stable, observable et commandable pour les sorties et les entrees physiques reelles du procede. Par ailleurs, l'analyse de stabilite a permis de definir la strategie de commande a appliquer comme une strategie d'amelioration des performances par une commande robuste.
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Vienney, Martine. "Etude d'un procede de retention de biomasse pour le fonctionnement de reacteurs biologiques a l'alimentation continue : son application au traitement anaerobie des effluents industriels." Poitiers, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988POIT2339.
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