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Journal articles on the topic "Sugar levels"
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Rinalda, Christiana, Taufik Eko Nugroho, Lusiana Batubara, and Asih Budiastuti. "MELATONIN CAN NOT SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS." DIPONEGORO MEDICAL JOURNAL (Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro) 10, no. 4 (July 31, 2021): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dmj.v10i4.29491.
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AbstractBackground: Burn are trauma that can cause local and systemic damage including hypermetabolism, inflammation, and hyperglicemia. Stress Induced Hyperglycemia (SIH) occurs by increasing gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance. Both of these are mediated through an increase in regulated stress hormones and proinflammatory cytokines. Melatonin has been proposed as a burn supportive therapy that may prevent oxidative damage and inhibit excessive inflammatory responses.Aim: Proving the effects of melatonin supplementation on blood glucose level in male Wistar rats with burn injury.Methods: This research was an experimental with randomized control group pre-post test design. Twelve healthy male Wistar rats were included and divided into two groups, control and experimental group. Each rat was induced 30% burn injury under anesthesia. Rats in control group were given placebo, while rats in experimental group were treated with melatonin i.p at 0, 8 and 16 hours after burn injury. Blood samples were collected from the retroorbital sinuses at 0, 3, and 24 hours. Data were analyzed statistically by Paired t-Test and Independent t-Test. Results: In male Wistar rats with third degree burns given placebo, blood sugar levels significantly increase in 0-3 hours (p=0.006) and 0-24 hours (p=0.037). Meanwhile, in male Wistar rats with third degree burns given melatonin, blood sugar levels did not change significantly in 0-3 hours (p=0.470), 0-24 hours (p=0.286), dan 3-24 hours (p=0.833). Conclusions: Melatonin administration can not significantly reduce blood sugar levels.Keywords: Burn, burn injury, blood glucose level, melatonin.
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Qazi, Hilal A., Pinnamaneni Srinivasa Rao, Akanksha Kashikar, Penna Suprasanna, and Sujata Bhargava. "Alterations in stem sugar content and metabolism in sorghum genotypes subjected to drought stress." Functional Plant Biology 41, no. 9 (2014): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp13299.
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Changes in stem sugar concentrations due to drought stress at the early reproductive stage were studied in seven sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes that differ in their stem sugar storage ability. Total sap sugar concentration increased in most genotypes. ANOVA showed a significant contribution of genotype and treatment to the variation in sugar levels. Two genotypes showed little variation in total sugar levels at the fifth internode from the peduncle and five genotypes showed significant increases in total sugar levels under drought; these groups were used to compare sugar metabolism. Drought led to a decrease in catabolic sucrose synthase activity in both groups. Invertase activities increased significantly in two genotypes and correlated with the increase in reducing sugar concentrations under drought. Stem sugar hydrolysis probably had a role in osmotic adjustment under drought and correlated with retention of sap volume. However, the activities of sugar-metabolising enzymes did not correlate with their gene expression levels. After resuming irrigation, grain yields, stalk yields and juice volume at physiological maturity were lower in plants recovering from drought stress compared with the controls. In some genotypes, there were similar losses in grain yields and stem sugars due to drought, indicating photoassimilate source limitation; in other genotypes, grain yield losses were less than stem sugar losses in drought-exposed plants compared with the controls, suggesting mobilisation of sugars from the storage internodes to the developing panicle. Accumulation of stem sugars appears to be an adaptive strategy against drought stress in some sorghum genotypes.
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Lekjing, Somwang, Ittiporn Keawpeng, Karthikeyan Venkatachalam, and Seppo Karrila. "Impact of Different Sugar Types and Their Concentrations on Salted Duck Egg White Based Meringues." Foods 11, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11091248.
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Meringues were prepared with salted duck egg white and different sugars (granulated white, cane, palm, and coconut) at various concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100%). The prepared meringues were subjected to analyses of functional and physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities. The results showed that the type and concentration of sugar influenced the meringue quality. Foam properties such as the whipping index, the index of foam durability, and specific density gradually increased with sugar concentration. On the other hand, the overrun and air phase values were stable without significant differences. The color attributes whiteness and the chroma hue of meringues decreased with the sugar concentration regardless of the sugar type. Moisture, water activity, and pH decreased, while weight loss during baking, meringue volume, and hardness gradually increased with sugar concentration. The addition of sugar increased the meringue’s weight, while its height and diameter did not change much. Protein content in the meringue decreased with increased sugar levels, while carbohydrate and ash levels increased. Antioxidant activities increased with the sugar concentration, and unrefined sugars influenced the radical scavenging activities differently from refined sugars. In general, meringue made with coconut sugar at 75% showed preferable qualities over the other sugar types or concentrations.
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Lekjing, Somwang, Ittiporn Keawpeng, Karthikeyan Venkatachalam, and Seppo Karrila. "Impact of Different Sugar Types and Their Concentrations on Salted Duck Egg White Based Meringues." Foods 11, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11091248.
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Meringues were prepared with salted duck egg white and different sugars (granulated white, cane, palm, and coconut) at various concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100%). The prepared meringues were subjected to analyses of functional and physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities. The results showed that the type and concentration of sugar influenced the meringue quality. Foam properties such as the whipping index, the index of foam durability, and specific density gradually increased with sugar concentration. On the other hand, the overrun and air phase values were stable without significant differences. The color attributes whiteness and the chroma hue of meringues decreased with the sugar concentration regardless of the sugar type. Moisture, water activity, and pH decreased, while weight loss during baking, meringue volume, and hardness gradually increased with sugar concentration. The addition of sugar increased the meringue’s weight, while its height and diameter did not change much. Protein content in the meringue decreased with increased sugar levels, while carbohydrate and ash levels increased. Antioxidant activities increased with the sugar concentration, and unrefined sugars influenced the radical scavenging activities differently from refined sugars. In general, meringue made with coconut sugar at 75% showed preferable qualities over the other sugar types or concentrations.
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Vattala, H. D., S. D. Wratten, C. B. Phillips, E. L. Wackers, and S. P. Worner. "Measuring parasitoid carbohydrate levels to improve biological control." New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (August 1, 2005): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4286.
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Lifetime carbohydrate levels were compared in the laboratory between unfed and honeyfed Microctonus hyperodae (Hymenoptera Braconidae) a parasitoid of the Argentine stem weevil Listronotus bonariensis (Coleoptera Curculionidae) High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyse sugars in individual parasitoids and showed that fed and unfed parasitoids can be distinguished by measuring the total sugar levels Furthermore the fructose/total sugar ratio (f/T) of honeyfed M hyperodae was always higher than that of the unfed individuals This method should prove very useful for determining the nutritional status of fieldcollected parasitoids and for evaluating the benefits gained by parasitoids through the provision of floral resources in the field
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Xiao, Yufen, Yu Hu, and Jianzhong Du. "Controlling blood sugar levels with a glycopolymersome." Materials Horizons 6, no. 10 (2019): 2047–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9mh00625g.
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Brenton, Zachary W., Brendon T. Juengst, Elizabeth A. Cooper, Matthew T. Myers, Kathleen E. Jordan, Savanah M. Dale, Jeffrey C. Glaubitz, et al. "Species-Specific Duplication Event Associated with Elevated Levels of Nonstructural Carbohydrates in Sorghum bicolor." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, no. 5 (March 4, 2020): 1511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.119.400921.
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Simple sugars are the essential foundation to plant life, and thus, their production, utilization, and storage are highly regulated processes with many complex genetic controls. Despite their importance, many of the genetic and biochemical mechanisms remain unknown or uncharacterized. Sorghum, a highly productive, diverse C4 grass important for both industrial and subsistence agricultural systems, has considerable phenotypic diversity in the accumulation of nonstructural sugars in the stem. We use this crop species to examine the genetic controls of high levels of sugar accumulation, identify genetic mechanisms for the accumulation of nonstructural sugars, and link carbon allocation with iron transport. We identify a species-specific tandem duplication event controlling sugar accumulation using genome-wide association analysis, characterize multiple allelic variants causing increased sugar content, and provide further evidence of a putative neofunctionalization event conferring adaptability in Sorghum bicolor. Comparative genomics indicate that this event is unique to sorghum which may further elucidate evolutionary mechanisms for adaptation and divergence within the Poaceae. Furthermore, the identification and characterization of this event was only possible with the continued advancement and improvement of the reference genome. The characterization of this region and the process in which it was discovered serve as a reminder that any reference genome is imperfect and is in need of continual improvement.
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Ján, Mezey, and Mezeyová Ivana. "Changes in the levels of selected organic acids and sugars in apple juice after cold storage." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 36, No. 2 (May 7, 2018): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/165/2017-cjfs.
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Apples are a source of sugars, acids, and various biologically active compounds, such as phenolic compounds, which are responsible for most of the antioxidant activities of the fruit. The aim of this study was to evaluate how the cold storage of apple fruits affects the nutritional composition of selected organic acid and sugar content in juice in comparison to juice from fresh fruits. Statistical differences were confirmed between the content of citric acid, malic acid, total acid, pH, sucrose, fructose and glucose in juice from fresh fruits and from juice stored for 140 days. No statistical differences were observed between juice from fresh fruit and juice from fruits stored for 140 days in the content of acetic acid, tartaric acid, total sugar and sweetness index.
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Formela-Luboińska, Magda, Dorota Remlein-Starosta, Agnieszka Waśkiewicz, Zbigniew Karolewski, Jan Bocianowski, Łukasz Stępień, Mateusz Labudda, Philippe Jeandet, and Iwona Morkunas. "The Role of Saccharides in the Mechanisms of Pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupini in Yellow Lupine (Lupinus luteus L.)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 7258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197258.
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The primary aim of this study was to determine the relationship between soluble sugar levels (sucrose, glucose, or fructose) in yellow lupine embryo axes and the pathogenicity of the hemibiotrophic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Schlecht lupini. The first step of this study was to determine the effect of exogenous saccharides on the growth and sporulation of F. oxysporum. The second one focused on estimating the levels of ergosterol as a fungal growth indicator in infected embryo axes cultured in vitro on sugar containing-medium or without it. The third aim of this study was to record the levels of the mycotoxin moniliformin as the most characteristic secondary metabolite of F. oxysporum in the infected embryo axes with the high sugar medium and without it. Additionally, morphometric measurements, i.e., the length and fresh weight of embryo axes, were done. The levels of ergosterol were the highest in infected embryo axes with a sugar deficit. At the same time, significant accumulation of the mycotoxin moniliformin was recorded in those tissues. Furthermore, it was found that the presence of sugars in water agar medium inhibited the sporulation of the pathogenic fungus F. oxysporum in relation to the control (sporulation of the pathogen on medium without sugar), the strongest inhibiting effect was observed in the case of glucose. Infection caused by F. oxysporum significantly limited the growth of embryo axes, but this effect was more visible on infected axes cultured under sugar deficiency than on the ones cultured with soluble sugars. The obtained results thus showed that high sugar levels may lead to reduced production of mycotoxins by F. oxysporum, limiting infection development and fusariosis.
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Hale, Teri A., Richard L. Hassell, and Tyron Phillips. "Refractometer Measurements of Soluble Solid Concentration Do Not Reliably Predict Sugar Content in Sweet Corn." HortTechnology 15, no. 3 (January 2005): 668–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.3.0668.
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The refractometer has been proposed as a rapid, inexpensive technique for determining sugar levels in fresh sweet corn (Zea mays). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of sugars in three phenotypes (su, se, and sh2) of sweet corn harvested at three maturities indicated that sucrose content was highly correlated with the total sugars (R = 0.95). Sucrose and total sugar concentration were significantly different among all phenotypes. Soluble solids concentration (SSC) was high in su and se compared to the lower SSC of sh2. Early, mature, and late harvested samples differed in sucrose and total sugar content. Sugar concentration varied within phenotypes at each maturity level. Sh2 indicated no difference in sucrose and total sugars at early and mature harvests, but increased at late harvest. In contrast, sucrose and total sugar content decreased between early and mature harvests, then increased to highest levels at late harvest in se and su phenotypes. Overall, phenotype SSC increased significantly from early to late harvests, probably due to increased water-soluble polysaccharides in the su and se cultivars. Unlike other crops, a negative relationship was found in sweet corn between SSC and sucrose or total sugars, with an overall correlation of –0.51. This relationship was most affected by maturity, especially mature and late harvested sweet corn. Among phenotypes, sucrose, total sugar, and SSC were poorly correlated. Our results indicate that a refractometer should not be used to estimate total sugars or sucrose of sweet corn.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sugar levels"
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Brown, Sarah J. "Genetic manipulation of phytohormone levels in sugar beet." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.685930.
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Vail, Daniel Robert. "Artemisinin Biosynthesis: Developmental and Sugar Regulation of mRNA Levels." Digital WPI, 2008. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/415.
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Artemisinin, produced by the plant Artemisia annua, is a sesquiterpene anti-malarial therapeutic. Due to the medicinal relevance of this plant product, there is significant interest in understanding how the biosynthetic pathway is regulated at several key steps. The objective of this study is to examine several factors known to influence artemisinin yields to determine if those effects are occurring at the transcriptional level of the biosynthetic pathway. Artemisinin content has been shown to increase as the plant shifts from vegetative growth to reproductive, flowering growth. To test whether there is a corresponding increase in terpenoid gene expression during the shift to reproductive growth, levels of mRNA of terpenoid genes were measured during flowering budding and full flowering and compared to those measured during vegetative growth. Results indicate that in response to the photoperiod signal to shift to reproductive growth, early cytosolic pathway genes were highly upregulated, while there was no change in early plastidic pathway genes. Late pathway genes specific to artemisinin synthesis were upregulated >6-fold. Furthermore, glucose has also been shown to stimulate artemisinin production compared to sucrose. To test whether glucose is acting as signal to increase terpenoid gene expression, levels of mRNA of terpenoid genes were measured in glucose- and fructose-treated seedlings and compared to those in sucrose-treated seedlings. Results indicate that in response to treatment with glucose, compared with sucrose, early pathway genes in both compartments were initially upregulated. Transcript levels subsequently decreased to levels similar to those in sucrose-treated seedlings. ADS was upregulated by glucose, compared with sucrose, reaching a peak at day 7. Finally, coordinate control of sterol and sesquiterpene synthesis at a critical branch-point in the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway has been demonstrated. To test whether amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS) and squalene sythase (SQS) are coordinately regulated, levels of mRNA of those two genes were measured and compared in both experimental conditions. Results indicate that under the conditions used in this study, ADS and SQS did not show coordinate regulation. This study was the first to demonstrate that: 1. terpenoid genes relating to artemisinin biosynthesis are regulated at the level of transcript accumulation as the plant shifts from vegetative to reproductive growth; 2. glucose is acting as a signal in artemisinin biosynthesis by upregulating transcript levels for several terpenoid genes.
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Ross, Dianne S., of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, and Faculty of Science and Technology. "Development of biscuits with reduced levels of sugar and fat." THESIS_FST_xxx_Ross_D.xml, 1996. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/28.
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The market drive to develop lite foods in Australia. Extensive research has been conducted in the area of dairy products and processed meats. Some research has been carried out on cookies, crackers and cakes, whilst little has been done on plain sweet biscuits. As plain sweet biscuits have a considerable share of the Australian biscuit market, the potential for reducing sugar and fat in this variety was investigated. The functional properties of polydextrose as a sugar and a fat replacer were also determined. Replacements of up to 100% sugar and 50% fat were separately achieved using polydextrose without significantly affecting sensory acceptability. Up to 20% fat was successfully removed from the formulation containing 100% polydextrose in replacement for sugar. The total energy was reduced, with the energy contribution from fat being below, whilst sugar was slightly above the NH and MRC dietary targetsMaster of Science (Hons)
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Ross, Dianne S. "Development of biscuits with reduced levels of sugar and fat /." View thesis, 1996. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030811.132937/index.html.
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Thesis (M. Sc. (Hons))--University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1996.Thesis "submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Science." Title page incorrectly cites "Faculty of Food Science and Technology."
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Kirkham, Paul A. "The measurement of a glycated protein by immunoassay." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1989. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/847606/.
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The measurement of glycated proteins, in particular, glycated albumin using specific antibodies offers the much-needed possibility of a (semi) automated method for the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetic control. Glycated proteins would appear to be poor immunogens as is evident by the lack of antibodies successfully raised against them when compared against the number of antibodies recognising reduced-glycated proteins. This study has successfully overcome this problem by synthesing several different glycated compounds as haptens and then using them in conjunction with a carrier protein to raise antisera in sheep. The binding of one of these antisera, with a titre 1:100000 showed considerable displacement when incubated with diabetic plasma at various dilutions. Western blot analysis on human plasma confirmed that the antiserum specifically recognised a continuous epitope on glycated human serum albumin. Affinity purified antibodies were used to develop both an indirect competitive ELISA and later a direct non-competitive ELISA for glycated serum albumin which does not require prior reduction of the glycated protein to the glucitol form. These assays have a dynamic range at 0 to 100 mug/ml and 0 to 50mug/ml of glycated human serum albumin respectively. The competitive ELISA exhibited < 0.15% cross reactivity with both sodium borohydride and sodium periodate treated human serum albumin. Further work was needed to be undertaken to develop a rugged ELISA that could discriminate between diabetics and normals by routinely measuring glycated human serum albumin levels.
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Wang, Ting. "Rapid Determination of Sugar and Salt Levels in Snack Products Using Infrared Spectroscopy." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1313443430.
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Watts, Gerald F. "Practical aspects of screening for and monitoring microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316492.
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Funk, Andrew Joseph. "Effects of sugar metabolism mutations on ethylene production and related transcript levels in developing maize seeds." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0024674.
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Stanley-Fuller, Tricia. "Impact of a certified diabetes education program with telephonic follow-up on glucose levels of type II diabetics." Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1191720.
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Maintaining appropriate glucose levels is important to patients with diabetes because it helps to improve patients' quality of life and prevents medical complications. This study was designed to determine if there was a statistically significant difference in blood glucose levels between a treatment group that completed a certified diabetes education program with telephonic follow-up by a diabetes educator and a comparison group that also received the certified diabetes education program but without telephonic follow-up. A pretest/posttest control group design was used which randomly assigned subjects to groups by clusters. From the analysis of data it was determined that there was no statistical difference in blood glucose levels between the treatment and the comparison groups. Therefore, weekly telephonic follow-up did not statistically impact blood glucose levels in the treatment group. However, the results did indicate that the telephonic follow-up may have impacted the proportion of patients who returned for post blood glucose testing and sought treatment for other related health concerns.Department of Physiology and Health Science
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Vikström, Hanna, and Kosovare Shala. "Can sugar be good for your oral health? Correlations between caries and levels of bound monosaccharides in whole saliva." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Odontologiska fakulteten (OD), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-19868.
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Introduktion och syfte: Kariesutveckling influeras av faktorer hos både värd och bakterier. Men när olika individer exponeras för samma nivåer av externa riskfaktorer, är en del individer mer mottagliga för karies jämfört med andra. En förklaring skulle kunna vara olika glykosylering av glykoprotein i saliven. I denna pilotstudie undersökte vi skillnaden i nivåer av monosackariderna sialinsyra, fukos och galaktos hos personer som aldrig haft karies och personer som har/har haft karies. Syftet var även att undersöka om plackenzym kan vara en modifierare av nämnda glykoprotein.Material och metod: Två grupper, med 10 individer i varje, inkluderades i studien. Ena gruppen hade DMFT = 0 och den andra DMFT ≥ 1. Saliv och plack samlades och innehållet av bundna monosackarider (sialinsyra, fukos och galaktos) samt glykosidaser (sialidas, β-fukosidas, β-galaktosidas, α-glukosidas och N-acetylglukosaminidas) analyserades med en fluorometer. Även salivflödet kalkylerades.Resultat: Innehållet av både sialinsyra och galaktos var signifikant högre i gruppen med DMFT = 0, medan innehållet av fukos inte skilde sig åt signifikant mellan grupperna. Ingen signifikant skillnad kunde ses mellan de två grupperna avseende enzymaktivitet och salivflöde.Konklusion: Högre nivåer av bunden sialinsyra och galaktos fanns hos gruppen med DMFT = 0. Resultaten indikerar att dessa monosackarider kan vara en möjlig markör för oral hälsa. Större longitudinella studier behövs för att verifiera sambandet.Introduction and aim: Caries development is affected by factors within bacteria and host. But when different individuals are exposed to same levels of external risk factors, some individuals are still more susceptible to caries. One explanation could be different glycosylation of salivary glycoproteins. In this pilot study, we investigated the difference in levels of the monosaccharides sialic acid, fucose and galactose between individuals with or without previous caries experience. We also aimed to investigate if plaque glycosidases could be a modifier of these glycoproteins.Material and method: Two groups, with 10 subject in each, were included in this study. One group had DMFT = 0 and the other DMFT ≥ 1. Saliva and plaque were collected and content of bound monosaccharides (sialic acid, fucose and galactose) and glycosidases (sialidase, α-fucosidase, β-galactosidase, α-glucosidase and N-acetylglucosaminidase) were detected using absorbance and fluoroscens respectively. Salivary flow rate was also measured.Results: Content of both sialic acid and galactose were significantly higher in the group with DMFT = 0, while the content of fucose did not differ significantly between the groups. No significant differences could be seen between the two groups (DMFT = 0 and DMFT ≥ 1) regarding any of the investigated glycosidases and salivary flow rate. Conclusion: Higher levels of bound sialic acid and galactose were found in the group with DMFT = 0 and the results indicate that these monosaccharides could be a possible marker for oral health. Larger longitudinal studies are needed to verify this correlation.
Books on the topic "Sugar levels"
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Brown, Sarah J. Genetic manipulation of phytohormone levels in sugar beet. Leicester: De Montfort University, 2000.
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Designs, McDay. Blood Sugar Tracker: Tracking Your Daily Blood Sugar Levels. Independently Published, 2021.
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Inc, Encode. Blood Sugar Record Log: Record Blood Sugar Levels , Insulin Dose, Activity Levels - Track Your Glucose Levels for One Year. Independently Published, 2020.
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RYDER, Rowan. Lower Blood Sugar Guide : Lower Blood Sugar: Grain-Free, Sugar-Free Cookbook for Healthy Blood Sugar Levels. Independently Published, 2020.
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Allowed, Big Dreams. Blood Sugar Daily Log: Blood Sugar Levels Monitoring Log - 120 Weeks. Independently Published, 2020.
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Fitness, Funny. Diabetes Log Book: Record Blood Sugar Levels. Independently Published, 2021.
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Publishing, Waterline. Blood Sugar: For Monitoring Weekly Glucose Levels. Independently Published, 2019.
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Publishing, JourDoodle. Blood Sugar Journal: Record Daily Blood Sugar Levels Meals - 1 Year Journal. Independently Published, 2020.
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shop, iMonae. Diabetis Diary: Record Blood Sugar Levels, Blood Sugar Log Book - 100 Pages. Independently Published, 2020.
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Press, Popular. Blood Sugar Logbook: Master Your Diabetes - Record 2 Years Blood Sugar Levels. Independently Published, 2021.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Sugar levels"
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Petrović, N., and R. Kastori. "Nitrate reductase in sugar beet genotypes supplied with different nitrate levels." In Genetic Aspects of Plant Mineral Nutrition, 51–55. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2053-8_8.
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Krishnananthan, Sujatha, Puvanendran Sanjeeth, and Rukshani Puvanendran. "Accuracy of Diabetes Patient Determination: Prediction Made from Sugar Levels Using Machine Learning." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 495–504. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4016-2_46.
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Ferraz Dias de Moraes, Márcia Azanha, and David Zilberman. "Changes Related to Production and Marketing Controls on Sugar: Fixed Production Levels, Crop Plans, Exports, and the Differential Collection of the Industrialized Products Tax." In Production of Ethanol from Sugarcane in Brazil, 69–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03140-8_7.
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Herrera, Selena, and John Wilkinson. "Sugar-Cane Bioelectricity in Brazil: Reinforcing the Meta-Discourses of Bioeconomy and Energy Transition." In Bioeconomy and Global Inequalities, 151–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68944-5_8.
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AbstractThis article analyses the contribution of sugar-cane bioelectricity to the distribution and diversification of power generation in Brazil. A transition is currently underway towards an energy mix characterized by natural gas and new renewable energy sources, mainly wind and solar. Energy security and industrial development priorities have created political and economic challenges for bioelectricity governance. However, meta-discourses of energy transition and bioeconomy are giving rise to selection pressures that are promoting institutional changes towards an expansion of the ethanol market. By using the multi-level perspective of transitions, this paper concludes that, given the technology in use for bioelectricity production, the critical financial state of the sugar-cane industry and the current priorities of the electricity marketing model, sugar-cane bioelectricity, which has a key role to play in the energy matrix, remains uncompetitive and dependent on specific public policies to support its expansion.
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Krstić, B., M. Sarić, and Zora Sarić. "Efficiency of Azotobacter Strains Depending on Nitrogen Level and Sugar Beet Genotypes." In Nitrogen Fixation, 329–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3486-6_68.
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Fisher, R. B. "The Explanation of the Action of Insulin on Sugar Permeability at the Molecular Level." In Novartis Foundation Symposia, 83–94. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470719251.ch7.
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Yang, Jun, Peter Watzinger, and Sunny Sharma. "Mapping of the Chemical Modifications of rRNAs." In Ribosome Biogenesis, 181–97. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2501-9_11.
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AbstractCellular RNAs, both coding and noncoding, contain several chemical modifications. Both ribose sugars and nitrogenous bases are targeted for these chemical additions. These modifications are believed to expand the topological potential of RNA molecules by bringing chemical diversity to otherwise limited repertoire. Here, using ribosomal RNA of yeast as an example, a detailed protocol for systematically mapping various chemical modifications to a single nucleotide resolution by a combination of Mung bean nuclease protection assay and RP-HPLC is provided. Molar levels are also calculated for each modification using their UV (254 nm) molar response factors that can be used for determining the amount of modifications at different residues in other RNA molecules. The chemical nature, their precise location and quantification of modifications will facilitate understanding the precise role of these chemical modifications in cellular physiology.
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Jollez, Paul, Esteban Chornet, and Ralph P. Overend. "Steam-Aqueous Fractionation of Sugar Cane Bagasse: An Optimization Study of Process Conditions at the Pilot Plant Level." In Advances in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, 1659–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1336-6_134.
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Morgan, Lynette. "Greenhouse produce quality and assessment." In Hydroponics and protected cultivation: a practical guide, 246–67. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789244830.0013.
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Abstract 'Quality' of greenhouse and hydroponic produce implies suitability for a particular purpose or the degree to which certain set standards are met. Aspects of produce quality may encompass sensory properties (appearance, texture, taste and aroma), nutritive values, chemical constituents, mechanical properties, functional properties and defects. Quality standards and testing methods have been developed for most commercial crops to help ensure consumers receive produce of a suitable standard. These quality standards can range from basic grading for removal of damaged produce and for size, shape, weight and overall appearance, to analytical testing for compositional factors such as acidity, volatiles, dry matter, starch and sugars, toxins, vitamins and minerals, and others. This chapter discusses the components of crop quality, quality improvement, cultural practices to improve greenhouse produce quality (nutrient solution electrical conductivity levels, salinity and deficit irrigation), environmental conditions (including light and temperature) affecting quality of greenhouse crops, role of genetics in the quality of greenhouse-grown produce, microbial quality and food safety. Different quality testing and grading methods are described such as colour analysis, total soluble solids (Brix) testing, sensory evaluation of compositional quality, volatiles testing (aroma), texture and firmness quality assessment.
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Morgan, Lynette. "Greenhouse produce quality and assessment." In Hydroponics and protected cultivation: a practical guide, 246–67. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789244830.0246.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract 'Quality' of greenhouse and hydroponic produce implies suitability for a particular purpose or the degree to which certain set standards are met. Aspects of produce quality may encompass sensory properties (appearance, texture, taste and aroma), nutritive values, chemical constituents, mechanical properties, functional properties and defects. Quality standards and testing methods have been developed for most commercial crops to help ensure consumers receive produce of a suitable standard. These quality standards can range from basic grading for removal of damaged produce and for size, shape, weight and overall appearance, to analytical testing for compositional factors such as acidity, volatiles, dry matter, starch and sugars, toxins, vitamins and minerals, and others. This chapter discusses the components of crop quality, quality improvement, cultural practices to improve greenhouse produce quality (nutrient solution electrical conductivity levels, salinity and deficit irrigation), environmental conditions (including light and temperature) affecting quality of greenhouse crops, role of genetics in the quality of greenhouse-grown produce, microbial quality and food safety. Different quality testing and grading methods are described such as colour analysis, total soluble solids (Brix) testing, sensory evaluation of compositional quality, volatiles testing (aroma), texture and firmness quality assessment.
Conference papers on the topic "Sugar levels"
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Brantner, Jason R., and Carol E. Windels. "Control of Aphanomyces damping-off of sugarbeet by hymexazol seed treatment when disease onset occurs at different plant ages and inoculum levels." In American Society of Sugar Beet Technologist. ASSBT, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5274/assbt.2007.42.
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Murray, J. E. "Revised energy levels for neutral chromium." In High Resolution Fourier Transform Spectroscopy. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/hrfts.1992.thd3.
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For many years the most extensive analyses of neutral chromium have been those of C.C.Kiess1,2. They represent results accumulated over a period of more than 30 years, dating back to the 1920’s. The energy levels in the compilation of Sugar and Corliss3 are mainly from this early work.
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Endelita Musdian, Magita. "ANALYSIS OF ALCOHOL AND SUGAR LEVELS IN KOMBUCHA WITH GREEN TEA AT UKM DEE PARFAIT USING MQ3 AND PHOTODIODES SENSORS." In International conference on Innovation and Technology. JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND APPLIED TECHNOLOGY, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiat.2021.se.01.009.
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Kombucha tea is a fermented drink between sugar and tea with a starter culture called SCOBY which can trigger an increase in body immunity and is rich in nutrients. Kombucha Tea at UKM Dee Parfait uses green tea as raw material which is fermented using SCOBY starter culture using 200 grams of sugar. Testing the sugar content in kombucha tea can take advantage of the phenomenon of optical substances, where when polarized light passes through a solution containing sugar groups, the light will rotate because it can change the direction of the light and will be captured by the photodiode sensor. Testing the alcohol content using the MQ3 sensor, this gas sensor is sensitive to detect the ethanol content that evaporates in the free air. Analysis of alcohol and sugar content can be determined by linear equations. Based on the results of research from the green tea leaves kombucha tea product of UKM Dee Parfait by using the MQ3 sensor to detect alcohol content, a linear equation of alcohol content was obtained y=0,115x-3,565, while using a photodiode sensor to detect sugar content obtained a linear equation of sugar content y=0,23-7.13.
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Mercan, Oyku Berfin, Vakkas Dogan, and Volkan Kilic. "Time Series Analysis based Machine Learning Classification for Blood Sugar Levels." In 2020 Medical Technologies Congress (TIPTEKNO). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tiptekno50054.2020.9299279.
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Aulia Wicaksari, Sifa, Dian Novita Chandra, Helda Khusun, and Diana Sunardi. "Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Consumption and Its Association with Body Mass Index among College Students Living in Dormitory." In 2nd International Conference on Public Health and Well-being. iConferences (Pvt) Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32789/publichealth.2021.1003.
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The global prevalence of excess adiposity increases annually, including in Indonesia. High energy intake from sugar becomes a global concern since it causes weight gain, tooth decay, and non-communicable diseases. This cross-sectional study assessed the association between body mass index and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among college students. The study was conducted in Universitas Indonesia, West Java, Indonesia, during March – June 2019. The respondents were 161 college students living in dormitory aged 19-21 years old. They were enrolled using convenience sampling. Anthropometric measurement was obtained to calculate body mass index. The 7-days fluid record was the tool for assessing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. The median body mass index was 20.6 (15.11–41.29) kg.m-2, and added sugar intake in beverage was 23.4 (0–134.4) grams per day. 24.2% of respondents had excess adiposity status, and 11.8% of respondents consumed added sugar in beverages exceeding 50 grams a day. Most of the respondents had inadequate total energy intake and low physical activity levels. Adjusted to total energy intake, physical activity level, and gender; body mass index significantly associated with sugar-sweetened beverages consumption in added sugar intake (p-value=0.048, β=1.810, 95% CI 0.014–3.606, r = 0.229, R square=0.028).
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Riyadina, Woro, Dewi Kristanti, Julianty Pradono, Ekowati Rahajeng, and Yuda Turana. "A Cohort Study on The Primary Prevention of Stroke Incidence in Adult Population in Bogor, West Java." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.25.
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ABSTRACT Background: Incidence of stroke showed an increasing trend in Indonesia, 12 new cases per 1,000 in 2013, and 19 new cases per 1,000 in 2018 despite the stroke control programs from the government. This study aimed to estimate Cumulative Incidence, Incidence Rate, and Population Attributable Fraction (PAF). This study also estimated the effect of blood pressure, physical activity, blood sugar levels, and smoking habits on the risk of stroke in adults. Subjects and Method: This was a cohort study conducted for 6 years in 5 Districts, Bogor City, West Java. An adult population of 5,189 subjects with aged ≥25 years was selected. The dependent variable was stroke. The independent variables included blood pressure, physical activity, blood sugar level, and smoking habits. Data for independent variables (except blood sugar level) were collected by using questioners. Data were analyzed by Cox Proportional Hazard Model. Results: The Cumulative Incidence was 2.09% and Incidence Rate was 480 new stroke cases per 100,000 person-year (CI 95%= 130 to 670) over 6 years. Predictors of stroke incidence were hypertension (HR= 2.50; CI 95%= 1.50 to 4.10; p= 0.001), low physical activity (HR= 2.40; CI 95%= 1.50 to 3.90; p< 0.001), high blood sugar level (HR= 3; CI 95%= 1.70 to 5.50; p= 0.001), and heavy smoking (HR= 3.90; CI 95%= 1.40 to 11.10; p= 0.007). PAF of blood sugar level and physical activity was 67.75%, and able to reduce stroke incidence by 1,990 from 2,937. Conclusion: Hypertension, low physical activity, high blood sugar level, and heavy smoking are predictors of stroke in adult. Primary prevention by increasing physical activity and decreasing blood sugar level can reduce incidence of stroke. Keywords: stroke, Cumulative Incidence, Incidence Rate, PAF, primary prevention Correspondence: Woro Riyadina. National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Indonesia. Email: w.riyadina02@gmail.com. Mobile: +6281297673074. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.25
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Takeuchi, H., M. Ishikawa, and N. Kodama. "Time-series data analysis of blood sugar and HbA1c levels of diabetic." In 4th IET International Conference on Advances in Medical, Signal and Information Processing (MEDSIP 2008). IEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20080461.
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Ardiansyah, Ganda, Henny Purwandari, and Heni Prastika Damayanti. "Effectiveness of Dry Extract Mahoni Seed Consumption on Blood Sugar Level in Diabetes Mellitus." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.25.
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ABSTRACT Background: An increase in blood sugar levels caused diabetes mellitus, and various other health complications. One of the herbal therapy approaches can be used by consuming mahogany seeds which are believed to reduce blood glucose levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of consuming mahogany seeds to reduce blood sugar levels. Subjects and Method: This was a quasi-experiment with non-randomized control group pretest-posttest design conducted on March 24-26 2020. A sample of 22 respondents was divided into 2 groups: treatment group and control group selected by purposive sampling. The data was collected by observation. The data was analysed by Paired t-test. Results: The treatment group before consuming the dry extract of Mahogany seeds (Mean= 258.27; SD= 46.98), and after consuming the dry extract of Mahogany seeds (Mean= 185.36; SD= 38.85). In the control group, before consuming the extract of Mahogany seed ekring (Mean= 224.27; SD= 14.73), and after consuming Mahogany seed extract (Mean= 213.27; SD= 6.75). It was statistically significant (p= 0.001). Conclusion: Consumption of dry extract of Mahogany seeds effectively reduces blood sugar levels in patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Consumption of mahogany seeds can be used as a complementary therapy in nursing to reduce blood sugar. Keywords: Consumption of dry extract of Mahogany Seeds, Diabetes Mellitus. Correspondence: Ganda Ardiansyah. School of health science Satria Bhakti Nganjuk, East Java. Email: gandaa- rdiansyah30@stikessatriabhakti.ac.id DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.25
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Tarigan, Herri Novita Br, Siti Marlina, Kristin Natalia, and Dewi Tiansa Barus. "The Impact of Tomato Juice on Reducing Blood Sugar Levels at Diabetes Mellitus Patients." In International Conference on Health Informatics and Medical Application Technology. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0009472802700277.
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Septiadi, Endry, Iis Inayati Rakhmat, Dewi Ratih Handayani, Reza Fadhil Nugraha, M. Arasy Faradina, Nur Muhamad Rohman, and Muhammad Akmal Rais. "Characteristics, Nutritional Status, and Blood Sugar Levels of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Mediteranian Diet." In 12th Annual Scientific Meeting, Medical Faculty, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, International Symposium on "Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Response during COVID 19 Pandemic" (ASMC 2021)). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.210723.004.
Full textReports on the topic "Sugar levels"
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Blumwald, Eduardo, and Avi Sadka. Sugar and Acid Homeostasis in Citrus Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697109.bard.
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Citrus fruit quality standards have been determined empirically, depending on species and on the particular growing regions. In general, the TSS (total soluble solids) to total acidity (TA) ratio determines whether citrus fruit can be marketed. Soluble sugars account for most of the TSS during harvest while TA is determined almost solely by the citric acid content, which reaches levels of 1-5% by weight in many cultivated varieties. Acid and sugar homeostasis in the fruit is critical for the management of existing cultivars, the development of new cultivars, the improvement of pre- and post-harvest strategies and the control of fruit quality and disorders. The current proposal (a continuation of a previous proposal) aimed at: (1) completing the citrus fruit proteome and metabolome, and establish a citrus fruit functional database, (2) further characterization of the control of fruit acidity by studying the regulation of key steps affecting citrate metabolism, and determine the fate of citrate during acid decline stage, and (3) Studying acid and sugar homeostasis in citrus fruits by characterizing transport mechanisms across membranes. These aims were completed as the following: (1) Our initial efforts were aimed at the characterization and identification of citric acid transporters in citrus juice cells. The identification of citrate transporters at the vacuole of the citrus juice cell indicated that the steady-state citrate cytosolic concentration and the action of the cytosolic aconitase were key elements in establishing the pH homeostat in the cell that regulates the metabolic shift towards carbon usage in the fruit during the later stages of fruit development. We focused on the action of aconitase, the enzyme mediating the metabolic use of citric acid in the cells, and identified processes that control carbon fluxes in developing citrus fruits that control the fruit acid load; (2) The regulation of aconitase, catalyzing a key step in citrate metabolism, was further characterized by using two inhibitors, citramalte and oxalomalte. These compounds significantly increased citrate content and reduced the enzyme’s activity. Metabolite profiling and changes of amino-acid metabolizing enzymes in oxalomalate- treated cells suggested that the increase in citrate, caused by aconitase inhibition, induces amino acid synthesis and the GABA shunt, in accordance with the suggested fate of citrate during the acid decline stage in citrus fruit. (3) We have placed a considerable amount of time on the development of a citrus fruit proteome that will serve to identify all of the proteins in the juice cells and will also serve as an aid to the genomics efforts of the citrus research community (validating the annotation of the fruit genes and the different ESTs). Initially, we identified more than 2,500 specific fruit proteins and were able to assign a function to more than 2,100 proteins (Katz et al., 2007). We have now developed a novel Differential Quantitative LC-MS/MS Proteomics Methodology for the identification and quantitation of key biochemical pathways in fruits (Katz et al., 2010) and applied this methodology to identify determinants of key traits for fruit quality (Katz et al., 2011). We built “biosynthesis maps” that will aid in defining key pathways associated with the development of key fruit quality traits. In addition, we constructed iCitrus (http://wiki.bioinformatics.ucdavis.edu/index.php/ICitrus), a “functional database” that is essentially a web interface to a look-up table that allows users to use functional annotations in the web to identify poorly annotated citrus proteins. This resource will serve as a tool for growers and field extension specialists.
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van Walbeek, Corné, and Senzo Mthembu. The Likely Fiscal and Public Health Effects of an Excise Tax on Sugar sweetened Beverages in Kenya. Institute of Development Studies, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2022.007.
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Historically, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have typically been associated with tobacco and alcohol use. However, in recent decades increased levels of overweightness and obesity, mostly caused by poor eating habits and a sedentary lifestyle, have increased diabetes, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases. There is a general agreement that sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) are bad for one’s health. As such, measures to reduce their consumption would be expected to positively impact population health. In this working paper, we develop and report on an Excel-based model, in which we simulate the impact of an SSB tax on the prevalence of overweightness and obesity. The model starts with a baseline scenario, which takes cognisance that a 10 KES specific tax already exists on all soft drinks. A sugar-based SSB tax is then introduced. The tax is levied as an amount per gram of sugar, with or without a tax-free threshold. Other than reducing the demand for SSBs, a sugar-based SSB also creates strong incentives for manufacturers to reformulate their products to reduce the sugar content. The model predicts that the average BMI would decrease across all age groups decreasing the prevalence of overweightness and obesity. The magnitude of the decrease in the prevalence of overweightness and obesity depends on the size of the SSB tax. For realistic and politically feasible values of the SSB tax, the prevalence of overweightness and obesity is expected to decrease by between 5 per cent and 10 per cent. Should Kenya implement a sugar-based tax on SSBs, over and above the current excise tax on soft drinks, the government should clarify that such a tax aims to enhance public health; raising additional revenue should be a secondary consideration. Also, implementing a sugar based SSB tax should be part of a more comprehensive strategy to reduce overweightness and obesity, because by itself the impact of the tax is modest.
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Bennett, Alan, and Arthur Schaffer. Sucrose Metabolism in Developing Fruit of Wild and Cultivated Lycopersicon Species. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613009.bard.
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The project focused on a strategy to enhance tomato fruit soluble solids by evaluating components of carbohydrate metabolism in fruit of wild tomato species that accumulate sucrose rather than hexose and have extremely high soluble sugar contents. The overall goal was to determine the extent to which sucrose accumulation contributes to elevated soluble solids levels and to understand the underlying genetic and biochemical basis of the trait. The research objectives were to evaluate near isogenic L. esculentum lines segregating for sucrose- and hexose-accumulation, determine the biochemical basis of sucrose accumulation and develop molecular genetic strategies to enhance sucrose accumulation in fruit. The inheritance of the sucrose accumulation gene (sucr) was evaluated in both L. chmielewskii and L. hirsutum and shown to be conferred by a single recessive gene in each species. Stable L. esculentum lines homozygous for the sucr gene from L. chmieliewskii and L. hirsutum were well characterized on a genetic and physiological basis and have been introduced into breeding programs to modify fruit sugar composition. The metabolic basis of sucrose accumulation was determined to result from the lack of sucrose hydrolytic capacity. The invertase gene was cloned and its analysis indicated that it is transcriptionally silent in sucrose-accumulating fruit. Transgenic plants expressing an antisense invertase gene were produced and shown to accumulate high levels of sucrose, confirming the role of invertase as the primary determinant of sucrose accumulation and demonstrating the feasibility of a general strategy to genetically engineer sugar composition.
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Granot, David, Richard Amasino, and Avner Silber. Mutual effects of hexose phosphorylation enzymes and phosphorous on plant development. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587223.bard.
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Research objectives 1) Analyze the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P level in tomato and Arabidopsis plants 2) Analyze the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P level in pho1 and pho2 Arabidopsis mutants 3) Clone and analyze the PHO2 gene 4) Select Arabidopsis mutants resistant to high and low P 5) Analyze the Arabidopsis mutants and clone the corresponding genes 6) Survey wild tomato species for growth characteristics at various P levels Background to the topic Hexose phosphorylating enzymes, the first enzymes of sugar metabolism, regulate key processes in plants such as photosynthesis, growth, senescence and vascular transport. We have previously discovered that hexose phosphorylating enzymes might regulate these processes as a function of phosphorous (P) concentration, and might accelerate acquisition of P, one of the most limiting nutrients in the soil. These discoveries have opened new avenues to gain fundamental knowledge about the relationship between P, sugar phosphorylation and plant development. Since both hexose phosphorylating enzymes and P levels affect plant development, their interaction is of major importance for agriculture. Due to the acceleration of senescence caused by the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P concentration, traits affecting P uptake may have been lost in the course of cultivation in which fertilization with relatively high P (30 mg/L) are commonly used. We therefore intended to survey wild tomato species for high P-acquisition at low P soil levels. Genetic resources with high P-acquisition will serve not only to generate a segregating population to map the trait and clone the gene, but will also provide a means to follow the trait in classical breeding programs. This approach could potentially be applicable for other crops as well. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements Our results confirm the mutual effect of hexose phosphorylating enzymes and P level on plant development. Two major aspects of this mutual effect arose. One is related to P toxicity in which HXK seems to play a major role, and the second is related to the effect of HXK on P concentration in the plant. Using tomato plants we demonstrated that high HXK activity increased leaf P concentration, and induced P toxicity when leaf P concentration increases above a certain high level. These results further support our prediction that the desired trait of high-P acquisition might have been lost in the course of cultivation and might exist in wild species. Indeed, in a survey of wild species we identified tomato species that acquired P and performed better at low P (in the irrigation water) compared to the cultivated Lycopersicon esculentum species. The connection between hexose phosphorylation and P toxicity has also been shown with the P sensitive species VerticordiaplumosaL . in which P toxicity is manifested by accelerated senescence (Silber et al., 2003). In a previous work we uncovered the phenomenon of sugar induced cell death (SICD) in yeast cells. Subsequently we showed that SICD is dependent on the rate of hexose phosphorylation as determined by Arabidopsis thaliana hexokinase. In this study we have shown that hexokinase dependent SICD has many characteristics of programmed cell death (PCD) (Granot et al., 2003). High hexokinase activity accelerates senescence (a PCD process) of tomato plants, which is further enhanced by high P. Hence, hexokinase mediated PCD might be a general phenomena. Botrytis cinerea is a non-specific, necrotrophic pathogen that attacks many plant species, including tomato. Senescing leaves are particularly susceptible to B. cinerea infection and delaying leaf senescence might reduce this susceptibility. It has been suggested that B. cinerea’s mode of action may be based on induction of precocious senescence. Using tomato plants developed in the course of the preceding BARD grant (IS 2894-97) and characterized throughout this research (Swartzberg et al., 2006), we have shown that B. cinerea indeed induces senescence and is inhibited by autoregulated production of cytokinin (Swartzberg et al., submitted). To further determine how hexokinase mediates sugar effects we have analyzed tomato plants that express Arabidopsis HXK1 (AtHXK1) grown at different P levels in the irrigation water. We found that Arabidopsis hexokinase mediates sugar signalling in tomato plants independently of hexose phosphate (Kandel-Kfir et al., submitted). To study which hexokinase is involved in sugar sensing we searched and identified two additional HXK genes in tomato plants (Kandel-Kfir et al., 2006). Tomato plants have two different hexose phosphorylating enzymes; hexokinases (HXKs) that can phosphorylate either glucose or fructose, and fructokinases (FRKs) that specifically phosphorylate fructose. To complete the search for genes encoding hexose phosphorylating enzymes we identified a forth fructokinase gene (FRK) (German et al., 2004). The intracellular localization of the four tomato HXK and four FRK enzymes has been determined using GFP fusion analysis in tobacco protoplasts (Kandel-Kfir et al., 2006; Hilla-Weissler et al., 2006). One of the HXK isozymes and one of the FRK isozymes are located within plastids. The other three HXK isozymes are associated with the mitochondria while the other three FRK isozymes are dispersed in the cytosol. We concluded that HXK and FRK are spatially separated in plant cytoplasm and accordingly might play different metabolic and perhaps signalling roles. We have started to analyze the role of the various HXK and FRK genes in plant development. So far we found that LeFRK2 is required for xylem development (German et al., 2003). Irrigation with different P levels had no effect on the phenotype of LeFRK2 antisense plants. In the course of this research we developed a rapid method for the analysis of zygosity in transgenic plants (German et al., 2003).
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Lichter, Amnon, David Obenland, Nirit Bernstein, Jennifer Hashim, and Joseph Smilanick. The role of potassium in quality of grapes after harvest. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7597914.bard.
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Objectives: The objectives of the proposal were to study how potassium (K) enters the berry and in what tissues it accumulates, to determine what is the sensitive phenological stage that is responsive to K, to study the influence of K on sugar translocation, to determine if K has effects on expression of genes in source and sink organs and to study applied aspects of the responses to K at the vineyard level. During the research it was realized that K acts externally so a major part of the original objectives had to be deserted and new ones, i.e. the role of K in enhancing water loss from the berry, had to be developed. In addition, the US partners developed practical objectives of understanding the interaction of K application and water deficit as well as application of growth regulators. Background: In our preliminary data we showed that application of K at mid-ripening enhanced sugar accumulation of table grapes. This finding is of major implications to both early and late harvested grapes and it was essential to understand the mode of action of this treatment. Our major hypothesis was that K enters the berry and by that increases sugar translocation into the berry. In addition it was important to cover practical issues of the application which may influence its efficacy and its reproducibility. Conclusions: The major conclusion from the research was that our initial hypothesis was wrong. Mineral analysis of pulp tissue indicated that upon application of K there was a significant increase in most of the major minerals. Subsequently, we developed a new hypothesis that K acts by increasing the water loss from the berry. In vitro studies of K-treated berries corroborated this hypothesis showing greater weight-loss of treated berries. This was not necessarily expressed in the vineyard as in some experiments berry weight remained unchanged, suggesting that the vine compensated for the enhanced water loss. Importantly, we also discovered that the efficacy of different K salts was strongly correlated to the pH of the salt solution: basic K salts had better efficacy than neutral or acidic salts and modifying the pH of the same salt changed its efficacy. It was therefore suggested that K changes the properties of the cuticle making it more susceptible to water loss. Of the practical aspects it was found that application of K to the clusters was sufficient to trigger its affect and that dual application of K had a stronger effect than single application. With regard to timing, it was realized that application of K after veraison was affective and the berries responded also when ripe. While the effect of K application was significant at harvest, it was mostly insignificant one week after application, suggesting that prolonged exposure to K was required. Implications: The scientific implications of the study are that the external mineral composition of the berry may have a significant role in sugar accumulation and that water loss may have an important role in sugar accumulation in grapes. It is not entirely clear how K modulates the cuticle but according to the literature its incorporation into the cuticle may increase its polarity and facilitate generation of "water bridges" between the flesh and the environment. The practical implications of this study are very significant because realizing the mode of action of K can facilitate a much more efficient application strategy. For example, it can be understood that sprays must be directed to the clusters rather than the whole vines and it can be predicted that the length of exposure is important. Also, by increasing the pH of simple K salts, the efficacy of the treatment can be enhanced, saving in the costs of the treatment. Finally, the ability of grape growers to apply K in a safe and knowledgeable way can have significant impact on the length of the season of early grape cultivars and improve the flavor of high grape yields which may otherwise have compromised sugar levels.
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Blumwald, Eduardo, and Avi Sadka. Citric acid metabolism and mobilization in citrus fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7587732.bard.
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Accumulation of citric acid is a major determinant of maturity and fruit quality in citrus. Many citrus varieties accumulate citric acid in concentrations that exceed market desires, reducing grower income and consumer satisfaction. Citrate is accumulated in the vacuole of the juice sac cell, a process that requires both metabolic changes and transport across cellular membranes, in particular, the mitochondrial and the vacuolar (tonoplast) membranes. Although the accumulation of citrate in the vacuoles of juice cells has been clearly demonstrated, the mechanisms for vacuolar citrate homeostasis and the components controlling citrate metabolism and transport are still unknown. Previous results in the PIs’ laboratories have indicated that the expression of a large number of a large number of proteins is enhanced during fruit development, and that the regulation of sugar and acid content in fruits is correlated with the differential expression of a large number of proteins that could play significant roles in fruit acid accumulation and/or regulation of acid content. The objectives of this proposal are: i) the characterization of transporters that mediate the transport of citrate and determine their role in uptake/retrieval in juice sac cells; ii) the study of citric acid metabolism, in particular the effect of arsenical compounds affecting citric acid levels and mobilization; and iii) the development of a citrus fruit proteomics platform to identify and characterize key processes associated with fruit development in general and sugar and acid accumulation in particular. The understanding of the cellular processes that determine the citrate content in citrus fruits will contribute to the development of tools aimed at the enhancement of citrus fruit quality. Our efforts resulted in the identification, cloning and characterization of CsCit1 (Citrus sinensis citrate transporter 1) from Navel oranges (Citrus sinesins cv Washington). Higher levels of CsCit1 transcripts were detected at later stages of fruit development that coincided with the decrease in the juice cell citrate concentrations (Shimada et al., 2006). Our functional analysis revealed that CsCit1 mediates the vacuolar efflux of citrate and that the CsCit1 operates as an electroneutral 1CitrateH2-/2H+ symporter. Our results supported the notion that it is the low permeable citrateH2 - the anion that establishes the buffer capacity of the fruit and determines its overall acidity. On the other hand, it is the more permeable form, CitrateH2-, which is being exported into the cytosol during maturation and controls the citrate catabolism in the juice cells. Our Mass-Spectrometry-based proteomics efforts (using MALDI-TOF-TOF and LC2- MS-MS) identified a large number of fruit juice sac cell proteins and established comparisons of protein synthesis patterns during fruit development. So far, we have identified over 1,500 fruit specific proteins that play roles in sugar metabolism, citric acid cycle, signaling, transport, processing, etc., and organized these proteins into 84 known biosynthetic pathways (Katz et al. 2007). This data is now being integrated in a public database and will serve as a valuable tool for the scientific community in general and fruit scientists in particular. Using molecular, biochemical and physiological approaches we have identified factors affecting the activity of aconitase, which catalyze the first step of citrate catabolism (Shlizerman et al., 2007). Iron limitation specifically reduced the activity of the cytosolic, but not the mitochondrial, aconitase, increasing the acid level in the fruit. Citramalate (a natural compound in the juice) also inhibits the activity of aconitase, and it plays a major role in acid accumulation during the first half of fruit development. On the other hand, arsenite induced increased levels of aconitase, decreasing fruit acidity. We have initiated studies aimed at the identification of the citramalate biosynthetic pathway and the role(s) of isopropylmalate synthase in this pathway. These studies, especially those involved aconitase inhibition by citramalate, are aimed at the development of tools to control fruit acidity, particularly in those cases where acid level declines below the desired threshold. Our work has significant implications both scientifically and practically and is directly aimed at the improvement of fruit quality through the improvement of existing pre- and post-harvest fruit treatments.
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Bennett, Alan B., Arthur Schaffer, and David Granot. Genetic and Biochemical Characterization of Fructose Accumulation: A Strategy to Improve Fruit Quality. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7571353.bard.
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The goal of the research project was to evaluate the potential to genetically modify or engineer carbohydrate metabolism in tomato fruit to enhance levels of fructose, a sugar with nearly twice the sweetness value of other sugars. The specific research objectives to achieve that goal were to: 1. Establish the inheritance of a fructose-accumulating trait identified in F1 hybrids of an inferspecific cross between L. hirsutum XL. esculentum and identify linked molecular markers to facilitate its introgression into tomato cultivars. This objective was completed with the genetic data indicating a single major gene, termed Fgr (Fructose glucose ratio), that controlled the partitioning of hexose in the mature fruit. Molecular markers for the gene, were developed to aid introgression of this gene into cultivated tomato. In addition, a second major gene encoding fructokinase 2 (FK2) was found to be a determinant of the fructose to glucose ratio in fruit. The relationship between FK2 and Fgr is epistatic with a combined synergistic effect of the two hirsutum-derived genes on fructose/glucose ratios. 2. Characterize the metabolic and transport properties responsible for high fructose/glucose ratios in fructose-accumulating genotypes. The effect of both the Fgr and FK2 genes on the developmental accumulation of hexoses was studied in a wide range of genetic backgrounds. In all backgrounds the trait is a developmental one and that the increase in fructose to glucose ratio occurs at the breaker stage of fruit development. The following enzymes were assayed, none of which showed differences between genotypes, at either the breaker or ripe stage: invertase, sucrose synthase, FK1, FK2, hexokinase, PGI and PGM. The lack of effect of the FK2 gene on fructokinase activity is surprising and at present we have no explanation for the phenomenon. However, the hirsutum derived Fgr allele was associated with significantly lower levels of phosphorylated glucose, G1c-1-P and G1c-6-P and concomitantly higher levels of the phosphorylated fructose, Fru-6-P, in both the breaker and ripe stage. This suggests a significant role for the isomerase reaction. 3. Develop and implement molecular genetic strategies for the production of transgenic plants with altered levels of enzymes that potentially control fructose/glucose ratios in fruit. This objective focused on manipulating hexokinase and fructokinase expression in transgenic plants. Two highly divergent cDNA clones (Frk1 and Frk2), encoding fructokinase (EC 2.7.1.4), were isolated from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and a potato fructokinase cDNA clone was obtained from Dr. Howard Davies. Following expression in yeast, each fructokinase was identified to code for one of the tomato or potato fructokinase isoforms Transgenic tomato plants were generated with the fructokinase cDNA clone in both sense and antisense orientations and the effect of the gene on tomato plants is currently being studied.
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Schaffer, Arthur, Jack Preiss, Marina Petreikov, and Ilan Levin. Increasing Starch Accumulation via Genetic Modification of the ADP-glucose Pyrophosphorylase. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591740.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The overall objective of the research project was to utilize biochemical insights together with both classical and molecular genetic strategies to improve tomato starch accumulation. The proposal was based on the observation that the transient starch accumulation in the immature fruit serves as a reservoir for carbohydrate and soluble sugar content in the mature fruit, thereby impacting on fruit quality. The general objectives were to optimize AGPase function and activity in developing fruit in order to increase its transient starch levels. The specific research objectives were to: a) perform directed molecular evolution of the limiting enzyme of starch synthesis, AGPase, focussing on the interaction of its regulatory and catalytic subunits; b) determine the mode of action of the recently identified allelic variant for the regulatory subunit in tomato fruit that leads to increased AGPase activity and hence starch content. During the course of the research project major advances were made in understanding the interaction of the small and large subunits of AGPase, in particular the regulatory roles of the different large subunits, in determining starch synthesis. The research was performed using various experimental systems, including bacteria and Arabidopsis, potato and tomato, allowing for broad and meaningful conclusions to be drawn. A novel discovery was that one of the large subunits of tomato AGPase is functional as a monomer. A dozen publications describing the research were published in leading biochemical and horticultural journals. The research results clearly indicated that increasing AGPase activity temporally in the developing fruit increase the starch reservoir and, subsequently, the fruit sugar content. This was shown by a comparison of the carbohydrate balance in near-isogenic tomato lines differing in a gene encoding for the fruit-specific large subunit (LS1). The research also revealed that the increase in AGPase activity is due to a temporal extension of LS1 gene expression in the developing fruit which in turn stabilizes the limiting heterotetrameric enzyme, leading to sustained starch synthesis. This genetic variation can successfully be utilized in the breeding of high quality tomatoes.
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Bennett, Alan B., Arthur A. Schaffer, Ilan Levin, Marina Petreikov, and Adi Doron-Faigenboim. Manipulating fruit chloroplasts as a strategy to improve fruit quality. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598148.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The Original Objectives were modified and two were eliminated to reflect the experimental results: Objective 1 - Identify additional genetic variability in SlGLK2 and IPin wild, traditional and heirloom tomato varieties Objective 2 - Determine carbon balance and horticultural characteristics of isogenic lines expressing functional and non-functional alleles of GLKsand IP Background: The goal of the research was to understand the unique aspects of chloroplasts and photosynthesis in green fruit and the consequences of increasing the chloroplast capacity of green fruit for ripe fruit sugars, yield, flavor and nutrient qualities. By focusing on the regulation of chloroplast formation and development solely in fruit, our integrated knowledge of photosynthetic structures/organs could be broadened and the results of the work could impact the design of manipulations to optimize quality outputs for the agricultural fruit with enhanced sugars, nutrients and flavors. The project was based on the hypothesis that photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic plastid metabolism in green tomato fruit is controlled at a basal level by light for minimal energy requirements but fruit-specific genes regulate further development of robust chloroplasts in this organ. Our BARD project goals were to characterize and quantitate the photosynthesis and chloroplast derived products impacted by expression of a tomato Golden 2- like 2 transcription factor (US activities) in a diverse set of 31 heirloom tomato lines and examine the role of another potential regulator, the product of the Intense Pigment gene (IP activities). Using tomato Golden 2-like 2 and Intense Pigment, which was an undefined locus that leads to enhanced chloroplast development in green fruit, we sought to determine the benefits and costs of extensive chloroplast development in fruit prior to ripening. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter, coding and intronicSlGLK2 sequences of 20 heirloom tomato lines were identified and three SlGLK2 promoter lineages were identified; two lineages also had striped fruit variants. Lines with striped fruit but no shoulders were not identified. Green fruit chlorophyll and ripe fruit soluble sugar levels were measured in 31 heirloom varieties and fruit size correlates with ripe fruit sugars but dark shoulders does not. A combination of fine mapping, recombinant generation, RNAseq expression and SNP calling all indicated that the proposed localization of a single locus IP on chr 10 was incorrect. Rather, the IP line harbored 11 separate introgressions from the S. chmielewskiparent, scattered throughout the genome. These introgressions harbored ~3% of the wild species genome and no recombinant consistently recovered the IP parental phenotype. The 11 introgressions were dissected into small combinations in segregating recombinant populations. Based on these analyses two QTL for Brix content were identified, accounting for the effect of increased Brix in the IP line. Scientific and agricultural implications: SlGLK2 sequence variation in heirloom tomato varieties has been identified and can be used to breed for differences in SlGLK2 expression and possibly in the green striped fruit phenotype. Two QTL for Brix content have been identified in the S. chmielewskiparental line and these can be used for increasing soluble solids contents in breeding programs.
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Wolf, Shmuel, and William J. Lucas. Involvement of the TMV-MP in the Control of Carbon Metabolism and Partitioning in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7570560.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The function of the 30-kilodalton movement protein (MP) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is to facilitate cell-to-cell movement of viral progeny in infected plants. Our earlier findings have indicated that this protein has a direct effect on plasmodesmal function. In addition, these studies demonstrated that constitutive expression of the TMV MP gene (under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter) in transgenic tobacco plants significantly affects carbon metabolism in source leaves and alters the biomass distribution between the various plant organs. The long-term goal of the proposed research was to better understand the factors controlling carbon translocation in plants. The specific objectives were: A) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants a virally-encoded (TMV-MP) gene that affects plasmodesmal functioning and photosynthate partitioning under tissue-specific promoters. B) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants the TMV-MP gene under the control of promoters which are tightly repressed by the Tn10-encoded Tet repressor, to enable the expression of the protein by external application of tetracycline. C) To explore the mechanism by which the TMV-MP interacts with the endogenous control o~ carbon allocation. Data obtained in our previous project together with the results of this current study established that the TMV-MP has pleiotropic effects when expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. In addition to its ability to increase the plasmodesmal size exclusion limit, it alters carbohydrate metabolism in source leaves and dry matter partitioning between the various plant organs, Expression of the TMV-MP in various tissues of transgenic potato plants indicated that sugars and starch levels in source leaves are reduced below those of control plants when the TMV-MP is expressed in green tissue only. However, when the TMV-MP was expressed predominantly in PP and CC, sugar and starch levels were raised above those of control plants. Perhaps the most significant result obtained from experiments performed on transgenic potato plants was the discovery that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbohydrate allocation within source leaves was under developmental control and was exerted only during tuber development. The complexity of the mode by which the TMV-MP exerts its effect on the process of carbohydrate allocation was further demonstrated when transgenic tobacco plants were subjected to environmental stresses such as drought stress and nutrients deficiencies, Collectively, these studies indicated that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbon allocation L the result of protein-protein interaction within the source tissue. Based on these results, together with the findings that plasmodesmata potentiate the cell-to-cell trafficking of viral and endogenous proteins and nucleoproteins complexes, we developed the theme that at the whole plant level, the phloem serves as an information superhighway. Such a long-distance communication system may utilize a new class of signaling molecules (proteins and/or RNA) to co-ordinate photosynthesis and carbon/nitrogen metabolism in source leaves with the complex growth requirements of the plant under the prevailing environmental conditions. The discovery that expression of viral MP in plants can induce precise changes in carbon metabolism and photoassimilate allocation, now provide a conceptual foundation for future studies aimed at elucidating the communication network responsible for integrating photosynthetic productivity with resource allocation at the whole-plant level. Such information will surely provide an understanding of how plants coordinate the essential physiological functions performed by distantly-separated organs. Identification of the proteins involved in mediating and controlling cell-to-cell transport, especially at the companion cell-sieve element boundary, will provide an important first step towards achieving this goal.