Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sugar Technology'

Thesis: Ph. D. in History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology and Society (HASTS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Science, Technology and Society, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 258-280).
This dissertation illuminates how expert labor makes a complex natural substance into a uniform global commodity. Drawing on both published sources and extensive archival research in the continental United States, in Scotland, and in Puerto Rico, it provides new insight into the workings of the empires of commodities that define modem capitalism. Chapter 1 shows that the notion that sugar has a single valuable molecular essence sucrose- has been used to explain its history as a commodity. Yet this essentialism is not a natural fact but a product of the political economy of the late nineteenth century itself. From the seventeenth century on, sugar production had relied on the experienced multisensory techniques of enslaved craftsmen. But after 1860, newly sophisticated factories began to appear throughout the Caribbean, producing sugar of unprecedented consistency and quality. Chapter 2 explores how the work of chemists was essential to managing labor within these new factories, whose owners attempted to eliminate the need for artisan work. Yet the more successfully chemists extracted sucrose from sugarcane, the more mechanical and obvious they made that extraction appear, and the more they effaced their own necessity. These efforts to use scientific expertise to de-skill sugar production were made possible, Chapter 3 shows, by the persistence of craft and cooperative production in Glasgow, where those factories' machines were built. Sugar engineering firms cultivated relationships with distant plantations, ensuring that draftsmen and engineers could design, maintain, and repair machines that would last many decades. It therefore shows how the devices that facilitated sugar's commodification have human histories themselves. Finally, Chapter 4 reveals how the valuation of sugar became a central political issue in the postbellum United States. The Federal government feared its means of enforcing sugar tariffs was being undermined by fraud on the part of Customs officers and by new forms of sugar itself. But supposedly objective chemical techniques were even harder for the state to supervise. In showing how powerful refiners shaped scientific practices to their own advantage, this chapter provides a new framework for historians' analyses of science, commodities, and corruption in the nineteenth century.
by David Roth Singerman.
Ph. D. in History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology and Society (HASTS)

2,5-dimethylfuran (2,5-DMF) has gathered interest as an energy-dense compound with similar fuel properties to gasoline. This thesis describes the catalytic hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-dimethylfuran, employing three different hydrogen donor sources (molecular H\(_2\), mixture of formic acid/triethylamine and 2-propanol). Transmission electron microscope analysis showed that the bio-Pd synthesised by D. desulfuricans were generally larger than both the monometallic Bio-Ru and bimetallic Bio-Pd/Ru synthesised by B. benzeovorans. Under optimised conditions in molecular H\(_2\), 5 wt% Ru/C catalyst achieved 95.1% 2,5-DMF yield in 2 hours; in contrast the 20 wt% Bio-Ru/Pd gave 60.3% yield of 2,5-DMF at identical conditions. Transfer hydrogenation of 5-HMF to 2,5-DMF was investigated over Ru/C catalyst in formic acid/triethylamine mixture achieving 92.1% 2,5-DMF yield in 4 hours at 210 \(^o\)C and 5:2 molar ratio. It is interesting to note that 56.7% 2,5-DMF yield was achieved using the 20 wt% Bio-Ru/Pd catalyst at identical conditions. Transfer hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in 2-propanol was studied over 5 wt% Bio-Ru/Pd catalyst and 42.6 2,5-DMF yield was obtained at 260 \(^o\)C after 2 hours of reaction time. It is concluded that hydrogenation of 5-HMF in molecular H\(_2\) offer superior advantages to transfer hydrogenation in HCOOH/Et\(_3\)N mixture and 2-propanol in terms of product yield and selectivity.

The amount of blood sugar related diseases is rising in Sweden andaround the world. It is estimated that over 15% of the Swedish population has genetically an increased risk to develop type 2 diabetes. In addition, bad eating and poor exercise habits increase the risk of developing diabetes as well. To help solve this growing problem a smartphone application have been developed together with the company Quantify Bio. The goal was to, with the help of this app, give people a better understanding of how their blood sugar values are affected by their diet and exercise. The resulting prototype app can read values from a blood sugar sensor that the user wears and plot the values on a graph. The user can also input what they eat and how they exercise and have that visualized on the blood sugar graph. With this data the users have the possibility to draw conclusions about how their blood sugar was affected after a meal or exercise session and with that change their routines if needed. Evaluation of the results showed that the app is stable and well-functioning but that the user experience can be improved. No evaluation has been done to confirm that the app helps reduce risk of blood sugar related diseases.
Antalet blodsockerrelaterade sjukdomar ökar i Sverige och runt om i världen. Det uppskattas att över 15% av den svenska befolkningen har genetiskt en ökad risk att drabbas av typ 2-diabetes. Utöver det så bidrar även dåliga mat- och träningsvanor till ökad risk att drabbas av typ 2-diabetes. För att bidra till en lösning på detta växande problem har en applikation för smartmobiler tillsammans med företaget Quantify Bio tagits fram. Målet var att med hjälp av appen ge användarna en bättre förståelse för hur deras blodsocker förändras utifrån vad de äter och hur de tränar. Resultatet blev en fungerande prototyp som kan läsa av värden från en glukos monitor som användaren bär på sin arm och därefter visualisera värdena i en graf. Användaren kan även mata in vad denne äter och hur denne tränar för att få även det visualiserat i grafen. Med denna data har användarna möjlighet att göra sin egen bedömning av hur blodsockret reagerar på måltiden eller träningspasset och utifrån den bedömningen göra förändringar i deras rutiner om det behövs. Utvärderingen av applikationen resulterade i att det är en väl fungerande och stabil applikation men att användargränssnittet kan förbättras. Ingen utvärdering har skett kring ifall applikationen faktiskt hjälper till att sänka användarens risk att drabbas av blodsockerrelaterade sjukdomar.

This thesis describes the use of enzymes to partially deprotect or deprotect sugars. The advantages of this technique are that mild conditions may be used for the protections and that enzymatic catalysis may allow derivatives to be made which involve multi-step procedures or cannot be made using standard methods. These protected sugars can then be used to synthesise interesting derivatives. The particular aim of this project at the outset was to use biotransformations to make partially protected derivatives for the synthesis of a novel artificial sweetener, l',4,6'-trichloro-r,4,6'-trideoxy-ga/acto- sucrose, known as sucralose. The analysis of the products from a deacetylation reaction is a potential problem due to the number of possible products that may be formed. A new approach to this problem is discussed in Chapter Two. A combination of n.m.r. and mass spectrometry is used to analyse the products after they have first been perdeuterioacetylated by treatment with d6-acetic anhydride. The analysis is therefore carried out on one compound, the starting material, now containing deuteriated acetate groups in place of those that were hydrolysed during the reaction. The technique was used initially to analyse the deacetylation of sucrose octaacetate catalysed by yeast esterase. The selectivity of the enzyme for certain positions of the sugar may be determined in this way but little information can be found about the individual species that are formed. The technique can be considerably enhanced by the introduction of a chromatographic separation step. The separation of the deacetylation mixture into classes, according to the number of acetate groups, allows a much more detailed analysis of the individual components to be carried out. If the reaction shows a certain amount of selectivity then it is possible to determine the quantity of each of the individual species. This technique is used to analyse the deacetylation of glucose pentaacetate catalysed by Aspergillus niger lipase. The deacetylation of sucrose octaacetate catalysed by yeast esterase is also analysed in the same way. Chapter Three describes the conversion of N-acetyl- glucosamine to N-acetyl-galactosamine. This is of interest due to the importance of this sugar in biological systems and its high cost relative to the starting material. The synthesis involves the use of an enzyme catalysed deesterification to make a partially protected intermediate, demonstrating the practical application of biotransformations in the synthesis of sugar derivatives.

The future of biofuel production hinges on a cheap, readily available feedstock. In terms of resources available, lignocellulose is the most abundant renewable resource on the planet, available from a plethora of sources such as agriculture, forestry, industry and municipals, therefore presenting an attractive resource. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin are the three main constituents of lignocellulose. The viability of such a feedstock requires as much of these constituents being converted to product as possible and therefore requires the suitable candidate organism to achieve this. Hemicellulose, an often pentose-rich portion of lignocellulose, can constitute as much as 35%. Traditionally yeasts, namely Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have been employed in biofuel production. However, yeasts are often unable to utilise pentose sugars found in the hemicellulose fraction.In this study the ability of Clostridium beijerinckii to utilise the pentose sugars xylose and arabinose was investigated. The ability of C. beijerinckii to utilise these pentose sugars was established, total solvent yields were 0.34 gram/gram (g.g) of arabinose or xylose consumed, in comparison to 0.41 g.g of glucose consumed. The presence of glucose on low mixed-sugar concentrations (1%), but not on high (6%) hindered the use of both pentoses. The ability of C. beijerinckii to utilise pentose sugars in xylan. C. beijerinckii was capable of fermenting xylan and smaller hydrolysate units of xylan, however the solvent yield was poor. The ability of C. beijerinckii to utilise a pentoserich waste stream, spent dried distillers' grains (DDGS) was also investigated. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of DDGS produced a total solvent yield of 0.25 g.g in comparison to 0.34 g.g on media containing the equivalent soluble sugars. The ability of C. beijerinckii to utilise both pentose sugars led to in-silico studies to identify gene systems involved and implicated several genes organised in two distinct clusters, one for each pentose sugar, within the genome. Proteomic analyses by liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry of whole-cell proteins harvested from cultures of C. beijerinckii grown on either xylose or arabinose as the sole carbon source provided further evidence to implicate the gene systems identified by the in silico analyses. Genes were then targeted for characterisation in-vivo using a number of E. coli knock-out mutants, lacking one or more of key genes involved in pentose sugar use. This identified arabinose isomerase, xylose isomerase and xylulokinase genes.

Sugar factories are a significant source of water pollution, particularly in developing countries such as Pakistan, where the sugar industry is the second largest after tanneries. The wastewater is disposed of untreated to the environment, since traditional wastewater treatment processes are capital-intensive, energy-demanding and complex in operation. The common approach is to use waste stabilization ponds or lagoons mostly operated on complete retention basis. This work is an attempt to highlight the possibility of effectively applying wastewater lagooning process utilizing the inherent organic contents of sugar factory wastewater with the aid of an algae-bacterial consortium (ABC) to investigate its capacity to utilize this resource to produce renewable fuel while de-polluting wastewater rather than it being a liability to be disposed of. A lagoon photo tank (LPT) resembling a prototype raceway lagoon was designed and used to carry out mass cell cultivation on a sugar-oriented medium for the assessment and inter-optimization of the process conditions such as temperature, incident light (IL), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO). The evaluation of the process performance was observed via the analyses of parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon and cell mass growth. The first part of this study was related with the baseline assessment of LPT process conditions using distilled water as well as sucrose solution or sugar water to establish basis for a priori analysis of simulated sugar factory wastewater (SSFW) carried out in the second part. The suitability of the dosing of copolymer Polyacrylate polyalcohol was optimised through a series of trial runs to aid in the immobilization of mono or mixotrophic cultures of green algae Chlorella Vulgaris and bacteria Pseudomonas Putida at the surface of LPT in order to influence reduction in the organic concentration of SSFW. This research study has contributed to the knowledge base of the concerned area of study with respect to hitherto unknown application of copolymer Polyacrylate polyalcohol, which showed viable characteristics in the cultivation medium in terms of cell immobilization at the surface of LPT resulting in the formation of growth-conducive copolymer-algae matrices leading to the rapid growth of the cell mass with increased process efficiency. This process optimisation resulted in SSFW depollution by around 89% along with energetic biomass growth with a calorific value of 27 kJ g1 and at an optimum growth rate of 1.2 d1 suggesting towards the potential of copolymer addition in the system to enhance the efficiency of the organisms inducing optimum substrate utilization.

This study analyses the factors associated with rural modernisation between 1936 and 1990 and places them in an international context. It focuses on the production of three commodities-sugar, bananas and potatoes. The approach departs from orthodox neo-classical analysis, which maintains that markets are the central agency responsible for change, and argues that institutions, the nature of the crop, technology, labour and land tenure as well as markets determined the path of agrarian transformation. This argument is sustained by considering scale- and capital-bias in agrarian technology, patterns of land usage and the changing role of labour in the productive process. The three commodities studied are regionally specific, sugar in the Cauca Valley, bananas in the Magdalena Valley and the Gulf of Uraba and potatoes in the departments of Boyaca and Cundinamarca. Developments within these regions are presented with reference to appropriate national and international trends. For the sugarmill owner, informal institutions and political links assisted in obtaining machinery and inputs. For the banana exporter, links with international markets and capital availability allowed them quickly to establish production and trade. For potato growers, private local initiative and indirect state programmes fostered development. With bananas and sugarcane most changes to the productive process were labour and land saving. Nonetheless, labour remained an important aspect of cultivation and harvesting and some methods reverted to more labour intensive production with the passage of time. Moreover, low-cost techniques played an important role for all three crops throughout the modernisation process. The research proves that though relative prices have an influence on production, existing land usage structures, institutional arrangements, technical change absorbtion, and capital-bias distorted market prices and resulted in paths to modernisation that were less than optimal.

The aim of this work is to better understand the structuring processes in low fat dairy emulsions. Model sodium caseinate-galactomannan aqueous two-phase systems (NaCAS-GM ATPS) differing in GM-type (locust bean gum (LBG), tara gum (TG), guar gum (GG), fenugreek gum (FG)) and added sugar (trehalose, sucrose, glucose and fructose) were studied by the phase-volume ratio method, rheooptics, and droplet retraction method on phase equilibria, flow behaviour and interfacial properties, respectively, at pH 5.8 and 20°C. The results revealed that the presence of sugar in concentrations 5-40 wt% resulted in an increase in cosolubility of the phases and a decrease in interfacial tension (σ). Sugar concentrations > 40 wt% decreased cosolubility. Based on the mannose:galactose ratio of GM and type of sugar (added in concentration 15 wt%) the best cosolubility and corresponding smallest σ was attributed to FG and trehalose, respectively. The flow of ATPS depended on quiescent microstructure, the shear and physical properties of the phases. In polysaccharide-continuous ATPS, the occurrence of a shear-induced phase inversion event was observed for 0- 20 wt% sugar. A further increase in sugar concentration >20 wt% was found to suppress this phenomenon due decreased viscosity ratio and formation of thread like structures in flow.

Introdotto nel 2004, il paradigma dell’Open Innovation incomincia a permeare le pratiche aziendali di tutto il mondo ribaltando il concetto di collaborazione, dove adesso viene concepita come centrale una strategia di strutturazione di un ecosistema interdipendente. In questo lavoro di tesi si fornisce un’analisi della letteratura allargata in riferimento a due attori in particolare del sistema, ovvero le PMI e le università, di cui si identifi-ca una relazione in termini di strategie di Open Innovation. Le prime, di-fatti, risultano avere agilità nelle logiche di collaborazione, ma non di-spongono di una consulenza all’innovazione strutturata; le seconde, inve-ce, hanno una capacità significativa di trasferimento tecnologico e impatto sul territorio, ma sistemi di incentivi per i ricercatori disallineati. All’interno degli Open Innovation Ecosystems, l’obiettivo della tesi è dimostrare in via qualitativa il potenziale della relazione tra PMI e univer-sità, che si sostanzia in programmi quali ad esempio SUGAR.

This study evaluates the thermodynamic and economic performance of hybridization of biomass-solar for a cogeneration power plant in a Cuban sugar mill, George Washington. The evaluation is performed by varying the parameters of the thermal power block and considering scenarios with 1) bagasse and marabú, 2) bagasse and solar field, and 3) bagasse, marabú and solar field as heat sources for the cogeneration cycle. The most feasible configuration combines all the three heat sources having the superheated steam parameters of 100 bar and 540 ⁰C and the solar field aperture area of 88,560 m2 using SkyTrough collectors. The NPV for the proposed system is 30.97 million USD which indicates that it is economically feasible and the LCOE of 0.091 USD/kWh is in the range of a typical LCOE for biomass electricity generation with a stoker boiler (0.06 – 0.21 USD/kWh).
Denna studie utvärderar den termodynamiska och ekonomiska prestandan för hybridisering av biomassa och solenergi för ett kraftvärmeverk i ett kubanskt sockerbruk, George Washington. Utvärderingen utförs genom att variera parametrarna för kraftvärmecykeln och studera scenarier med 1) bagasse och marabú, 2) bagasse och solfält, och 3) bagasse, marabú och solfält som värmekällor för kraftvärmecykeln. Den rekommenderade konfigurationen kombinerar alla tre värmekällorna med överhettade ångparametrarna på 100 bar och 540 ⁰C och solfältets öppningsarea på 88,560 m2 med SkyTrough-solfångare. Nettonyvärdet för det föreslagna systemet är 30.97 miljoner USD vilket indikerar att förslaget är ekonomiskt genomförbart samt LCOE på 0.091 USD/kWh ligger inom en typisk LCOE för elproduktion av biomassa med en stoker panna (0.06 – 0.21 USD/kWh).

The influence of increasing hydrolyzed protein content on the microstructure and hardness of high protein nutrition bars was investigated to determine the mechanism of hardening during storage. Bars with various hydrolyzed protein levels were manufactured using differing ratios of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100% (wt. /wt.) of partially hydrolyzed whey protein isolate (HWPI) to an intact (non-hydrolyzed) whey protein isolate (WPI) which made up approximately 38% of the total bar composition. High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) (42%) and vegetable shortening (20%) constituted the rest of the ingredients. Accelerated aging was performed by storing bars at 32 ºC for 36 d with analysis being performed every 7 d starting at d 2. Hardness was measured as the peak force to penetrate into the bars 8.5 mm using a 45º chisel blade. Microstructure was examined using confocal scanning microscopy with staining for protein and fat. The level of HWPI affected both hardness and microstructure of the bars. Bars that developed the most hardness, with hardness values of 87.6 x 102 g-force and 97.2 x 102 g-force, were those that had no added HWPI or only 25% HWPI (P < 0.05). Bars with 100% of the protein as HWPI were softest with a value of 24.6 x 102 g-force (P< 0.05) and these bars had a microstructure showing a two-phase separation of fat from the aqueous phase containing protein and sugars. The bars that exhibited severe bar hardening had a three-phase separation of the fat, protein, and sugar. The gradual separation of the protein from the sugars into two distinct phases is proposed as the mechanism causing hardening in high protein nutrition bars. The influence of different carbohydrate sources on water activity, Maillard browning, hardness, and microstructure was then investigated. Bars were formulated using either WPI or HWPI with either 70% HFCS or 70% sorbitol syrup as carbohydrate source. This resulted in four bar types, which were then aged at an accelerated rate through storage at 32 ºC and analyzed again every 7 d. Color and water activity were measured as well as hardness and the microstructure was again observed using confocal microscopy. Changing the carbohydrate component of the bars from HFCS to sorbitol syrup had a large effect on the amount of Maillard browning, no effect on the aw, and a slight effect on bar hardening and microstructure while using HWPI instead of WPI had a slight effect on browning, an effect on water activity, and a large effect on bar hardening and microstructure. The carbohydrate effect on bar hardening was not to the same degree as using HWPI. Using sorbitol with WPI reduced hardness after 35 d at 32 ºC by 25% while replacing WPI with HWPI reduced hardness by 55%. When using HWPI both the HFCS and sorbitol, bars remained soft (i.e. hardness <500 g-force) through d 27, with the HFCS increasing in hardness (P < 0.05) by d 35.

This record of study investigates twelve months of engineering industry experience, a required internship of the Doctor of Engineering degree program at Texas A&M University. The internship company was Schlumberger Limited. The record of study begins with a brief introduction to the company. Three projects undertaken by the intern during the internship are discussed. The projects show how a wide variety of knowledge, both technical and practical, is required to solve engineering problems. Issues facing newly graduated engineers in industry are discussed. Issues facing newly graduated engineers exposed to industry for the first time are quite different than a traditional engineering curriculum has prepared them to encounter. Industry today is demanding a well-educated engineer capable of tackling technical problems in several areas as well as engineers with the ability to easily communicate and interact with others and develop leadership potential. Academia, industry, and society all have a highly influential role in developing engineers. The engineer must consider the interaction of technology and society when searching for a solution to optimize the benefit to all. The study further investigates academic challenges as well as the declining number of engineers, international competition, industry responsibility, and observations made during the internship period. Research has shown that in the next few year as the Baby Boomer generation of approximately 77 million people begin to retire, the next generation of approximately 44 million will have difficulty keeping up with technical and scientific demands. Industry demand for science and engineering graduates is beginning to overwhelm academia’s ability to respond and produce. Few U.S. undergraduates are continuing education in graduate schools. This leaves a large student population base to be filled by international students. U.S. citizens accounted for only 35-percent of the total number of doctoral degree recipients in science and engineering during the 2005 academic year. Observations made during the internship period will be used to make recommendations to both industry and academia to help align industry demands and academic abilities in order to produce engineering graduates that are ready to accept the vastly different challenges encountered in industry.

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Bannwart
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Através dos métodos do "pinch-point" e da programação linear, foram realizadas diversas simulações e análises térmicas de uma planta típica de produção de açúcar e álcool, visando a máxima recuperação de calor e a redução do consumo de vapor. As simulações foram divididas em três grupos. No primeiro, usou-se o método do "pinch-point" para investigar basicamente a planta de produção de açúcar, analisando também a influência de diversas alternativas (eliminação de sangrias de vapor entre estágios de evaporação, número de efeitos de evaporação, compressão mecânica do vapor do último estágio de evaporação, área e número de trocadores de calor). No segundo grupo, na mesma planta, empregou-se o método de programação linear, a fIm de determinar a distribuição otimizada das sangrias de vapor para pré-aquecimento do caldo. No terceiro grupo de análises, considerando também o consumo na produção de álcool, retomou-se ao método do "pinch-point", onde as sangrias foram primeiramente maxirnizadas nos últimos estágios de evaporação e em seguida ajustadas para satisfazer as áreas dos evaporadores existentes na planta básica. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um programa de computador específico que permite a simulação do efeito das diversas variáveis, inclusive a razão de produção açúcar/álcool. Diversas alternativas de grande impacto no consumo de vapor são apresentadas
Abstract: Using pinch technology and linear prograrnrning, several simulations of thermal analysis of a typical sugar cane plant and alcohol production were performed. The objective was the maximum heat recovery and the reduction of steam consumption. The simulations were divided into three groups. In the fIrst, pinch technology was applied to analyze only the sugar cane basic plant production and the influence of several alte~natives (elimination of vapor bleed between evaporator effects, number of evaporator effects, mechanical compression of vapor in the last effect of evaporation, area and number of heat exchangers). In the second group, use was made of linear prograrnrningin the same plant to determine the optimized confIguration of vapor bleeds for juice preheating. In the third group, pinch technology was again applied, including the consumption from alcohol production. First of ali, the maximum vapor bleed was assumed at the last effects of evaporation, then adjusted to adapt to the evaporator areas of basic plant. Therefore, a specifIc computer programming was developed to simulate the several variable, including the ratio of production sugar/alcohoL Several alternatives of deep impact in steam consumption were investigated.
Mestrado
Termica e Fluidos
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientadores: Maria Aparecida Silva, Luís Augusto Barbosa Cortez
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
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Resumo: Visando propor alternativas ao tratamento físico do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar destinado a processos de conversão de energia, analisou-se o desempenho de um equipamento desenvolvido na Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola (Feagri / Unicamp), o qual permite a contínua separação das partículas de bagaço, consumindo menos energia do que outras formas de obtenção de partículas de diferentes tamanhos, como moagem, corte ou combinação destes. O equipamento classificador pneumático tem seu princípio de funcionamento baseado em teorias da fluidodinâmica. Basicamente, este separa o bagaço em três frações distintas, denominadas fina, média e grossa, de acordo com o as dimensões de suas partículas, através do arraste destas em uma coluna de ar. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência do tamanho de partícula de bagaço na conversão de celulose em glicose por meio da hidrólise enzimática, tendo sido submetidas amostras de bagaço integral moído e de frações de bagaço; as frações fina e média do modo como haviam sido classificadas enquanto as amostras da fração grossa foram moídas. Para os experimentos de classificação pneumática foi desenhada uma matriz experimental 2² fatorial variando-se a taxa de alimentação de bagaço e a vazão de ar na coluna de classificação. Os melhores resultados obtidos para hidrólise enzimática ocorreram para as frações finas classificadas, embora estas apresentassem diâmetros médios de partículas superiores aos do bagaço moído. O melhor resultado foi obtido quando os fatores utilizados foram taxa de alimentação de 15 kg/h e a vazão de ar 110 m³/h, com tal fração representando 36,74% da massa do bagaço classificado, com diâmetro médio geométrico de partícula de 0,437 milímetros, e conversão de celulose em glicose de 64,11% após 72 horas de hidrólise (Enzimas: cellulase NS 50013, 15 FPU/g de matéria seca, e ?-glucosidase NS 50010, 50 UI/g de matéria seca; 2% de sólidos; temperatura: 47 °C; pH: 5,0). Tais resultados indicam que a composição e estrutura da partícula são fatores mais importantes do que suas dimensões
Abstract: Aiming to propose alternatives to the physical pretreatment of the sugarcane bagasse for energy conversion processes it was analyzed the performance of a device developed at the School of Agricultural Engineering (Feagri / Unicamp), which allows the continuous separation of particles of bagasse, consuming less energy than other ways of obtaining particles of different sizes as milling, grinding and chipping or a combination of these. The pneumatic classifier equipment has its operation principle based on fluid dynamics theories. Basically, the bagasse is dragged within an air column where it is separated in three different fractions, called fine, medium and coarse, according to the particle sizes. The scope of this study was to evaluate the influence of particle size of the bagasse on the enzymatic hydrolysis yields, thus samples of milled integral bagasse and bagasse fractions were subjected to hydrolysis; fine and medium fractions as they had been classified while coarse fractions were previously milled. For experiments of pneumatic classification it was designed an experimental matrix 2² factorial by varying the bagasse feed rate and the air flow in the classification column. The best results for enzymatic hydrolysis occurred for classified fine fractions even showing an average diameter of particles higher than the milled bagasse. The best one was obtained when the used parameters were feed rate of 15 kg/h and air flow of 110 m³/h, with this fraction representing 36.74% of the classified bagasse mass with geometric mean particle diameter of the 0.437 mm, and conversion of cellulose to glucose of 64.11% after 72 hours of hydrolysis (Enzymes: NS 50013 cellulase, Novozymes, 15 FPU/g of dry matter, and ?-glucosidase 50 010 NS, Novozymes, 50 IU/g of dry matter; 2% of solids; temperature: 47 °C; pH: 5,0). These results indicate that the particles composition and structure are more important factors than its size
Mestrado
Engenharia de Processos
Mestre em Engenharia Química

La canne à sucre est cultivée pour la production de sucre et d’électricité exportée sur le réseau. Actuellement, les taux de fibre de la canne dans les chargements livrés à l’usine augmente. L’objectif est de définir les conséquences de la réception de chargements contenant plus de fibres (lié aux variétés et au non canne) sur l’analyse de la canne et la performance du complexe sucrerie centrale thermique (production de sucre, de mélasse et d’électricité).La comparaison des méthodes d’analyses de la canne a permis de sélectionner la méthode Berding et Pollock comme méthode de référence pour l’analyse du sucre, de la matière sèche soluble et de la fibre.Une méthodologie d’analyse de la canne au laboratoire utilisant un broyeur et une presse est proposée Des relations sont établies pour calculer, en fonction des analyses effectuées sur le jus de presse et la bagasse, le débit horaire de canne, l’énergie nécessaire au broyage de la canne, le taux d’extraction du sucre dans le jus et le pouvoir calorifique de la bagasse. Ces mesures sont ensuite utilisées dans des bilans massique et énergétique de la sucrerie et de la centrale thermique. Ce bilan aboutit à la production de sucre cristallisable, de mélasse et d’électricité sur le réseau.Les résultats indiquent que par rapport à la R579, la variété fibreuse R585 produit 8% de sucre en moins et 51% d’électricité en plus alors que la R570 produit 3,9% de sucre en plus et 27% d’électricité supplémentaire. Par rapport à de la canne propre, une coupe de la canne entière entraine une diminution de la production de sucre de 16% et une augmentation de la production d’électricité de 21%. La coupe de canne avec feuilles entraine une baisse de 4% de la production de sucre et une augmentation de 12% de la production d’électricité
Sugarcane is cultivated to produce sugar en electricity to the grind. Recently, the fibre content of cane delivered to the mill increase. Objective of this works is to determine the influence of cane delivered to the mill with more fibre (due to variety and trash) on cane analysis, sugar mills and energy plant complex performance (sugar, molasses and electricity production).Cane analysis method comparison show that Berding and Pollock method was the most appropriate for sugar, soluble dry matter and fibre in cane measurement.A laboratory cane analysis methodology using a grinder and a press is proposed. Relations are established to calculate according to juice and bagasse analysis, the cane capacity, energy for shredding cane, sugar extraction in juice and bagasse calorific value. Those analysis are used in mass and energy balance through the sugar and cogeneration plant. That balance conduct to crystallisable sugar, molasses and electricity exported.Results shows that compared to R579, the fibre variety R585 produce -8% of sugar and +51% of electricity, the R570 variety produce +3.9% of sugar and +27% of electricity. Compared to clean cane, whole crops harvesting decreased sugar (-16%) and electrical (-21%) production. Cane harvest with leaves conduct to a decrease of sugar (-4%) and increase of electrical (+12%) production

A ocorrência de contaminações de alimentos nas últimas décadas resultaram em maiores demandas por rastreabilidade por parte dos consumidores das cadeias de suprimentos de produtos agroindustriais. Algumas destas demandas se tornaram regulamentações para a comercialização de produtos no mercado internacional. A rastreabilidade diz respeito ao acompanhamento do produto ao longo da cadeia, permitindo a identificação de pontos críticos para o controle da qualidade do produto. Atualmente, as cadeias de granéis sólidos agrícolas voltados à exportação possuem sérios problemas de rastreabilidade: mistura de lotes; roubo; aumento das exigências por informações de qualidade, origem e processos; dificuldade na determinação de lotes no caso de recalls; e ausência de sistemas automáticos e em tempo real. Visando reduzir estes problemas, o objetivo do trabalho foi elaborar um modelo de rastreabilidade para estas cadeias, que permita a coleta e o acesso de informações em tempo real por seus elos. A metodologia utilizada compreendeu quatro etapas: revisão sistemática da literatura, levantamento de informações, elaboração de um modelo de rastreabilidade e elaboração do modelo conceitual de simulação. Analisaram-se aspectos relacionados a custo, impacto de fatores reguladores, gargalos na implementação e critérios de adaptação a outras cadeias. O açúcar foi utilizado como estudo de caso devido à sua importância para o país. Após um estudo das tecnologias disponíveis, optou-se pelo uso da tecnologia de identificação por radiofrequência, pois ela facilita o acompanhamento da movimentação do produto, em conjunto com a tecnologia de redes de sensores sem fio, que visa monitorar as variáveis ambientais às quais o produto é submetido. Caso anomalias com relação a limites pré-estabelecidos sejam detectadas, um sinal de alerta será enviado ao agente responsável, que pode então tomar a decisão necessária. As principais contribuições do trabalho são: o modelo de rastreabilidade proposto, em conjunto com os fatores que devem ser considerados em sua implementação, e o modelo conceitual de simulação desenvolvido para estimar seus impactos em termos de custos, tempos e frequência de erros em comparação à situação atual.
Food contamination events in the past decades have resulted in an increase of the agroindustrial supply chain consumers\' traceability demands. Some of these demands became product import regulations. Traceability is related to product monitoring throughout the supply chain, allowing for the identification of critical quality control points. Currently, the supply chains of bulk agricultural products exported by Brazil have serious traceability problems: lot mixing; product theft; increase in the demand for information related to quality, origin, and processes; difficulty in identifying specific lots in the case of recalls; and lack of automatic and real time systems. The main objective of this research was to develop a traceability model for these chains which allowed for real-time data gathering and information access by its links. The methodology used was divided into four stages: systematic literature review, information gathering, traceability model development, and theoretical simulation model development. The aspects analyzed were related to cost, impact of regulating bodies, implementation bottlenecks, and criteria to be used to adapt the model to other chains. Due to its importance, the sugar supply chain was used as a case study. An analysis of the technologies available led to the choice of radiofrequency identification, because it facilitates monitoring product movement, besides wireless sensor networks, which will monitor the environmental variables in the product surroundings. If anomalies in relation to pre-established limits are detected, an alert signal will be sent to the agents in charge, allowing them to make decisions. The main contributions of this research are: the traceability model developed and the factors that have to be considered during its implementation, and the conceptual simulation model developed to estimate its impacts in terms of cost, time, and error frequency, in comparison to the current situation.

Истраживања из овира овог рада обухватила су испитивање тока ферментације подлога на бази екстракционог, ретког и густог сока као међупроизвода, и меласе као нуспроизвода технологије прераде шећерне репе квасцем Saccharomyces cerevisae. Експериментално је потврђена изводљивост добијања етанола дисконтинуалном ферментацијом екстракционог, ретког и густог сока као и меласе из домаћих фабрика шећера квасцем Saccharomyces cerevisae у биореактору радне запремине 1,5 l.Анализом резултата тока ферментације међупроизвода технологије прераде шећерне репе дефинисани су параметри значајни за моделовање применом поступка одзивне површине функције. За опис одзивних функција броја ћелија квасца, садржаја етанола и укупног садржаја шећера током ферментације испитан је утицај почетног садржаја шећера у опсегу 5-25 % m/v и трајања ферментације у опсегу 0-48 h. Добијени модели допринели су бољем разумевању утицаја различитог почетног садржаја шећера, трајања ферментације и међусобнихи интеракција ових фактора на одабране одзиве тока ферментације хранљивих подлога на бази међупроизвода технологије прераде шећерне репе.Поред наведеног, циљ овог рада обухватио је и дефинисање оптималних вредности почетног садржаја шећера и трајања ферментације екстракционог, ретког и густог сока као међупроизвода и меласе као нуспроизвода технологије прераде шећерне репе, применом методе жељене функције у комбинацији са полиномским зависностима посматраних одзива. За екстракциони сок оптималне вредности варираних параметара, при којим жељена функција има највећу вредност су почетни садржај шећера 12,71 % m/v и трајање ферментације 38 h. Дефинисане оптималне вредности варираних параметара за густи сок су почетни садржај шећера 12,75 % m/v и трајање ферментације 42 h. За меласу су дефинисане следеће оптималне вредности варираних параметара: почетни садржај шећера 11,59 % m/v  и трајање ферментације 34 h.Наставак истраживања је изведен са циљем провере валидности добијених резултата, односно њихове применљивости у увећаним размерама. Добијени резултати тока ферментације у биореактору радне запремине 10 l, при оптималним условима дефинисаним за ферментацију у биореактору радне запремине 1,5 l су у доброј корелацији са вредностима оптимизованих одзива које су предвиђене моделима.
Istraživanja iz ovira ovog rada obuhvatila su ispitivanje toka fermentacije podloga na bazi ekstrakcionog, retkog i gustog soka kao međuproizvoda, i melase kao nusproizvoda tehnologije prerade šećerne repe kvascem Saccharomyces cerevisae. Eksperimentalno je potvrđena izvodljivost dobijanja etanola diskontinualnom fermentacijom ekstrakcionog, retkog i gustog soka kao i melase iz domaćih fabrika šećera kvascem Saccharomyces cerevisae u bioreaktoru radne zapremine 1,5 l.Analizom rezultata toka fermentacije međuproizvoda tehnologije prerade šećerne repe definisani su parametri značajni za modelovanje primenom postupka odzivne površine funkcije. Za opis odzivnih funkcija broja ćelija kvasca, sadržaja etanola i ukupnog sadržaja šećera tokom fermentacije ispitan je uticaj početnog sadržaja šećera u opsegu 5-25 % m/v i trajanja fermentacije u opsegu 0-48 h. Dobijeni modeli doprineli su boljem razumevanju uticaja različitog početnog sadržaja šećera, trajanja fermentacije i međusobnihi interakcija ovih faktora na odabrane odzive toka fermentacije hranljivih podloga na bazi međuproizvoda tehnologije prerade šećerne repe.Pored navedenog, cilj ovog rada obuhvatio je i definisanje optimalnih vrednosti početnog sadržaja šećera i trajanja fermentacije ekstrakcionog, retkog i gustog soka kao međuproizvoda i melase kao nusproizvoda tehnologije prerade šećerne repe, primenom metode željene funkcije u kombinaciji sa polinomskim zavisnostima posmatranih odziva. Za ekstrakcioni sok optimalne vrednosti variranih parametara, pri kojim željena funkcija ima najveću vrednost su početni sadržaj šećera 12,71 % m/v i trajanje fermentacije 38 h. Definisane optimalne vrednosti variranih parametara za gusti sok su početni sadržaj šećera 12,75 % m/v i trajanje fermentacije 42 h. Za melasu su definisane sledeće optimalne vrednosti variranih parametara: početni sadržaj šećera 11,59 % m/v  i trajanje fermentacije 34 h.Nastavak istraživanja je izveden sa ciljem provere validnosti dobijenih rezultata, odnosno njihove primenljivosti u uvećanim razmerama. Dobijeni rezultati toka fermentacije u bioreaktoru radne zapremine 10 l, pri optimalnim uslovima definisanim za fermentaciju u bioreaktoru radne zapremine 1,5 l su u dobroj korelaciji sa vrednostima optimizovanih odziva koje su predviđene modelima.
Research from the framework of this study included the examination of the course of fermentation based on raw, thin and thick juice as intermediate products, and molasses as by-products of sugar beet proccessing by yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The feasibility of ethanol production from raw, thin and thick juice and molasses from local sugar factories was experimentally confirmed in batch fermentation in a bioreactor of working volume 1.5 l. lmportant parameters for modeling of the process using response surface methodology were defined by analyzing the results of the course of fermentation of intermediate products of sugar beet processing. For description of the response function of the number of yeast cells, ethanol content and total sugar content during fermentation, the effects of initial sugar content in the range 5-25% w/v and duration of fermentation in the range 0-4g h were examined. Obtained models have contributed to a better understanding of the impact of different initial sugar content, fermentation time and interactions of these factors on the selected responses of the course of fermentation of culture media based on intermediate products of sugar beet processing.ln addition, the goal of this work included the selection of the optimal values of the initial sugar content and duration of fermentation of raw, thin and thick juice and molasses applying the obtained second-degree polynomial models of the process. Optimal initial sugar content and fermentation time for ethanol production from raw juice were estimated to be 72.71% w/v and 38 h, respectively. For thin juice optimal values of varied parameters were the initial sugar content 12.75% w/v and fermentation time 42 h. The optimal values of initial sugar content and fermentation time for thick juice were defined to be 21,12% w/v and 47 h, respectively. For molasses were defined the following optimal values of varying parameters: the initial sugar content 11,59% w/v and fermentation time 34 h.Further research was performed with the aim of validation of the obtained results and confirmation of their applicability in the enlarged scale. The results obtained during the fermentation in bioreactor of working volume 10 l, under optimal conditions defined for fermentation in the bioreactor of working volume 1.5 l, were in good correlation.

Utilizing Phase Change Materials (PCM) for Latent Thermal Energy Storage (LTES) applications have previously been extensively researched as a measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from energy consumption. In order to make use of the waste heat from industrial processes for LTES purposes, a new demand emerged for PCMs capable of phase change in mid-temperature ranges of 100 °C - 200 °C. This higher temperature requirement made most of the previously studied material inapplicable as they had much lower melting and solidification temperatures. With this in mind, a new generation of PCMs consisting of Sugar Alcohols (SA) has been proposed. Erythritol is seen as an especially promising SA with good thermophysical properties for LTES purposes. However, it has been shown to suffer from severe supercooling, which makes it unreliable in real applications. To eradicate this issue, two additives, Graphene Oxide (GO) and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) at varying mass fractions were mixed with pure erythritol to form a composite which was studied using the Temperature-history (T-history) method to determine its effectiveness in reducing supercooling. Results show that at its most effective mass fraction, GO reduces supercooling by 28 oC and a 31 oC reduction is seen by the addition of PVP. The impacts on the duration of crystallization was also documented and analyzed using the same method. It was observed that the duration of crystallization was increased with increasing mass fractions of the additives. Other important properties of the composites were also studied in order to determine the overall feasibility for industrial applications. It includes analysis of the storage capacity through latent heat, changes in viscosity along with impacts on thermal diffusivity of the composites.
Att använda fasändringsmaterial (PCM) för termisk energilagring i form av latent värme (LTES) har tidigare extensivt forskats och undersökts som en lösning för att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser från energiförbrukning. För att utnyttja spillvärme från industriella processer för LTES-ändamål uppstod en efterfrågan på PCM som ändrar fas i temperaturer mellan 100 °C - 200 °C. Detta krav på högre temperatur gjorde att de flesta av de tidigare aktuella materialen inte kunde tillämpas eftersom de hade mycket lägre smält- och kristalliseringstemperaturer. Med detta i åtanke har en ny generation av PCM bestående av sockeralkoholer (SA) föreslagits. Erytritol ses som ett särskilt lovande SA med goda egenskaper för LTES-ändamål. Den har dock visat sig drabbas av svår underkylning, vilket gör den opålitligt i verkliga tillämpningar. För att utrota detta problem blandades två tillsatser, Graphene Oxide (GO) och Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) vid olika massfraktioner med ren erytritol för att bilda en komposit som studerades med metoden Temperature-history (T-history) för att bestämma dess effektivitet på att minska underkylningen. Resultaten visar att GO på sin mest effektiva massfraktion minskar underkylningen med 28 oC och tillsats av PVP lyckats minska den med som mest 31 oC. Påverkningarna på varaktighet av kristallisering dokumenterades och analyserades med samma metod. Det var observerad att varaktigheten av kristallisering ökades med ökande massfraktioner av tillsatserna. Även andra viktiga egenskaper hos kompositerna studerades för att avgöra rimligheten att använda dessa för industriella tillämpningar. Det inkluderar analys av lagringskapaciteten genom latent värme, förändringar i viskositet tillsammans med påverkan på kompositernas termiska diffusivitet.

Esse estudo teve como objetivo analisar a contribuição das inovações biológicas, consideradas como a introdução de novas variedades de cana-de-açúcar, para a produtividade agrícola dessa cultura no estado de São Paulo em um período recente, mais especificamente para os anos de 1998 a 2009 devido à disponibilidade de dados. Para atingir o objetivo proposto foi construído um índice de novidade varietal para medir o ritmo de adoção de novas variedades de cana-de-açúcar tendo como base o censo varietal do Centro de Tecnologia Canavieira (CTC) localizado em Piracicaba, SP. Além das variáveis índice de novidade varietal, produtividade atingível (como proxy de fatores climáticos) e estágio médio de corte, variáveis econômicas como preço da cana-de-açúcar, preço da terra e preço da mão-de-obra também foram consideradas no modelo econométrico proposto. A metodologia empregada foi a de dados em painel (modelos Pooled ou MQO Agrupado, Efeitos Fixos e Efeitos Aleatórios), com seis regiões para o estado de São Paulo ao longo dos anos 1998 a 2009. Os resultados indicaram que as variáveis mais importantes para explicar a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar foram as variáveis produtividade atingível e o estágio médio de corte, seguido pelo preço da cana-de-açúcar. Em relação à contribuição das inovações biológicas para a produtividade da cana, os resultados indicaram que a introdução de novas variedades não contribuiu significativamente para o aumento da produtividade dessa cultura no estado de São Paulo no período analisado. O índice de novidade varietal e a análise qualitativa do censo varietal indicaram que o ritmo de adoção de novas variedades durante esse período foi baixo, pois a maior parte da área cultivada com cana-de-açúcar nas regiões do estado de São Paulo ainda são ocupadas com variedades desenvolvidas na década de 1980, embora sejam lançadas constantemente novas variedades de cana-de-açúcar pelos programas de melhoramento genético.
This study aimed to analyze the contributions of new varieties of sugarcane to the agricultural productivity in the state of São Paulo during recent years, specifically for the period between 1998 and 2009. To achieve this objective, the varietal newness index was used to measure the pace of adoption of new varieties of sugarcane, and this index was based on the varietal census data of the Sugarcane Technology Center in Piracicaba, SP. In addition to varietal newness index, attainable productivity (which was used as a proxy for climate factors), and average cutting stage, economic variables such as the price of sugarcane, land price, and labor cost were included in the econometric model. The panel data methodology (e.g., pooled, fixed effects, and random effects models) was used for six regions in the state of São Paulo to analyze these variables. Results indicated that the most important variables to explain the productivity of sugarcane in these regions were the attainable productivity and the average cutting stage, followed by the price of sugarcane. The results also indicated that the introduction of new varieties did not contribute significantly to the increased productivity of sugarcane in the state of São Paulo during this period, suggesting no impact of innovative biological contributions to sugarcane productivity. The varietal newness index and a qualitative analysis of varietal census data suggested that the pace of adoption of new varieties during this period was low. Most areas cultivated with sugarcane in these regions were occupied by sugarcane developed in the 1980s, even though new sugarcane varieties are periodically released by breeding programs.

There are presented the following parts in the final master diploma work: introduction, 4 chapters, conclusions and list of literature. Total coverage of diploma work- 57 pages, including 41 pictures and 6 charts. There are presented 51 sources of information. The goal of diploma work- to analyze traditional and protective technology of growth of sugar- beets and machines of soil treatment. To construe the movement of knifes of rotor cultivator in the soil. To investigate and compare sowing, harvest and qualitative indexes of growing the sugar- beets according different technologies. Main tasks of diploma work- to analyze technologies of growth of sugar beets; to overlook machines of soil treatment and their technological processes; to analyze the movement of vertical rotor cultivators and cultivators with horizontal roller in the soil; to investigate the influence of different technologies of soil treatment and sowing to quality of insertion of seeds of sugar- beets and to harvest of sugar beets and it’s qualitative indexes; to evaluate and to compare treatment of soil and sowing technologies of sugar beets by indexes of energy.

O objeto de análise nesta dissertação de mestrado é a cana-de-açúcar. A área abordada é o Estado de São Paulo, e o período, desde sua implantação até os dias atuais. Basicamente dois focos são abordados: o histórico de interiorização dessa cultura agrícola, e o padrão tecnológico em seus campos empregado. Buscou-se interrelacionar os distintos períodos históricos com suas respectivas territorializações e regionalizações. Em seguida é dado maior ênfase no processo de mecanização das atividades vinculadas ao sistema de \"CCT (corte, carregamento e transporte)\" da cana.
The object of analysis in this dissertation is the sugarcane. The area is the state of Sao Paulo, and the period, since its establishment until today. Basically two foci are discussed: the history of the westward displacement of this crop, and the standard technology used in their fields. We attempted to interrelate the different historical periods with their territorialization and regionalization. Then it is given greater emphasis in the process of mechanization of activities related to the \"CLT system (Cutting, Loading and Transport)\" of sugarcane.

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The study has as aim to analyse the main conditions of the evolution of the Paraná State sugar cane agroindustry after the sectorial deregulation according to the neoschumpeterian instrument The use of the neoschumpeterian approach through mainly Nelson and Winter?s Rosenberg?s Freeman?s Dosi?s and Cochrane?s studies are due to the fact that according to this group economic thought there is a competitive dynamics in which the innovation is a central differentiation element among the companies This study is configured as of qualitative nature and for the data collection in the surveys the questionnaire was used as an interrogation technique It must be emphasized the fact that the Paraná State companies which compose the sugar cane agro-industrial sector to be inserted since the sectorial deregulation occured in 1990 in the effective technological paradigm in the sector where it is necessary to be alert to the important attributes for the biggest sectorial competitiveness such as: bigger verification of costs; introduction of innovation in products and processes; and acquisition and construction of abilities and skills in the development of productive technological and organization qualifications The reasonable capacity of adaptation to the conditions of free competition in the Paraná State sugar cane agroindustries in the period of 1990 to 2005 investing in technological innovations of products and processes can be stood out There was in this way a technological heterogeneity where some move away because of the adoption of offensive technological strategies Other excellent results in percentile distribution of the searched companies answers were: the great impact caused by the occured technological innovations in the agricultural area overcoming in a significant way the industrial and administrative areas; and learning-by-interacting as a type of predominant learning in the Paraná State sugar cane agroindustry
O trabalho tem como escopo analisar os principais condicionantes da evolução da agroindústria canavieira paranaense após a desregulamentação setorial à guisa do instrumental neoschumpeteriano A utilização da abordagem neoschumpeteriana por meio principalmente dos trabalhos de Nelson e Winter Rosenberg Freeman Dosi e Cochrane deve-se ao fato de que segundo esta corrente do pensamento econômico existe uma dinâmica competitiva na qual a inovação é um elemento central de diferenciação entre as empresas Este trabalho se configura como de natureza qualitativa e para a coleta de dados nos levantamentos utilizou-se o questionário como técnica de interrogação Deve-se enfatizar o fato de as empresas paranaenses que compõem o setor agroindustrial canavieiro estarem desde a desregulamentação setorial ocorrida em 1990 inseridas no paradigma tecnológico vigente no setor em que importa estar atento a atributos importantes para a maior competitividade setorial tais como: maior apuração de custos; introdução de inovação em produtos e processos; e aquisição e construção de competências e habilidades no desenvolvimento de capacitações produtivas tecnológicas e organizacionais Como resultados a serem ressaltados pode-se citar a razoável capacidade de adaptação às condições de livre concorrência em que se encontraram as agroindústrias canavieiras paranaenses no período de 1990 a 2005 investindo em inovações tecnológicas de produtos e processos Houve neste aspecto uma heterogeneidade tecnológica no qual alguns se distanciam dos demais em função de adoção de estratégias tecnológicas ofensivas Outros resultados relevantes em termos de distribuição percentual das respostas das empresas pesquisadas foram: o grande impacto causado pelas inovações tecnológicas ocorridas na área agrícola superando de maneira significativa as áreas industriais e administrativas; e o learning-by-interacting como tipo de aprendizado predominante na agroindústria canavieira paranaense

A cadeia do açúcar tem sido um dos ícones da economia brasileira por séculos. Em meados da década de 1970, ela passou pela primeira mudança expressiva, a introdução do Proálcool, programa de combustível alternativo apoiado pelo governo. Após a recente virada do século, a cadeia sucroalcooleira passou por nova mudança, dessa vez fomentada pela tecnologia, com a introdução dos motores flex. Na mesma ocasião, algumas empresas iniciaram a comercialização de mais um importante produto, a bioeletricidade, a partir da cogeração de energia elétrica, resultante da queima do bagaço da cana no processo produtivo das usinas, anteriormente realizada para consumo próprio e agora, melhorada e ampliada, também comercializada como novo produto. Em meados da década de 2000, surgiram de forma mais expressiva diversos movimentos de aquisições, fusões e alianças estratégicas, cujos focos prioritários tem sido o mercado e a tecnologia. Tais movimentos envolvem empresas nacionais e transnacionais em diferentes segmentos: petrolíferas, petroquímicas, empresas de biotecnologia com foco no desenvolvimento de novos e processos e produtos, entre outras. Assim, emerge e se configura a cadeia sucroenergética brasileira, objeto de estudo desta pesquisa predominantemente exploratória, que reúne uma ampla base de dados e informações, incluindo entrevistas de executivos, pesquisadores e especialistas da cadeia. Os resultados indicam um fenômeno singular. Os movimentos de aquisições, fusões e alianças estratégicas estão alterando de forma rápida e drástica a configuração da cadeia sucronergética. Aquisições e fusões predominam em se tratando de crescente concentração horizontal e vertical, resultando na formação de grandes empresas ou grupos econômicos que atuam praticamente em todas as etapas da cadeia; enquanto alianças estratégicas predominam em se tratando de parcerias com ênfase em tecnologia, tendo por foco um amplo leque de potenciais inovações em processo (sendo as parcerias baseadas principalmente em contratos) ou produtos (principalmente, joint ventures).
The sugar chain has been one of the icons of the Brazilian economy for centuries. In mid 1970\'s it went through a drastic change with the introduction of \'Proalcool\', an alternative fuel (ethanol) program supported by the Brazilian Government. After the recent turn of the century, the ethanol and sugar chain went through another drastic change, this time triggered by technology, with the introduction of \'flex fuel vehicles\'. At the same time, some companies started to sell a new product: bioelectricity, as a result of the energy generated by the burning of sugar cane bagasse in the boilers; which was previously consumed internally only, but now it has been improved and increased, thus being sold as a new product. In mid 2000\'s, several acquisitions, mergers and strategic alliances started to take place in the chain, whose focus has been, primarily, market and technology. Said movements included transnational companies of different sectors, such as oil and petrochemical, also biotechnology companies focusing on new processes and/or products, among other companies. Thus, emerges the sugar, ethanol and bioenergy chain which is the object of this exploratory research. It sums up an extensive data and information base including interviews with executives, researchers and experts. The results indicate a singular phenomenon. Acquisitions, mergers and strategic alliances are changing in a fast and drastic way the configuration of the chain. However, acquisitions and mergers prevail concerning horizontal and vertical integration, resulting in large companies or economic groups which permeate most of the supply chain; while strategic alliances prevail regarding technology partnerships focusing either a broad portfolio of potential new processes (mostly through contracts i.e. non equity agreements) or new products (mostly through joint ventures).

Rapid depletion of fossil fuel stock with a simultaneous rise in greenhouse gas emissions has led to an increase in the need for alternative energy. Cellulose based biofuels, especially bioethanol is a form of alternative energy that has the potential to replace petrol. The first step in cellulosic bioethanol production is the release of fermentable sugars via pre-treatment. Conventionally, physico-chemical and biological pre-treatment methods are energy intensive, environmentally unfavourable and expensive. This study, however reports on the use of a less energy consuming, cheap and environmental friendly alternative; photocatalysis, to produce fermentable sugars from cellulose. To achieve this, a range of photocatalysts were first screened based on their OH radical production rates using coumarin as a probe. TiO2 P25 was the photocatalyst that was found to have the highest OH radical production rate of 35.6 μM/hr, followed by Pt-C3N4 (0.88 μM/hr) and WO3 (0.28 μM/hr). LaCr-SrTiO3, Cr-SrTiO3 and yellow TiO2 did not produce any OH radicals due to their unsuitable electronic structure. P25 was further used for photocatalytic fermentable sugar production from cellulose. Photocatalytic cellulose I breakdown produced 0.04 % fermentable sugars whereas, with cellulose II feedstock the yield increased to 0.2 %. To further improve the yield, membrane bags were deployed which improved the sugar yields to 0.43 % and 0.71 % respectively from cellulose and cellulose II feedstocks. Photonic efficiencies followed the same trends as the sugar yields. Engineering design was further opted to enhance the sugar yields and hence a stacked frame photocatalytic reactor (SFPR) was designed. Various mixer configurations were designed and their mixing regime was determined using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.1 simulations. Amongst the mixers simulated, an 8-blade Rushton impeller was found to be the best configuration due its superior radial mixing profile and higher fluid velocity. The SFPR was then fabricated and operated with the impeller or a plus shaped magnetic bar as the mixer and the sugar yields were determined. Highest sugar yield and photonic efficiency was obtained from the cellulose II-impeller setup and was calculated to be 2.61 % and 9.45 % respectively. Respective lowest yields were obtained with cellulose I-stirrer bar setup and calculated to be 1.71 % and 5.64 %. Furthermore, the effect of H2O2 on fermentable sugar production was also tested. The cellulose II-stirrer bar configuration yielded 3.15 % fermentable sugars with the addition of 0.01 wt% H2O2 to the reaction mixture. The yield improved significantly to 14.1 % when the concentration of H2O2 was increased to 0.1 wt%.

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Either by environmental, economical, technological or social reasons, the total mechanization of field operations in the cultivation of sugar cane has already been a reality in the sugar cane plantations in Sao Paulo state in which the harvesting operations (mainly cuts) performed by the man beforehand are being systematically replaced by machines, trying to match productivity with sustainability and the development of the field and the city. Within this scenario, the market for machinery and agricultural implements for the harvesting of the sugar cane has grown, but some technological barriers have been identified as effective for the advancement of the mechanization in the harvest of sugar cane: 1) the cleaning system of stems that according to experts, does not promote an efficient cleaning, taking to the plant impurities that compromise the production, 2) the size of the machines, which does not meet the needs of the small and medium producers (the biggest number in the country), 3) a decrease in the weight of the machines, trying to reduce the soil compaction; 4) harvest in several rows (today the harvest is done in the most two rows) to reduce costs of the operation. This work is a result of the research in patent documents to know and to prospect the current state of technological systems for collection, focusing mainly the system of mechanized harvesting of sugar cane and especially the sub-cutting system, building technological indicators to contribute with the advancement of the set of solutions for the accomplishment of the agricultural harvest of the cane. The methodology used in this work was the bibliography in patent documents, in the database Derwent Innovations Index. It was developed using a search expression CIP and the keywords to limit the universe of research in which 587 patent records deemed as relevant were recovered. After processing the data in Infotrans, they were treated with the VantagePoint software which crossed the data and created thesaurus, allowing some inferences. The results identified some scenarios that show the boundaries of the technology in harvesting the sugar cane. It was also possible to identify the countries and the companies that place more patents, and to identify which countries have been trying to use the technology for the mechanization of the harvest. An example is China with a significant participation since 2005 in number of applications for patents. Therefore, it was possible to draw some scenarios that are best explained in Chapter 4: relating to the results achieved.
Seja por questões legais, ambientais, econômicas, tecnológicas ou sociais a mecanização total das operações de campo, no cultivo da cana-de-açúcar, é uma realidade que já se pode observar nos canaviais paulistas onde as operações de colheita (principalmente o corte) que eram realizadas pelo homem vêm sendo, sistematicamente, substituídas por máquinas; buscando aliar produtividade com sustentabilidade para o desenvolvimento do campo e da cidade. Dentro desse cenário, o mercado de máquinas e implementos agrícolas para a colheita da cana-de-açúcar encontra-se aquecido, porém, algumas barreiras tecnológicas são apontadas, na literatura, como entrave para o avanço efetivo da mecanização da colheita da cana-de-açúcar: 1) o sistema de limpeza de colmos que, segundo especialistas, não promovem uma limpeza eficiente levando para a usina muitas impurezas que comprometem a produção; 2) o porte das máquinas, que não atendem aos pequenos e médios produtores (maioria no país); 3) o excessivo peso dos maquinários, que causam compactação do solo; 4) Colheita de apenas duas fileiras (possibilitar a colheita de várias fileiras de cana-de-açúcar para diminuir os custos de operação). Considerando isso, a presente pesquisa é resultado de levantamento em documentos de patentes para prospectar o atual estado tecnológico em sistemas de colheita; focando principalmente o sistema mecanizado de colheita de cana-de-açúcar e, em especial, o subsistema de corte, construindo indicadores tecnológicos que venham contribuir para o avanço do conjunto de soluções agrícolas na realização da colheita mecanizada da cana. A metodologia utilizada nesta dissertação foi o levantamento bibliográfico em documentos de patentes, presentes na base de dados Derwent Innovations Index. Foi desenvolvida uma expressão de busca, utilizando a Classificação Internacional de Patentes CIP; e as palavras-chaves que são limitadores do universo da pesquisa no qual se recuperou 587 registros de patentes considerados relevantes. Após o tratamento desses dados no Infotrans, foram tratados no software VantagePoint que cruzou dados e criou tesauros, possibilitando algumas inferências. Os resultados alcançados permitiram identificar algumas situações que mostram quais são as fronteiras tecnológicas em colheita de cana-de-açúcar. Pode-se identificar, ainda, quais os países e as empresas que mais depositam patentes, além de ter identificado quais países são entrantes na corrida tecnológica para a mecanização da colheita. Um exemplo é a expressiva participação da China, a partir de 2005, em número de pedido de patentes. Com isso, foi possível traçar alguns cenários futuros que são melhor explicitados no terceiro capítulo: referente aos resultados alcançados.

Sugar-lignin bio-refineries using renewable lignocellulosic carbon as an input material could be used in the future to produce a variety of value added products including fuels and specialty chemicals. The bio-refinery aims to replace a proportion of goods currently produced using fossil fuels. Lignocellulosic material has a significant sugar potential in the form of cellulose and hemicellulose and this can be accessed using enzymatic hydrolysis. The lignocellulosic feedstock used in this research was paper pulp derived from municipal solid waste (MSW) and the aim of the work was to maximise the efficiency of producing a concentrated sugar solution from the cellulose (or glucan) component of MSW using commercial enzyme preparations. Analysis of the pulp by acid hydrolysis showed a ratio of 56: 12: 27: 5 of Glucan: Hemicellulosic sugar chains other than glucan: Lignin & pseudo lignin: Ash on total solids (TS). The hydrolysis behaviour of this pulp was similar to that of other lignocellulosic substrates even though the matrix of this material is perhaps more complex. Glucan conversion could be increased by 6% if the pulp was extracted with acetone to remove solvent soluble compounds. Using the additive PEG 6000 increased conversion by 15 % over 48 hours, and allowed a 40 % reduction in the enzyme requirement. PEG also increased the centrifugal dewaterability of the substrate by up to 13%. These results were obtained in single stage batch experiments. It was found, however, that both the glucose concentration in solution and the overall glucan conversion in the substrate could be improved by using a two-stage hydrolysis strategy. Using 50 mg enzyme g-1 pulp at high total solids content >18.5% TS singlestage enzyme hydrolysis gave a maximum glucan conversion of 68%. It was found that two-stage hydrolysis could give higher conversion if sugar inhibition was removed by an intermediate fermentation step between hydrolysis stages. This, however, was not as effective as direct removal of the sugar products, including xylose, by washing of the residual pulp at pH 5. This improved the water availability and allowed reactivation of the pulp-bound enzymes. Inhibition of enzyme activity could further be alleviated by replenishment of β-glucosidase which was shown to be removed during the wash step. The two-stage hydrolysis process developed could give an overall glucan conversion of 88%, with an average glucose concentration of 7.5 wt% in 4 days after combining the hydrolysates of the first and second stage of hydrolysis. The residual washwater from the two-stage hydrolysis with intermediate wash step process contained a dilute amount of sugar. It was found that this washwater could be used as dilution water for a new batch of hydrolysis without any detriment to conversion efficiency. Thus, to further the work above a washwater recycle strategy was applied to the two-stage hydrolysis process. Washwater at various pHs and with or without the addition of PEG 6000 was used as dilution water for a subsequent round of hydrolysis, where up to 6 rounds of 48-hour hydrolysis were completed to reach a steady stage configuration. In these strategies the enzyme dose was reduced to 30 mg C-Tec3 g-1 pulp. Use of a pH 5 or pH 9 wash resulted in an increase in conversion of up to 5% in the first-stage hydrolysis rounds, indicating that enzyme carryover was occurring. The sugar augmentation and enzyme carryover consistently resulted in glucose yields above 7.0 wt% in the first stage hydrolysate when using this lower enzyme dose. The best result achieved in this strategy was obtained when using 0.25 wt% PEG 6000 in the reaction medium and washwater. By reducing the amount of liquid in the second-stage of hydrolysis, it was found that an overall average glucan conversion of 81% could be achieved over the two hydrolysis stages with an average glucose concentration of over 8 wt% in a 4 or 5 day reaction period. This result is significant, as it meets the downstream processing requirements for bioethanol, a major bio-refinery product, and does this with a low enzyme loading. Furthermore, the waste discharge is minimised due to the high glucan conversion.

Cadmium (Cd) concentration in the environment has increased in most recent decades, which represents a serious socio-environmental problem, since Cd is toxic to most living beings. Thus, it is important to reduce the concentration of this metal in contaminated environments, and the use of plants properly supplied with sulfur (S) can contribute to this (phytoextraction), since S is a component of metabolites involved in defense responses against stress caused by Cd. Therefore, our aim with this study was to evaluate the effect of S on i) Cd uptake kinetics, ii) root development and nutrient uptake, iii) metabolic profiling and thiol peptides synthesis, and iv) activity of antioxidant and photosynthetic system of Massai grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Massai) used for Cd phytoextraction. The studies were carried out in a greenhouse conditions using pots of 0.5 and 2.0 L for development of the study about Cd uptake kinetics (treatments represented by combinations of S: 0.1 and 1.9 mmol L-1 and Cd concentrations: 0.1 and 0.5 mmol L-1) and Cd detoxification mechanisms (treatments represented by combinations of S: 0.1, 1.9 and 3.7 mmol L-1 and Cd concentrations: 0.0, 0.1 and 0.5 mmol L-1), respectively. Pots were distributed in randomized blocks, with four replications. Plants used in Cd kinetics study were exposed to treatments for 14 days after they remained in solutions containing only S for 42 days, while plants used in Cd detoxification study were exposed to treatments for 9 days after growing in solutions containing only S for 44 days. At the end of studies, plants used were harvested and sent for analysis. Maximum uptake rate (Vmax) and Cd apoplastic influx of Massai grass exposed to highest Cd concentration was highest when the plants were supplied with highest S concentration. The root development of Massai grass was strongly inhibited when plants were exposed to 0.5 mmol L-1 Cd, but proper (1.9 mmol L-1) S supply allowed highest Cd uptake, while excessive S supply (3.7 mmol L-1) decreased iron plaques formation in the roots of plants. Lysine, cysteine, ornithine, arginine, tryptophan and histidine were accumulated in more than one tissue in plants exposed to Cd, as well as galactinol. Glutathione (GSH), phytochelatins (PCs) and their homologues were strongly induced by Cd, whereas plants supplied with 1.9 and/or 3.7 mmol L-1 S showed the highest concentrations of these peptides. Plants supplied with highest S concentration showed lowest lipid peroxidation and highest photosynthetic rate, which evidences that antioxidant system of these plants was more efficient in mitigating the damages caused by Cd. In view of these results, it is clear that Massai grass properly supplied with S shows greatest Cd tolerance, as well as phytoextraction potential
A concentração de cádmio (Cd) no ambiente aumentou em décadas recentes, o que representa sério problema sócio-ambiental, visto que o Cd é tóxico para a maioria dos seres vivos. Por isso, é importante reduzir a concentração desse metal em ambientes contaminados e o uso de plantas adequadamente supridas com enxofre (S) pode contribuir para isso (fitoextração), uma vez que o S é componente de metabólitos envolvidos no combate ao estresse causado pelo Cd. Assim, o nosso objetivo com esse estudo foi avaliar o efeito do S na i) cinética de absorção do Cd, no ii) desenvolvimento radicular e na absorção de nutrientes, no iii) perfil metabólico e síntese de compostos tiol, e iv) na atividade do sistema antioxidante e fotossintético do capim-massai (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Massai), utilizado para fitoextração de Cd. Os estudos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação utilizando-se vasos de 0,5 e 2,0 L para a condução do estudo de cinética de absorção de Cd (tratamentos representados pelas combinações das doses de S de 0,1 e 1,9 mmol L-1 e Cd de 0,1 e 0,5 mmol L-1) e para o estudo dos mecanismos de detoxificação de Cd (tratamentos representados pelas combinações das doses de S de 0,1; 1,9 e 3,7 mmol L-1 e Cd de 0,0; 0,1 e 0,5 mmol L-1), respectivamente. Os vasos foram distribuídos em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. As plantas utilizadas no estudo de cinética foram expostas aos tratamentos durante 14 dias após as mesmas terem permanecido em soluções contendo apenas S durante 42 dias, enquanto as plantas utilizadas no estudo de detoxificação de Cd foram expostas aos tratamentos pelo período de 9 dias após terem crescido em soluções contendo apenas S por 44 dias. Ao final dos estudos, as plantas utilizadas foram colhidas e encaminhadas para análises. A velocidade máxima de absorção (Vmax) e o influxo apoplástico de Cd do capim-massai exposto à maior dose de Cd foram maiores quando as plantas foram supridas com a maior dose de S. O desenvolvimento radicular do capim-massai foi fortemente inibido quando as plantas foram expostas à dose de Cd de 0,5 mmol L-1, mas o adequado (1,9 mmol L-1) suprimento de S permitiu maior absorção de Cd, enquanto o suprimento excessivo (3,7 mmol L-1) de S diminuiu a formação de placas de ferro nas raízes das plantas. A lisina, cisteína, ornitina, arginina, triptofano e histidina foram acumulados em mais de um tecido nas plantas expostas ao Cd, assim como o galactinol. A glutationa (GSH), as fitoquelatinas (PCs) e seus homólogos foram fortemente induzidos pelo Cd, sendo que as plantas supridas com as doses de S de 1,9 e/ou 3,7 mmol L-1 apresentaram as maiores concentrações desses peptídeos. As plantas supridas com as maiores doses de S apresentaram menor peroxidação lipídica e maior taxa fotossintética, o que demonstra que o sistema antioxidante dessas plantas foi mais eficiente na atenuação dos danos causados pelo Cd. Diante desses resultados, fica claro que o capim-massai suprido adequadamente com S apresenta maior tolerância ao Cd, assim como maior potencial de fitoextração

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
熱帶農業暨國際合作研究所
93
The culture area of sugar apple in Taitung country is approximately to 4,639 hectares. There are many success or failure factors of the management of sugar apple industry; the plant disease and pest controls whether succeeds is one of the factors. The farmer use mostly blast-sprayer to perform spraying work at present, and the spraying dose is approximately by 800-1000 l/ha. Compare to the artificial spray dose by 1000-1200 l/ha, blast sprayer is more saving, and it could reduce the spray dose and the influence of ecological environment because of the spray after the long-term observation. Only there is no data established by the study of the relationship of the spray attachment quantity and the plant disease and pest controls in sugar apple orchard. So, this study try to establish the most economic spraying technology model by blast-sprayer and to reduce the spray dose and the influence of ecological environment. The study tests the attachment ability of the spray particles on the fruit leaf blade and back by blast-sprayer in the sugar apple orchard hanging the water-sensitive paper, and performs the disease and pest control experiment compared to artificial spray. The result shows that the attachment quantity of fruit leaf blade above 70% are all above 90%, and of fruit leaf back above 50% are all above 90% by 900 l/ha, 800 l/ha, 700l/ha with blast-sprayer and 1,000 l/ha with man-power. In whitefly control, the control rate of blast-sprayer respectively is 93.6%, 95.7%, and 93.2% ; compare to artificial spray of 95%, both have the outstanding control effect. The difference between blast-sprayer and artificial spray is not significant, but compared to non-spray is significant, or in whitefly control with blast-sprayer, the spray dose of 700 l/ha has the outstanding control effect, and saves the spray dose of 30% by 1,000 l/ha with artificial spray.

碩士
國立成功大學
環境工程學系
103
Selective fermentation realized by invertase-defective yeasts that convert only the reducing sugars in a mixed saccharide (e.g. sugarcane juice) into ethanol is an emerging process technology in sugarcane industry. This technology opens possibilities in stabilization and enhancement of total productivity of sugar and ethanol, as productive and stronger cultivars that have higher content of reducing sugar becomes a potential raw material in sugar mills. To trigger the system-wide innovation of this technology, the changes in stability and enhancement of productivity must be described by changes in cultivars and cropping schedules. Here, a descriptive model developed in this study highlights consequences of introduction of selective fermentation technology considering a given scenario on choice of cultivars and cropping schedules. Moreover, utilizing a prototype database, design of scenarios based on optimization techniques are demonstrated. The results from demonstrative scenario design indicate the potential advantages of selective fermentation technology in combination with a cane cultivar with high yield, high biomass and reducing sugar content on Tanegashima Island of Japan. The study also indicates the new requirement on data from sugarcane cultivation, such as a wider range of growth profiles (stalk weight, composition), growth and harvest observations of perennial ratoon and rate of physical damage by typhoon by varied rationing months. Future directions of study including directions in enhancement of the model and database are discussed.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
健康促進與衛生教育學系
107
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the behavior of Miaoli Technology Company Staffs taking Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) by adopting the cross-sectional investigation method. For this study, we have included factors such as staff’s background, rationale for buying SSBs, their knowledge on SSBs, attitude of SSBs, and refusing to take the relationship between the self-efficacy of SSBs . In this study we have collected 233 valid questionnaires (with an effective recovery rate of 89.61%) from the employees of a technology company in Miaoli. We can revealed the following conclusions form from the questionnaire： 1. These subjects come from Miaoli Technology Company which is a predominantly male environment (about 66.52%), and their age range are around 30-39 (45.49%), and their education level is the highest in the specialist and university (42.92%). In these samples about 48.07% have a good sleep quality and about 67.38% of them can get SSBs from home or work place within five minutes. 80.26% of employees feel that it is "convenient" to get SSBs in their living . The main resource about SSBs information that they can get is from the Internet. The main choice consideration of SSBs is based on "their taste flavor". The subjects intake SSBs is 2,335 ml per week and the main categories of them were tea and coffee. 2. There is significance relation between the knowledge of SSBs, age and educational level. Employees under the age of 39 and those with a master's degree or above have better knowledge of SSBs. There is significance relation between the attitude of SSBs, gender and age . Employees under the age 40-49 year olds and female have better attitude of SSBs. There is significance relation between the self-efficacy of refusing SSBs , age. Employees under the age 40-49 year olds have better self-efficacy of SSBs. 3. The behavior of these subjects in intaked SSBs varies significantly depending on their "gender", "age " and "educational level". Among these subjects, male employees who fall under the age of 39 (including), with High school education level intakes more sweetened beverages. The attitude of SSBs and the self-efficacy of refusing SSBs shows negative correlation between taking and refusing to intakes sweetened beverages. 4. In this study the variances of SSBs intakes which could be explained by all research variables was up to 51.1%. The main predictors are gender, age, educational level, the attitude of SSBs , the self-efficacy of refusing SSBs, frequency of contact with SSBs and purchasing condition. The most important predictor toward SSBs intakes was self-efficacy of refusing SSBs. 5. According to the result of this research, many suggestions were presented to health authorities and workplace health service medical staff. These suggestions includes specifications on the avoid SSBs course content design, and Priority implementation people, strengthening the supply of workplace foods, increasing health awareness thru information management , Establish a healthy workplace sugar-free beverages support environment and policy. It can be expected to help the establishment of a healthy workplace environment to improve the physical health of employees, increase work efficiency and output, and reduce diseases caused by diseases. The cost of absence from sick leave, which in turn makes employers agree that promoting workplace health promotion is the most effective investment.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
生物產業機電工程學研究所
89
This study focuses on using near infrared (NIR) technology to investigate the sugar content and acidity in grape and mango using pre- and post-dispersive spectrophotometers. The calibration models of sugar content and acidity are developed and applied to design an on-line NIR inspection system. The spectra of juices and intact fruits were scanned and analyzed, and then the results points out that all the best analyzed model were modify partial least square regression (MPLSR) instead of the best grape juice transmittance spectra absorption of sugar content is multiple linear regression (MLR) with five wavelengths combination (2272, 2280, 1874, 1732, and 1436 nm) in the second derivative, which is rc=0.991, SEC=0.195, rp=0.990, and SEP=0.210. The best result of in grape juice is given by MPLSR method (first derivative , wavelength range: 800~1000＋1300~1500＋1600~1900＋2350~2450nm), which is rc=0.982, SEC=0.023, rp=0.976, and SEP=0.026. The post-dispersive model gets better results than the pre-dispersive in the analysis of pulp reflection spectra, and the results about sugar content and acidity of graph is better than mango. The best results of sugar content of graph are rc=0.961, SEC=0.416, rp=0.950, and SEP=0.463 (second derivative, wavelength range: 800~1100 nm), and the best acidity result is rc=0.935, SEC=0.042, rp=0.894, and SEP=0.052 (first derivative, wavelength range: 400~2500 nm). The best result of sugar content of mango is rc=0.938, SEC=0.601, rp=0.915, and SEP=0.649 (first derivative, wavelength range: 700~1300 nm), and the acidity result is rc=0.782, SEC=0.031, rp=0.749, and SEP=0.030 (first derivative, wavelength range: 500~2100 nm). The developed on-line NIR inspection system for measuring sugar content and acidity in fruits, which using post-dispersive model and dynamic-data-exchange (DDE) programming, was successfully designed. This computer controlled integrates NIR scanning, conveying mechanism, program logical controller and computer infacing. The investigation of system performance gave satisfactory results.

碩士
國立中興大學
生物產業機電工程學系所
96
In this study, the near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS, Kubota K-BA100) was used to determinate the reflective spectra of the banana, in the wavelength range from 500nm to 1010nm, and to analyze and compare it with the actual sugar content of the cut banana. By applying multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis, the correlation of sugar content and second derivative spectra could be obtained. From the results of analysis, the total calibration equation is better acquired when it consists of 6 wavelengths (i.e. 924nm, 782nm, 874nm, 814nm, 882nm and864nm). The calibration group is with RC=0.854, SEC=0.758˚Brix, the first prediction set is with RP=0.777, SEP=1.045˚Brix and the random set is with RP=0.770, SEP =1.151˚Brix. The sugar calibration equation is established in order to probe into the relationships among sugar content, vibration influence, and the ethylene absorbability during the store and transport process. These results are to manage the problem in a long-term transport when bananas are too mature to be sold. From the data we knew that the sugar content curve of the banana post-maturity within 6 ˚Brix shows a linear graph. Therefore, the analysis basis of this experimental design is from 4 ˚Brix to 6 ˚Brix (The store term is about 13 days). The conclusion is that when the banana is stored under 13℃ and is taken 4g/per kg ethylene absorbent, the maturity speed of bananas is moderated because the two conditions help restrain the ethylene from the ripening bananas and from the vibration influence. The vibration influence caused by the rub of the fruit skin leads to the increase of ethylene, with the obvious difference of P-value=0.023. Between the analysis of the banana sugar content and the regression analysis of the fruit solidity, the correlation coefficient, R = -0.899, and they prove that fruit solidity and sugar content are relatively existed.

碩士
中原大學
室內設計研究所
103
The economic development of Taiwan was triggered with agriculture. Along with the global trend of industry and business development, the appearance and function of agriculture villages vary continuously. Agriculture village area, population and field distribution area decrease largely. To catch up with the trend of the time, the essential factors to enhance competitive capability and productivity of agriculture are the implementation of high technology and new economic mode. Lately a new technology named HPP, high pressure processing which is famed as a revolution of food industry and a technology of top 10, is imported. It goes not only with the 21st century consuming demand of simple, safe, and natural nutrients, also brings great potential of agriculture processing and market development. The motive of this study expects to adopt high technology of agriculture processing to promote the value-added and food safety of agriculture products so as to easily acquire natural safe fresh agriculture products; moreover, and to develop the space planning of creative living industry of agriculture story house. The study contains 3 specific objects as exploring the current situation and strait of the native agriculture houses, analyzing the influence of agriculture processing technology, as well as the plan and space design to apply creative life industry and HPP technology into native agriculture houses. This study starts from the research of literatures. With the background of multi-dimension appearances of cultural and creative industry, applying the concept of creative life industry and OTOP, One Town One Product, the study combines high aesthetic sense, deep experience and core competence concepts to form the structure. Following with the observation of HPP technology industry, native industry culture houses and sugar cane industry current situation, it raises an example case of sugar cane story house to appear and perform the convergence of design ideas and elements to implement in sugar cane story house so as to prospect the potential for long-lasting development of relevant cases.

In our current environment virtually any information, including health-related data, can be readily accessible due to the ubiquity of smart devices and health monitoring smart device accessories, such as activity, sleep, heart rate, pulse, and blood pressure tracking devices. However, currently available self-monitoring devices are restricted to extra-corporeal data, leaving many important physiological parameters such as glucose, hormone, and electrolyte level changes uncharted. Of notable interest in the area of self-monitoring is that of blood glucose levels in the pre-diabetic population. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices utilised by diabetics are invasive and cost prohibitive for general consumers and therefore uncommonly used pre-diagnosis. These devices are thus unlikely to enable the lifestyle changes and administration of the appropriate adjustments in a timely manner to pre-diabetics, which may prevent the progression to diabetes. This dissertation discusses and demonstrates the development of a minimally invasive wearable device for the continuous sensing of glucose, with Bluetooth wireless connectivity to enable data transfer to a smart device. Three major components of this device are: 1) microneedles, which serve to penetrate the skin to access the underlying dermal interstitial fluid, and to immobilise the glucose sensor; 2) fluorescent glucose sensor, which senses glucose in the dermal interstitial fluid whilst being immobilised to the microneedles; and 3) wearable fluorescence detection system, which interrogates and evaluates the light signal generated by the microneedle sensing platform. The microneedles are unique compared to the previous microneedle sensing devices, in that the sensing moiety can be chemically integrated into the microneedles to allow for continuous fluid sampling and analyte monitoring to take place simultaneously in situ. Glucose sensing is enabled by modular fluorescent sensors, consisting of glucose receptors, a reporting fluorophore, and an immobilisation site. The wearable fluorometer is 5.1 x 3.2 x 1.9 cm in dimension, is battery-powered, has an adjustable dynamic range, and exhibits fluorescence detection capability comparable to that of the gold standard microplate reader device. In vitro and in vivo assessments demonstrate that the microneedle sensing platform and the detector are able to perform their intended functions, and more importantly, can be integrated compatibly into the final envisioned system. Beyond the intended overall application of continuous glucose monitoring, each component and their fabrication methods have the potential to be utilised for the continuous monitoring of other health metrics. When these components are assembled, the end product is a wearable continuous sensing system that is easy to use, almost painless, minimally invasive, and overall, accessible in terms of convenience and cost to the general consumer.

Tese de doutoramento em Ciências (ramo de conhecimento em Biologia)
Bread is a central dietary item in most countries of the world. Currently, frozen dough technology is extensively used in the baking industry to supply oven-fresh bakery products to consumers and to improve labor conditions for bakers. Since freeze–thaw stress affects the viability and activity of yeast cells, one serious disadvantage of this technology is a significant reduction in leavening activity during frozen storage. To develop improved baker’s yeasts for use in frozen-doughs, yeast strains with high freeze tolerance as well as mechanisms of the freeze–thaw stress response in yeast cells, have been investigated with great interest. Torulaspora delbrueckii strains PYCC 5321 and PYCC 5323, isolated from traditional corn and rye bread are of potential industrial interest since they display high resistance to osmotic and Na+ injury and an exceptional freeze/ thaw tolerance, making them suitable for frozen dough technology. However, few reports exist on the genetics, biochemistry and physiology of T. delbrueckii in contrast to the vast knowledge on the traditional baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, constituting a draw back for their commercial application. Variability among T. delbruecckii strains PYCC 5321 and PYCC 5323 has been neither fully investigated nor reported by molecular typing. Therefore, we performed the molecular characterization of these yeast strains by both mitochondrial DNA restriction pattern analysis (RFLP's) and electrophoretic karyotyping, and showed that strain delimitation within the species T. delbrueckii by these methods is possible. In addition, we propose the use of RFLP's of mitochondrial DNA as an accessible molecular method to routinely discriminate T. delbrueckii strains. For a better evaluation of the potential offered by this yeast to the baking industry we have also characterized sugar utilization patterns, and respiration/fermentation rates. Our results show that T. delbruecki behaves very similarly to S. cerevisiae with respect to sugar utilization and regulation patterns. However, when compared to a baker’s yeast strain of S. cerevisiae, T. delbrueckii showed a higher contribution of respiration during aerobic fermentation of glucose, sucrose and maltose. This was evidenced by biomass yields determined in YP medium with either glucose, sucrose or maltose, which showed a very significant increase when high aeration rates were used (from 20% increase, in glucose or sucrose medium, to 80%, in maltose medium). This trait represents an advantage for the large-scale production of baker’s yeast. As shown for S. cerevisiae, we also have shown that sugar transport is the rate limiting step of sugar utilization in rich media in T. delbrueckii. In Chapter 4 we have cloned and functionally characterized a new transporter gene from T. delbrueckii, IGT1, which encodes an intermediate-affinity glucose transporter. IGT1, is located upstream of LGT1, the first hexose transporter described in T. delbrueckii, and displays a high homology to this gene and to other yeast glucose transporter genes. Functional characterization of Igt1p in a S. cerevisiae hxt-null strain revealed that it encodes a transporter able to mediate the uptake of glucose, fructose and mannose. Furthermore, similarly to S. cerevisiae Hxt2p, apparent Km of Igt1 transporter can be modulated by medium glucose concentration. Cells of S. cerevisiae hxt-null strain transformed with IGT1, when grown in 0.1% glucose displayed biphasic uptake kinetics with an intermediate- (Km = 6.5 ± 2.0 mM) and a high-affinity (Km = 0.10 ± 0.01 mM) component. Evidences that point to the existence of several hexose transporters with different glucose affinities and regulation in T. delbrueckii are also presented. Additionally, we have also established an improved gene disruption method for T. delbrueckii, and using this method constructed a Δlgt1 strain. Analysis of this mutant revealed that LGT1 disruption leads to a significant, although not severe, decrease in glucose transport in comparison with the wild-type strain. Finally, special attention was given to yeast freeze resistance. The mechanisms of freeze tolerance and freeze sensitivity in yeast are still poorly understood and are an important issue to be solved for the development of bakers' yeast strains that are more suitable for the frozen-dough process. In a previous work it was shown that the higher freeze resistance of the T. delbrueckii strains under study, could be attributed to their higher capacity to preserve plasma membrane integrity. In S. cerevisiae a decrease in temperature induces the expression of many genes, some of which result in a cold-sensitivity phenotype when deleted. However, little is known about the role played by many cold-responsive genes, and the regulatory mechanisms that control their response. HSP12 gene is one of these genes. Furthermore, it was shown that Hsp12p could be localized at the plasma membrane making it a good candidate for a role in the preservation of membrane integrity during freezing. Chapter 6 focuses on the cold-shock responses of a Δhsp12 mutant, emphasizing the Hsp12p contribution to freeze tolerance and its relation with trehalose. We show that Hsp12p plays a role in cryoresistance, although the hsp12 null mutant revealed to be more resistant to freezing than the wild type strain. We found that stationary-phase cells of the Δhsp12 mutant have a higher intracellular trehalose concentration than wild type cells that could account for its higher resistance. However, heat-induced trehalose accumulation is impaired in this mutant. Overexpression of HSP12 in a Δtps1 strain (not able to accumulate trehalose) allowed to demonstrate a clear increase in resistance to freezing storage and also to heat stress. Exploitation of yeast activities in the bread-making industry requires fundamental knowledge of their ecology, physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology. This knowledge, to which this work aimed to contribute, provides the base for genetic improvement strategies, and the new molecular methods for yeast identification and characterization, open up the possibility for future innovation in bakers’ yeasts.
O pão constitui um alimento essencial para uma dieta saudável a nível mundial. Actualmente, a utilização de massas congeladas na indústria da panificação apresenta várias vantagens, como o fornecimento aos consumidores de produtos de padaria e pastelaria sempre frescos e a melhoria das condições de trabalho, contribuindo para a sua expansão e aceitação. Os danos provocados pelo congelamento/ descongelamento afectam a viabilidade e a actividade das células de levedura, conduzindo a uma redução significativa na sua capacidade de levedação das massas. Com o objectivo de desenvolver leveduras de panificação melhoradas para aplicação em massas panares congeladas, têm-se estudado e procurado estirpes de levedura com elevada crioresistência, assim como investigado mecanismos envolvidos na resposta ao stress provocado pelo congelamento/ descongelamento. As estirpes de Torulaspora delbrueckii PYCC 5321 e PYCC 5323, isoladas do pão tradicional de milho e de centeio, possuem grande interesse com potencial aplicação na indústria da panificação. De facto, estas estirpes apresentam elevada resistência ao stresse osmótico e ao Na+ e uma tolerância excepcional ao congelamento/ descongelamento, tornando-as apropriadas para o uso em massas panares congeladas. No entanto, existem poucos estudos de caracterização genética, bioquímica ou fisiológica da levedura T. delbrueckii, contrastando com o vasto conhecimento existente sobre a levedura tradicional de panificação Saccharomyces cerevisiae, o que constitui uma desvantagem para a aplicação comercial desta levedura não convencional. As estirpes T. delbruecckii PYCC 5321 e PYCC 5323 foram anteriormente caracterizadas por estudos fisiológicos e bioquímicos, no entanto a sua variabilidade molecular não tinha ainda sido investigada. Por outro lado, também não se encontrava descrito um método expedito de tipagem molecular para diferenciação à estirpe de isolados de T. delbruecckii. Por essa razão, realizámos uma caracterização das estirpes PYCC 5321 e PYCC 5323, por análise de restrição de DNA mitocondrial (RFLP) e de cariotipagem electroforética, demonstrando que é possível a sua distinção/ diferenciação através destes dois métodos. Adicionalmente, propomos o uso de RFLP do DNA mitocondrial como um método molecular para a discriminação de rotina de estirpes de T. delbrueckii. Para melhor avaliar o potencial biotecnológico desta levedura caracterizámos os seus padrões de utilização de açúcares e respectivas taxas de respiração/ fermentação. Os resultados mostraram que T. delbruecki se comporta de uma forma idêntica a S. cerevisiae, no que diz respeito aos padrões de utilização e regulação de açúcares. No entanto, quando comparada a uma estirpe de panificação de S. cerevisiae, T. delbrueckii mostrou uma maior contribuição da respiração durante a fermentação aeróbia da glucose, sacarose e maltose. Este aspecto foi evidenciado pelo aumento significativo dos rendimentos em biomassa, determinados em meio YP suplementado com os diferentes açúcares e usando taxas de arejamento elevadas. Esta característica representa uma clara vantagem para a produção em larga escala de levedura de panificação. De acordo com o descrito em diferentes trabalhos para S. cerevisiae, os estudos aqui descritos mostraram que em T. delbrueckii o transporte constitui o passo limitante no consumo de maltose e glucose. No Capítulo 4 descreve-se a clonagem e caracterização funcional de um novo gene transportador de T. delbrueckii, IGT1, que codifica um transportador com afinidade intermédia para a glucose. Este gene, localiza-se a montante e na mesma cadeia do gene LGT1, o primeiro transportador de hexoses descrito em T. delbrueckii. Ambos os genes possuem elevada homologia com outros genes transportadores de glucose em leveduras. A caracterização funcional da proteína Igt1p na estirpe mutante hxt de S. cerevisiae revelou que este gene codifica um transportador capaz de mediar o transporte de glucose, frutose e manose. Tal como se verificou para o transportador Hxt2p de S. cerevisiae, o Km do transportador Igt1 pode ser modulado pela concentração de glucose no meio de cultura. Células da estirpe mutante de S. cerevisiae, transformadas com o gene IGT1 e cultivadas em glucose 0,1%, mostraram uma cinética de transporte de glucose bifásica, constituída por uma componente de afinidade intermédia (Km = 6.5 ± 2.0 mM) e outra de alta afinidade (Km= 0.10 ± 0.01 mM). Os resultados apresentados sugerem ainda a existência de outros transportadores de hexoses com diferentes afinidades para a glucose em T. delbrueckii. Adicionalmente, foi desenvolvido um método melhorado de interrupção de genes em T. delbrueckii, com o qual foi possível obter a estirpe mutante Δlgt1. A interrupção do gene LGT1 resultou num decréscimo significativo embora não acentuado do transporte de glucose comparativamente com a estirpe selvagem. Por fim foi dada especial atenção à resistência ao congelamento em leveduras. Os mecanismos de tolerância e sensibilidade ao congelamento em leveduras constituem um assunto importante para o desenvolvimento de estirpes de panificação mais adequadas ao processo de congelamento de massas panares. Num trabalho anterior, foi demonstrado que a resistência ao congelamento das estirpes de T. delbrueckii aqui em estudo, poderia ser atribuída à sua maior capacidade de preservação da integridade da membrana. Em S. cerevisiae, uma diminuição da temperatura induz a expressão de vários genes, alguns dos quais originam um fenótipo de sensibilidade ao frio quando removidos. No entanto, pouco se sabe acerca do papel desempenhado por muitos destes genes e dos mecanismos reguladores que controlam esta resposta. O gene HSP12 é um desses genes. Além disso, a proteína Hsp12 parece estar localizada na membrana plasmática o que a torna uma boa candidata para um papel na preservação da integridade membranar durante o congelamento. O Capítulo 6 descreve as respostas ao frio do mutante Δhsp12, dando ênfase ao contributo da proteína Hsp12p na tolerância ao congelamento e à sua relação com a trealose. Os resultados demonstram que a proteína Hsp12 desempenha um papel na crioresistência apesar do mutante nulo no gene hsp12 se ter revelado mais resistente ao congelamento do que a estirpe selvagem. De facto, a estirpe mutante Δhsp12, apresentou uma concentração intracelular de trealose mais elevada quando comparada com a estirpe selvagem, o que parece justificar a sua maior crioresistência. A sobreexpressão do gene HSP12 na estirpe Δtps1 (que não tem capacidade de acumular trealose) revelou um claro aumento na tolerância ao congelamento bem como na resposta ao stress induzido pelo aumento da temperatura. Apesar do mutante Δhsp12 apresentar uma maior acumulação de trealose em fase estacionária, esta acumulação encontra-se diminuída em resposta ao choque térmico, parecendo indicar que a proteína Hsp12 tem também um papel na resistência a temperaturas elevadas. A utilização de leveduras na indústria de panificação requer um conhecimento aprofundado da sua ecologia, fisiologia, bioquímica e biologia molecular. O trabalho desenvolvido no âmbito desta tese pretendeu contribuir para este conhecimento e para o fornecimento de novas estratégias de biologia molecular para a identificação e caracterização destas leveduras, abrindo novas possibilidades para a inovação em leveduras de panificação.

Crystallization is done in the sugar industry using natural circulation vacuum evaporative crystallizers known as vacuum pans. the fluid which is known as massecuite consists of a suspension of crystals in concentrated molasses. It is highly viscous and slightly non-Newtonian, and laminar conditions prevail in the apparatus. Research on forced convection boiling heat transfer, pressure drop and vapour holdup has been done mostly in turbulent flow under pressures higher than atmospheric, but no studies have been made when boiling viscous fluids under vacuum. This thesis describes a series of experiments which were undertaken with the following objectives: (a) to determine the influence of the pertinent variables on heat transfer, friction losses and vapour holdup while boiling under laminar conditions (b) to produce a method for the calculation of the evaporation and circulation rates in vacuum pans, as this would make possible the optimization of this type of equipment. The apparatus used consisted of a single tube steam heated forced circulation evaporator. The void fraction, pressure and centerline temperature were measured along the tube. The fluids used were syrup, molasses and massecuite covering a thousandfold change in viscosity. The tests were conducted under different conditions of vacuum and steam pressures with varying tube inlet velocities. The experimental results show that the boiling heat transfer coefficient can be correlated as a function of the two phase Reynolds number and dimensionless density ratio and that it is inversely proportional to the tube length to the power of one third. The pressure drop can be estimated using the equation of Oliver and Wright (1964) for bubbly flow. Equations are proposed for calculating the void fraction in the highly subcooled region and point of bubble departure. These equations form the basis of a computer program which by a stepwise and iterative method simulates the boiling process along the tube. Measurements taken on a natural circulation pan with tubes of different length show that this method predicts the effect of the tube length with reasonable accuracy. The limitations of this study are that the experiments were done with a single diameter tube so that the effect of diameter has not been established with certainty. Only sugar products were used in the experiments, and caution is necessary if this method is applied to other fluids.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1985.

碩士
中臺科技大學
醫療暨健康產業管理系碩士班
102
Objective: To comprehend correlations between the sugar-sweetened beverage consumption behavior of college students and its impact factors to serve as references for relevant organizations in drafting the health promoting program of rejecting sugar-sweetened beverages. Method: The subjects of the study were students of the day school of a certain university of science and technology in Taichung, and two-step stratified proportional sampling was adopted in March, 2014 to conduct a self-administered structured questionnaire with 541 copies of the questionnaire being retrieved. Results: The frequency of the subjects consuming sugar-sweetened beverages was 1.1 times each week on average. The subjects held negative attitudes toward sugar-sweetened beverages (2.3 points), held positive attitudes toward rejecting sugar-sweetened beverages in the aspect of self-efficacy (3.5 points) and held negative attitudes toward social support from their families, peers and teachers regarding consuming sugar-sweetened beverages (2.7 points). In respect to different stages of the subjects rejecting sugar-sweetened beverages, 15.0% of them were in the unintentional stage, 26.9% in the intentional stage, 5.2% in the preparation stage, 33.8% in the action stage, and 19.1% in the maintenance stage. Important factors that influenced “the sugar-sweetened beverage consumption behavior of college students” included “weekly expenses for sugar-sweetened beverages,” “the frequency of information about sugar-sweetened beverages,” “locations where they purchased sugar-sweetened beverages most often,” “self-efficacy of rejecting sugar-sweetened beverages,” “self-perceived body build” and “health factor,” and the explanatory power of the study was 23.8%. Conclusion: When college students spent more money on sugar-sweetened beverages each week, contacted information about the beverages more often, went to more locations to purchase the beverages, had lower self-efficacy of rejecting the beverages, were more satisfied with their body build and considered health factors less in purchasing beverages of this kind, they tended to drink sugar-sweetened beverages more often. The study suggests that different educational programs regarding rejecting sugar-sweetened beverages be designed for college students in different stages of rejecting beverages of this kind. Moreover, a physical environment of drinking only sugar-free drinks and boiled water should be established in colleges to enhance college students' skills of rejecting sugar-sweetened beverages.

The Enlightenment did not end with the French Revolution but extended into the nineteenth century, effecting a transformation to modernity. By 1850, science became increasingly institutionalized and technology hastened transmission of cultural exchange. Restricting Enlightenment to solitary movements, philosophic text, or national contexts ultimately creates insular interpretations. The Enlightenment was instead a transnational phenomenon, of interconnected communities, from diverse geographical and cultural spaces. A revealing example is the Delessert family. Their British-Franco-Swiss network demonstrates the uniqueness, extent, and duration of the Enlightenment. This network’s origins lie in the 1680s. French and British desires for stability resulted in contrasting policies. Toleration, through partial rights, let British Dissenters become leading educators, manufacturers, and natural philosophers by 1760. Conversely, Huguenots were stripped of rights. Thousands fled persecution, and France’s rivals profited by welcoming waves of industrious Huguenots. French refugee communities became vital printing centres, specializing in Enlightenment attacks on the Ancien régime, and facilitated the expansion of the Delessert network. The Delessert banking family made a generational progression from Geneva to Lyon to Paris, linking them to Jean-Jacques Rousseau. His friendship fostered passions for botany and education. The Delesserts parlayed this into participation in Enlightenment science and industry, connecting them to the Lunar Society, Genevan radicals, and British reformers. By 1780, a transition toward modernity began. Grand Tours shifted from places of erudition to practical sites of production. Lunar men sent sons to the Continent for practical education, as Franco-Swiss visited English manufactories and Scottish universities to expand knowledge. Moderates greeted the French Revolution with enthusiasm. In the early 1790s this changed significantly. Royalist mobs threatened Lunar men, destroying property, in Birmingham. In France, moderates tried to defend the monarchy from republican mobs. Even so, the network, fragmented both by revolution and war, continued espousing reform and assisting members who were jailed, endangered, or escaping to America. The Delessert network reconnected in 1801. Franco-Swiss toured Britain as Britons visited Paris, gathering at the hôtel Delessert, a crossroads of the Enlightenment. New societies encouraged science, industry, and philanthropy. Enlightenment exchange continued, despite warfare, into the nineteenth century. Industrial partnerships and scientific collaborations, formed during the peace, circumvented trade barriers. Over three generations (1760-1850) cosmopolitanism helped usher in a transition to modernity. Ultimately, the Delessert network’s endurance challenges traditional interpretations of the Enlightenment, and the Industrial Revolution.

Text in Afrikaans
Hierdie navorsing fokus op misdaadvoorkoming by nywerhede met Transvaal Suiker Beperk as geselekteerde studieveld. Die meganiese en fisiese misdaadvoorkomingsmaatreëls aan die hand van Oscar Newman se verdedigbare mimte model is as basis gebruik. Bestaande misdaadvoorkomingsmaatreëls te Transvaal Suiker Beperk is geëvalueer en aanbevelings is gemaak waar nodig. Die waarde van primêre fisiese versperrings ten opsigte van misdaadvoorkoming is beklemtoon tydens hierdie studie. Sonder die ondersteuning van konvensionele elektronika, en die insette van die mensfaktor, is fisiese misdaadvoorkomingsmaatreëls van geringe waarde. Omgewingsontwerp sluit hierby aan. Effektiewe misdaadvoorkoming verg deurlopende kreatiewe denke met toepaslike optrede.
This research focus on crime prevention at industries with Transvaal Sugar Limited as selected study field. The mechanical and physical crime prevention measures, based on Oscar Newman's defensible space model, was used as focus point. Crime prevention measures in place at Transvaal Sugar Limited was evaluated and the necessary recommendations made. The value of the primary physical barriers in regard off crime prevention was emphasised in this study. Without the support of conventional electronics, together with the inputs of the human factor, physical crime prevention measures will be of little value. Environmental design joins this field. Effective crime prevention needs continuous creative thinking together with the necessary action.
Criminolgy
M. A. (Kriminologie)