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Books on the topic 'Suggested variations'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Fuzy, Michael. Slowdown in Soviet defense expenditures: Variations of a suggested model. Naval Postgraduate School, 1989.

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2

Waltham-Smith, Naomi. The Time it Takes to Listen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662004.003.0006.

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This final chapter tackles the issue of temporality. Analyzing a number of Beethoven’s late works, including the Arietta variations, it offers a thoroughgoing deconstruction of the temporality of listening and its logics of representation. The analyses suggest that the is a supplementary time that tends to go unaccounted for when we think of the time of music’s unfolding and the time represented in analysis. The trills that appear across the late works are indices, it is suggested, of this extra time it takes to listen. In this way listening is always already anticipated and music always alrea

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Christenson, Gary A. H. The Assessment and Treatment of Trichotillomania. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0095.

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The successful treatment of trichotillomania necessitates an initial clinical evaluation of the cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and situational characteristics contributing to an individual’s hair pulling. Assessment also requires a comprehensive psychological/psychiatric interview to assess for comorbid illness, which may either contribute to hair pulling or require separate attention. Several instruments have been designed to assist in quantifying the core symptoms of trichotillomania and can be useful for monitoring treatment progress over time. Treatment approaches include medication, hy

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Brewitt-Taylor, Sam. Christian Radicalism and the Hope of Escaping Human Authority. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827009.003.0006.

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This chapter surveys the radical Anglican contribution to the wider Sixties reframing of modernity as intrinsically anti-authoritarian. In the 1940s and 1950s, it had been widely assumed that authority-led cooperation was a necessary feature of advanced, ‘civilized’ societies: even in 1963 and 1964, Wilson’s successful ‘white heat’ election campaign presupposed the existence of an authoritative technocracy. From the late 1950s, however, Anglican radicals drew on their readings of Christian eschatology to suggest that the future would necessarily be anti-authoritarian. Variations on this eschat

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Olsen, Jan Abel. Unwarranted variations in healthcare utilization. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794837.003.0016.

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This chapter explores the increasing evidence of small area variations in healthcare utilization. While variations are expected when morbidities differ, the policy concern is on the unwarranted variations that cannot be explained by variation in patient illness or patient preferences. First, such variations represent inequity in access to healthcare. Second, the variations suggest inefficient resource allocation, because of diminishing marginal productivity of healthcare on health. Unwarranted variations are ubiquitous and persistent. When seeking to explain the observed variations, clinical c

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Gallagher, Shaun. Variations on Embodied Cognition. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794325.003.0002.

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This chapter maps out a range of embodied cognition (EC) theories, starting with ‘weak EC’, which focuses on body-formatted representations and the neural reuse hypothesis, and remains close to traditional cognitivist conceptions of the mind. This approach to EC is then contrasted to functionalist proposals for extended mind, to a biological model of EC, and finally to enactivist proposals. Each section includes discussions of the empirical evidence for these approaches. The chapter concludes by arguing that weak EC’s representationalist conception of brain function is not compatible with the

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Loo, Colleen. TMS in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0040.

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There is a growing body of literature on animal experiments using behavioural paradigms or investigations of neurobiological mechanisms to assess the antidepressant effects of repetitive (r)TMS. This article summarizes the findings from these studies. The evidence from these studies is supportive of antidepressant effects for rTMS. This evidence has provided several plausible hypotheses for the antidepressant effects of rTMS. Several studies have suggested that rTMS may have neuroprotective effects. There are many variations in the way rTMS can be given as a clinical treatment, involving choic

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O'Donnell, Ian. Classifying Clemency. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798477.003.0002.

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‘Clemency’ refers to a reduction, by politicians, in the severity of punishments lawfully imposed by judges. It includes reprieve, commutation, remission, pardon, and amnesty. A considerable amount can be learned from the primary sources about the attributes of those to whom clemency was shown and how they differed from those who were executed in terms of age, gender, homicide method, and motivation. It is suggested that there were three routes to clemency—justice, mercy, and caprice—and these are set out after the pertinent case characteristics are reviewed and the various stages between the

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Allen, Keith. Perceptual Constancy and Apparent Properties. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199666416.003.0002.

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Properties like shape, size, and colour exhibit perceptual constancy: they appear to remain constant throughout variations in the conditions under which they are perceived. A number of writers have suggested that “apparent properties”, mind-independent relational properties that vary with the perceptual conditions, play an essential role in explaining perceptual constancy. On this view, when we see, e.g. a penny from an oblique angle, we see the circularity of the penny by or in virtue of seeing a mind-independent relational apparent property (its elliptical look). This chapter argues that vie

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Compton, Robert N., and Michael A. Duncan. Laser Experiments for Chemistry and Physics, Second Edition. 2nd ed. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198900825.001.0001.

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Abstract Lasers are employed throughout science and technology, in fundamental research, the remote sensing of atmospheric gases or pollutants, communications, medical diagnostics and therapies, and the manufacturing of microelectronic devices. Understanding the principles of their operation, which underlie all of these areas, is essential for a modern scientific education. This text introduces the characteristics and operation of lasers through laboratory experiments designed for the undergraduate curricula in Chemistry and Physics. Introductory chapters describe the properties of light, the

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Rucker, James J. H., and Peter McGuffin. Copy Number Variation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.005.

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It has long been known that the human genome is subject to deletion and duplication of genetic material by various molecular mechanisms. Until recently, such events were assumed to be relatively rare phenomena. It is now known that submicroscopic deletions or duplications calledcopy number variants(CNVs) are a major source of genomic variation. Rare CNVs (defined as occurring in less than 1 percent of the population) have been implicated in schizophrenia and autism. Measured in terms of odds ratios, individual CNVs have been shown to have large effects, some increasing the risk of disorder sev

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Nelson, Arnold G., and Jouko Kokkonen. Stretching Anatomy. 3rd ed. Human Kinetics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781718225633.

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Get on the path to increased flexibility and improved muscular strength! With more than 450,000 copies sold worldwide, Stretching Anatomy, Third Edition, is your go-to guide for seeing inside the stretches that will help you increase range of motion, supplement training, enhance recovery, and maximize efficiency of movement. Stretching Anatomy takes you inside every stretch with highly detailed, hand-drawn illustrations depicting proper technique as well as the activated muscles, joints, and surrounding structures. Each stretch includes step-by-step instructions on how to perform the stretch,

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Montgomery, Erwin B. Medical Reasoning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190912925.001.0001.

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Modern medicine is one of humankind’s greatest achievements. Yet medical errors and irreproducibility in biomedical research suggest something is amiss. Concerns have driven considerable and thoughtful critical analyses, but the apparent intransigence of these problems suggests a different perspective is needed. The perspective pursued in this book begins with the idea that the need for certainty in medical decision-making has been and remains the primary driving force in medical reasoning. Faced with the unique challenges of having to treat the individual patient, the great variety of manifes

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Sagona, Antonio. Anatolia and the Transcaucasus Themes and Variations ca. 6400–1500 B.C.E. Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0030.

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This article examines Anatolian–Transcaucasian interactions spanning the Chalcolithic through the Bronze Age. The five millennia surveyed here have highlighted some broad patterns of cultural interaction. At present, evidence suggests that farming was introduced to the Transcaucasus. It appears fully fledged in the late seventh millennium BCE, together with compounds of round houses built for the most part with plano-convex bricks. The degree of interplay with surrounding regions cannot be ascertained, but it does appear that in these formative centuries Transcaucasian communities remained iso

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Sugisaki, Koji. On the Acquisition of Prepositions and Particles. Edited by Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder, and Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.11.

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The syntax and semantics of adpositions and particles show substantial cross-linguistic variation, leading to an important question of how children converge on the target grammar. This chapter focuses on cross-linguistic variation in, and acquisition of, two syntactic phenomena that centrally involve prepositions and particles: preposition stranding and the verb-particle construction. Since languages permitting verb-particle constructions are somewhat uncommon, and languages permitting preposition stranding are downright rare, evidence from child language constitutes an extremely important sou

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Moore, Imogen. 4. Shares and Shareholders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198745228.003.0004.

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The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions and coursework. Each book includes typical questions, suggested answers with commentary, illustrative diagrams, guidance on how to develop your answer, suggestions for further reading, and advice on exams and coursework. Shareholders in a company own shares, but the nature of a share and the rights of a shareholder are not easily defined. This chapter discusses the definition and characteristics of a share; the differences between different types of share, particularly ordinary and preference s

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Lachniet, Matthew S., and Juan Pablo Bernal-Uruchurtu. AD 550–600 Collapse at Teotihuacan. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199329199.003.0006.

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We analyze a 2400-year rainfall reconstruction from an ultra-high-resolution absolutely-dated stalagmite (JX-6) from southwestern Mexico (Lachniet et al., 2012). Oxygen isotope variations correlate strongly to rainfall amount in the Mexico City area since 1870 CE, and for the wider southwestern Mexico region since 1948, allowing us to quantitatively reconstruct rainfall variability for the Basin of Mexico and Sierra Madre del Sur for the past 2400 years. Because oxygen isotopes integrate rainfall variations over broad geographic regions, our data suggest substantial variations in Mesoamerican

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Onuf, Nicholas Greenwood. Prologue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879808.003.0016.

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IN THIS BOOK, I tell a story—a long story consisting of a tightly linked sequence of discrete parts. Each part, or chapter, is more or less sufficient in itself, yet each finds me constantly picking up and playing out distinct variations on a few overarching themes. As the book’s subtitle suggests, it tells a story about modernity and its epochs. Readers will quickly notice that this story is studded with a number of terms, such as frame, epoch, period, transition, and rupture, giving the story its shape, texture, and momentum....

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Lyman, R. Lee. Graphing Culture Change in North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198871156.001.0001.

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Documentation, analysis, and explanation of culture change have long been goals of archaeology. The earliest archaeological spindle graphs appeared in the 1880s and 1890s, but had no influence on subsequent archaeologists. Line graphs showing change in frequencies of specimens in each of several artifact types were used in the 1910s and 1920s. Seriograms or straight-sided spindles diagraming interpretations of culture change were published in the 1930s, but were seldom subsequently mimicked. Spindle graphs of centered and stacked columns of bars, each column representing a distinct artifact ty

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Stone, Emily. Do Women Compete for Mates When Men Are Scarce? Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.16.

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This review explores whether and how imbalances in the number of men and women—the sex ratio—affects mating competition. I evaluate the available evidence against two hypotheses: a mating supply and demand hypothesis, which predicts mate competition to increase when mates are scarce, and predictions from a ‘faithful as your options’ hypothesis, which suggests mate competition should increase with a surplus of mates because the returns to mating effort are greatest. Men’s mating effort consistently increased with a surplus of mates, supporting the ‘faithful as your options’ hypothesis, but resu

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Harrington, Lesley, and Benjamin Osipov. The Developing Forager. Edited by Sally Crawford, Dawn M. Hadley, and Gillian Shepherd. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199670697.013.23.

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Studies of regional and chronological variation in skeletal markers of physical activity in past hunter-gatherer populations typically focus on adults, however, patterns of bone strength develop predominantly during childhood and adolescence. Ethnographic studies suggest that differences in environment and subsistence strategy would have brought about variation in how children grew up to be productive foragers capable of procuring food for themselves and others. Different foraging activities require varying degrees of physical strength and skills development. These factors would have influence

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Eitan, Zohar, Renee Timmers, and Mordechai Adler. Cross-modal correspondences and affect in a Schubert song. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199351411.003.0006.

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Light, distance and motion are prominent features in Heine’s ‘Am fernen Horizonten’. A city is veiled in dusk, the sun rises from the earth and the boatman rows with sad strokes. Using empirical findings on cross-modal and affective associations with sounds, we examine Schubert’s interpretation and illustration of these metaphorical dimensions in ‘Die Stadt’. Focusing on local variations in tempo and dynamics, we analyse how the emotional and cross-modal connotations of the song are modified in three performances, provindinginsight into the interrelationship between cross-modal and affective c

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Gaffney-Rhys, Ruth. 6. Financial Relief and Child Support. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198715757.003.0006.

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The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam and assignment questions. Each book includes key debates, typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary and tips to gain extra marks. This chapter deals with financial relief during divorce, nullity and judicial separation proceedings and child support. The first question is a problem question that requires discussion of financial support during marriage, financial orders on divorce and the factors contained in s.25 of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973. The second problem qu

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Duch, Raymond M. Comparative Studies of the Economy and the Vote. Edited by Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566020.003.0033.

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This article looks at comparative studies of the economy and the vote and is divided into three major parts. The first portion provides a summary of the four important contributions of economic voting research. This is where the work on the American economic vote and economic voting are reviewed. The second portion suggests one methodological approach for analyzing the numerous existing surveys, modeling cross-national variation, and measuring the magnitude of the economic vote. The third and final portion provides a brief summary of the contextual theory of the economic vote from Duch and Ste

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Rhodes, R. A. W. Policy Networks in Britain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786108.003.0002.

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In an assessment of the distinctive British contribution to the study of policy networks, the chapter reviews, first, the micro-level of analysis: group dynamics, and social network analysis. Second, it examines the meso-level of analysis: interorganizational analysis, subgovernments, and intergovernmental relations. Third, it looks at the macro-level of analysis: political economy, and neo-pluralism. It assesses the British contributions looking at the Rhodes model, the ESRC’s government–industry relations initiative. The chapter suggests that we disaggregate and explore subsectoral variation

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Healy, Susan D. Adaptation and the Brain. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199546756.001.0001.

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The rationale for this work is to make some sort of sense of the seeming myriad of adaptive explanations for why vertebrate brains vary in size. The role that natural selection has played in brain size has been addressed using the comparative method, which allows identification of evolutionary patterns across species. One starting assumption is that brain size is a useful proxy for intelligence and therefore that large-brained animals are more intelligent than smaller-brained animals. Five classes of selection pressure form the majority of explanations: ecology, technology, innovation, sex, an

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Vasilopoulou, Sofia. The Radical Right and Euroskepticism. Edited by Jens Rydgren. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.7.

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This chapter examines the role that the European Union (EU) issue plays in radical right party agendas. It shows that, despite the fact that radical right parties tend to adopt dissimilar positions on the principle, practice, and future of European integration, they all tend to criticize the EU from a predominantly sovereignty-based perspective justified on ethnocultural grounds. The EU is portrayed as posing a threat to national sovereignty, its policies dismantling the state and its territory, as well as being responsible for the cultural disintegration of Europe and its nation-states. The a

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Holmes, Jonathan, and Philipp Hoelzmann. The Late Pleistocene-Holocene African Humid Period as Evident in Lakes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.531.

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From the end of the last glacial stage until the mid-Holocene, large areas of arid and semi-arid North Africa were much wetter than present, during the interval that is known as the African Humid Period (AHP). During this time, large areas were characterized by a marked increase in precipitation, an expansion of lakes, river systems, and wetlands, and the spread of grassland, shrub land, and woodland vegetation into areas that are currently much drier. Simulations with climate models indicate that the AHP was the result of orbitally forced increase in northern hemisphere summer insolation, whi

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Szmukler, George. Some troubling observations about involuntary treatment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198801047.003.0002.

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The huge variations in the rates of the use of detention and involuntary treatment between similar countries, as well as between regions in a country, and even between mental health services within a region, are deeply troubling. Large changes in rates over time, perhaps in different directions at the same time in different places, and between ethnic groups in some societies have also been evident. These findings suggest a significant degree of arbitrariness in the use of compulsion. History offers many examples of abuses and misuses of psychiatric treatment, without consent, sometimes to cont

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Esler, Karen J., Anna L. Jacobsen, and R. Brandon Pratt. Evolution and Diversity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739135.003.0005.

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As mediterranean-type climate (MTC) regions emerged and expanded, species from the regional pool colonized and persisted in these new climate regions. In general, taxa were derived from a few types of historical ‘geoflora’ communities: temperate forest, subtropical and tropical, and semi-arid or arid. Some of the taxa within modern mediterranean-type vegetation represent relatively ancient relict taxa that pre-date the emergence of mediterranean-type drivers. Other lineages underwent subsequent speciation, resulting in the evolution of new MTC region-specific taxa, including the production of

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Simms, Leonard, Trevor F. Williams, and Ericka Nus Simms. Assessment of the Five Factor Model. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.28.

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We review the current state of the science with respect to the assessment of the Five Factor Model (FFM), a robust structural model of personality that emerged from two distinct traditions: The lexical and questionnaire traditions. The lexical tradition is predicated on the hypothesis that important individual differences in personality are encoded as single words in language. This bottom-up tradition has suggested that five broad factors account for much of the personality variation observed among individuals: Extraversion (or Surgency), Agreeableness, Conscientiousness (or Dependability), Ne

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Arjaliès, Diane-Laure, Philip Grant, Iain Hardie, Donald MacKenzie, and Ekaterina Svetlova. Fund Managers and Their Investors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802945.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 examines the mechanisms through which clients impact fund managers’ practices and vice versa. The discussion encompasses fixed income investment as well as investment in shares. In both fixed income and shares, clients can include both institutional investors (such as pension funds) and retail investors (i.e. private individuals, though often guided by financial advisers). Their reasons for investment vary, leading to different time-horizons on their decisions, different ways of measuring performance, and different forms of interaction with the rest of the investment chain. They ofte

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Novenson, Matthew V. After the Messianic Idea. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190255022.003.0001.

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The modern study of ancient messianism has long been dominated by variations on the messianic idea hypothesis, a legacy of nineteenth-century metaphysical Idealism. Recent research has raised damning objections to this received paradigm, but no better, alternative account has yet emerged. This chapter suggests such an alternative account. It proposes that what we call messianism is most basically a way of talking about the world, a set of linguistic resources—and, equally important, linguistic constraints—inherited from the Jewish scriptures. Ancient Jewish and Christian texts about “messiahs”

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Chari, Amalavoyal V., Annemie Maertens, and Sinduja Srinivasan. Does Rising Inequality Delay Marriage? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812555.003.0013.

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Top incomes in India have been rising sharply since the 1980s. In this chapter, we show that this phenomenon may have resulted in delays to female marriage. Our analysis takes advantage of cross-sectional variation in earnings distribution across narrowly defined marriage markets. We find that female marriage rates decline in response to increases in top male incomes. We also find marked effects on women’s educational attainment (in terms of years of schooling, as well as high school and college completion rates). We examine a number of hypotheses, and conclude that the pattern of results sugg

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Miller, Ruth A. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638351.003.0006.

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The concluding chapter summarizes the major themes of the book and outlines some new directions for the study of nostalgia, biopolitics, nonhuman reproduction, symbolic replication, and democratic engagement. More fundamentally, the conclusion suggests that the non-progressive, non-subjective, noncommunicative thought that underlies the reproduction, replication, and growth of alphabets and embryos is not simply a variation on thought that ought to be tolerated. In addition, it posits that this mode of thinking is perhaps more appropriate than others, especially given the quality and character

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Sawada, Osamu. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714224.003.0010.

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Chapter 10 summarizes the book’s analyses and proposal regarding (i) similarities and differences between semantic scalar modifiers and pragmatic scalar modifiers, (ii) variations in pragmatic scalar modifiers, (iii) interpretations of embedded pragmatic scalar modifiers, and (iv) the historical development of pragmatic scalar modifiers, and considers theoretical implications. The dual-use phenomenon of scalar modifiers and the interpretations of pragmatic scalar modifiers suggest that although there is a difference between at-issue and not-at-issue meanings, they have a flexible relationship.

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Willoughby, Brian J., and Spencer L. James. I Want to Get Married … Just not Right Now. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190296650.003.0004.

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This chapter explores emerging adults’ beliefs about the timing of marriage. Variations between the expected and ideal age at marriage are discussed. Emerging adults’ belief that one can marry too early or too late is also discussed as a specific marital paradox. The concept of maturity is discussed in that many emerging adults see maturity as a requirement for adulthood generally and for marriage specifically. The timing of marriage in relation to education and career is also explored. Although career establishment may come before marriage in emerging adults’ minds, the instability of employm

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Tompson, Lisa, and Timothy Coupe. Time and Opportunity. Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.19.

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This chapter provides insights into often-observed temporal regularities of different types of crime. It begins by briefly appraising relevant theories that explain variations in time incidence. It then discusses methodological issues that are unique to temporal analysis. The bulk of the next section presents temporal patterns from four years of crime data recorded by West Yorkshire Police, UK. Several units of analysis are considered: years, months, weeks, and days, and a medley of theories are used to suggest putative explanations for the observed patterns. It focuses first on crimes committ

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Kaduri, Yael. Introduction. Edited by Yael Kaduri. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199841547.013.38.

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The introduction to this volume describes the rationale behind the overall structure of theHandbook, starting with the question of how music and sound have become so important in recent developments in contemporary art. It discusses three aspects, which are reflected in the division of the volume into three sections. The first is the sensorial distinction between art and music; the second is the intangible physicality of sound waves, the raw material of music; and the third is music as a product of live performance. Suggesting a short survey of historical, aesthetic, theoretical, and technolog

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Bexell, Magdalena, and Kristina Jönsson. Audiences of (De)Legitimation in Global Governance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826873.003.0007.

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This chapter identifies types of audiences at which legitimation and delegitimation practices are directed in global governance. The concept of “audience” steers attention to processes of communication between those who seek to shape legitimacy perceptions and those whose perceptions would be shaped. (De)legitimation practices may have different implications for different audiences, and the chapter suggests that audiences play an active part in the performance of (de)legitimation in global governance. Two distinctions are introduced for classifying relationships between global governance insti

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Carter, Sarah Anne. Picture Lessons. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190225032.003.0004.

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Chapter 3 considers different variations of object lessons, particularly object lessons on pictures and lessons that address the relationships between objects and pictures in the classroom. Picture lessons raise epistemological questions about the kind of information objects and images may transmit and suggest strategies that were employed to teach children how to interpret images. The methods were applied to hybrid object pictures, teaching aids that combined images with material things, and images designed for classroom instruction, covering topics like the trades and natural history. Works

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Kosiara-Pedersen, Karina, Susan E. Scarrow, and Emilie van Haute. Rules of Engagement? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758631.003.0010.

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This chapter investigates whether variations in party affiliation rules have political consequences, looking in particular at their effects on partisan participation. The research presented here combines data from the Political Party Database (PPDB) with surveys of party members and party supporters, looking for evidence of whether potential affiliates’ behaviour is sensitive to the relative costs of party membership. The data suggest that such sensitivity exists, with supporters being more likely to join parties which offer more benefits, and which offer membership at a lower price. They are

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Psygkas, Athanasios. Increasing the “Democratic Surplus”: What Should the Path to the Future Look Like? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190632762.003.0006.

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This chapter concludes by exploring how the findings in the previous chapters can inform future developments in the EU regulatory system and further enhance democratic accountability at both the national and the supranational levels. The chapter first tells a story of convergence: in all three country cases, EU mandates transformed aspects of the preexisting administrative governance, and brought about accountability gains on all prongs of the deliberative-participatory model. However, cross-national variations still exist. This invites consideration of proposals for further EU-driven converge

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Polk, Jonathan, and Jan Rovny. Welfare Democracies and Multidimensional Party Competition in Europe. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807971.003.0002.

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This chapter explains the relationship between the four European worlds of welfare democracies (Nordic, continental, southern, and Anglo-Saxon) and multidimensional party competition. It systematically examines the variation of the relationship between party positions and salience on economic and cultural politics. The expectation is that southern political economies facilitate closer association between economic and cultural issues, whereas Nordic welfare states produce party systems where competition between mainstream parties is defined by economic politics. The continental political econom

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Stich, Stephen. Knowledge, intuition, and culture. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789710.003.0017.

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The question that is center stage in this chapter is: Do intuitions about knowledge vary across cultures? The chapter begins by explaining what intuitions are, how they are used in philosophy, and why the presence or absence of cultural variation in philosophical intuitions is important for both philosophy and cognitive science. The remainder of the chapter recounts a line of research aimed at determining whether or not intuitions about knowledge vary across cultures. The focus is on “Gettier intuitions.” The results reported support the core folk epistemology hypothesis that maintains that pe

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Kropf, Nancy P., and Sherry M. Cummings. Reminiscence and Life Review. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190214623.003.0012.

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Chapter 12, “Reminiscence and Life Review: Evidence-Based Practice,” examines meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and RCTs of these two related therapeutic approaches, which are commonly used to enhance well-being, promote cognitive functioning, and mitigate emotional difficulties of later life. All studies reported some positive outcome of reminiscence and life review interventions. The greatest evidence exists for reduction in geriatric depression, as this outcome was evaluated in the largest number of reviews. Stronger support was found for the use of life review with older adults who have h

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Depew, David J. Natural Selection, Adaptation, and the Recovery of Development. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199377176.003.0001.

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This chapter begins by contrasting Spencer’s view of natural selection with Darwin’s understanding of its “paramount power.” Darwin’s interpretation contains seeds of a defining mark of the modern evolutionary synthesis: Adaptation is necessarily a consequence of natural selection working as a “creative” factor over multiple generations. The chapter distinguishes between several versions of the modern synthesis in order to argue that some are less at odds than others with the current turn toward development and in order to suggest that allowing ontogeny to be the generative locus of (much) sel

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Danielson, Michael S. Engagement Through the Diaspora Channel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190679972.003.0003.

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The first empirical task is to identify the characteristics of municipalities which US-based migrants have come together to support financially. Using a nationwide, municipal-level data set compiled by the author, the chapter estimates several multivariate statistical models to compare municipalities that did not benefit from the 3x1 Program for Migrants with those that did, and seeks to explain variation in the number and value of 3x1 projects. The analysis shows that migrants are more likely to contribute where migrant civil society has become more deeply institutionalized at the state level

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Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter, and Hanna Pickard. What is Addiction? Edited by K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, et al. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0050.

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Variation in addiction suggests that a good definition will be précising: it should serve a purpose. The authors canvass the various purposes served by a definition of addiction in psychiatric, social, legal, economic, interpersonal and scientific contexts. They argue that addiction is a strong and habitual want that significantly reduces control and leads to significant harm. What counts as significant varies relative to purpose and context. The authors offer a basic account of the nature of control and how and why it can be reduced. The chapter explores the nature of harm and why it is part

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Babor, Thomas F., Jonathan Caulkins, Benedikt Fischer, et al. Managing psychopharmaceutical drugs under prescription regimes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818014.003.0012.

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There is extraordinary cross-national variation in the availability of prescription psychoactive drugs, with most prescription drug use being concentrated in developed countries. A variety of measures aim to prevent abuses such as ‘doctor shopping’ and diversion of psychopharmaceuticals from the medical and pharmacy systems. The evidence suggests that prescription regimes affect the prescribing practices of doctors, often resulting in substitution. Price can be used to channel demand between two drugs that are substitutes for each other, moving demand from a drug with more adverse consequences

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