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1
González Gómez, Esther, and María Crespo López. "Revisión sistemática de la relación entre sintomatología postraumática y conductas suicidas." Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica 27, no. 1 (2022): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rppc.27757.
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Systematic review of the relationship between post-traumatic symptomatology and suicidal behavior Abstract: Evidence has consistently demonstrated the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and suicide. However, there is little research related to the differential relationships between the PTSD symptom clusters (avoidance, re-experiencing, hyperarousal and negative alterations in cognitions and mood) and risk and suicidal behavior. The present systematic review studies the relationship between these post-traumatic symptom clusters and suicidal behavior (suicidal ideation and suicide attempts). The review includes 20 articles from the databases PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES and Web of Science. Results indicate that hyperarousal significantly predicts suicidal ideation in 53.33% and suicide attempts in 42.85% of the studies reviewed. Reduction of hyperarousal symptoms should be considered a priority objective in the development of therapeutic interventions to reduce suicide risk in people with post-traumatic conditions or diagnosed with PTSD. Key words: PTSD; hyperarousal symptoms; suicidal ideation; suicide attempt; systematic review. Resumen: Existe evidencia contrastada de la relación entre el trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) y el suicidio. No obstante, existen pocas investigaciones sobre las relaciones diferenciales entre los grupos de síntomas de TEPT (evitación, re-experimentación, hiperactivación y alteraciones negativas cognitivas y del estado de ánimo [ANCE]) y la conducta suicida. La presente revisión sistemática estudia la relación entre estos grupos de síntomas postraumáticos y la conducta suicida (ideación e intentos suicidas). La revisión incluye 20 artículos procedentes de las bases de datos PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES y Web of Science. Los resultados apuntan que la hiperactivación predice de forma significativa la ideación suicida en el 53.33% de los estudios revisados y los intentos de suicidio en el 42.85% de los mismos. La reducción de los síntomas de hiperactivación debe considerarse un objetivo prioritario en la elaboración de intervenciones terapéuticas para reducir el riesgo suicida en personas con cuadros postraumáticos o diagnóstico de TEPT. Palabras clave: TEPT; hiperactivación; ideación suicida; intentos de suicidio; revisión sistemática.
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Sánchez-Teruel, David, José Antonio Muela-Martínez, and Ana García-León. "Variables de riesgo y protección relacionadas con la tentativa de suicidio." Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica 23, no. 3 (2019): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rppc.vol.23.num.3.2018.19106.
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Abstract: Risk and protection variables related to suicidal attempt. Suicide is an important public health problem, being the suicidal attempt the most predictive behavior of completed suicide. The aim of this study was to detect if there are differences in psychosocial and emotional variables in people with and without suicidal ideation and attempt. The sample consisted of 166 participants (86.36% women), aged between 20 and 77 years (M= 36, SD= 14.12) with and without suicide attempts, which was in turn divided into three groups through the Scale of Suicidal Ideation. The results show that there are important differences between the three groups in the psychological variables measured. We discuss the role of psychosocial variables, which are at the base of the increased risk or protection towards the ideation or suicidal attempt, to promote public suicide prevention policies more focused on those clinical subpopulations with specific risk profiles.Resumen: El suicidio es un importante problema de salud pública, siendo la tentativa de suicidio la conducta más predictiva del suicidio consumado. Mediante el presente estudio se pretende detectar si existen diferencias en variables psicosociales y emocionales en personas con y sin ideación y tentativa suicida. La muestra estuvo constituida por 166 participantes (86.36 % mujeres), con edades comprendidas entre los 20 y 77 años (M= 36; DT= 14.12) con y sin tentativas suicidas, que fue a su vez dividida en tres grupos a través de la Escala de Ideación Suicida. Los resultados muestran que existen importantes diferencias entre los tres grupos en las variables psicológicas medidas. Se discute el papel de las variables psicosociales, que están en la base del incremento del riesgo o protección hacia la ideación o tentativa suicida, para propiciar políticas públicas de prevención del suicidio más centradas en aquellas subpoblaciones clínicas con perfiles de riesgo concretos.
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Ali, Huma, and Tasnim Rehna. "The psychology of Suicide: From research understanding to intervention and treatment." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 72, no. 6 (2022): 1175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.4258.
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Suicide is considered one of the major causes of death across the globe. The rate of suicide has increased in the recent past and has become a serious problem globally, with nearly one million people committing suicide every year which represents a global standardised rate of 11.4 per 100,000 population i.e., 15 for males and 8 for females.1 From 2000 to 2016, the age-adjusted suicide rate has grown by 30%. Individuals generally have history of mental trauma and distress before attempting suicide. Rate of suicidal ideation is more than that of committing suicide. It is evident that the topic of suicide needs to have a global priority. As clinicians and researchers, it is pivotal responsibility of mental health professionals to establish prevention and intervention programmes to reduce the risk of suicides. Key Words: Suicide, Suicidal risk, Psychology, Intervention, Treatment.
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Pedreira, Jose Luis. "Conductas suicidas en la adolescencia: Una guía práctica para la intervención y la prevención." Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica 24, no. 3 (2020): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rppc.26280.
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Abstract: Suicidal behavior in adolescence: A practical guide for intervention and prevention. In Spain, suicide rates have increased over the last ten years. The increase has been particularly significant among adolescents. This paper realizes a conceptual update of suicidal behavior, following WHO criteria. A review is carried out of the risk factors for suicidal behavior in adolescence, both biological, psychological and social, differentiating between concurrent causes, precipitating causes and underlying psychopathological process. In particular, a review of the concept of suicidal ideation in adolescence is carried out, as an entry key to develop early intervention and preventive intervention activities. Finally, a protocol is created for intervention and prevention from social, media, school, family and health systems, including intervention by hospital emergency services. Keywords: Suicide; adolescence; suicidal ideation; early intervention; prevention.Resumen: En España las tasas de suicidio han tenido un incremento durante los últimos diez años. Ese incremento ha sido particularmente significativo en la etapa de la adolescencia. En el presente trabajo se realiza una actualización conceptual de las conductas suicidas, siguiendo los criterios de OMS. Se realiza una revisión de los factores de riesgo hacia la conducta suicida en la adolescencia, tanto los biológicos, como los psicológicos y sociales, diferenciando entre causas concurrentes, causas precipitantes, causas desencadenantes y proceso psicopatológico subyacente. De forma particular se realiza una revisión del concepto de ideación suicida en la adolescencia, como llave de entrada para desarrollar actividades de intervención precoz y de tipo preventivo. Finalmente se realiza un protocolo para la intervención y la prevención desde los sistemas social, mediático, escolar, familiar y sanitario, incluyendo la intervención desde los servicios de urgencia hospitalaria. Palabras clave: Suicidio; adolescencia; ideación suicida; intervención precoz; prevención
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Lester, David, Stephanie McSwain, and John F. Gunn. "A Test of the Validity of the is Path Warm Warning Signs for Suicide." Psychological Reports 108, no. 2 (2011): 402–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/09.12.13.pr0.108.2.402-404.
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The 10 warning signs for suicide, encapsulated in the mnemonic IS PATH WARM, did not differentiate between genuine suicide notes and those written by people simulating a suicidal crisis or between notes written by completed suicides and those written by attempted suicides.
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Hammond, Linda K., and Robert H. Deluty. "ATTITUDES OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS, PSYCHIATRISTS, AND ONCOLOGISTS TOWARD SUICIDE." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 20, no. 4 (1992): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1992.20.4.289.
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Randomly selected clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and oncologists were mailed a questionnaire assessing attitudes toward suicide and the personal, professional, and societal values which underlie these attitudes. Suicides in the face of physical illness were judged to be significantly more acceptable than suicides committed in response to chronic psychiatric illness. Psychologists were most accepting, and oncologists least accepting, of suicide in response to chronic pain. There were no significant differences in the acceptability of suicide between those professionals who had experienced suicidal ideation themselves and those who had not.
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Yamasaki, Akiko, Masanobu Chinami, Masao Suzuki, Yoshihiro Kaneko, Daisuke Fujita, and Taro Shirakawa. "Tobacco and Alcohol Tax Relationships with Suicide in Switzerland." Psychological Reports 97, no. 1 (2005): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.97.1.213-216.
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Previous research has shown an empirical link between tobacco and alcohol use and suicide. If tobacco and alcohol use contribute to suicidal behaviors, then policies designed to reduce the tobacco and alcohol consumption may succeed in reducing suicides as well. To test this hypothesis, correlations for suicide rates with alcohol consumption, taxes on alcohol and tobacco in Switzerland were examined using sets of time-series data from Switzerland in 1965–1994. The tax on tobacco correlated significantly negatively with male standardized suicide rate. The tax on alcohol also correlated significantly with male standardized suicide rate in an autoregressive model. On the other hand, significant relationships with female suicide rate were not found. Policies designed to reduce tobacco consumption are consistent with a benefit of reducing suicides, particularly for men in this sample.
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Benavides Mora, Vanessa Katherine, Nixon Giovanny Villota Melo, and Fredy Hernán Villalobos Galvis. "Conducta suicida en Colombia: Una revisión sistemática." Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica 24, no. 3 (2020): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rppc.24251.
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Abstract: Suicide behavior in Colombia: A systematic review. The objective of the review was to synthesize the findings about suicide in Colombia between 2004 and 2018. Eighty-eight studies were included in the review. It is noted that most studies focus on risk factors such as depression, psychoactive substance use and family dysfunction; and only few are interested in protective factors, among which family functionality and high self-esteem are prominent; moreover, the statistical models used are mostly descriptive and studies are not based on theoretical models on suicide. Finally, some lines of research are proposed, such as deepening the theoretical models and statistical analyses used, realizing longitudinal studies and proposing intervention strategies that guide future scientific exercises in the area. Keywords: Suicide; suicidal ideation; suicidal intention; Colombia; systematic review. Resumen: El objetivo de la revisión fue sintetizar los hallazgos acerca del suicidio en Colombia entre los años 2004 a 2018. Se incluyeron 88 trabajos en esta revisión. Se destaca que la mayoría de estudios se centran en factores de riesgo como depresión, consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y disfunción familiar; y solo algunos se interesan en factores protectores, entre los que se destacan la funcionalidad familiar y la alta autoestima; además, se encontró que los modelos estadísticos empleados son en su mayoría de tipo descriptivo y los estudios no están basados en modelos teóricos sobre el suicidio. Finalmente, se proponen algunas líneas de trabajo como la profundización de modelos teóricos y análisis estadísticos empleados, la realización de estudios longitudinales y proponer estrategias de intervención, que orienten futuros ejercicios científicos en el área.Palabras clave: Suicidio; ideación suicida; intención suicida; Colombia; revisión sistemática.
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Adam-Troian, Jais, and Thomas Arciszewski. "Absolutist Words From Search Volume Data Predict State-Level Suicide Rates in the United States." Clinical Psychological Science 8, no. 4 (2020): 788–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702620916925.
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Suicide continues to be a major public health issue, especially in the United States. It is a well-established fact that depression and suicidal ideation are risk factors for suicide. Drawing on recent research that shows that absolutist words (e.g., “completely,” “totally”) constitute linguistic markers of suicidal ideation, we created an online index of absolutist thinking (ATI) using search query data (i.e., Google Trends time series). Mixed-model analyses of age-adjusted suicide rates in the United States from 2004 to 2017 revealed that ATI is linked with suicides, β = 0.22, 95% CI = [0.12, 0.31], p < .001, and predicts suicides within 1 year, β = 0.16, 95% CI = [0.05, 0.28], p = .006, independently of state characteristics and historical trends. It is the first time that a collective measure of absolutist thinking is used to predict real-world suicide outcomes. Therefore, the present study paves the way for novel research avenues in clinical psychological research.
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Westefeld, John S., Lillian M. Range, James R. Rogers, Michael R. Maples, Jamie L. Bromley, and John Alcorn. "Suicide." Counseling Psychologist 28, no. 4 (2000): 445–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000000284002.
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Suicide is a major mental health problem in the United States and an issue that significantly impacts the mental health treatment community. Although the suicide rate remains relatively stable, the discipline of counseling psychology has broadened in scope and work settings have diversified. Thus, counseling psychology trainees are increasingly exposed to suicidal clients. Despite this reality, research suggests that comprehensive, systematic training in suicidology in counseling psychology programs rarely occurs. One reason for this state of affairs may be that the suicide literature is spread across a variety of disciplines, making it difficult for educators and practitioners to stay informed about the knowledge base in suicidology. The purpose of this contribution, therefore, is to provide counseling psychology educators and practitioners with an overview of the field of suicidology as it applies to the training and practice of counseling psychology.
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Grieg, Jane. "Suicide psychology." New Scientist 201, no. 2701 (2009): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(09)60854-x.
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Dogra, T. D., Antoon A. Leenaars, Ravi Raintji, et al. "Menstruation and Suicide: An Exploratory Study." Psychological Reports 101, no. 2 (2007): 430–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.101.2.430-434.
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Previous research has reported mixed findings on the effect of the menstrual cycle on suicidal behavior. The contribution of menstruation to completed suicide is also controversial, though the studies are very limited and have not been carefully designed. To explore the relationship, 217 autopsies on completed suicides were performed, matched to a control group at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi. The results show that 54.46% of people who died by suicide were menstruating (results excluded pregnancies), compared to 6.75% of the control group. Menstruation in those who completed suicide, compared to a control group, appeared to have an association with suicide. More research is warranted.
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Bahamón, Marly Johana, Yolima Alarcón-Vásquez, Ana María Trejos-Herrera, Stefano Vinaccia Alpi, Andres Cabezas, and Joaquín Sepúlveda. "Efectos del programa CIPRES sobre el riesgo suicida en adolescentes." Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica 24, no. 2 (2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rppc.23667.
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Abstract: Effects of the CIPRES program on suicidal risk in adolescents. The objective of the study was to evaluate the specific changes generated by the CIPRES program on suicidal risk in adolescents. The sample comprised 106 adolescents aged between 13 and 18 years old (53 in the experimental group, 53 in the control group), of which 54.7% were women (n = 58). The study used a quasi-experimental design of repeated pretest-posttest measures with a control group. Two assessment instruments were administered before and after the program: The Scale of the Suicide Risk (ERS) and the Inventory of Positive and Negative Suicidal Ideation (PANSI). The pretest-posttest ANCOVAs showed that the program significantly reduced (p < .05) the scores of suicidal ideation, planning, self-harm, isolation/social support, lack of family support, and global suicide risk. In addition, it significantly increased positive ideation scores. The results support the relevance of this program to reduce suicidal risk in adolescents.Keywords: CIPRES; suicide risk; adolescents; psychological intervention; quasi-experiment.Resumen: El estudio tuvo por objetivo evaluar los cambios específicos generados por el programa CIPRES sobre el riesgo suicida en adolescentes. La muestra se configuró con 106 adolescentes entre los 13 y 18 años (53 experimentales, 53 controles), de los cuales el 54.7% eran mujeres (n = 58). El estudio utilizó un diseño cuasi-experimental de medidas repetidas pretest-postest con grupo de control. Se administraron dos instrumentos de evaluación antes y después de la aplicación del programa: la Escala de Riesgo Suicida (ERS) y el Inventario de Ideación Suicida Positiva y Negativa (PANSI). Los ANCOVAs pretest-postest evidenciaron que el programa redujo significativamente (p < .05) las puntuaciones en ideación suicida, planificación, autolesión, aislamiento/soporte social, falta de apoyo familiar, y riesgo suicida global. Además, aumentó significativamente las puntuaciones en ideación positiva. Los resultados apuntan a la relevancia de este programa para reducir el riesgo suicida en adolescentes.Palabras clave: CIPRES; riesgo de suicidio; adolescentes; intervención psicológica; cuasiexperimento.
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Lankford, Adam. "Précis of The Myth of Martyrdom: What Really Drives Suicide Bombers, Rampage Shooters, and Other Self-Destructive Killers." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 4 (2014): 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13001581.
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AbstractFor years, scholars have claimed that suicide terrorists are not suicidal, but rather psychologically normal individuals inspired to sacrifice their lives for an ideological cause, due to a range of social and situational factors. I agree that suicide terrorists are shaped by their contexts, as we all are. However, I argue that these scholars went too far. In The Myth of Martyrdom: What Really Drives Suicide Bombers, Rampage Shooters, and Other Self-Destructive Killers, I take the opposing view, based on my in-depth analyses of suicide attackers from Asia, Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and North America; attackers who were male, female, young, old, Islamic, and Christian; attackers who carried out the most deadly and the least deadly strikes. I present evidence that in terms of their behavior and psychology, suicide terrorists are much like others who commit conventional suicides, murder-suicides, or unconventional suicides where mental health problems, personal crises, coercion, fear of an approaching enemy, or hidden self-destructive urges play a major role. I also identify critical differences between suicide terrorists and those who have genuinely sacrificed their lives for a greater good. By better understanding suicide terrorists, experts in the behavioral and brain sciences may be able to pioneer exciting new breakthroughs in security countermeasures and suicide prevention. And even more ambitiously, by examining these profound extremes of the human condition, perhaps we can more accurately grasp the power of the human survival instinct among those who are actually psychologically healthy.
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Pitkälä, Kristiina, Erkki T. Isometsä, Markus M. Henriksson, and Jouko K. Lönnqvist. "Elderly Suicide in Finland." International Psychogeriatrics 12, no. 2 (2000): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610200006335.
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Suicide mortality among the elderly is high in most Western countries. We investigated the characteristics of suicide victims 65 years or older in a nationwide psychological autopsy study, the research phase of the National Suicide Prevention Project in Finland. This study population included all completed suicides (N = 1,397, of whom 211 were 65 years or older) that occurred in Finland during a 12-month research period in 1987-1988. The elderly suicide victims were found to have used violent suicide methods more often than the young. Although almost 70% of the elderly persons who had committed suicide had been in contact with health care services during the month before their death, their suicidal intentions were rarely communicated in these contacts. They had been referred to psychiatric services less often than the young, and only 8% had received adequate antidepressive medication. The fact that most elderly suicides have contact with health care services during their final month suggests a potential for suicide prevention. However, the major obstacle to this is the poor recognition of mental disorders and suicidal ideation among the elderly.
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CONNER, KENNETH R., MICHAEL R. PHILLIPS, SEAN MELDRUM, KERRY L. KNOX, YANPING ZHANG, and GONGHUAN YANG. "Low-planned suicides in China." Psychological Medicine 35, no. 8 (2005): 1197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170500454x.
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Background. Acts of suicide differ widely in the amount of planning preceding the act. Correlates of completed suicide in China identified in a previous investigation were re-examined to identify those that may be especially relevant to low-planned (impulsive) and high-planned suicidal behavior. The association of planning and method in completed suicide was also assessed.Method. A psychological autopsy study of 505 suicide decedents aged [ges ]18 years sampled to be representative of suicides in China was conducted. Multinomial regression analyses compared three levels of suicide planning (low, intermediate, high).Results. Women and younger individuals were more likely to carry out low-planned and intermediate-planned than high-planned acts of suicide. Greater acute stress distinguished low-planned from high-planned suicides. Ingestion of pesticides stored in the home was a more commonly employed method in low-planned than high-planned suicides.Conclusions. Low-planned suicides are more common in women, in younger individuals, and among those who are experiencing acute stress. Prevention strategies targeted at restricting access to pesticides may preferentially lower the rate of low-planned suicides.
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Loas, Gwenolé. "Anhedonia and Suicide: A 6.5-Yr. Follow-up Study of Patients Hospitalised for a Suicide Attempt." Psychological Reports 100, no. 1 (2007): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.1.183-190.
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This was a prospective follow-up study of suicidal patients to assess the association of anhedonia, depression, and completed suicides. Survival analysis as well as Cox's regression makes it possible to weigh the influence of variables. A cohort of 106 patients (81 women, 25 men, M age = 33 yr., SD=9.9) admitted to medical or surgical departments after a suicide attempt was followed during a 6.5-yr. mean observation period. In total, 6.7% of patients completed suicide. High proportion of male subjects (71.4%) and low anhedonia, assessed on the Physical Anhedonia Scale, decreased survival time of the cohort and characterized subjects who deceased by suicide. These results suggested that the people who completed suicide were characterized by low anhedonia. Further research is needed on people who attempt suicide and present with specific psychiatric diagnoses.
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Guliyeva, Shafiqa Murad. "THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR AND ITS STUDY IN PSYCHOLOGY." Scientific Bulletin 1 (2022): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54414/qwrm2180.
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The author has made a socio-psychological analysis of the psychological characteristics of suicidal behavior, as well as the phenomenon of suicide. The author examines the causes of suicide in society, emphasizes that suicide is associated not only with health problems, but also with social factors in society, and reflects the different approaches to the study of suicide.
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Lester, David. "Motives for Suicide in Suicide Notes from Completed and Attempted Suicides." Psychological Reports 75, no. 3 (1994): 1130. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.75.3.1130.
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Suicide notes from 20 completed suicides contained the theme of anger directed inward more than did the suicide notes from 20 attempted suicides, even when using controls for the age and sex of the writers.
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Sobanski, Thomas, Sebastian Josfeld, Gregor Peikert, and Gerd Wagner. "Psychotherapeutic interventions for the prevention of suicide re-attempts: a systematic review." Psychological Medicine 51, no. 15 (2021): 2525–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291721003081.
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AbstractA history of suicide attempt (SA) is a strong predictor of future suicide re-attempts or suicide. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions specifically designed for the prevention of suicide re-attempts. A systematic search from 1980 to June 2020 was performed via the databases PubMed and Google Scholar. Only randomized controlled trials were included which clearly differentiated suicidal self-harm from non-suicidal self-injury in terms of intent to die. Moreover, psychotherapeutic interventions had to be focused on suicidal behaviour and the numbers of suicide re-attempts had to be used as outcome variables. By this procedure, 18 studies were identified. Statistical comparison of all studies revealed that psychotherapeutic interventions in general were significantly more efficacious than control conditions in reducing the risk of future suicidal behaviour nearly by a third. Separate analyses revealed that cognitive-behavioural therapy as well as two different psychodynamic approaches were significantly more efficacious than control conditions. Dialectical behaviour therapy and elementary problem-solving therapy were not superior to control conditions in reducing the number of SAs. However, methodological reasons may explain to some extent these negative results. Considering the great significance of suicidal behaviour, there is unquestionably an urgent need for further development of psychotherapeutic techniques for the prevention of suicide re-attempts. Based on the encouraging results of this systematic review, it can be assumed that laying the focus on suicidal episodes might be the key intervention for preventing suicide re-attempts and suicides.
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Sobanski, Thomas, Sebastian Josfeld, Gregor Peikert, and Gerd Wagner. "Psychotherapeutic interventions for the prevention of suicide re-attempts: a systematic review." Psychological Medicine 51, no. 15 (2021): 2525–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291721003081.
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AbstractA history of suicide attempt (SA) is a strong predictor of future suicide re-attempts or suicide. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions specifically designed for the prevention of suicide re-attempts. A systematic search from 1980 to June 2020 was performed via the databases PubMed and Google Scholar. Only randomized controlled trials were included which clearly differentiated suicidal self-harm from non-suicidal self-injury in terms of intent to die. Moreover, psychotherapeutic interventions had to be focused on suicidal behaviour and the numbers of suicide re-attempts had to be used as outcome variables. By this procedure, 18 studies were identified. Statistical comparison of all studies revealed that psychotherapeutic interventions in general were significantly more efficacious than control conditions in reducing the risk of future suicidal behaviour nearly by a third. Separate analyses revealed that cognitive-behavioural therapy as well as two different psychodynamic approaches were significantly more efficacious than control conditions. Dialectical behaviour therapy and elementary problem-solving therapy were not superior to control conditions in reducing the number of SAs. However, methodological reasons may explain to some extent these negative results. Considering the great significance of suicidal behaviour, there is unquestionably an urgent need for further development of psychotherapeutic techniques for the prevention of suicide re-attempts. Based on the encouraging results of this systematic review, it can be assumed that laying the focus on suicidal episodes might be the key intervention for preventing suicide re-attempts and suicides.
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Lester, David, Priscilla Wood, Christopher Williams, and Janet Haines. "Correlates of Motives for Suicide." Psychological Reports 93, no. 2 (2003): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.93.2.378.
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Analysis of a large sample of suicide notes from 262 suicides in Australia showed separated/divorced suicides and suicides who abused alcohol were more likely to give love/romance as a precipitant for suicide while those who used gas (natural or car exhaust) were more likely to give depression and guilt as a motive.
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Osafo, Joseph, Heidi Hjelmeland, Charity S. Akotia, and Birthe Loa Knizek. "The meanings of suicidal behaviour to psychology students in Ghana: A qualitative approach." Transcultural Psychiatry 48, no. 5 (2011): 643–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461511417319.
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The objective of this study was to examine psychology students' attitudes toward suicidal behaviour and the meanings they assign to the act. In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 final year psychology students at a university in Ghana. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to analyze the data. The results indicated that the students had a generalized negative attitude toward suicide. Religious beliefs and family harmony are cultural contexts influencing the interpretation of suicidal behaviour as breach of divine and communal moralities. The implications of these meanings of suicidal behaviour for suicide prevention in Ghana are discussed.
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Ogun, MehmetNesip. "Suicide terrorism and psychology of suicide bomber." Libyan International Medical University Journal 6, no. 1 (2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/liuj.liuj_47_20.
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Macdonald, Michael G. "Suicide Intervention Trainees' Knowledge of Myths about Suicide." Psychological Reports 101, no. 2 (2007): 561–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.101.2.561-564.
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The responses of 70 trainees in suicide intervention to 10 Suicide Opinion Questionnaire items were evaluated for accuracy of their knowledge about suicide myths. Participants were Canadian adults (62 women, 8 men, Mage = 35 yr.) representing a wide variety of occupations and educational backgrounds. Analysis indicated knowledge for most items was high but less accurate for items concerning the most common method of suicide and suicide risk across the lifespan. Those trained in suicide intervention were more knowledgeable on four items than those awaiting training; they more frequently knew that most suicides are not triggered by an argument with a spouse, people who are depressed are more likely to commit suicide, a person whose parent has committed suicide is at greater risk for suicide, and that shooting is the most common method of suicide in Canada.
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Preti, Antonio, and Paola Miotto. "Suicide among Eminent Artists." Psychological Reports 84, no. 1 (1999): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.1.291.
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To evaluate suicide risk by profession among eminent artists data from Garzanti's Encyclopaedia, a broad biographical repertory, were used. Six categories in the visual and literary arts were compared: architects, painters, sculptors, writers, poets, and playwrights. Only people whose deaths occurred in the 1800s or 1900s were included since it is likely that underestimation of suicide has been lower in the more recent centuries. A total of 59 suicides were observed in a sample of 3,093 people: this corresponds to a ratio of 1.90%. Suicides were 51 among men (ratio 1.75%) and 8 among women (ratio 4.30%). The comparison by profession indicates that poets and writers exceed the mean suicide ratio of the sample. Painters and architects, conversely, have a clearly lower risk than the mean. Mean age of suicides was 44 yr. ( SD = 12), with writers being slightly older (48 yr., SD = 12) than other artists. Artists who died of causes other than suicide reach a mean of 65 yr. ( SD = 10). Suicide among artists seems to have a peculiar pattern, clearly different from the pattern of the general population, wherein suicide risk is higher among men and older people. Adverse financial circumstances and the stress attributed to rejection of personal products may contribute to the specific risk of suicide among artists. The link between mental disorders, such as manic-depression, which imply a higher risk of suicide, and creativeness is discussed as a contributing factor.
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Palmer, Charles James. "Suicide Attempt History, Self-Esteem, and Suicide Risk in a Sample of 116 Depressed Voluntary Inpatients." Psychological Reports 95, no. 3_suppl (2004): 1092–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.3f.1092-1094.
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116 consecutively admitted depressed inpatients were divided into three groups based on self-reported history of suicidal ideation and history of suicide attempt. Participants in Group 1 ( M age 34.0, SD = 14.0), 13 men and 24 women, reported no history of suicidal ideation or history of suicide attempt. Group 2 ( M age 34.0, SD = 8.6), 14 men and 25 women, reported having a history of suicidal ideation but no history of suicide attempt. Group 3 ( M age 34.0 yr., SD = 6.3), 14 men and 26 women, reported a history of suicidal ideation and at least one suicide attempt. Each participant completed the Suicide Risk Scale and the Self-esteem Scale. Analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc comparisons yielded a significant difference between Groups 1 and 2, between Groups 1 and 3, and between Groups 2 and 3 on the Suicide Risk Scale. There was a significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 and between Group 1 and Group 3 on the Self-esteem Scale. These data indicated that suicide ideation and suicide attempt history significantly elevated suicide risk. Self-esteem was significantly decreased by suicide ideation and suicide attempt history.
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LIU, KA Y., ERIC Y. H. CHEN, CECILIA L. W. CHAN, et al. "Socio-economic and psychological correlates of suicidality among Hong Kong working-age adults: results from a population-based survey." Psychological Medicine 36, no. 12 (2006): 1759–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706009032.
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Background. The global toll of suicide is estimated to be one million lives per year, which exceeded the number of deaths by homicide and war combined. A key step to suicide prevention is to prevent less serious suicidal behaviour to preclude more lethal outcomes. Although 61% of the world's suicides take place in Asia and the suicide rates among middle age groups have been increasing since the economic crisis in many Asian countries, population-based studies of suicidal behaviour among working-age adults in non-western communities are scarce.Method. Data from a population-based survey with 2015 participants were used to estimate the prevalence of suicidal ideation and behaviour among the working-age population in Hong Kong, and to study the associated socio-economic and psychological correlates. We focused particularly on potential modulating factors between life-event-related factors and suicidal ideation.Results. Six per cent of the Hong Kong population aged 20–59 years considered suicide in the past year, while 1·4% attempted suicide. Hopelessness, reasons for living, and reluctance to seek help from family and friends had direct association with past-year suicidal ideation. Reasons for living were found to moderate the effect of perceived stress on suicidal ideation.Conclusions. Suicidality is a multi-faceted problem that calls for a multi-sectored, multi-layered approach to prevention. Prevention programmes can work on modulating factors such as reasons for living to reduce suicidal risk in working-age adults.
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Forster, Peter M., Selina C. Kuruleca, and C. R. Auxier. "A Note on Recent Trends in Suicide in Fiji." Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 1, no. 1 (2007): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/prp.1.1.1.
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AbstractThe incidence of suicides and attempted suicides is one indicator of mental health and life satisfaction within the population. The trends in suicidal behaviour vary with sex and ethnicity within the population, and underscore the impact of culture on people's lives and wellbeing. Although incidence of suicide provides important information, there has been no systematic reporting of data within the country. The only source of national data is the statistics unit of Fiji's police force, who record all deaths that were not caused by disease, along with such data as the sex and ethnicity of the deceased. The police are willing to provide information on suicide to researchers and government bodies, within the constraints of having the staff and other resources needed to provide such information. The present article explores what we know about this important social issue, and investigates some potential ways forward for dealing with it at individual and group levels.
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Kalesan, Bindu, Matthew E. Mobily, Sowmya Vasan, Michael Siegel, and Sandro Galea. "The Role of Interpersonal Conflict as a Determinant of Firearm-Related Homicide–Suicides at Different Ages." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 15 (2016): 2335–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516629387.
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Although firearm-related homicide–suicides and firearm-related suicides are tragic and catastrophic events, there is increasing evidence that the two events have different precipitants and that understanding these precipitants may help prevention efforts. We aimed to assess the role of interpersonal conflict (IPC) and recent crises in firearm-related homicide–suicides as compared with firearm-related suicides alone. We also assessed whether these differences were consistent across young and old perpetrators. Using an unmatched case-control study, we compared firearm-related homicide–suicides andsuicides alone from 2003 to 2011 in the National Violent Death Registry data to assess the risk associated with IPC and crisis. Survival analysis was performed to compare time-to-incident of homicide–suicide versus suicide only. We derived odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) due to IPC and recent crisis from mixed logistic regression models. Stratified analysis by age on the effect of IPC and recent crisis, and type of incident was also performed. After adjusting for relevant covariates, homicide–suicides were more likely than suicide alone following IPC (OR = 20.6, 95%CI = [16.6, 25.7]) and recent crisis (OR = 14.5, 95%CI = [12.4, 16.9]). The risk of firearm homicide–suicide compared with suicide associated with IPC was twice greater among those >30 years compared with those ≤30 years ( p-interaction = .033), and no differential by age associated with recent crisis ( p-interaction = .64). IPC and recent crisis are risk factors for committing homicide–suicides compared with suicides alone, with the risk doubly greater among older than younger perpetrators.
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Leenaars, Antoon A., David Lester, and Bijou Yang. "Menninger's Motives for Suicide in the Notes of Completed and Attempted Suicides." Psychological Reports 70, no. 2 (1992): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.70.2.369.
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Brevard, Lester, and Yang in 1990, studying Menninger's motives for suicide, reported more evidence for the wish to be killed (i.e., self-blame or self-punishment) in suicide notes for completed suicides than in parasuicide notes for attempted suicide; however, they did not control for age and sex. A comparison of notes written by completed and attempted suicides that controlled for age and sex showed no differences in the presence of content which reflected Menninger's three motives for suicide, including the wish to be killed.
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Laubscher, Leswin R. "Suicide in a South African Town: A Cultural Psychological Investigation." South African Journal of Psychology 33, no. 3 (2003): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124630303300301.
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Paarl, a large South African town, has experienced a dramatic increase in suicide among young, professional Coloured men during the period 1990 to 2000. Interviews were conducted with surviving family members and friends, and subjected to a qualitative, interpretative analysis. Theoretically and methodologically, cultural psychology is presented as a critical alternative to mainstream academic literature on suicide within psychology and sociology. Hence, the suicides of the young men are read as a cultural phenomenon within a particular post-Apartheid context. Cultural certitude and identity are presented as organising dialectic and phenomenological hermeneutic.
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Arafat, S. M. Yasir, Marthoenis Marthoenis, Murad M. Khan, and Mohsen Rezaeian. "Association between Suicide Rate and Human Development Index, Income, and the Political System in 46 Muslim-Majority Countries: An Ecological Study." European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 12, no. 7 (2022): 754–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe12070055.
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Very little has been researched assessing the relationship between the suicide rate and the ecological perspectives of the country, especially in the Muslim majority countries. We aimed to determine the association between suicide rate and the ecological parameters of 46 Muslim majority countries. We extracted the Muslim majority countries and their suicide rate, income distribution, distribution of the WHO region and continents, and Human Development Index (HDI). We assessed the correlation of the proportion of Muslim populations, the total population of the countries, number of suicides, continent, income group, political system, and HDI score with the suicide rate. The median suicide rate was 5.45 (IQR = 4.8); 2.9 (IQR = 4) in females and 7.45 (IQR = 8.2) in males per 100,000 population. The males had a significantly higher rate and the highest suicide rate was found in Africa. There are inverse associations between the total suicide rate, the rate in males, and females with HDI, and the income of the country. Furthermore, the suicide rate was significantly higher in countries with democratic systems compared to non-democratic countries. The findings suggest that ecological parameters may have an etiological role on suicides in Muslim countries where HDI and income are inversely associated with suicide rates.
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Chiurliza, Bruno, Christopher R. Hagan, Megan L. Rogers, et al. "Implicit Measures of Suicide Risk in a Military Sample." Assessment 25, no. 5 (2016): 667–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191116676363.
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Suicide has become an issue of great concern within the U.S. military in recent years, with recent reports indicating that suicide has surpassed combat related deaths as the leading cause of death. One concern regarding suicide risk in the military is that existing self-report measures allow service members to conceal or misrepresent current suicidal ideation or suicide plans and preparations. Implicit association tests (IATs) are computer-based, reaction time measures that have been shown to be resilient to such masking of symptoms. The death/suicide implicit association test (d/s-IAT) is an empirically supported IAT that is specific to death and suicide. The present study examined whether the performance of 1,548 U.S. military service members on the d/s-IAT significantly predicted lifetime suicidal ideation and depression. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression analyses were used to test these associations. Results indicated that the d/s-IAT was neither associated with history of suicidal ideation nor history of depression.
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Kheibari, Athena, Julie Cerel, and Rebecca Sanford. "Attitudes About Suicide Ideation Among Suicide Loss Survivors: A Vignette Study." Psychological Reports 122, no. 5 (2018): 1707–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294118795882.
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This study aimed to examine the attitudes of college students toward suicide and nonsuicide loss survivors’ future suicide intent—specifically the degree to which each is believed to be suicidal based on the characteristics of the loss and relationship to the deceased. Participants were asked to read a descriptive vignette about a bereaved individual and assess their judgment about the survivor’s current state of suicide-related ideation. The results revealed that the likelihood of indicating suicide-related ideation was decreased by 5.9% for each year that the participant aged. This study provides useful knowledge about the perception of suicidal ideation among bereaved individuals.
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Lester, David. "Memes and Suicide." Psychological Reports 105, no. 1 (2009): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.105.1.3-10.
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The concept of memes is analyzed, and its applicability to suicidology explored. Proposals are made for possible memes implicated in suicidal behavior. A classification of suicidal memes is proposed and the relationship between memes and archetypes of suicide is discussed. It is suggested that the terminology of meme theory can sharpen research into imitation effects in suicide.
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Gunnell, D., O. Bennewith, S. Simkin, et al. "Time trends in coroners' use of different verdicts for possible suicides and their impact on officially reported incidence of suicide in England: 1990–2005." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 7 (2012): 1415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712002401.
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BackgroundOfficial suicide statistics for England are based on deaths given suicide verdicts and most cases given an open verdict following a coroner's inquest. Previous research indicates that some deaths given accidental verdicts are considered to be suicides by clinicians. Changes in coroners' use of different verdicts may bias suicide trend estimates. We investigated whether suicide trends may be over- or underestimated when they are based on deaths given suicide and open verdicts.MethodPossible suicides assessed by 12 English coroners in 1990/91, 1998 and 2005 and assigned open, accident/misadventure or narrative verdicts were rated by three experienced suicide researchers according to the likelihood that they were suicides. Details of all suicide verdicts given by these coroners were also recorded.ResultsIn 1990/91, 72.0% of researcher-defined suicides received a suicide verdict from the coroner, this decreased to 65.4% in 2005 (ptrend < 0.01); equivalent figures for combined suicide and open verdicts were 95.4% (1990/91) and 86.7% (2005). Researcher-defined suicides with a verdict of accident/misadventure doubled over that period, from 4.6% to 9.1% (p < 0.01). Narrative verdict cases rose from zero in 1990/91 to 25 in 2005 (4.2% of researcher-defined suicides that year). In 1998 and 2005, 50.0% of the medicine poisoning deaths given accidental/misadventure verdicts were rated as suicide by the researchers.ConclusionsBetween 1990/91 and 2005, the proportion of researcher-defined suicides given a suicide verdict by coroners decreased, largely due to an increased use of accident/misadventure verdicts, particularly for deaths involving poisoning. Consideration should be given to the inclusion of ‘accidental’ deaths by poisoning with medicines in the statistics available for monitoring suicides rates.
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And, Martin Voracek, Lisa Mariella Loibl, and Gernot Sonneck. "Beliefs in the Inheritance of Risk Factors for Suicide Scale: Development, Reliability, Stability, and Convergent and Discriminant Validity." Psychological Reports 101, no. 1 (2007): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.101.1.107-116.
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Findings from adoption, family, geographical, immigrant, molecular genetic, surname, and twin studies suggest genetic risk factors have a role in suicidal behavior. However, related mental health literacy (knowledge and beliefs) even of future health-care professionals who will be concerned with suicide lag behind this research progress. As no scale for assessing such beliefs is available, the 22-item Beliefs in the Inheritance of Risk Factors for Suicide Scale was constructed, its contents rated by experts in a validation survey and administered to samples of 70 medical and 165 psychology students. Medical students held stronger beliefs in the genetics of suicide than psychology students. Internal scale consistency and test-retest reliability were assessed as adequate. Factor analysis of the 22 items yielded a dominant first factor. Scores were positively related to knowledge about suicide (convergent validity) but for the most part unrelated to lay theories of suicide, political orientation, religiosity, and social desirability (discriminant validity). This novel scale shows potential for assessing individuals' beliefs about the genetics of suicide. Applications may include basic research, educational contexts, and evaluation of professional training.
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Shahnaz, Arezoo, Boaz Y. Saffer, and E. David Klonsky. "Examining Time Perspective Orientation in Suicide Ideation and Suicide Attempts." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 38, no. 8 (2019): 627–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2019.38.7.627.
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Introduction: Time perspective orientation (TPO) refers to the way an individual psychologically and behaviorally connects to temporal concepts of past, present, and future. Previous studies have hypothesized that certain types of time perspectives, such as a negative orientation towards the past, predict negative psychological functioning and outcomes, including suicide risk. The current study examines whether differences in TPOs are linked to suicidal thoughts or suicidal acts using two measures of time perspective. Methods: We recruited a large online U.S.-based sample comprised of three groups: participants with (a) a history of suicide attempts (attempters; n = 107), (b) a history of suicide ideation but no history of attempts (ideators; n = 164), and (c) no history of ideation or attempts (nonsuicidal; n = 194). Results: A Positive Past (d = 0.71) and Negative Past (d = 0.89) orientation yielded large differences between individuals with a history of suicide ideation and nonsuicidal participants, where Positive Past was elevated among nonsuicidal participants and Negative Past among ideators. These differences were not accounted for by depression or anxiety. However, TPO differences between individuals with a history of suicide ideation and individuals with a history of attempts ranged from negligible to small (d range = 0.03—0.33). Discussion: The findings suggest that time perspective may be robustly associated with the development of suicide ideation, but only minimally related to suicide attempts among ideators.
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MacDonald, Michael G. "Teachers' Knowledge of Facts and Myths about Suicide." Psychological Reports 95, no. 2 (2004): 651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.2.651-656.
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Suicidal behavior is a serious public health concern that has prompted the development of prevention strategies, which include increasing community members' knowledge about suicide. Given that teachers are in a key position to recognize and respond to suicidal behavior, this study examined teachers' knowledge about suicide to identify how they need to be educated relative to its prevention. 82 Canadian school teachers from middle and high schools were administered a revised version of the 32-item Facts on Suicide Quiz to examine their knowledge of suicide. Analysis indicated that general information about suicide was limited, while knowledge of clinically relevant information about suicide, e.g., “Suicide rarely happens without warning,” was relatively high.
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Ghotbi, Soraya, Ali Bozorgmehr, and Shima Razian. "Suicide from the Perspective of Islam and Psychology with an Emphasize on the Models Explaining the Relationship between Impulsivity and Suicidal Behaviors." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 6, no. 3 (2019): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i3.776.
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Suicide is the act of taking one's own life which is made within the framework of a voluntarily action by an informed individual. Impulsivity is one of the most reasons for the emergence of suicidal behaviors. Impulsivity takes place without considering the possible consequences of the action and for a fast access to a reward.The purpose of the present study is to study suicide in the perspective of Islam and psychology with an emphasize on the models explaining the relationship between impulsivity, suicidal behaviors and to discuss each model as well. Due to the multilayer nature of suicide, the research methodology is in documentation-based, analytical and meta-analytical forms.In order to study the models explaining the relationship between impulsivity and suicidal behaviors, different data bases and with key words such as: impulsivity, impulsive behaviors, suicidal behaviors and as likes were broadly reviewed and upon completion of data collection, the related studies were closely examined.The research findings indicate that in the perspective of Islam, suicide is in connection with components such as: the weakness of ideological and ethical bases, the lack of positive perception and disappointment with God, the lack of thinking on the belongings, magnifying the hardships and shortages, and considering the life as something meaningless. In psychology, based on the personality model, the impulsive individuals have a greater inclination towards experiencing the provocative and painful incidents. From the viewpoint of idea to practice framework, the forecasting factors of suicide are classified based on the rate of risk of suicidal ideations and also the rate of action risk for suicide. In the integrated conceptual model, the evaluation of the suicide risk is made integrally and during the treatment process. The model of addiction to suicide, considers the suicidal behaviors as a kind of addiction. The three-step theory states that in the event that the sense of pain is associated with disappointment, and the lack of dependence on life and companions, the individual will make suicidal behaviors. The result is that in the perspective of Islam, the growth of awareness and increase of intellectual skills aiming at gaining knowledge and improving the relationship between human and God, reinforcing the basic beliefs and monotheistic doctrine are the most basic and effective steps to deter the suicidal behaviors. In psychology, opposite to the prevailing beliefs, it seems that impulsivity is not considered as a trustable forecaster for suicidal actions and the personality feature of impulsivity does not have a strong and noticeable relationship with suicidal actions.
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Bridges, F. Stephen. "Gun Control Law (BILL C-17), Suicide, and Homicide in Canada." Psychological Reports 94, no. 3 (2004): 819–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.94.3.819-826.
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Canadian Bill C-17 was implemented in 1991 to restrict the use of firearms, providing a chance to investigate the effect of firearm control laws in the use of firearms for suicide and homicide. Following Lester and Leenaars' comprehensive studies, the present study examined the use of firearms for suicide and homicide during the period prior to the bill and during the period after the passing of Bill C-17 to assess the association of the bill with rates of suicide and homicide by method. Analysis showed a significant decrease after passage of Bill C-17 in the rates of suicides and homicides involving firearms and the percentage of suicides using firearms. The analysis provides support for the position that restricting the availability of firearms as a lethal means of committing suicide and homicide may help reduce the numbers of suicides and homicides.
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Westefeld, John S., Kimberly A. Whitchard, and Lillian M. Range. "College and University Student Suicide." Counseling Psychologist 18, no. 3 (1990): 464–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000090183008.
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Suicide among college and university students is unquestionably an important issue on the nation's college campuses. This is true not only because of the frequency of suicidal attempts/completions, but also because of the severe trauma often precipitated by suicide. Although there are numerous writings discussing the general phenomenon of suicide -and in particular child and adolescent suicide -less has been written concerning suicidal trends specifically among college students. Thus the purpose of this article will be to summarize the prominent literature in the area of college student suicide, provide a critical review, identify relevant themes, and discuss future directions.
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Lester, David. "Rates of Attempted Suicide and of Completed Suicide in European Nations." Psychological Reports 72, no. 3_suppl (1993): 1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.72.3c.1202.
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Thornhill, Jaime, and Robyn Gillies. "Young Adults' Suicide Related Knowledge and Attitudes: Implications for suicide awareness education." Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 10, no. 1 (2000): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1037291100004143.
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This study investigated the effects of gender, personal experience with suicidal others and exposure to suicide awareness education upon suicide related knowledge and attitudes of 190 young adults and 52 older adults. Results showed that both the young and older adults indicated a substantial degree of personal experience with suicidal others, and despite displaying inadequate knowledge, possessed reasonable attitudes to adolescent suicide (e.g., need for education). Young adults' level of knowledge was found to vary as a function of gender (females displaying better knowledge than males), and having been exposed to school-based suicide curriculum. Differential gender effects also emerged in young adults' suicide-related attitudes with females indicating greater support for the inclusion of suicide education in schools. The implications of these findings for school-based suicide prevention efforts are discussed.
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Schmitz-Scherzer, Reinhard. "Reflections on Cultural Influences on Aging and Old-Age Suicide in Germany." International Psychogeriatrics 7, no. 2 (1995): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610295001992.
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The limited attention paid to old-age suicide in Germany is likely related to society's lack of interest in the specific problems of old people. This is despite the fact that over half of all German suicides are committed by persons 65 and older. In reviewing what is known about elderly suicide based on retrospective studies, I submit that suicide in later life is not always based on pathologic mental processes. There may be a number of risk factors unique to elderly suicides, in addition to depressive disorders that involve broader cultural issues among the many motives likely present in any one suicide. Today's emphasis on individualized values may lead to a feeling of meaninglessness in the suicidal elderly. The uncertainty and fear of the inability to influence their own dying and a certain weariness of life are also likely unique risk factors for the elderly. Thus the reasons or motives for a suicide may be best considered by understanding the entire life situation and the biographical aspects of the person. Prevention of elderly suicides requires a number of approaches ranging from social assistance and improved training of care providers to more acceptance and valuing of older persons by society.
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Griffith, James. "Suicide in the U.S. army: stressor-strain hypothesis among deployed and nondeployed Army National Guard soldiers." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 7, no. 3 (2015): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-05-2014-0125.
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Purpose – Study samples, having responded to similar survey content, allowed examination of suicide risk factors for deployed soldiers relative to nondeployed or home station soldiers. Specific research questions addressed by this study are: First, what is the prevalence of suicidal behaviors among Army National Guard (ARNG) soldiers – deployed or not, and how do these rates compare with known US national and international rates? Second, what are stressful life events associated with suicidal risk? How do these compare between deployed and nondeployed soldiers? Third, what specifically about combat exposure makes soldiers at risk for suicide? And fourth, is there any evidence of stress-buffering effect between risk factors and suicidal behaviors? The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Three data sources were used. First, the responding sample for the Unit Risk Inventory consisted of 180 company-sized units with a total of 12,567 responding soldiers. Second, the responding sample for the Unit Risk Inventory-Reintegration consisted of 50 company-sized units with a total of 4,567 soldiers. The third data source was all ARNG suicides for calendar years 2007 through 2012. For each calendar year, a random sample of 1,000 ARNG soldiers was drawn to represent nonsuicides. This resulted in a study sample size of 6,523, including the 523 suicides for the years 2007 through 2012 plus 1,000 nonsuicide cases for each calendar year. Findings – Prevalence of suicidal behaviors among soldiers was higher (for thoughts, plans, and attempts, respectively, 4-6, 1.3-2.2, and 0.7-0.08 percent) than among civilian populations (respectively, 2.6, 0.7, and 0.4 percent). Risk was highest among home station than deployed soldiers. Stressful life events associated with suicide risk included personal feelings of loneliness, anger, and frustration, followed by interpersonal behavioral problems, such as aggressive behavior toward a significant other and having committed a crime. Also evident are the beneficial effects (as a main effect and buffering effect) of feelings of cohesiveness, quality leaderships, and job satisfaction on suicidal behaviors. Research limitations/implications – Findings here were consistent with the stressor-strain hypothesis. Stressful life events were associated with suicide risk, especially, personal feelings of loneliness, anger, and frustration, followed by interpersonal behavioral problems, such as aggressive behavior toward a significant other and having committed a crime. Evident, too, were the beneficial effects of feelings of cohesiveness, quality leaderships, and job satisfaction on suicidal behaviors. Soldiers reporting these events were less likely to report suicidal behaviors and social support lessened the cumulative effect of risk factors on suicidal behaviors. Given these findings, it seems that suicide risk in the military is not uniquely different from that observed in civilian populations. The higher prevalence of suicides in the military likely has to do with proportionally more individuals who have historically shown to be at risk for suicide, namely, young males. Practical implications – Strong association of individual-level attributes with suicidal behaviors, such as age, gender, and race, suggest individual-level vulnerability to suicidal behaviors. This expectation is consistent with the stress/suicide vulnerability theory (Bryan, 2014; Nock et al., 2013). Such vulnerabilities may include negative affectivity (one of the Big Five personality dimensions) and early childhood trauma to suicidal behaviors (Griffith, 2012a, 2014). Social implications – Suicide, related constructs, and their underlying processes need to be further examined in future research. Their understanding would be useful in screening individuals most at risk for suicidal behaviors, with referral and treatment, if needed. Practically, such vulnerabilities in relation to what specific experiences could be determined, potentially describing which individuals are suited best to adapt to which environments. Originality/value – There has been much research on the increased suicides in the military, and to date, studies have focussed primarily on traumatic events, such as, deployments and combat exposure associated with suicidal behaviors. Yet, studies have almost exclusively examined the combat-suicide connection without reference to suicide risk factors among nondeployed or home station soldiers. This study fills this gap by examining survey responses to standardized questionnaires administered to ARNG soldiers during calendar year 2010 – one sample of deployed units either to Iraq or to Afghanistan and another sample of nondeployed or home station units.
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Preti, Antonio. "Suicide among Animals: Clues from Folklore That May Prevent Suicidal Behaviour in Human Beings." Psychological Reports 97, no. 2 (2005): 547–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.97.2.547-558.
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Knowing the most likely reasons for suicide might increase the chances to identify the early signs of suicide. Folkloric tales on suicide among animals are a possible source of such information, since people probably explain animal suicide using the same reasons they would apply to their kin. Modern naturalistic studies have found little evidence of self-harming conduct among nonhuman species. Nevertheless, mythological accounts often report suicidal behaviour among animals. Claudius Aelian's De natura animalium, a classic in its genre, written in the 2nd century AD, reports 21 cases of suicide among animals. In Aelian's tales, the severing of social ties emerges as an important motive for suicide, together with incest and rage caused by adultery. Paying attention to the mechanisms leading to suicide described in ancient mythology may help us understand unusual and uncommon motives for suicide and the reasons people feel suicidal.
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Hjelmeland, Heidi, Charity S. Akotia, Vicki Owens, et al. "Self-Reported Suicidal Behavior and Attitudes Toward Suicide and Suicide Prevention Among Psychology Students in Ghana, Uganda, and Norway." Crisis 29, no. 1 (2008): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.29.1.20.
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Abstract. Self-reported suicidal behavior and attitudes toward suicide in psychology students are reported and compared in Ghana, Uganda, and Norway. Small differences only were found in own suicidal behavior. However, experience of suicidal behavior in the surroundings was more common in Uganda than in Ghana and Norway. Although differences were found between the three countries in attitudes toward suicide, which emphasizes the need for culture-sensitive research and prevention, many of the differences were not as big as expected. The most pronounced difference was that the Norwegian students were more reluctant to take a stand on these questions compared to their African counterparts. Some differences were also found between the two African countries. The implications of the results for suicide prevention in Africa are discussed.
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Navarro, Noelia, Luis García, and Adolfo J. Cangas. "Atribución de factores de riesgo de suicidio en niños y adolescentes en la comunidad inmigrante latina: una muestra del sur de California." Psychology, Society, & Education 8, no. 3 (2017): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/psye.v8i3.501.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: In the last years an alarming increase has taken place in the number of suicides in children and teenagers, being a daily reality in the panorama of the USA, especially in the case of Latino immigrants. In the current study, a survey about the perceived risk factors for suicide was established between risk population. The sample was composed of 593 children and adolescents aged between 11 and 18 years, most Latino ethnicity, belonging to "Latina Youth Program" (LYP), a program of suicide prevention in risk population, developed by Pacifics Clinics, an organization that operates in Los Angeles, California. They interviewed the participants about the factors they considered risk for suicidal behavior. Participants were randomly selected in 2003, 2005 and 2008. The factors most commonly identified risk were the regulation of emotions (96.57%), poor family communication, poor school performance, the influence of the peer group (89.67%, 82. 73% and 41.57% respectively). The found trend is towards an increase in the perception of risk factors detected in any case up to ten risk factors for suicide. The higher quantity of variables impede the precise determination of the (s) reason (s) that might end in this fatidical conclusion, being the most common a panorama in which converge multitude of variables, crucial to settling objectives in interventions. Attribution of risk factors for suicide in children and adolescents in the Latino immigrant community: a sample of Southern California Resumen: En los últimos años se ha producido un incremento alarmante en el número de suicidios en niños y adolescentes, siendo una realidad cotidiana en el panorama de los EEUU, especialmente en el caso de inmigrantes latinos. En el presente estudio, se estableció un sondeo en población de riesgo acerca de los factores de riesgo de suicidio percibidos. La muestra quedó conformada por 593 niños y adolescentes de edades comprendidas entre los 11 y los 18 años, la mayoría de etnia latina, pertenecientes a “Latina Youth Program” (LYP), un programa de prevención del suicidio en población de riesgo, desarrollado por Pacifics Clinics, una organización que desarrolla su actividad en Los Ángeles, California. Se entrevistó a los participantes acerca de los factores que ellos consideraban de riesgo para la conducta suicida. Los participantes fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente en los años 2003, 2005 y 2008. Los factores de riesgo más comúnmente señalados fueron la regulación de emociones (96.57%), la pobre comunicación familiar, bajo rendimiento escolar, la influencia del grupo de iguales (89.67%, 82. 73% y 41.57% respectivamente). La tendencia encontrada apunta hacia un aumento en la percepción de factores de riesgo, detectándose en cualquier caso hasta diez factores de riesgo de suicidio. La cantidad de variables puestas en juego complejizan la determinación precisa de la(s) causa(s) que podrían desembocar en este fatídico desenlace, siendo lo más común un panorama en el que confluyen multitud de variables, cruciales para asentar objetivos en las intervenciones.