Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Suie – Composition chimique – Analyse'
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Ngohang, Franck Estimé. "Combination of mass loss cone, Fourier transforminfrared spectroscopy and electrical low pressure impactor to extend fire behaviour characterization of materials." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10167.
Full textA bench-scale test combining mass loss cone, Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (MLC/FTIR/ELPI) was developed to enable simultaneous evaluation of the flammability parameters, the gases evolved (qualitative and quantitative evaluation) and the smoke particles (size distribution and concentration) generated by the combustion of the studied materials. This bench test is designed specifically to investigate the fire behaviour of manufactured products such as electric cables, as it is difficult to fully examine the latter with bench tests of the type thermogravimetry or pyrolysis - gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, which can only hold small quantities of sample (from µg to a few mg). After setting up the MLC/FTIR/ELPI coupling, methodologies were established for qualitative and quantitative analysis of evolved gases and smoke particles. Experimental trials conducted on ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and ethylene vinyl acetate/aluminium trihydroxide (EVA/ATH) as reference materials demonstrated that the bench test provides accurate, meaningful and repeatable results
Ngohang, Franck Estimé. "Combination of mass loss cone, Fourier transforminfrared spectroscopy and electrical low pressure impactor to extend fire behaviour characterization of materials." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10167/document.
Full textA bench-scale test combining mass loss cone, Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (MLC/FTIR/ELPI) was developed to enable simultaneous evaluation of the flammability parameters, the gases evolved (qualitative and quantitative evaluation) and the smoke particles (size distribution and concentration) generated by the combustion of the studied materials. This bench test is designed specifically to investigate the fire behaviour of manufactured products such as electric cables, as it is difficult to fully examine the latter with bench tests of the type thermogravimetry or pyrolysis - gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, which can only hold small quantities of sample (from µg to a few mg). After setting up the MLC/FTIR/ELPI coupling, methodologies were established for qualitative and quantitative analysis of evolved gases and smoke particles. Experimental trials conducted on ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and ethylene vinyl acetate/aluminium trihydroxide (EVA/ATH) as reference materials demonstrated that the bench test provides accurate, meaningful and repeatable results
Irimiea, Cornelia. "Characterization of soot particles and their precursors by coupling laser-based techniques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10066.
Full textCombustion impacts many important aspects of our life like the air quality, the local and global climate and the use of energy sources. In the last decades, an outstanding progress towards cleaner combustion has been achieved. However, the reaction pathways leading to the formation of some pollutants, especially particulate matter (soot) resulting from incomplete combustion, are still elusive. In this work, we aim to investigate specific aspects of soot and its precursors formation in laboratory flames for a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms leading from the gas phase up to the mature particulate found in the exhausts. This objective is also pursued in field-campaigns to assess the potential impact of soot surface properties on the environment. Following this approach, experimental techniques like in-situ laser induced incandescence and fluorescence, and ex-situ laser desorption and secondary ion mass spectrometry are used to target specific properties of soot and its precursors. Notably, the evolution of the complex refractive index of soot is measured as a function of soot maturity, and the implications on both the flame physico-chemistry and the analytical techniques applicability are discussed. Additionally, a new detection method for soot and precursors based on simultaneous excitation at one wavelength is developed. In parallel, two campaigns are dedicated to the analysis of the surface chemistry of soot sampled from airplane and car exhausts. Statistical methods as multivariate analysis are used to identify patterns and differences within sets of samples by assessing the influence of the combustion parameters or the role of the fuel
Nedeltcheva, Théodora. "Analyse spatiale de la composition chimique des ruisseaux vosgiens." Nancy 1, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2005_0189_NEDELTCHEVA.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this study was to analyse the spatial variability of stream water composition at lowflow in the Vosges Mountains. We showed that the mineral element concentration can be explained by three main factors: annual rainfall, bedrock composition and the area of the catchment. The principal influence of the precipitations suggests that the stream water concentrations are acquired in the soil. Stream water concentrations in base cations are strongly related to the bedrock content in weatherable minerals, when these minerals are still available in substantial amounts in the soil horizons and saprolite. Potassium concentrations are mainly related to the K-feldspar weathering and the trapping of the K, released by K-feldspar weathering, by clays. On sandstone, Na originates mainly from the atmosphere, and Si results from dilution of the soil solutions by the rainfall. On granite, in addition to this dilution, Na concentrations are controlled by ion exchange with the other cations released in the drainage waters by the weathering
Nedeltcheva, Théodora Dambrine Etienne. "Analyse spatiale de la composition chimique des ruisseaux vosgiens." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2005_0189_NEDELTCHEVA.pdf.
Full textÉparvier, Véronique. "Études chimique et biologique de plantes tropicales : Disepalum plagioneurum et Richella obtusata (Annonaceae), Argophyllum nitidum (Escalloniaceae), et Pittosporum pancheri (Pittosporaceae) : Isolement, analyse structurale et essais biologiques." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0044.
Full textIn the search for new active compounds, chemical study of four tropical plants has been investigated: two cytotoxic Annonaceae (Disepalum plagioneurum and Richella obtustata), one Escalloniaceae, which inhibit acetylcholinesterase (Argophyllum nitidum) and one Pittosporaceae which is a MCH1 inhibitor (Pittosporum pancheri). Bioguided fractionation of these plants and chemical transformation of some isolated molecules led to the structural determination of 17 compounds (13 are new). Acetogenins and one styryl-lactone have been isolated from Annonaceae, dipeptides from Argophyllum nitidum and farnesyled glycosides from Pittosporum pancheri. Biological evaluation of isolated compounds have been investigated. Most of these compounds are responsible of the initial activity observed. Structure-activity relationships have also been studied
Tessier, Jayson. "Détermination de la composition de l'alimentation des circuits de broyage par analyse d'images multivariée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23698/23698.pdf.
Full textRizzon, Luiz A. "Incidence de la macération sur la composition chimique des vins." Bordeaux 2, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR20026.
Full textPassarelli, Claire. "Composition, rôles et devenir des exopolymères dans les biofilms des sédiments marins côtiers." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MNHN0012.
Full textTishkova, Victoria. "Nanoparticules de combustion émises par différents moyens de transport : caractérisation physico-chimique et hygroscopicité." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2009AIX22060.pdf.
Full textTransport emission of nanoparticles into atmosphere is of major interest because of its possible effect on climate changes. The understanding of the potential environmental effect of the aviation and ship emission is still poor maintly because of the lack in the experimental characterization of these nanoparticules. The present work focuses on physico-chemical properties of combustion nanoparticles and their interaction with water. Hygroscopicity is on of the key parameters that are related to could condensation nuclei (CCN) activity and the environnemental effect. Experimental data show differences in the microstructure, elemental composition residuals coming from marine transport emitted residuals. Water uptake on combustion residuals coming from marine transport and aviation is higher than for laboratory-produced samples. We can therfore guess that these particules act as active CCN in the atmosphere
Auger, Clovis Cameron. "Composition chimique des minéraux indicateurs de la mine de Kittilä, Finlande." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27395.
Full textDebreuil, Julien. "Analyse protéique de la matrice organique chez le genre Corallium, approche biochimique comparative et mécanistique." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066701.
Full textCorallium genus species are very interesting biomineralization models: they build two skeletal structures with different size and form: an axial skeleton and sclerites. Despite their important morphological and morphometrical differences, both are composed of a mineral fraction of calcium carbonate and an organic fraction called organic matrix (OM). This OM is supposed to be involved in several biomineralization steps: nucleation, growth and orientation of crystals, final nano- and macro-architecture of biominerals. Comparative study of this OM thus represents a great opportunity to determine the fundamental mechanisms of biomineralization within these species. The aim of this PhD research project was to characterize OM proteins and inform on the skeletogenesis mechanisms among the Corallium genus. By comparative intra- and interspecies approaches, we have found OM proteic differences and similarities in different Corallium populations and species. Our results confirm a common growth mechanism and the possibility to use OM as a taxonomic criterion for these species. Moreover the comparison of OM proteins between the two skeletal structures in C. Rubrum reveals proteins with identical biochemical characteristics and other with differences. Finally by the combinaison of these biochemical approaches with a transcriptomic one, we have characterized the first OM protein in the octocorallian species from the Mediterranean Sea, Corallium rubrum
Escolano, Cyril. "Analyse spectroscopique détaillée d'atmosphères stellaires : structure des vents et composition chimique de surface des étoiles O." Aix-Marseille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX10150.
Full textMassive stars are the central engines of various astrophysical processes : they ionize the surrounding hydrogen, giving birth to HII regions and, through their stellar winds, they yield the processed material synthetized in their core and inject mechanical energy to the surrounding medium. In addition, they are suspected to be the progenitors of the most luminous and energetic events observed at the time, namely (core-collapse) supernovae and gamma ray bursts. Far from being the homogeneous outflows of material described initially by the radiatively driven winds theory, the massive stars’ atmospheres are highly structured (wind clumping) and exhibit an intense activity (X-rays emissivity and magnetic fields for instance). During my thesis, I was particularly interested in the properties of the massive, hot and luminous O type stars. I realized the detailed spectroscopic analysis of a sample of these objects (some of them hosting a magnetic field), with the state-of-art radiative transfer code CMFGEN. From this analysis, I determined their fundamental parameters (effective temperature, surface chemical abundances, mass loss rates,. . . ) and confronted them to the most recent theoretical models. My results confrm that strong contrasts exist between the observational parameters and those expected by both theoretical wind models and stellar evolution models
Angeli, Nicolas. "Evolution de la composition chimique des ruisseaux vosgiens : Analyse rétrospective et effet d'un amendement calco-magnésien." Nancy 1, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2006_0096_ANGELI.pdf.
Full textOur work is based on (1) a functional analysis of a long term in the chemical composition of streams since fifty-years, (2) an experimental liming of catchments. The historical analysis showed an acidification and a continuous demineralization of water draining sandstone since fifty years. The acidity and the mineralization of streams draining granites rich on weatherable minerals have decreased since thirty years. In the area covered by granites rich in Na plagioclase, which is drained by many acid streams, mineralization has decreased since twenty years and Al concentration have decreased since ten years, without pH changes. The experimental input of dolomite and dolomitic limestone, gypsum and KCl has caused a sudden and durable increase in Ca, Mg and pH in the stream of granitic catchment riche in sodium plagioclase. The dynamic of chloride showed a rapid contribution of soil waters to the humid area and stream, while a small fraction has infiltrated deeper into the soil. On sandstone, except a direct effect during the flood following the liming, the increase of concentrations was very small. The majority of chloride, Ca and Mg are infiltrated deeper into the permeable sandy soils, without contributing directly to the stream flow. Hydrologic, isotopic, chemical arguments suggest that the mean residence time of water and mineral elements in catchment is of several decades This work supports the scientific material for a reasoned politic of acidity correction of stream water in the Vosges mountains
Angeli, Nicolas Dambrine Etienne. "Evolution de la composition chimique des ruisseaux vosgiens Analyse rétrospective et effet d'un amendement calco-magnésien /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2006_0096_ANGELI.pdf.
Full textSanfins, Elodie. "Etude de la Régulation de l'activité de l'arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) par les nanoparticules de noir de carbone." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077110.
Full textArylamine N-acetyltranferases (NATs) are xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes that play a major role in the detoxication and/or the bioactivation of aromatic amines some of which are carcinogenic. We have studied the effects of carbon black nanoparticles (NPs) on the biotransformation of carcinogenic aromatic amines by the human NATl. These NPs are potentially toxic and they co-exist with AAs in professional environment such as the rubber industry. The results obtained in this study show that the incubation of recombinant human NATl with increasing concentrations of NPs lead to the dose dependant inhibition of the biotransformation activity of the enzyme. Kinetic analysis and ultracentrifugation assays point out that the enzyme is rapidly adsorbed on the NPs leading to its irreversible inhibition Furthermore, circular dichroïsm data highlighted that NP-NAT1 interaction induce changes in the secondary structure of the enzyme probably responsible for its irreversible inhibition. Finally, the exposition by NPs of pulmonary epithelial cells in culture leads to the inhibition of the endogenous enzyme and to the alteration of the cell dependant acetylation of aromatic amines. Overall the results suggest that the exposition by NPs may alter the metabolism of aromatic pollutants and may contribute to the increase in NP potential toxicity
Ousova, Olga. "Analyse d'un QTL d'hypercortisolémie chez le porc : rôle de la transcortine." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR28867.
Full textThis thesis was directed to precise the genetic factors underlying the variations of cortisol levels vetween pig races Large White and Meishan. Previous studies had identified on chromosome 7 a QTL associated with the levels of cortisol, basal and after a novelty stress. Comparative mapping data between human, mouse and pig genomes has suggested that transcortine or CBG (corticosteroid binding globulin) incoding gene might be a causal gene for this QTL. Firstly, using a porcine Cbg gene fragment we have mapped the porcine Cbg gene on somatic cell hybrid and radiation hybrid panels. Thereafter isolation of a BAC Cbg clone using the same DNA probe has allowed us to localise the gene Cbg on pig metaphase chromosomes by FISH. These methods together has assigned the Cbg gene to band q26 of pig chromosome 7, between the markers flanking the QTL associated with cortisol levels. Estimation of transcortin binding parameters realised using cortisol binding capacity assay after absorption on solid phase (concanacalin A-Sepharose) revealed that Meishan pigs had a maximal CBG binding capacity 1. 6 times higher than Large White pigs. Using the same biochemical measures on the F2 pig population, we showed a strong genetic linkage between CBG binding capacity and the chromosomal region 7q24-7q26 where the QTL associated with cortisol levels was localised. Molecular expression studies indicated no differences in Cbg mRNA expression in the liver of the two parental breeds. The sequence of exons and promoter region of porcine Cbg gene has been determined. The preliminary results of haplotype analysis of Cbg gene (proximal promoter, coding sequence, 3'UTR) of F1 pigs and their parents are discussed
Lemaire, Romain. "Étude de l'impact de la combustion de différents types de carburants sur les caractéristiques physico-chimiques des particules de suie par couplage de l'incandescence et de la fluorescence induite par laser." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10138.
Full textSoot particles generated in combustion processes are strongly linked to various environmental and health problems. As a consequence, regulations regarding particulate emissions are becoming more and more stringent. To reduce the quantities of soot emitted into the atmosphere, fundamental studies have to be undertaken in order to better understand the mechanisms involved in the formation of soot particles. The objective of this work is to study the impact of the combustion of different types of fuels on the physical-chemical properties of soot. To this end, a hybrid bumer has been specially designed in order to generate a series of liquid fuel diffusion flames whose hydrodynamic behaviour is similar and independent of the physical properties of the tested fuels. Quantitative mappings of soot and soot precursors have been carried out in flames of kerosene, Diesel, gasoline, biofuels and various kerosene and Diesel surrogates by coupling Laser Induced Incandescence and Laser Induced Fluorescence (Lll/LIF). By comparing the LII signaIs obtained for different excitation wavelengths, it has been possible to determine the evolution of the optical properties of soot as a function of the wavelength. The evolution of the physical properties of soot particles (density, specific heat, refractive index, diameter) during the combustion process have been derived from the analysis of the LII fluence curves and time decays obtained at different heights in the flames. Finally, a microprobe sampling system has been developed in order to obtain soot samples which have then been analysed using laser desorption/laser ionization/time-of- tlight mass spectrometry to determine the nature of the chemicals adsorbed on the soot surface
Delhaye, David. "Détermination expérimentale des caractéristiques physiques et chimiques de particules de suie émises par des turboréacteurs d'avion." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00261972.
Full texttraînées de condensation qui peuvent évoluer en nuage de type cirrus. Par ailleurs, ces particules de taille submicrométrique, dont l'impact sur la qualité de l'air est avéré, sont également source de questionnement quant à leur(s) effet(s) sur la santé publique.
La présente étude a pour objet la détermination expérimentale des caractéristiques physiques et chimiques des particules de suie émises par des turboréacteurs d'avions commerciaux. Les prélèvements sont effectués sur un banc d'essai de la société SNECMA
(groupe SAFRAN) par un dispositif mis au point au cours de ce travail et localisé derrière des turboréacteurs CFM56-5C et CFM56-5B qui équipent respectivement des avions long-courriers et moyen-courriers.
Diverses techniques expérimentales telles que la microscopie électronique en transmission (MET), la microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB), la spectrométrie dispersive d'énergie de rayons X (XREDS), et la spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier (IRTF) sont mises en oeuvre pour étudier la morphologie, la structure, la distribution en taille, la composition chimique élémentaire des particules primaires de suie, et la nature des groupes fonctionnels présents à leur surface. La dimension fractale ( Df ) des agrégats de suie et leur diamètre de giration ( d g ) sont également établis.
Les résultats expérimentaux montrent que les suies émises par les deux turboréacteurs
étudiés présentent :
- des valeurs similaires de la dimension fractale des agrégats
- des distributions en taille log-normales pour les particules primaires et les agrégats
- des compositions chimiques élémentaires et des groupes fonctionnels très similaires
- des diamètres de giration des agrégats qui diffèrent
Par ailleurs, nous montrons que la phase de préparation des échantillons, préalable aux observations en MEB, a une influence importante sur la valeur déterminée de la moyenne géométrique de la distribution en taille des particules primaires. Par conséquent, nous préconisons de réaliser l'étude des caractéristiques physiques des particules primaires de suie aéronautique par MET plutôt que par MEB.
Peng, Hao. "Composition chimique et nanostructure des films passifs formés sur acier inoxydable austénitique : effet du molybdène." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066493/document.
Full textThe chemical composition of the air-formed native oxide film and the passive film formed in acidic medium (0.05 M H2SO4) at 500 mV/SHE on the (100)-oriented Fe-17Cr-14.5Ni-2.3Mo single crystal stainless steel surface was studied by Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These films can be considered as having a duplex structure with an outer layer enriched in Fe and an inner layer enriched in Cr. The passivation causes a net enrichment of Mo concentrated in the outer layer of the passive films. Aging in the passive state promotes the enrichment of molybdenum and its localization to the outermost surface of the passive film. The electronic properties of these films were studied by Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). The comparison of the Eg values measured by STS shows that the width of the band gap becomes much higher after passivation and aging in the passive state of the surface, in agreement with the enrichment of Cr3+, demonstrated by our ToF-SIMS and XPS measurements. The nanostructural modifications induced by passivation in acidic medium of the Fe-17Cr-14.5Ni-2.3Mo(100) surface covered by a native oxide film were studied by Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) ex situ and in situ, and Atomic force microscopy (AFM). An observed effect of Mo is to promote the nanostructural homogeneity of the passivated surface. Another effect of Mo could be to form an amorphous outer layer
Laymand, Marion. "Astérosismologie des étoiles de type solaire : test de composition chimique et de structure interne." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/833/.
Full textOscillations are observed in many solar type stars. Asterosismology is the only one way to probe the internal structure of stars. In this PhD, we are interested in the star iota Hor. Like most of exoplanet host-stars, iota Hor is metal-rich. This star belongs to the Hyades stream: it has the same kinematical characteristics as the cluster's stars. The first part introduce the theory of stellar oscillations and their equations. In the second part, the behavior of convective cores and their impact on the oscillations frequencies are studied. The third part presents the study of iota Hor. In first time, models of iota Hor and their frequencies are computed from spectroscopic observations of three different groups of observers. In a second time, the observations with the HARPS spectrograph are discribed. Finally, we search the best model which fit these observations. We show that iota Hor was formed with the Hyades clusters. Its overmetallicity comes from the primordial cloud of the Hyades and linked clusters, and not from accretion of metal-rich material
Wartel, Maxime. "Développement de la méthode Fluorescence Induite par Laser en jet froid pour la quantification d’espèces aromatiques impliquées dans la formation des particules de suie dans les flammes." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10004/document.
Full textThe emission of PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) and carbonaceous particles produced during fuel combustion have a significant impact both on the environment and health. Indeed, soot particles, as ultra-fine particles are easily assimilated by the respiratory system and cause disorders of the body. In addition, PAHs either in the gas phase or adsorbed on the surface of soot are known to be mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds. Understanding of these pollutants formation requires the development of more and more sensitive techniques to allow their detection in flames, a complex environment where many chemical species interact. This thesis aims to develop a new selective, sensitive and quantitative method for detecting PAHs based on the extraction of flame species and their analysis by Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) after cooling within a supersonic jet. By using this method, it is possible to obtain selective spectra of individual PAHs allowing their selective and quantitative measurement in flames.With the development of this method, the measurement of mole fraction profiles of three key species in the mechanisms of PAHs formation (benzene, naphthalene and pyrene) was achieved in a CH4/O2/N2 laminar premixed flame stabilized at low pressure for different pressure and equivalence ratio conditions. In parallel, soot volume fraction profiles were measured in situ using the technique of Laser-Induced Incandescence (LII), highlighting correlations between concentrations of PAHs and soot particles. The obtained database will be useful to develop kinetics modelling of PAHs and soot formation in flames
Lemaire, Romain. "Étude de l'impact de la combustion de différents types de carburants sur les caractéristiques physico-chimiques des particules de suie par couplage de l'incandescence et de la fluorescence induite par laser." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10138.
Full textSoot particles generated in combustion processes are strongly linked to various environmental and health problems. As a consequence, regulations regarding particulate emissions are becoming more and more stringent. To reduce the quantities of soot emitted into the atmosphere, fundamental studies have to be undertaken in order to better understand the mechanisms involved in the formation of soot particles. The objective of this work is to study the impact of the combustion of different types of fuels on the physical-chemical properties of soot. To this end, a hybrid bumer has been specially designed in order to generate a series of liquid fuel diffusion flames whose hydrodynamic behaviour is similar and independent of the physical properties of the tested fuels. Quantitative mappings of soot and soot precursors have been carried out in flames of kerosene, Diesel, gasoline, biofuels and various kerosene and Diesel surrogates by coupling Laser Induced Incandescence and Laser Induced Fluorescence (Lll/LIF). By comparing the LII signaIs obtained for different excitation wavelengths, it has been possible to determine the evolution of the optical properties of soot as a function of the wavelength. The evolution of the physical properties of soot particles (density, specific heat, refractive index, diameter) during the combustion process have been derived from the analysis of the LII fluence curves and time decays obtained at different heights in the flames. Finally, a microprobe sampling system has been developed in order to obtain soot samples which have then been analysed using laser desorption/laser ionization/time-of- tlight mass spectrometry to determine the nature of the chemicals adsorbed on the soot surface
Hassaine, Saida. "Analyse directe par plasma inductif des polluants élémentaires dans les effluents gazeux d'installations industrielles : rôle de la nature du gaz et de l'étalonnage dans la précision et la justesse des mesures." Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ISAL0059.
Full textArnong the various methods studied in the past few years for continuous monitoring of elemental pollutants in flue gases of industrial processes, ICP-OES seems one of the most promising. One of these techniques is now commercially available and usable in industrial environment. The limits of detection observed are lower than the threshold limit values in the gaseous effluents of incineration and other industrial plants. The main remaining problem concerns the trueness of such techniques. This trueness depends mainly on the calibration technique and on the composition variations of the sample gas during the analyse. - Calibration is carried out by means of a standard aerosol produced using a standard solution, an ultrasonic nebulizer, and a desolvation unit. During desolvation, variable amounts of analyte are lost with the condensed solvent. This phenomenon varies with operating conditions. Therefore, a mass balance is necessary to control the composition of standard aerosol. - Gas composition variations can induce important changes in emission intensities and errors in concentration measurements. A precise control of the water content can reduce the errors when the gas composition is stable. • In addition the gaseous matrix composition has to be controlled and the calibration carried out with a reconstituted gas similar to that in which heavy metals are to be analysed. Another possibility consists on choosing operating conditions not sensitive to possible changes, but altering detection limits. This method has been tested on two industrial processes. The first one was a pilot plant for fly ash vitrification, the second one a coal power plant. These tests allowed us to point out some problems like the effect of gaseous composition
Marie, Herrero. "Influence des fermentations alcoolique et malolactique sur la composition chimique des cidres à distiller en cours d'élaboration." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00631021.
Full textMasseron, Thomas. "La nucléosynthèse stellaire dans l'histoire galactique : analyse des étoiles carbonées." Observatoire de Paris (1667-....), 2006. https://hal.science/tel-02071411.
Full textIn the light of recent results on their nature, their origin and their possible relation with stars of population III (still undiscovered !), we study a sample of metal-poor carbon enhanced stars. This sample includes a large variety of carbon stars such as barium stars, CH stars, carbon enhanced metal-poor stars and an R type star. The common explanation call upon a mass transfer scenario from an now extinct star. Our radial velocity follow up confirms statistically this statement. After a careful reduction of the spectra, we carefully determine elemental abundances, using to state of the art stellar atmosphere and spectral synthesis codes. We show that the impact of molecules on the thermal structure of the atmosphere can induce significant effects on abundances and photometry. Two groups appears regarding the heavy elements abundances : stars only enriched is an element and stars also enriched in r elements. Concerning the former, we confirm the mass transfer scenario from an asymptotic giant branch star. But the abundance analysis of the latter reveals that their companion were more massive stars. Our sample includes a thermal pulsing asymptotic giant branch star, with an extremely low content of metals, making it the most evolved star among metal-poors stars. We highlight that we observe now indirectly the primary nucleosynthesis production of stars born in the first times of our Galaxy. However the picture remains still incomplete, and further studies are required in order to understand the origin of these objects
Bayle, Alpin Marie-Laure. "Effet de l'exercice sur les concentrations d'androgènes chez la jeune femme : analyse de traces dans les urines : mise au point d'une phase d'extraction à base d'empreinte moléculaire." Lyon 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/37/09/44/PDF/these_version_DEFINITIVE.pdf.
Full textThe illegal consumption of nandrolone is determined by the detection of its metabolites, norandosterone and noretiocholanolone, in urine samples. A three-extraction-step method followed by GC-MS analysis was developed in order to assess the influence of physical exercise on their endogen concentrations, as well as on the steroids dehydroepiandrosterone and androsterone, in female urine samples. Data collected from 400 urines were corrected with the creatinine level of the samples, representative of urine dilution, and statistically evaluated. Only a moderate influence of long term exercise on androsterone levels was shown, and no effect on nandrolone metabolites was demonstrated. Hormonal status was also investigated by the evaluation of oral contraceptive intake and menstrual cycle phase effects on the analyte concentrations. A new stationary phase, based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP), was synthesised to improve the selectivity of nandrolone metabolite extractions. Non covalent interactions were established between the MIP and androsterone, the template molecule. Theses interactions were used to adsorb nandrolone metabolites and extract them from the sample during percolation on solid phase extraction cartridge. Specific adsorption was observed with the use of an appropriate solvent and the results show the potential for the trace analysis of these metabolites in anti-doping testing
Hanras, Catherine. "Etude de la composition chimique de la drogue aloès et de sa stabilité en milieu hydroalcoolique." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR2B004.
Full textHennequin, Didier. "Composition, structure et texture des fromages à pate molle : une analyse multidimensionnelle pour une approche scientifique de l'innovation." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPL001N.
Full textRandriamiharisoa, Philipposon Robert. "Etude de la qualité de quelques huiles essentielles malgaches (ylang-ylang, basilic palmarosa, girofle) : Analyse multidimensionnelle de leur composition chimique." Aix-Marseille 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX30014.
Full textMILLET, MAURICE. "Etude de la composition chimique des brouillards et analyse des pesticides dans les phases liquide, gazeuse et particulaire de l'atmosphere." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR13203.
Full textRandriamiharisoa, Philipposon Robert. "Etude de la qualité de quelques huiles essentielles malgaches, ylang-ylang, basilic, palmasora, girofle analyse multidimensionnelle de leur composition chimique /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376091731.
Full textLaroui, Hamid. "Caractérisation cristallographique et analyse chimique en microscopie électronique en transmission de l'eutectique orienté lamellaire NiO-(ZrO₂, CaO)." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112147.
Full textRadvanyi, François. "Mode d'action possible de la crotoxine, une neurotoxine présynaptique à activité phospholipase A2." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066197.
Full textMarchal, Éric. "Immunonéphélémétrie microparticulaire : système protéolytique du plasminogène dans le sang humain et le lait bovin." Nancy 1, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1994_0125_MARCHAL.pdf.
Full textCarnevillier, Virginie. "Contribution à l'étude des fractions azotées et plus particulièrement des peptides du moût de raisin et du vin : application à la caractérisation des vins du cépage Chardonnay." Dijon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DIJOS015.
Full textDiakou, Paraskevi. "La phosphénolpyruvate carboxylase de la baie de raisin (Vitis vinifera L. ) : étude biochimique, métabolique et immunocytochimique." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR20675.
Full textZambrana, Prado Natalia. "Spectroscopic diagnostics of the elemental composition of the solar corona." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASP063.
Full textLinking solar activity on the surface and in the corona to the inner heliosphere is one of the main goals of Solar Orbiter. Its unique combination of in-situ and remote sensing instruments can be used to shed light on this difficult task by, e.g., determining the source region of the solar wind measured in-situ at the spacecraft position. A key element in this are data on the elemental composition. Indeed, different structures on the Sun have different abundances as a consequence of the FIP (First Ionization Potential) effect. Comparing in-situ and remote sensing composition data, coupled with modeling, will allow us to trace back the source of heliospheric plasma. During my thesis, I developed a new method for measuring relative abundances of the solar corona using UV spectroscopy, the Linear Combination Ratio (LCR) method. This method can be telemetry efficient while remaining reliable; it is based on optimized linear combinations of spectral lines. This method has been tested on synthetic spectra and on spectroscopic observation data. Using a Bayesian approach, I then developed a way to determine the uncertainties related to the measurements obtained with the LCR method. One of the applications of the method was to provide reliable measurements of elemental composition in the framework of a collaboration whose goal is to find the characteristics of the plasma and the source region of a jet, a jet whose propagation in the corona and in the heliospheric medium will then be modeled to determine its composition in situ and whether it has reached 1 AU. All the methods and tools necessary for the thesis work have been developed with the Solar Orbiter mission (launched in February 2020) in mind. I have modeled the noise that we will obtain in the SPICE observations and I have provided three sets of spectral lines that could in principle be used to make composition measurements and that will be used to design optimal SPICE studies for abundance maps
Maurin, Nicolas. "Formation et devenir de l'aérosol organique secondaire issu de l'ozonolyse de l'alpha-pinène : étude expérimentale en atmosphère simulée et analyse chimique." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077087.
Full textVerin, Pierre. "Etude chimique des constituants volatils de plantes aromatiques du Brésil." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20093.
Full textPrudent, Dominique. "Valorisation du potentiel aromatique de quatre plantes tropicales." Toulouse, INPT, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPT051G.
Full textSommer, Françoise. "Contribution à l'étude des possibilités d'emploi de la microanalyse nucléaire en biologie." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO10031.
Full textMalanda, Kiyabou Gabriel. "Les eucalyptus du Congo : variations inter et intraspécifiques du rendement et de la composition chimique de leurs huiles essentielles." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20259.
Full textLofty, Samia. "Etude des hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA : transférases : purification, spécificité et intervention dans la biosynthèse des esters hydroxycinnamiques chez les végétaux." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20212.
Full textCarpentier, Marion. "Composition chimique des sédiments entrant dans la zone de subduction des Petites Antilles." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10153.
Full textLesser Antilles lavas display large chemical variability and their isotopic compositions suggest variable incorporation of old crustal material during their genesis. The Lesser Antilles arc is also characterized by a chemical zoning from north to south along the arc, and lavas from the southern islands generally display a more pronounced crustal fingerprint than northern lavas. The aim of the study is to determine whether a north-south chemical variation exists within the subducting sediment cover, and if potential change in the sediment compositions can explain the chemical variations observed in the lavas. We have undertaken a detailed geochemical study (major and trace elements, Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb isotopes) of sedimentary flux potentially entering the subduction zones at different latitudes. Sampling includes sediments drilled at sites 543 (northern forearc) and 144 (extreme southern forearc) during DSDP Legs 78A and 14 respectively, and sediments from Barbados island (southern forearc). Samples display large lithological heterogeneity which can globally be explained by mixing in variable proportion of a detrital component and a biogenic one (carbonated or siliceous). Moreover, at site 144, some organic rich deposits (black shales) of upper Cenomanian to Santonian (~ 95 to 84 Ma) were drilled and correspond to sedimentary records of Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events 2 and 3. We have shown that variable dilution of detrital component by biogenic one is the main factor controlling the observed variations of trace element concentrations. Moreover, we have revealed an extremely important enrichment of U in site 144 black shales. Nd-Hf-Pb isotopic compositions of studied sediments mainly represent those of the detrital component, whereas Sr isotope ratios, in the case of carbonate rich sediments, are dominated by the seawater signature. Sediments from the three sites exhibit highly radiogenic Pb isotopic compositions if compared with other sediments localized in front of the other major subduction zones, due in part to the important input of detrital material derived from the Guyana and Brazilian Shields. Moreover, Cretaceous black shales from site 144, U-enriched, are characterized by extremely high Pb isotopes ratios due to radioactive decay of U. Mixing of depleted mantle with northern sediments (site 543) produce the isotopic compositions of lavas from the northern part of the arc. For the southern part of the arc, mixing of the depleted mantle and sediments from site 144 explain the compositions of lavas from the islands of Martinique to Grenada. An increase of black shales contribution from north to south is necessary and in agreement with the increasing age of subducting Atlantic crust from north to south along the Lesser Antilles trench. Finally, some sediments of Barbados island associated with sediments like those from site 543 may represent the appropriated sedimentary end member to explain isotopic composition of southern island lavas
Cuoco, Guillaume. "Etude chimique et caractérisation de principes colorants historiquement employés dans l’impression des indiennes en Provence." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Avignon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AVIG0232.
Full textThis work concerns the study of three tinctorial plants: madder, buckthorn and weld. These plant species produced many cultures in Provence and represented the principal raw material in red and yellow dyes for dyers and artists. An optimisation of extraction conditions for madder dyes, using ultrasounds, was carried out with a statistical model. This easy, fast and effective extraction process was compared with two other conventional techniques. A cytohistological study on madder roots permits to examine effects produced by the different extraction processes. Cells reveal, after ultrasonic extraction, profound structural alterations, explaining the high yield in extracted dyes in comparison with classical methods. A fundamental study on the dyes identification extracted from Rhamnus species green fruits was carried out. A chromatographic approach using HPLC-UV-MS permits to identify the flavonol fraction. It is mainly composed of glycosiled compounds where the rhamninosid part is linked in position 3 or 4’ on the flavonol nucleus. 3-O-acetyl-rhamninosid derivatives were also characterised and they are specific to Rh. saxatilis species. Ripe fruits contained anthraquinonic compounds that were separated from flavonols and concentrated using Solid Phase Extraction (SPE). After NMR analyse, acetyl rhamnosid and arabinosid derivatives of émodine, never described in the specialised literature, were identified as emodin-6-O-(3',4'-diacetyl)-arabinopyranosid and emodin-6-O-(2',3',4' triacetyl)-arabinopyranosid were only present in Rh. alaternus. Yellow dyes of weld (Reseda luteola) were analysed by capillary electrophoresis. In comparison with HPLC, a reduced run time was observed while preserving a suitable separation. These experimental results were successfully applied to the study of ancient samples belonging from museums and including “indiennes” of the XIXth century. Finally, dying tests were carried out, in collaboration with Les Olivades society, in the aim to develop textiles containing natural dyes
Carpentier, Marion. "Composition chimique des sédiments entrant dans la zone de subduction des Petites Antilles." Phd thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00187335.
Full textLes échantillons présentent une grande hétérogénéité lithologique correspondant globalement à un mélange en proportion variable entre une composante détritique et une composante biogénique (siliceuse ou carbonatée). De plus, au niveau du site 144, des niveaux très riches en matière organique (black shales) datant du Cénomanien supérieur au Santonien (~ 95 à 84 Ma) ont été forés. Ces formations correspondent à l'enregistrement des Oceanic Anoxic Events 2 et 3. Nous avons montré que la « dilution » variable de la fraction détritique par la composante biogénique est le facteur qui contrôle largement les variations de concentrations en éléments traces observées. De plus, nous avons révélé un enrichissement en U extrêmement important au sein des black shales du site 144. Les signatures isotopiques de l'Hf, du Nd et du Pb sont dominées par la composante détritique, alors que celle du Sr, dans le cas d'échantillons riches en carbonates est dominée par celle de l'eau de mer. Les sédiments des trois sites présentent des compositions isotopiques du Pb fortement radiogéniques par rapports aux sédiments océaniques « classiques », que nous avons associées à une forte contribution de matériel issu de l'altération des cratons guyanais et brésilien dans la composante détritique. De plus, la décroissance radioactive de l'U dans les black shales du site 144 a généré des rapports 206-207Pb/204Pb extrêmement radiogéniques.
Un mélange entre le manteau appauvri et les sédiments du site 543 reproduit les compositions isotopiques des laves de la partie nord de l'arc. Pour la partie sud de l'arc un mélange entre les sédiments les plus radiogéniques en Pb du site 144 et le manteau appauvri explique les compositions des laves des îles de la Martinique à Grenade. Une contribution croissante des black shales du nord vers le sud est nécessaire, et est de plus en accord avec l'augmentation du nord vers le sud de l'âge du plancher océanique subduit. Enfin, quelques sédiments de l'île de la Barbade présentent certaines caractéristiques compatibles avec leur implication dans la genèse des laves de la partie sud de l'arc.
Elouma, Ndinga Arnold Murphy. "Inventaire et analyse chimique des exsudats des plantes d'utilisation courante au Congo-Brazzaville." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112023/document.
Full textPlant exudates are natural complex substances. They are used by several populations in Africa and have many applications: in therapeutics, in galenic pharmacy, in perfumery, etc. In Congo, a great majority of these substances are not yet well known. This thesis work aimed to make an inventory of plant exudates from Congo and to develop a methodology for performing physico-chemical analysis which may enable characterization of exudates from botanical certified trees.Through the methodology that we developed, 135 plant exudates belonging 87 genera were registered. It was observed in this study that these exudates are used for many purposes (glue, insect repellent, making fire, anti-pain, etc).The strategy implemented for characterizing the exudates included several analytical (SNIR, SMIR, GC-MS, GCxGC-MS) and sample processing (Hs-SPME, hydrodistillation, extraction using the Soxhlet, silylation, methylation pyrolyse) techniques. With regard to this work, two exudates were characterized. The exudates from D. edulis (G. Don) K.J. Lam which contained monoterpene hydrocarbons and triterpenes, with the major constituents being: 3-epi-α and -β-amyrine. The exudates from G. Demeusei (Harms) J. Léonard was found to have the sesquiterpenes as major constituents of the volatile fraction and the labdane-type diterpenes (eperuique acide, cativique acid, copalique acid, ozique acid, etc) as major constituents of the poor-volatile fraction.To explore the efficacy of elevated separation of the GCxGC-MS, we faced some problems related to the non-repeatability of chromatographic cards obtained in 2D. Therefore, we put in place a methodology which enables us to verify the film thickness and homogeneity of layers of stationary phases in order to select identical short columns for GCxGC. However, the preliminary results have shown that even using second identical dimension columns, we could observed differences in 2D cards
Vétier, Claudine. "Étude du colmatage d'une membrane minérale de microfiltration par microscopie électronique à balayage et analyses physico-chimiques : application au lait." Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20180.
Full textAmor, Matthieu. "Signatures chimiques et isotopiques de la magnétite des bactéries magnétotactiques." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC103.
Full textMagnetotactic bacteria represent the only known prokaryote organisms performing biomineralization of intracellular magnetite nanoparticles under a genetically controlled pathway. These bacteria are ubiquitous in modern natural environments. However, their identification in ancient geological materials remains challenging. Identifying magnetotactic bacteria fossils in ancient sediments remains a key point to constrain life and biomineralization evolution over geological times. To better identify such fossils, we have characterized chemical and isotopic properties of magnetite produced by Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 model magnetotactic bacterium. In the first part of this work, we have improved magnetite production by AMB-1 in order to produce enough magnetite for chemical and isotopic analyses. The addition of organic compounds with strong chemical affinity for iron in the bacterial growth medium increased magnetite biomineralization yields up to a factor of 6. The chemical purity of magnetite produced by AMB-1 is the first biosignature we have tested. In that regard, partitioning of 36 trace elements between AMB-1 magnetite and growth medium was quantified. For most elements, partition coefficients were at least 100 times lower in biomineralized magnetite than in the abiotic one. Interestingly, molybdenum, selenium and tin showed preferential incorporation into AMB-1 magnetite, probablyreflecting bacterial assimilation within the cell for metabolic purposes. Finally, iron isotope fractionation associated with magnetite biomineralization by AMB-1 was characterized from growth experiments, based on Fe(II), Fe(III) and mixed Fe(II)/Fe(III) sources. In all cases, bacteria incorporated preferentially heavy iron isotopes within the cell. Magnetite was then produced from partial reduction of iron stored within the cell. This process led to magnetite crystals enriched in light isotopes, with δ 56 Fe values from 1 to 1. 5 ‰ lower than those of the growth medium. Magnetite biomineralization corresponds to the only identified mechanism producing magnetite enriched in light iron isotopes relative to the precipitation medium. Our results demonstrate that iron isotope composition and chemical purity of magnetite can be used as reliable bioignatures for establishing the origin of magnetite in ancient rock samples