Dissertations / Theses: 'Sulfato de Aluminio'

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Bresaola, Roberto. "Influencia da pre-ozonização na coagulação-floculação da agua de abastecimento, utilizando o sulfato de aluminio comocoagulante." [s.n.], 1993. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258495.

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Orientador: Luiz Di Bernado
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil
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Resumo: A coagulação com sulfato de alumínio tem sido investigada no sentido de se construir um diagrama contendo regiões em que o processo ocorre eficientemente, com a preponderância de diferentes espécies hidrolisadas de alumínio No presente trabalho, foram confeccionados dois diagramas sendo um para remoção de turbidez e, outro, para cor aparente, permitindo que fossem traçadas as curvas de mesma turbidez ou cor aparente remanescente, apos coagulação Caracterizada pelo par de valores dosagem de coagulante - pH de coagulação), loculação e sedimentação.Nesses diagramas, foram identificados seis pontos característicos, dados pelos pares de valores dosagem lante - pH de coagulação de coagem seguida, com a água bruta natural ou préozonizada diferentes dosagens aplicadas de ozônio), foram novamente realizados ensaios de coagulação (para aqueles pares de valores pré-selecionados) loculação e estudada a eficiência de remoção de turbidez e cor aparente, para diferentes velocidades de sedimentação. Também, foi avaliada a influência do ozônio na destruição de coliformes totais e oxidação de ferro e manganês. Com base no trabalho realizado concluiu se,principalmente, que: a) o uso do ozônio como pré-oxidante diminuiu o valor da cor aparente da água bruta, e foi proporcional à dosagem de ozônio aplicado; b) nos ensaios de coagulação, loculação e sedimentação, os valores remanescentes das águas ozonizadas ~oram bem menores que os obtidos para a água bruta natural nas mesmas condições; c) foram obtidos grandes remoções de cor aparente C94~~, n~ duas regiões de coagulação Cadsorç30-neutralização e redulçao vários maiores valores de remoções de Lurbidez, para .3.S águas pré-ozonizadas, foram obtidos para. os pares de valores na regi50 de varredura, result.ando uma remoção máxima de e5~{ CDc= 601llg/1,pHc= 7,5). Par a as dosagens na regi~o de adsorçao-neutralização, a remoção máxima obtido foi de 75% CDc= 70mg/l, pH c= 4., 7) . Foi observado que, para algumas dosagens, os valores remanescentes iniciais de turbidez, fOI'am bem menores para as .águas C t.=0) f préozonizadas que os da .água bruta. o ozônio mosLrou-se um pré-desifecLanLe importante com reduções de até 99,ge% de coliformes t.ot.ais C¿ agua préozonizado por 15min). Esse oxidante mostrou que essas reduções são proporcionais concentração do ao tempo de aplicação na câmara de contato. gás e Os teores de ferro e manganês, foram reduzidos a valores próximos dos padrões mínimos, para as águas brutas e decantadas. Nas .águas pré-ozonizadas, por 7,5 e 1 5mi n . houve uma maior solubilização do ferro presente, e a sua remoção foi maior na região de varredura Conde foi proporcional a dosagem de sulfato e ao valor do pH de coagulação); na região de adsorção-neutralização a remoção foi proporcional ~ dosa~em de coagulante, mas independente do pH de coagulação. Com relação ao manganês foram obtidos valores remanescentes mínimos para todas águas C brutas e decantadas, com excess3.o da pré-ozonizada por 1 5mi n . e principalmente para pares de valores CD c, pH c) na região de adsorção neutralização foram obtido valores remanescentes superiores aos da água brut.a natural
Universidade Estadual de Campi
Recursos Hidricos e Saneamento
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

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Andrade, Erik de Lima. "Análise de eficiência de biopolímero como composto coadjuvante no processo de coagulação-floculação e sedimentação /." Sorocaba, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148951.

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Orientador: Valquíria de Campos
Banca: Isaac Jamil Sayeg
Banca: Darllan Collins da Cunha e Silva
Resumo: A adequação no tratamento da água, para abastecimento público envolve a compreensão da vulnerabilidade de mananciais e de situações de risco à saúde humana. Da mesma forma, o sucesso do tratamento de água de superfície depende, fortemente, da eficácia do desempenho do coagulante. Com a qualidade dos mananciais comprometida por diferentes cenários, tornase indispensável, o processo de desenvolvimento de abordagens eficazes para as questões de caráter econômico e ambiental. O tratamento de água de superfície objetiva, de modo geral, a remoção de impurezas com o propósito de enquadrá-la no padrão de potabilidade, essencialmente, através do uso de produtos químicos. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho analisou a eficiência de três produtos comerciais: sulfato de alumínio, policloreto de alumínio e PGα21Ca. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios de coagulação-floculação e sedimentação, em água da ETA de Salto de Pirapora, São Paulo, Brasil. Os resultados obtidos do PGα21Ca revelam caráter, essencialmente, inorgânico, com teores elevados de sulfato de cálcio (87%) e 5% de ácido γ-poliglutâmico, entre outros compostos químicos. O PGα21Ca apresentou maior eficiência de remoção de turbidez e cor aparente, com valores de 1,93 NTU de turbidez remanescente e 96,89% de remoção de cor aparente e pouca alteração no pH do meio, demonstrando efetividade para o tratamento de água para abastecimento público. O PAC apresentou resultados inferiores para clarificação da água quando comparado ao PGα21... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The suitability in the treatment of water for public supply involves understanding the vulnerability of sources and situations of risk to human health. Similarly, the success of surface water treatment depends strongly on the effectiveness of the coagulant performance. With the quality of water sources compromised by different scenarios, it is essential to the effective approaches development process for the economic and environmental character issues. The water treatment lens surface generally the removal of impurities in order to fit it in potable standard, mainly through the use of chemicals. In this sense, the present study examined the effectiveness of three commercial products: aluminum sulphate, polyaluminum chloride and PGα21Ca. Therefore, tests were carried out coagulation-flocculation and sedimentation in water of Salto de Pirapora WTP, São Paulo, Brazil. The results obtained reveal the character PGα21Ca essentially inorganic, with high levels of calcium sulfate (87%) and 5% γ-polyglutamic acid, and other chemical compounds. The PGα21Ca showed higher turbidity and apparent color removal efficiency, with values of 1.93 NTU turbidity and remaining 96.89% removal of apparent color and little change in pH of the medium, demonstrating the effectiveness for water treatment. The PAC presented lower results for clarification of water when compared to PGα21Ca and better results when compared to aluminum sulfate. Using PGα21Ca in Rio Grande water did not obtain significant results when compared to the water of the Salto de Pirapora WTP.
Mestre

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Paula, Heber Martins de 1980. "Uso de suspensões preparadas com sementes de moringa oleifera associada a coagulantes químicos no tratamento da água residuária de usinas de concreto." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258025.

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Orientador: Marina Sangoi de Oliveira Ilha
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: A operação de usinas de concreto gera água residuária que necessita de tratamento antes da disposição ou reuso. O processo de coagulação/floculação com o uso de coagulantes químicos associados à decantação pode gerar resíduos nocivos à saúde humana. Inserido nesse contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a eficiência da Moringa oleifera (MO) como coagulante natural para o tratamento da água residuária do concreto produzido em usinas. A pesquisa foi composta por cinco etapas: (a) caracterização da qualidade da água residuária coletada em uma usina de concreto; (b) avaliação da eficiência, em laboratório, do uso combinado do sulfato de alumínio e da MO em pó no tratamento da água residuária do concreto coletada em campo, com a determinação da concentração e as possíveis combinações entre eles; (c) avaliação da eficiência, em laboratório, do uso combinado de Sulfato de alumínio e da MO na forma solúvel e também do emprego do Cloreto férrico, outro coagulante químico, associado à MO, ambos na forma solúvel, no tratamento das águas residuárias de usinas de concreto; (d) otimização das dosagens de MO e de coagulantes químicos no tratamento da água residuária por meio do Delineamento de Composto Central Rotacional, avaliando os dados via Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta e desejabilidade global e (e) avaliação da eficiência do tratamento proposto, considerando as dosagens ótimas determinadas nos estudos anteriores, em amostras coletadas no início e no final da semana de produção, durante o período de um mês. Os resultados indicaram que os coagulantes em pó e solúvel, isolados e associados, obtiveram uma dosagem de 20% MO e 80% Al2(SO4)3 (concentração total de 1,85 g L 1), reduzindo o pH a 9,2 e removendo de 99% da turbidez. O processo foi otimizado e reduziu a concentração total dos coagulantes para 1,01 g L-1, removendo à turbidez em até 99,9%, aumentando o uso da MO para 46,5%. Simulando o ciclo de produção da usina, a dosagem otimizada foi capaz de tratar a água independente de suas características iniciais, deixando a turbidez sempre abaixo de 2 UNT. Assim, os resultados apontam para a possibilidade do reuso da água tratada em diferentes atividades, como lavagem de veículos, rega de jardins, descarga de bacias sanitárias e até mesmo na própria produção do concreto
Abstract: The operations of concrete plants generate wastewater that requires treatment before disposal or reuse. The process of coagulation / flocculation using chemical coagulants associated with decantation can generate waste harmful to human health. Inserted in this context, this work aims at evaluating the efficiency of Moringa oleifera (MO) as a natural treatment of wastewater produced in the concrete plant coagulant. The research was divided into five steps: (a) characterization of the quality of the wastewater collected in a concrete plant; (b) evaluation of the efficiency in the laboratory, the combined use of aluminum sulfate and MO powder in the treatment of wastewater collected in the concrete field, with the determination of the concentration and the possible combinations between them; (c) evaluation of the efficiency in the laboratory, the combined use of aluminum sulfate and MO in soluble form and also the use of ferric chloride, other chemical coagulant, associated with MO, both in soluble form, in the treatment of wastewater concrete plants; (d) optimization of dosages of MO and chemical coagulants in the treatment of wastewater through the Central Composite Rotational Design of evaluating the data via Response Surface Methodology and overall desirability and (e) evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed treatment, considering optimal dosages determined in previous studies on samples collected at the beginning and end of week production during the period of one month. The results indicated that the coagulant soluble or powder, isolated and associates obtained a dosage MO 20% and 80% Al2 (SO4) 3 (1.85 g L-1 total concentration) reducing the pH to 9.2 and removing 99% of the turbidity. The process was optimized and reduced the total concentration of the coagulant to 1.01 g L-1 turbidity removing up to 99.9%, increasing the use of MO to 46.5%. Simulating the production cycle of the concrete plant, the optimum dosage was able to treat independent water from their initial characteristics, leaving the turbidity always below 2 UNT. Thus, the results point to the possibility of reuse of treated water in different activities such as washing cars, watering gardens, flushing toilets and even in production of the concrete
Doutorado
Arquitetura e Construção
Doutor em Engenharia Civil

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Spinelli, Viviane Aparecida. "Quitosana, polieletrólito natural para o tratamento de água potável." Florianópolis, SC, 2001. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/82191.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental.
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No processo de tratamento de água potável, é muito usado como coagulante o sulfato de alumínio, contudo, ele não é biodegradável e pode trazer sérios riscos a saúde humana. O presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo estudar o uso do polímero natural quitosana como coagulante para o tratamento de água potável. A quitosana foi empregada como coagulante para águas de rio e de lago de baixa turbidez, e a cal comercial foi usada para corrigir o pH de coagulação. Os experimentos foram realizados num equipamento de Jar test e o processo de tratamento passou por etapas de coagulação, floculação, decantação e filtração. A eficiência da quitosana no tratamento foi avaliada por análises de cor aparente e turbidez remanescente. As melhores dosagens de cal e quitosana encontradas para a água de rio foram de 3,0 mg/L e 1,5 mg/L, respectivamente; sendo que resultados equivalentes com sulfato de alumínio requerem doses da ordem de 7,5 mg/L e 14 mg/L. As condições ótimas de tratamento obtidas foram de 55 s para a mistura rápida, gradiente de velocidade (G) de 1200 s-1 , tempo de mistura lenta de 30 minutos, sequência de G na floculação de 50, 40, 30 e 20 s -1 e tempo de decantação de 2 minutos. A eficiência obtida foi de 88,8 % para remoção da turbidez da água decantada e 94,1 % da água filtrada. Para a remoção da cor a eficiência foi de 75%. Para a água de lago o sistema de decantação não funcionou, devido a grande presença de algas, foi usado então o sistema de coagulação/floculação/filtração. As melhores dosagens de cal e quitosana encontradas foram de 0 mg/L e 2,0 mg/L, respectivamente; sendo que resultados equivalentes com sulfato de alumínio requerem doses da ordem de 0 mg/L e 15 mg/L. As etapas do tratamento foram otimizadas, obtendo um tempo de mistura rápida de 30 s, e gradiente de velocidade (G) de 1200 s-1. A eficiência obtida foi de 91,7% para remoção da cor e 94,6 % para a turbidez. A quitosana mostrou ser um eficiente coagulante para o tratamento das águas estudadas e a dose empregada foi bem menor que a dose de sulfato de alumínio. Normalmente uma água bem coagulada/floculada e decantada usando sulfato de alumínio apresenta uma turbidez remanescente entre 2 a 1,5 NTU, entretanto com a quitosana foi de 0,50 NTU. O pH de coagulação ficou na faixa de 6,35 a 6,70. Com o uso da quitosana a carreira de filtração será bem maior, pois não haverá muito acúmulo de sólidos impregnados nos filtros, além disso, o lodo produzido poderá ir para um aterro sanitário comum, enquanto que o lodo produzido pelo sulfato de alumínio terá que ser levado a um aterro sanitário industrial. A maior desvantagem oferecida pela quitosana é o seu custo, mas a partir do momento em que começar a ser produzida em grande quantidade no Brasil, esse custo baixará.

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Mercado, Tupiño Estefanía. "Cultivo de la microalga Scenedesmus Obliquus var. Dimorphus (TURPIN) para la obtención de biomasa y lípidos." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Ricardo Palma, 2016. http://cybertesis.urp.edu.pe/handle/urp/1095.

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Las microalgas han demostrado ser la fuente de energía más económica. Además, reduce el dióxido de carbono, también tienen una mayor producción en un corto tiempo y menor espacio a diferencia de otros cultivos. Entre las más de 100 especies de microalgas, el Scenedesmus dimorphus es el que tiene mayor potencial. El objetivo de este trabajo de tesis fue determinar de qué manera con un medio de cultivo para Scenedesmus obliquus var. dimorphus (Turpin) se obtiene cantidad de biomasa y contenido de aceite. Inicialmente, el trabajo experimental consistió en la obtención de la cepa pura de Scenedesmus dimorphus (14 mL). Seguidamente, se realizó el escalamiento de cultivo desarrollándose de la siguiente manera: 100 mL, 250 mL, 500 mL, 1L, 2L y 5L, con el fin de determinar las curvas de crecimiento mediante el conteo celular de S. dimorphus con el uso de la cámara de Neubauer, obteniendo los siguientes resultados: 3’ 451,500 unidades celulares en 120 horas (Bayfolan Forte), 2’ 472,500 unidades celulares en 192 horas (BG-11) y 327,500 unidades celulares en 96 horas (Guillard). Concluyendo que el Bayfolan Forte se obtuvo un mejor resultado. A continuación, se realizó 5 cosechas, luego se usó el método de floculación mediante la utilización del sulfato de aluminio Al2(SO4)3 y posteriormente, para la extracción de aceites, se molió la biomasa seca (36.5 g) seguido por la extracción con disolvente en hexano/ isopropanol, y se obtuvo un total de 30 mL de lípidos. Finalmente, en la parte estadística se comprobó la validez de las hipótesis utilizando diferentes métodos, tales como: Anova, Tukey y T. Student.

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Verdugo, Gallegos Luis Alberto. "Remoción de iones sulfato y metales pesados desde soluciones acuosas que simulan aguas de mina usando mezcla de cal, silicatos nano-estructurados y policloruro de aluminio en una celda DAF." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2013. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/115113.

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Memoria para optar al Título de Químico
En esta Memoria de Título se estudió la remoción del anión sulfato en presencia de Cu(II) y Zn(II) desde soluciones acuosas que simulan un agua ácida residual de mina, empleando mezclas de cal, policloruro de aluminio y silicatos de calcio nanoestructurados. Los experimentos se realizaron en una celda de flotación de aire disuelto (DAF).Se logró una buena remoción de sulfato, utilizando diferentes dosificaciones de cal y PAC, alcanzándose concentraciones finales de este anión en las soluciones refinos, muy por debajo de la norma ambiental vigente y en un tiempo relativamente corto. El mecanismo de remoción de este anión está basado en la formación de etringita. Los resultados confirmaron también que la adición de sólo cal no remueve ion sulfato en un grado suficiente. Se preparó un silicato de calcio nano-estructurados mediante la reacción de una solución de silicato de sodio y Ca(OH)2, manteniendo una intensa agitación durante el proceso. Análisis indican que el sólido obtenido es de estructura más bien amorfa, con nano-capas de placas tetraédricas de silicatos de calcio de espesor variable entre 10-20 nm y diámetros entre 80 y 100 nm, presentando una superficie BET variable entre 200 y 300 m2/g. Los resultados experimentales indican que los silicatos de calcio nano-estructurados por si solos, no poseen suficiente capacidad adsortiva para remover sulfatos. Sin embargo, su uso en conjunto con PAC, genera precipitados más granulares y fáciles de separar mediante decantación o filtración convencional. Su empleo aseguró una excelente adsorción sobre ellos de los contenidos de Cu(II) y Zn(II), no siendo afectada ésta por la presencia de ion SO4 2-. La adición de silicatos de calcio nano-estructurados permitió reducir la dosificación de cal, obteniéndose un medio básico estable, dado el efecto buffer que generarían los nano-silicatos agregados. Los resultados experimentales de la remoción de sulfato con cal y PAC, se explicó mediante un modelo fisicoquímico basado en las reacciones químicas del proceso y el cual corresponde a un sistema de ecuaciones diferenciales ordinario, que se resolvió eficazmente utilizando el método numérico de Runge-Kutta de cuarto orden
In this Thesis it was studied the removal of sulfate anion in presence of Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions from aqueous solutions that simulate an acidic mine water, by using mixtures of lime, nano-structured calcium silicates and poly-aluminium chloride (PAC). The experiments were conducted in a dissolve air flotation cell, being obtained in a short period of time, an efficient removal of sulfate, using different proportions of the reagents. The content of sulfate in the resulting solution accomplishes with the national environmental regulations. The SO4 2-removal mechanism is base on the formation of etringite, a basic calcium and aluminium salt.It was proved that lime by itself does not remove completely the contents of this anion in the treated solutions. It was prepared a nano-structured calcium silicates from the chemical reaction between a liquid solution of sodium silicate and Ca(OH)2, keeping and intense stirring speed during the process. Analysis indicate the achieved solid possess an amorphous structure with plates of a thickness around of 10 nm and diameter between 80 and 100 nm, consisting of a tetrahedral silicate with Ca(II) ions and silanol groups on the surface and presenting a BET surface area of200-300 m2/g. Experimental results indicate that nano-structured calcium silicate alone have not the sufficient capacity for removing adequately sulfate. However, their use together with PAC generates more granular precipitates easy to separate by settle down or filtration. Their use also ensured an excellent sorption of content of Cu(II) y Zn(II) existent in the treated solutions, which was not affected by the presence of sulfate in the aqueous phase. The addition of nano-structured calcium silicate allows also the reduction of the dosage of lime to use in the process, being obtained an stable basic medium, given the buffereffect produced by the added nano-silicates. The experimental results of sulfate removal using lime and PAC were explained using a physico-chemical model base on the chemical reactionsand their corresponding equilibrium and kinetics relationships that would govern the process. The proposed model corresponds to an ordinary differential equations system, which was effectively solved by using a fourth order Runge-Kutta numerical method
Fondecyt

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Yvanes-Giuliani, Yliane. "Aluminium geochemistry in coastal lowland acid sulfate soils (CLASS) : speciation, reactivity and mobility." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4364.

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Ce projet de thèse vise à étudier les processus géochimiques de l'aluminium dans les sols acides à sulfates. Les résultats obtenus avec le dispositif de dialyse de Donnan montrent que l'aluminium dans la solution du sol est presque exclusivement (> 98%) présent sous forme de complexes de charge négative, vraisemblablement des organo-complexes d'aluminium. Les concentrations d'aluminium isotopiquement échangeables (valeurs-E) et les concentrations obtenues par extractions chimiques révèlent qu'une solution de 1 M KCl sous-estime systématiquement les valeurs E. Une méthode d'extraction séquentielle a révélé qu'une quantité importante de minéraux primaires (initialement présents dans les sols) a déjà été dissoute, comme en témoignent les concentrations élevées d'aluminium présentes en tant que minéraux secondaires d'aluminium. Ces études permettent de mieux comprendre la géochimie de l'aluminium dans les sols CLASS et de pouvoir intégrer ces connaissances dans la gestion des sols
The aim of this thesis was to further understanding on Al geochemistry in coastal lowland acid sulfate soils (CLASS). It was observed that Al was present almost solely (> 98%) as negatively charged complexes in CLASS pore-waters, presumably with natural organic matter. Isotopically exchangeable concentrations (E-values) of Al and extraction solutions used to estimate the exchangeable pool showed that 1 M KCl always underestimated isotopically exchangeable Al concentrations in these soils and that 0.2 M CuCl2 improved agreement between both methodologies but sometimes overestimated corresponding E values. A sequential extraction procedure showed that substantial amounts of Al have already been dissolved from primary aluminosilicates initially present in the soils and remain in the soils mostly as reactive secondary Al minerals. The outcomes of this thesis significantly further our understanding of Al geochemistry in CLASS environments and how this knowledge can be incorporated into land management practices

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BARBOSA, Antusia dos Santos. "Preparação de membranas zeolíticas (Y/gama-alumina) utilizando diferentes métodos e sua avaliação no processo de separação emulsão óleo/água." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2015. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/423.

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As membranas zeolíticas têm despertado interesse nos pesquisadores em processos de separação e catálise, uma vez que elas apresentam elevada estabilidade térmica e química, são altamente seletivas, devido ao potencial no peneiramento molecular. A inovação deste estudo se dá na síntese da membrana zeolítica Y/ɣ-alumina para separação óleo/água. Este trabalho teve como objetivos: preparar a zeólita Y via síntese hidrotérmica, ɣ-alumina pelas decomposições do sulfato de alumínio e acetato de alumínio e membranas zeolíticas utilizando 3 métodos distintos: transporte a vapor e crescimento secundário: dip-coating e rubbing. Os produtos obtidos foram caracterizados por DRX, Adsorção Física de Nitrogênio, MEV, ATD e TG, FRX-ED e Porosimetria de Mercúrio. Além da síntese e caracterização, numa segunda etapa as membranas zeolíticas foram avaliadas no processo de remoção óleo/água de um efluente sintético, utilizando uma coluna de separação por membrana. Os ensaios foram realizados nas condições de concentração inicial do óleo 500 mg.L-1, Temperatura igual a 25 °C e Pressão atmosférica, permitindo observar a variação da concentração do permeado em (mg.L-1) e o coeficiente de rejeição (R%). Para síntese da alumina foram utilizadas os precursores sulfato de alumínio e acetato de alumínio, utilizando temperaturas de decomposição de 1000 ºC e 850 °C, respectivamente. Foi selecionada a alumina que obteve menor custo operacional, ou seja, ɣ-alumina oriunda da decomposição térmica do sulfato de aluminio. A zeólita Y e as membranas zeolíticas Y/ɣ-alumina foram preparadas em condições hidrotérmica, com temperatura de 90 ºC, durante 7 horas. Foram realizadas modificações térmicas (500, 600, 700, 750, 800, 900, 950, 1000 e 1100 °C) por período de 1 e 2 horas no sulfato de alumínio (após moagem, conformação e compactação). Baseado nos resultados de DRX pode-se concluir que: (i) os materiais de partida (sulfato de alumínio e acetato de alumínio), evoluem termicamente, resultando como produto final em ɣ-alumina; (ii) é possível obter a zeólita Y; observou-se também a formação dos suportes cerâmicos ɣ-alumina, após sinterização. O estudo térmico realizado no suporte cerâmico (DTSA) evidenciou que a temperatura ótima deve limitar-se em valores entre 700-750 °C/1h. O maior valor de cristalinidade foi observada para o suporte tratado a 700 °C/1h. O mesmo foi classificado como um material mesoporoso podendo ser utilizados em processos de ultrafiltração (UF). Os resultados obtidos por caracterização das membranas zeolíticas evidenciaram que as mesmas foram obtidas com sucesso independente do método utilizado. Dos testes de separação da emulsão óleo/água pode-se concluir que a inserção da zeólita (Y) ao suporte cerâmico (ɣ-alumina) melhorou o processo de separação da emulsão óleo/água. Como conclusão geral, as membranas zeolíticas obtidas utilizadas em coluna de separação por membrana são bastante promissoras no processo de separação emulsão óleo/agua.
The zeolite membranes have attracted attention of researchers in separation processes and catalysts since they have high thermal and chemical stability, are highly selective because of the potential on the molecular sieve. The innovation of this study gives the synthesis of zeolite membrane Y/ɣ-alumina for oil/water separation. This study aimed to: prepare the zeolite Y via hydrothermal synthesis, ɣalumina by decomposition of aluminum sulfate and ethyl aluminum and zeolite membranes using three different methods: steam transportation and secondary growth: dip-coating and rubbing. The products obtained were characterized by XRD, nitrogen adsorption of Physics, SEM, DTA and TG, ED-XRF and Porosimetry Mercury. In addition to the synthesis and characterization in a second step the zeolite membranes were evaluated in the process of removing oil/water of a synthetic effluent using a column separation membrane. Assays were performed under the conditions of the initial oil concentration 500 mg.L-1, temperature of 25 °C and atmospheric pressure, allowing to observe the change in concentration of the permeate (mg.L-1) and the rejection coefficient ( R%). For synthesis of the precursors used were alumina aluminum sulfate and aluminum acetate using decomposition temperatures of 1000 °C and 850 °C respectively. Was selected alumina which had lower operating costs, so, ɣ-alumina originating from the thermal decomposition of aluminum sulfate. The zeolite Y and zeolite membranes Y/ɣ-alumina were prepared in hydrothermal conditions, with a temperature of 90 for 7 hours. Thermal changes were performed (500, 600, 700, 750, 800, 900, 950, 1000 and 1100 °C) per period of 1 hour and 2 hours in aluminum sulphate (after milling, shaping and compacting). Based on the XRD results it can be concluded that: (i) the starting materials (aluminum sulphate and aluminum acetate) to evolve heat, resulting in a finished product ɣ alumina; (ii) it can get the zeolite Y; It also noted the formation of ɣ-alumina ceramic brackets after sintering. Thermal study on ceramic support (DTSA) showed that the optimum temperature should be limited to values between 700-750 °C/1h. The greatest amount of crystallinity was observed for material treated at 700 °C/1h. The same was classified as a mesoporous materials can be used in ultrafiltration process (UF). The results of the characterization of the zeolite membranes showed that they were obtained with successful independent of the method used. From tests separation of the emulsion oil/water can be concluded that the insertion of zeolite (Y) to the ceramic support (ɣ-alumina) improved separation process of the oil/water emulsion. As a general conclusion, the obtained zeolite membranes used in membrane separation column are very promising in the separation process oil / water emulsion.

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Pereira, Jucilene Lopes Aguiar Serrão, and 92-99208-4842. "Preparação e caracterização de sistemas superácidos sólidos baseados em sílica-alumina suportada com sulfato metálico." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2017. https://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/6325.

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FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas
Metallic sulfates when used to modify acidic solids have conferred an increase in the acidity of the acidic sites of Lewis and Brønsted, presenting Hammett acidity constant superior to that of sulfuric acid, being called superacid materials. For this reason, superacid materials have been developed and used in many catalytic reactions. In this work the nickel sulfate (NiSO4) and metakaolinite obtained from the kaolinite soil of Manaus - AM were used to synthesize superacid materials varying NiSO4 concentration and calcination temperature. The materials were characterized by chemical analysis (FRX), thermogravimetry (TGA), Infrared Spectroscopy with Fourier Transform (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), adsorption-desorption of N2 (BET method) and still the acidity of the materials was studied by infrared spectroscopy technique of adsorbed pyridine. The catalytic activity was investigated by photodegradation of methylene blue. The characterization results showed that the addition of sulfate ions on the surface of metakaolinite did not alter the structure and morphology of the catalytic support. Bands relative to Lewis acid sites were observed at 1445 and 1607 cm -1 and Brønsted at approximately 1638 cm -1. The metakaolinite sample showed a 43.2% degradation of methylene blue, presenting better performance among all samples tested. Therefore, the characterization of the materials showed that there was interaction between the nickel sulfate and the catalytic support, resulting in the obtaining of the superacid materials and also the addition of nickel sulfate in the catalytic support caused some modification in the surface acidity of metakaolinite. However, the catalytic tests showed that the superacid materials had little catalytic activity for methylene blue photodegradation reactions.
Sulfatos metálicos quando utilizados para modificar sólidos ácidos tem conferido um aumento na acidez dos sítios ácidos de Lewis e Brønsted, apresentando constante de acidez de Hammett superior ao do ácido sulfúrico, sendo chamados de materiais superácidos. Por esse motivo, materiais superácidos têm sido desenvolvidos e utilizados em muitas reações catalíticas. Nesse trabalho o sulfato de níquel (NiSO4) e metacaulinita obtida de solo caulinitico de Manaus – AM, foram utilizados para sintetizar materiais superácidos variando concentração de NiSO4 e temperatura de calcinação. Os materiais obtidos foram caracterizados por meio de análise química (FRX), termogravimetria (TGA), infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), adsorção-desorção de N2 (método BET) e ainda a acidez dos materiais foram estudadas por meio da técnica de espectroscopia na região do infravermelho de piridina adsorvida. A atividade catalítica foi investigada por meio da fotodegradação do azul de metileno. Os resultados de caracterização mostraram que a adição de íons sulfatos na superfície da metacaulinita não alterar a estrutura e morfologia do suporte catalítico. As bandas referentes aos sítios ácidos de Lewis foram observadas em 1445 e 1607 cm-1 e de Brønsted em aproximadamente 1638 cm–1. A amostra de metacaulinita apresentou 43,2% de degradação do azul de metileno, apresentando melhor desempenho entre todas as amostras testadas. Portanto, a caracterização dos materiais demonstrou que houve interação entre o sulfato de níquel e o suporte catalítico, resultando na obtenção dos materiais superácidos e ainda a adição de sulfato de níquel no suporte catalítico causou alguma modificação na acidez superficial da metacaulinita. Porém, os testes fotocatalíticos demonstraram que os materiais superácidos apresentaram pouca atividade catalítica para reações de fotodegradação do azul de metileno.

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Govender, Desania Raquel. "The burn rate of calcium sulfate dihydrate-aluminium thermites." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/66196.

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The energetics of cast calcium sulfate dihydrate-aluminium thermites was explored and its use as a potential metal-cutting tool was investigated. Thermite is a pyrotechnic composition that undergoes a highly exothermic reaction that burns relatively slowly. It is often used in cutting, welding and incendiary devices. Consolidation of thermite by casting was chosen to enable control of the burning front. The base case thermite comprised 60 wt-% calcium sulfate dihydrate oxidiser and 40 wt-% aluminium fuel. Addition of additives were considered for their effect on the cast thermite’s setting time, density, surface temperature, reaction products and burn rate. EKVI and FactSage thermodynamic simulations were used to determine optimum compositions for the various systems. The thermite powder compositions were sieved before mixing with water and casting in a mould. The casts were allowed to set for 3 days to form calcium sulfate dihydrate-aluminium compositions. The copper sulfate pentahydrate additive was found to significantly decrease the setting time of the casts. The heat of hydration of the base case was 59 ± 8 J g−1 . The compressive strength reached 2.9 ± 0.2 MPa, the open air burn rate was 12.0 ± 1.6 mm s −1 and a maximum surface temperature of 1370 ± 64 °C was recorded using a pyrometer. Bomb calorimetry indicated an energy output of 7.96 ± 1.07 MJ kg−1 , slightly lower than predicted by the EKVI simulation. The density of the castings was varied by either adding hollow sodium borosilicate glass spheres or by adding excess water. The glass spheres resulted in a burn rate that decreased nonlinearly with decreasing cast density. The excess water made no changes to the burning, except for increasing the burn rate of the copper sulfate pentahydrate-based thermite. Calcium sulfate in the casts was also dehydrated by thermal treatments at 155 °C and 200 °C. This resulted in significant increases in the burn rate due to the porosity created by the evaporation of the hydration waters. Castings that were thermally treated in an oven at 155 °C were successful in puncturing part of an aluminium block in confined burn tests. A hole with a diameter of ~13.6 mm and depth of ~7 mm was produced. It is recommended that the composition with copper sulfate pentahydrate be used as a binder in further tests.
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2018.
Chemical Engineering
MEng
Unrestricted

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Anjos, Patrícia Schacker dos. "Aplicação de sulfato de alumínio e taninos vegetais na coagulação-floculação de efluentes de curtume." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/156804.

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A aplicação de sais de alumínio para tratamento de efluentes é questionada devido a possíveis impactos nocivos aos seres humanos e organismos vivos, em decorrência de residuais de alumínio remanescentes na água tratada e das quantidades de lodo sedimentado que contém o metal. Portanto, o uso combinado de sais metálicos e taninos vegetais, a fim de reduzir as concentrações do primeiro, aplicadas na coagulação-floculação de contaminantes dos efluentes é importante, inclusive pelas vantagens do uso de taninos, como polímeros orgânicos biodegradáveis. Assim, este trabalho visa aplicar sulfato de alumínio e taninos, em uso individual e em combinação, para remoção de contaminantes por meio de coagulação-floculação. Os ensaios foram realizados com três efluentes, um com elevada carga orgânica, um com baixa carga orgânica e um efluente de acabamento, todos de um mesmo curtume que realiza operações de acabamento molhado a acabamento final de couro wet-blue. No efluente de alta carga orgânica, foram testados 5 tipos de taninos em seis dosagens, e os taninos Tanfloc SM e Tanfloc SH, com melhor eficiência, também foram testados no efluente de menor carga orgânica, assim como o sulfato de alumínio, nas mesmas concentrações utilizadas inicialmente a fim de apresentar os resultados atingidos em efluentes com características de altas e baixas dosagens de químicos Após, foram realizadas combinações de sulfato de alumínio com Tanfloc SM e Tanfloc SH, em diferentes concentrações, e realizados ensaios nos três efluentes, com o intuito de apresentar a eficiência do uso combinado destes produtos em diferentes características de efluentes e verificar a redução das dosagens de sulfato de alumínio. Os melhores resultados obtidos na aplicação combinada de sulfato de alumínio e taninos, mostraram remoção de cor, turbidez e COT estatisticamente iguais à aplicação do uso individual destes, porém utilizando menores dosagens de sulfato de alumínio na composição. Assim, conclui-se que é possível realizar, de forma eficiente e satisfatória, o uso de misturas de sulfato de alumínio com taninos de forma a reduzir as dosagens de sulfato de alumínio, obtendo bons resultados de remoção de cor, turbidez e remoções superiores de COT quando comparadas com a aplicação de todos os coagulantes/floculantes individualmente.
The use of aluminum salts for the treatment of effluents is questioned due to possible harmful impacts on humans and living organisms with aluminum residuals remaining in the treated water and the quantities of sedimented sludge containing the metal. Therefore, the combined use of metal salts and vegetable tannins, in order to reduce the concentrations of the former, applied in the coagulation-flocculation of effluent contaminants is important, including the advantages of the use of tannins, such as biodegradable organic polymers. Thus, this work aims to apply aluminum sulfate and tannins, in individual use and in combination, to remove contaminants by means of coagulation-flocculation. The tests were carried out with three effluents, one with high organic load, one with low organic load and one finishing effluent, all from the same tannery that performs wet finishing operations with the final wet-blue leather finish. In the high organic matter effluent, five types of tannins were tested in six dosages, and Tanfloc SM and Tanfloc SH tannins with better efficiency were also tested in the less organic effluent as well as aluminum sulfate in the same concentrations used in order to present the results achieved in effluents with characteristics of high and low chemical dosages Afterwards, combinations of aluminum sulphate with Tanfloc SM and Tanfloc SH were carried out in different concentrations, and tests were carried out on the three effluents, in order to show the efficiency of the combined use of these products in different effluent characteristics and verify the reduction of the dosages of aluminum sulfate. The best results obtained in the combined application of aluminum sulphate and tannins showed color removal, turbidity and TOC statistically equal to the application of the individual use of these, but using lower dosages of aluminum sulphate in the composition. Thus, it is concluded that it is possible to efficiently and satisfactorily carry out the use of aluminum sulphate mixtures with tannins in order to reduce the dosages of aluminum sulphate, obtaining good results of color removal, turbidity and higher removals of COT when compared to the application of all coagulants/flocculants individually.

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Marques, Rodrigo de Oliveira. "Cinética de floculação de água bruta com baixa turbidez utilizando sais de alumínio e ferro como coagulante." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3147/tde-20072016-143140/.

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Este trabalho teve como propósito investigar a cinética de floculação de água bruta com baixa turbidez, utilizando o sulfato de alumínio (Al2(SO4)3o18H2O) e o cloreto férrico (FeCl3o6H2O) como coagulantes. Os resultados experimentais foram obtidos em ensaios de \"jar test\". A água bruta utilizada nos ensaios foi preparada em laboratório, simulando um manancial superficial eutrofizado contendo células da cianobactéria Microcystis aeruginosa. Foram testadas 5 dosagens distintas de cada coagulante, 3 valores de G, 2 valores de TAS e 12 tempos de floculação. Utilizou-se a turbidez como medida principal de avaliação dos resultados experimentais. O valor de turbidez inicial (N0) foi corrigido, levando-se em consideração o acréscimo de turbidez em função das dosagens de coagulante. Determinou-se que as dosagens mais efetivas, em termos de remoção de turbidez, foram 20 mg.L-1 para o sulfato de alumínio e 40 mg.L-1 para o cloreto férrico (ambas expressas como massa de coagulante). Para ambos os coagulantes, constatou-se que G = 20 s-1 e TAS = 27 m3.m-2.dia-1 resultaram nas melhores eficiências de remoção de turbidez. Verificou-se também a variação do potencial zeta em função das dosagens de coagulante. Observou-se que o aumento da dosagem de coagulante leva à redução do potencial zeta, aproximando-o do ponto isoelétrico. Porém, o ponto isoelétrico não necessariamente coincide com a melhor eficiência em termos de remoção de turbidez. Com base nos resultados experimentais, foi proposta uma modificação ao modelo clássico da cinética de floculação de suspensões coloidais. Nesta, foi incluso um segundo termo referente à ruptura de flocos (quebra irreversível). O ajuste do modelo proposto foi obtido através de procedimentos de iteração numérica computacional com a função \"Solver\" do programa Microsoft Excel®. Foram calculados os valores das constantes KA, KB e KC do modelo proposto. Amostras do lodo gerado nos ensaios de cinética de floculação foram caracterizadas visualmente através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV).
The purpose of this work was to investigate flocculation kinetics of low-turbidity raw water, using aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3o18H2O) and ferric chloride (FeCl3o6H2O) as coagulants. Experimental results were obtained in jar tests. Raw water used in the jar tests was prepared in laboratory, simulating a eutrophic natural water source containing cells of the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa. 5 different coagulant doses were tested for each coagulant, 3 G values, 2 SLR values and 12 flocculation times. Turbidity was selected as the major parameter for experimental results analysis. Initial turbidity values (N0) were corrected taking into account turbidity increase due to coagulant dosing. In terms of turbidity removal, it was determined that the most effective dosage for aluminum sulfate was 20 mg.L-1, and for ferric chloride, 40 mg.L-1 (both expressed as coagulant mass). For both coagulants, it was found that G = 20 s-1 and SLR = 27 m3.m-2.day-1 resulted in the best turbidity removal efficiencies. Zeta potential variation, due to coagulant dosing, was also verified. It was noted that increasing coagulant dosing led to zeta potential reduction, bringing it closer to the isoelectric point. However, the isoelectric point does not necessary coincides with the best turbidity removal efficiency. Based on the experimental results, it was proposed a modification to the classic colloidal suspension flocculation kinetics model. In this modification, a second term regarding floc rupture (irreversible breakage) was included. Through computer numeric iteration using Microsoft Excel®\'s \"Solver\" function, the proposed model adjustment was obtained. Kinetics constants KA, KB e KC values, from the proposed model, were calculated. Sludge samples, generated during flocculation kinetics tests, were visually characterized through scanning electronic microscopy (SEM).

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MELLO, SANDRA A. C. de. "Obtencao de alumina de alta pureza, a partir do alumen de amonio." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2000. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10804.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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SILVA, Fabiana Medeiros do Nascimento. "Síntese de membranas zeolíticas (Mordenita/α-Alumina) utilizando os métodos de síntese hidrotérmica, Dip-Coating e transporte em fase vapor e avaliação na separação emulsão óleo/água." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2017. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1468.

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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral sintetizar as membranas zeolíticas (Mordenita/α-alumina), utilizando os métodos de síntese hidrotérmica, crescimento secundário: dip-coating e transporte em fase vapor, para serem avaliadas no processo de separação emulsão óleo/água. Dentro deste contexto foram avaliados alguns parâmetros, destacando-se, a influência do tempo de cristalização na síntese da zeólita mordenita, a influência do precursor (sulfato de alumínio e gibsita) na síntese da membrana zeolítica, influência dos métodos de síntese das membranas zeolíticas e os testes de permeação de água e o processo de separação emulsão óleo/água. A síntese da zeólita mordenita foi realizada utilizando o método hidrotérmico a 170°C, com tempos de cristalização de 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas, a fim de avaliar a cristalinidade da zeólita, e selecionar o melhor tempo para a síntese das membranas zeolíticas. Os suportes cerâmicos α-alumina foram preparados a partir da decomposição dos precursores sulfato de alumínio a 1000°C e gibsita a 1200ºC por 2 horas, e conformados, compactados e sinterizados a 1300ºC por 2h, e então submetidos às técnicas de caracterização: Difratometria de raios X (DRX), Adsorção Física de Nitrogênio, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Espectroscopia de Fluorescência de raios X por Energia Dispersiva (FRX-ED) e Termogravimétrica/Térmica Diferencial (TG/DTA). As membranas zeolíticas foram sintetizadas pelos métodos de síntese hidrotérmica, crescimento secundário: dip-coating e transporte em fase vapor a 170°C por 72h e caracterizadas por DRX e MEV. Os suportes cerâmicos e as membranas zeolíticas foram avaliadas em testes de permeação de água e no sistema de separação emulsão óleo/água de um efluente sintético, utilizando um processo de separação por membrana (PSM). Os ensaios foram realizados nas condições de concentração inicial da emulsão 100 mg.L-1, temperatura de 25 °C e pressão de 2,5 bar, permitindo avaliar a permeabilidade e a seletividade a partir da variação da concentração do permeado em (mg.L-1) e da percentagem de rejeição ao óleo (%R). A partir dos resultados obtidos para a síntese dos materiais, pode-se observar a efetiva formação da zeólita mordenita em fase pura e cristalina. Os precursores foram decompostos de maneira satisfatória obtendo a fase α-alumina. A manutenção da fase α-alumina pós-produção dos suportes cerâmicos foi confirmada após caracterização. De acordo com os resultados exibidos pelas análises de DRX e MEV as membranas zeolíticas MZMOR/α-alumina apresentaram uma distribuição homogênea e uniforme dos cristais zeolíticos correspondentes à fase mordenita, sem a presença de impurezas, livres de defeitos e sem fissuras, confirmando a formação da estrutura da membrana zeolítica pelos três métodos de síntese, utilizados neste trabalho. A zeólita mordenita se mostrou excelente em relação à adesão e formação da camada zeolítica sobre o suporte cerâmico α-alumina. A partir da avaliação da permeabilidade e seletividade nos testes de separação da emulsão óleo/água, pode-se concluir que a inserção da zeólita mordenita aos suportes cerâmicos melhorou o processo de separação da emulsão óleo/água. Em termos de eficiência no processo de separação, considera-se que a membrana zeolítica MZMOR/α – Al2O3 (SHGB) foi a que apresentou melhor relação entre fluxo e capacidade seletiva, mostrando a eficácia da utilização das membranas zeolíticas. Todas as membranas zeolíticas sintetizadas e avaliadas mostraram-se promissoras.
The objective of the present work is to synthesize zeolite membranes (Mordenite/α-alumina) using hydrothermal synthesis, secondary growth: dip-coating and vapor-phase transport, to be evaluated in the oil/water emulsion separation process. The influence of the crystallization time on the synthesis of the mordenite zeolite, the influence of the precursor (aluminum sulphate and gibsite) on the synthesis of the zeolite membrane, influence of the synthesis methods of the zeolite membranes and the water permeation tests and the oil/water emulsion separation process. The synthesis of the mordenite zeolite was performed using the hydrothermal method at 170°C, with crystallization times of 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours, in order to evaluate the crystallinity of the zeolite, and to select the best time for the synthesis of zeolite membranes. The α-alumina ceramic supports were prepared from the decomposition of the aluminum sulfate precursors at 1000°C and gibsite at 1200°C for 2 hours, and conformed, compacted and sintered at 1300°C for 2h, and then submitted to the characterization techniques: (XRD), Nitrogen Physical Adsorption, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (FRX-ED) and Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal (TG/DTA). The zeolite membranes were synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis, secondary growth: dip-coating and vapor-phase transport at 170°C for 72 hours and characterized by XRD and SEM. Ceramic supports and zeolite membranes were evaluated in water permeation tests and in the oil/water emulsion separation system of a synthetic effluent using a membrane separation process. The tests were carried out under the conditions of initial concentration of the emulsion 100 mg.L-1, temperature of 25°C and pressure of 2,5 bar, allowing to evaluate the permeability and the selectivity from the variation of the permeate concentration in (mg. L-1) and the percentage of oil rejection (% R). From the results obtained for the synthesis of the materials, it is possible to observe the effective formation of zeolite mordenite in pure and crystalline phase. The precursors were satisfactorily decomposed to give the α-alumina phase. The maintenance of the post-production α-alumina phase of the ceramic supports was confirmed after characterization. The MZMOR/α-alumina zeolite membranes presented a homogeneous and uniform distribution of the zeolite crystals corresponding to the mordenite phase, without the presence of impurities, free of defects and without cracks, confirming the formation of the structure of the zeolite membrane by the three methods of synthesis, used in this work. The mordenite zeolite showed excellent adhesion and formation of the zeolitic layer on the ceramic support α-alumina. From the evaluation of the permeability and selectivity in the oil/water emulsion separation tests, it can be concluded that the insertion of the mordenite zeolite to the ceramic supports improved the separation process of the oil/water emulsion. In terms of efficiency in the separation process, the zeolite membrane MZMOR/α-Al2O3(SHGB) was considered to have the best relationship between flow and selectivity, showing the efficacy of zeolite membranes. All zeolite membranes synthesized and evaluated were promising.

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15

Luu, Wing T. "Effect of Aluminum Sulfate and Sodium Alumniate on the Drainage and Retention Properties of Fibrous Suspensions." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2005. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/LuuWT2005.pdf.

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16

Torrens, Martí David. "Mezclas ternarias de cemento Portland, cemento de aluminato de calcio y sulfato cálcico : mecanismos de expansión." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/134926.

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Portland cement is the most widely used building material. Is mainly composed of silicates, also has lesser proportion of aluminates and calcium sulfate. Its hydraulic nature generates in its hydration, the formation of new phases which provide properties (hardness, resistance...) very useful in the field of construction. Calcium aluminate cement is mainly composed of aluminate. Present a faster setting and resistance development higher than Portland cement. Its hydration provides different phases depending of the temperature. This fact provides conversion reactions with a volume decrease causing a resistance decrease. For generate a new properties or improve some of them, exist a wide range binders materials formed for one o few cements with diverse additions. The different combinations provide a variation in the hydrated phases produced which generate changes in the mechanical properties of binders materials. Ternary systems formed by CP/CAC/CS, have been used to produce mixtures with different setting and hardened properties than separately cements. However, within of building materials, the applications of these systems are limited at insides due to durability problems. This work studies the Portland cement rich zone within of ternary systems. Noting the hydrated phases formation, in special ettringite and relationship with dimensional variations which be produced. Generally is observed which an increase in the ettringite formation provides a higher dimensional variation. Ettringite formation is function of CP/CAC and CAC/CS ratios. The amount of aluminates and sulfates control the formation of this phase, if the sulfate present do not consumed all aluminates, these reacts with the ettringite to form monosulfoaluminate decreasing the expansion. In the contrary the amount of sulfate is high the ettringite formation higher and provides higher dimensional variation, that percentages up to 5% generates fissures. Also was verified that environmental of cured have influence in the dimensional variation. Samples with the same cement proportion and calcium sulfate have a different variation. When are cured at air be produced retraction, but when is cured under water be produced expansion. This fact may due at differences in the interlayer of the C‐S‐H, being more voluminous in the samples submerged per the inclusion of water molecules.
El cemento Portland es el material constructivo más usado. Está compuesto principalmente por silicatos, también tiene en menor proporción aluminatos y sulfato cálcico. Su naturaleza hidráulica, genera que en su hidratación se formen nuevas fases que proporcionan propiedades (endurecimiento, resistencia...) muy útiles en el campo de la construcción. El cemento de aluminato de calcio está compuesto principalmente por aluminatos. Presenta un fraguado más rápido y un desarrollo de resistencias mayores que un cemento Portland. Su hidratación proporciona diferentes fases dependiendo de la temperatura a la que ocurra. Este hecho produce ciertas reacciones de conversión con una disminución del volumen provocando una disminución de las resistencias. Con el fin de generar nuevas propiedades o mejorar alguna de ellas, existe un gran número de materiales compuestos formados por uno o varios cementos con diversas adiciones. Las diferentes combinaciones de materiales, producen una variación en la producción de las fases hidratadas que conllevan cambios en las propiedades mecánicas de los materiales compuestos. Los sistemas ternarios formados por CP/CAC/CS, se han venido usando para producir mezclas con propiedades de fraguado y endurecimiento diferentes a los que presentan los cementos constituyentes por separado. La demanda de este tipo de productos se ha visto incrementada, debido a la necesidad de una rápida puesta en servicio de ciertos sistemas constructivos. No obstante, dentro de los materiales de construcción sus aplicaciones, se han limitado a interiores debido a ciertos problemas de durabilidad. En este trabajo se estudia la zona rica en cemento Portland dentro de los sistemas ternarios. Observando la formación de fases hidratadas, en especial la etringita y relacionándolas con las variaciones dimensionales que se producen. De forma general se observa que un incremento en la formación de etringita produce una mayor variación dimensional. La formación de etringita es función de las relaciones CP/CAC y CAC/CS. El contenido de aluminatos y sulfatos rige la formación de esta fase, si los sulfatos presentes no consumen todos los aluminatos, estos reaccionan con la etringita para formar monosulfoaluminato disminuyendo la expansión. Pero si el contenido en sulfato es alto la formación de etringita aumenta provocando grandes variaciones dimensionales, que para porcentajes superiores al 5% provocan fisuras llegando a la destrucción de probetas si se sube en exceso. Así se comprobó que el medio de curado también influye en la variación dimensional que se produce. Muestras con las mismas proporciones de cementos y sulfato cálcico sufren variaciones diferentes. Cuando se curan al aire se produce retracción, pero cuando se curan bajo agua se produce expansión. Esto se puede deber a diferencias en la intercapa del gel C‐S‐H desarrollado, siendo más voluminoso en las muestras sumergidas por la inclusión de moléculas de agua.
El ciment Portland és el material constructiu més usat. Està compost principalment per silicats, també té en menor proporció aluminats i sulfat càlcic. La seva naturalesa hidràulica genera que a la seva hidratació es formin noves fases que proporcionen propietats (enduriment, resistència...) molt útils en el camp de la construcció. El ciment d’aluminat de calci es composa principalment per aluminats. Presenta un fraguat mes ràpid i un desenvolupament de resistències majors que el ciment Portland. La seva hidratació proporciona diferents fases depenent de la temperatura a la que es produeixi. Aquest fet produeix certes reaccions de conversió amb una disminució del volum provocant una disminució de les resistències. Amb la finalitat de generar noves propietats o millorar alguna d’elles, existeix un gran nombre de materials compostos formats per un o més ciments amb diversos afegits. Les diferents combinacions de materials produeixen una variació a la producció de fases hidratades que porten canvis a les propietats mecàniques dels materials compostos. Els sistemes ternaris formats per CP/CAC/CS , s’han utilitzat per a produir mescles amb propietats de fraguat i enduriment diferents als que presenten els ciments constituents per separat. La demanda d’aquest tipus de productes s’ha vist incrementada degut a la necessitat d’una ràpida posada en servei de certs sistemes constructius. No obstant, dins dels materials de construcció les seves aplicacions s’han limitat a interiors degut a certs problemes de durabilitat. En aquest treball s’estudia la zona rica en ciment Portland dins dels sistemes ternaris, observant la formació de fases hidratades, en especial la etringita i relacionant‐les amb les variacions dimensionals que es produeixen. De forma general s’observa que un increment en la formació d’etringita produeix una major variació dimensional. La formació d’etringita es funció de les relacions CP/CAC y CAC/CS. El contingut d’aluminats i sulfats regeix la formació d’aquesta fase: si els sulfats presents no consumeixen tots els aluminats, aquests reaccionen amb l’etringita per a formar monosulfoaluminat disminuint l’expansió. Però si el contingut de sulfat és alt la formació d’etringita augmenta provocant grans variacions dimensionals, que per a percentatges superiors al 5% provoquen fissures arribant a la destrucció de provetes si puja en excés. Així es va comprovar que el mitjà de crat també influeix en la variació dimensional que es produeix. Mostres amb les mateixes proporcions de ciments i sulfat càlcic pateixen variacions diferents. Quan es curen a l’aire es produeix retracció, però quan es curen sota l’aigua es produeix expansió. Això pot ser degut a diferències en l’intercapa del gel C‐S‐H desenvolupat, essent mes voluminosos a les mostres submergides per la inclusió de molècules d’aigua.

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17

Proxmire, Paul R. "The influence of aluminum salts on the retention of titanium dioxide when using cationic polyelectrolyte as a retention aid." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5533.

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18

LAIZET, JEAN-BERNARD. "Caracterisations physicochimiques et proprietes isomerisantes de catalyseurs zircone sulfatee supportee sur alumine et silice alumine." Caen, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CAEN2074.

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Des catalyseurs zircone sulfatee dispersee sur alumine ont ete prepares et caracterises par des methodes physico-chimiques. On a montre que la zircone sulfatee conservait ses proprietes superacides a l'etat supporte. Les solides obtenus catalysent selectivement l'isomerisation du n-hexane a 150\c sous pression d'hydrogene. Ils sont stables lorsqu'ils contiennent du platine, et regenerables apres empoisonnement par l'eau. L'etude par diffraction x montre que le support alumine retarde la temperature de cristallisation de la zircone : a 725\c, un tiers seulement de la zircone est cristallisee, en phase cubique ; la fraction cristallisee augmente lorsque la surface de l'alumine est totalement recouverte. Les ions sulfates, introduits sous forme d'acide sulfurique se fixent indistinctement sur l'alumine et sur la zircone. L'exces de sulfate est elimine par chauffage au-dela de 500\c. La teneur optimale, conduisant a un maximum d'activite catalytique, correspond a une couverture complete du solide par le sulfate. Les relations structure-activite prouvent que les sites actifs en isomerisation sont crees exclusivement sur la zircone cristallisee. Le nombre de rotation augmente avec la taille des cristallites ; il est dix fois plus eleve pour les catalyseurs supportes sur alumine que pour la zircone sulfatee massique. La zircone supportee sur silice-alumine contient des cristallites de trop petite taille pour creer des sites actifs.

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19

Hsieh, Ching-Wen. "A simplified approach to produce carbon nanotubes using alumina substrate." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1446421.

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20

Lungu, Sosten. "Effect of poultry litter amended with aluminum sulfate on plant growth and soil properties." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2008. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-05162008-125227.

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21

White, George Norman. "Measurement of hydrolysis, polymerization and complexation in dilute aluminum solutions." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53664.

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The nature of chemical reactions taking place during the titration of dilute Al solutions in the presence of either chloride or sulfate were examined by refining the apparent Al hydrolysis products assuming the presence of solution species with n (OH/Al mole ratio) equal to 1, 2, 2.5, 3 and 4. The second and third hydrolysis products for Al were refined by comparison of calculated titration patterns to those observed for 10⁻³, 10⁻⁴ and 10⁻⁵ M Al in 1 M, 0.1 M and 0.01 M KCl. A large degree of polynuclear character of Al solutions was found even at Al concentrations as low as 10⁻⁵ M. The n value and size of the polynuclear complexes are affected by Al concentration. The concentration constant, pQ₁₃ is found to be at least 17.4-17.7. It is concluded that the mononuclear Al(OH)₂ species is never significant. Use of statistical analysis of the data and graphical methods did not result in consistent data for polymer size determinations. The lower pQ values for mononuclear Al hydrolysis are explained by the structural instability of the mononuclear complexes. The bond strengths required for the bonds in the second and third hydrolysis complexes are often larger than those allowed for octahedral coordination. For that reason, the pQ values would be lower than calculated by extrapolation between the stable first and fourth hydrolysis constants. A new polynuclear complexation mechanism for Al is proposed to account for the high concentration of high n value polynuclear species in the titration refinements. The proposed linear l double chain structure has a structure consistent with boehmite and diaspore. This structure differs from the linear single chain and ring based polynuclear structures by the presence of rows of three coordinated oxygens in the bond central chain and rows of two and one coordinated oxygens along the plane edges. A rearrangement of internal charge in this structure is proposed in which part of the charge is removed from the three coordinated oxygens to result in an uncharged hydroxyl with the charge shifted to the one coordinated site neutralizing the hydroxyl. This results in a general formula for the polynuclear structure of (Al(OH)₃)_x(Al(OH)₂)₂²⁺. This structure results in a higher n value for a lower number of Al than does the other polynuclear complexation schemes and therefore explains the presence of high n value polymers in unaged Al solutions which would have required polymers of greater than a hundred Al cations. The observed presence of a second Al plateau on titration patterns with Al concentrations greater than 5 x10⁻⁵ M could not be the result of the onset of precipitation as earlier proposed. It is proposed that at a pH in the 6 to 7 range, a change of some of the one coordinated sites on the edge of the larger polynuclear and precipitant structures from water to hydroxyls results in a change in net edge charge from net positive to net negative which causes an increased rate of crystal growth due to the unlike charge between the edges and the smaller polynuclear and mononuclear complexes. The refinement of Al titration data in K₂SO₄, provide pQ values one to three pQ units lower than those obtained from equivalent KCl solutions. A catalytic mechanism is proposed in which Al polymerization is facilitated by the formation of mononuclear Al hydroxy sulfate complexes which combine together to form nonsulfate containing polynuclear complexes. The increased hydrolyzed concentration and lower ionic charge resulting from these complexes would increase the rate of polymerization in these systems. Evidence for the presence of mononuclear hydroxy sulfate complexes comes from the better fit for titration patterns in sulfate systems which would not have been observed for increased polymerization alone.
Ph. D.

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22

Andrade, Erik de Lima [UNESP]. "Análise de eficiência de biopolímero como composto coadjuvante no processo de coagulação-floculação e sedimentação." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148951.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A adequação no tratamento da água, para abastecimento público envolve a compreensão da vulnerabilidade de mananciais e de situações de risco à saúde humana. Da mesma forma, o sucesso do tratamento de água de superfície depende, fortemente, da eficácia do desempenho do coagulante. Com a qualidade dos mananciais comprometida por diferentes cenários, tornase indispensável, o processo de desenvolvimento de abordagens eficazes para as questões de caráter econômico e ambiental. O tratamento de água de superfície objetiva, de modo geral, a remoção de impurezas com o propósito de enquadrá-la no padrão de potabilidade, essencialmente, através do uso de produtos químicos. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho analisou a eficiência de três produtos comerciais: sulfato de alumínio, policloreto de alumínio e PGα21Ca. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios de coagulação-floculação e sedimentação, em água da ETA de Salto de Pirapora, São Paulo, Brasil. Os resultados obtidos do PGα21Ca revelam caráter, essencialmente, inorgânico, com teores elevados de sulfato de cálcio (87%) e 5% de ácido γ-poliglutâmico, entre outros compostos químicos. O PGα21Ca apresentou maior eficiência de remoção de turbidez e cor aparente, com valores de 1,93 NTU de turbidez remanescente e 96,89% de remoção de cor aparente e pouca alteração no pH do meio, demonstrando efetividade para o tratamento de água para abastecimento público. O PAC apresentou resultados inferiores para clarificação da água quando comparado ao PGα21Ca e melhores resultados quando comparado ao sulfato de alumínio. Utilizando-se o PGα21Ca em água de Rio Grande, não obtém-se resultados tão expressivos quando comparado a água da ETA de Salto de Pirapora.
The suitability in the treatment of water for public supply involves understanding the vulnerability of sources and situations of risk to human health. Similarly, the success of surface water treatment depends strongly on the effectiveness of the coagulant performance. With the quality of water sources compromised by different scenarios, it is essential to the effective approaches development process for the economic and environmental character issues. The water treatment lens surface generally the removal of impurities in order to fit it in potable standard, mainly through the use of chemicals. In this sense, the present study examined the effectiveness of three commercial products: aluminum sulphate, polyaluminum chloride and PGα21Ca. Therefore, tests were carried out coagulation-flocculation and sedimentation in water of Salto de Pirapora WTP, São Paulo, Brazil. The results obtained reveal the character PGα21Ca essentially inorganic, with high levels of calcium sulfate (87%) and 5% γ-polyglutamic acid, and other chemical compounds. The PGα21Ca showed higher turbidity and apparent color removal efficiency, with values of 1.93 NTU turbidity and remaining 96.89% removal of apparent color and little change in pH of the medium, demonstrating the effectiveness for water treatment. The PAC presented lower results for clarification of water when compared to PGα21Ca and better results when compared to aluminum sulfate. Using PGα21Ca in Rio Grande water did not obtain significant results when compared to the water of the Salto de Pirapora WTP.
FAPESP: 2015/02650-8

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23

Mpinga, Cleophace Ngoie. "Removal and recovery of aluminium and sulphate ions from an alkaline medium using solvent extraction." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/898.

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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Chemical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology
Throughout the world, many water resources are polluted by industrial and domestic effluents, acid mine drainage, etc. The increasing awareness and concern about the environment has motivated in the recent years extensive research into developing new efficient, cost effective and environmentally sound technologies to treat industrial solutions bearing metals and sludges. From the literature review, much research has been, and is still being devoted to the performance of solvent extraction (SX) of aluminium or sulphate in acidic solutions and how to improve such performance. There is a general lack of information on liquid-liquid extraction of aluminium or sulphate in an alkaline solution. Thus, the need for a systematic investigation into the solvent extraction of aluminium and sulphate in an alkaline medium was important. This thesis focuses on the study of solvent extraction of aluminium and sulphate from alkaline solutions using Trioctylmethylammonium chloride, (Aliquat 336), in Kerosene as diluent.

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24

Dorreyatim, Mohammad. "Cyclic Polarization of AA 3102 in Corrosive Electrolytes Containing Sodium Chloride and Ammonium Sulfate." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc955069/.

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Corrosion of all aluminum microchannel heat exchangers present a challenge in automotive and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) industries. Reproducibility of Salt Water Acetic Acid Test (SWAAT) has been questioned and a need to new corrosion tests with better reproducibility has risen. Cyclic polarization, that is an electrochemical test, was explored for its suitability for the assessment of AA 3102 tube material that is currently a popular aluminum alloy used in manufacturing of heat exchanger. Corrosive electrolytes containing 3.5 % sodium chloride with 0.5 % ammonium sulfate (high chloride) or 0.5 % sodium chloride with 3.5 % ammonium sulfate (high sulfate) at their pH or acidic (pH=4) were used to measure corrosion potential (Ecorr), protection potential (Epp), pitting potential (Epit), Tafel constants (βa and βc), corrosion rate (mpy). Corrosive electrolyte used in SWAAT test (4.2% Sea Salt at pH 2.9) was also used to compare corrosion resistance of AA 3102 in SWAAT electrolyte compared to the other electrolytes used in this research. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe and document sample surface corrosion damage after each electrochemical test on all samples. Results of the cyclic polarization tests indicated that SWAAT electrolytes was the most aggressive electrolyte resulting in highest corrosion rates compared to all other electrolytes used in this investigation. SEM results indicated AA 3102 alloy exhibited higher pitting tendency in electrolytes with high sodium chloride whereas high sulfate electrolytes cause appearance of uniform corrosion surface damage on this alloy. Both high sulfate and SWAAT electrolytes showed intergranular corrosion but high chloride electrolyte showed severe pitting of AA 3102. Mohammad Navid Dorreyatim- Cyclic Polarization of AA 3102 in Corrosive Electrolytes Containing Sodium Chloride and Ammonium Sulfate. Master of Science (Mechanical and Energy Engineering), December 2016, 98 pp., references, 31 titles.

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25

Dotto, Juliana. "Estudo da eficiência do processo de coagulação/floculação na tratabilidade de águas residuárias têxteis." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2013. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3233.

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This study evaluated the efficiency of organic coagulants like seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam extracted in saline solutions of sodium chloride and potassium chloride1,0 (MO-NaCl and MO-KCl, respectively) and inorganic coagulants like aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride to the treatment of textile wastewater. Initially, it has been evaluated the best pH for each coagulant studied to then optimize the concentration of the coagulants and settling time. For this finality, it has been used velocity of rapid mixing (VMR) and slow (VML) at 100 rpm and 20 rpm, respectively and time of rapid mixing (TMR) and slow (TML) for 2 minutes and 20minutes, respectively. The parameters analyzed were pH after treatment, absorbance at a wavelength of maximum absorption for each dye present in the wastewater (Procion Orange HER and Procion Red HE-7B), color, turbidity and COD. In the test for optimization of coagulants concentration and settling time, also was evaluated the amount of sludge generated at each concentration studied. Thus, organic coagulants showed superior results in comparison with inorganic coagulants in the treatment of textile wastewater, especially MO-KCl, which showed removal of 86,8% for absorbance of the dye Procion Orange HER, 75,65% for absorbance of the dye Procion Red HE-7B, 70,67%forcolor, 85,97% for COD and 64,07% for turbidity. Based on the results obtained, MO-KCl presented a promising coagulant in the treatment of textile wastewater.
O presente estudo avaliou a eficiência dos coagulantes orgânicos sementes de Moringa oleifera lam extraídas em soluções salinas de cloreto de sódio e cloreto de potássio 1,0 (MO-NaCl e MO-KCl) respectivamente, além dos inorgânicos sulfato de alumínio e cloreto férrico no tratamento de água residuária têxtil. Inicialmente, avaliou-se o melhor pH de trabalho para cada coagulante estudado, para, em seguida, otimizar a concentração do coagulante e o tempo de sedimentação. Para isto, utilizou-se velocidade de mistura rápida (VMR) e lenta (VML) de 100 rpm e 20 rpm respectivamente, e tempo de mistura rápida (TMR) e lenta (TML) de 2 minutos e 20 minutos, respectivamente. Os parâmetros analisados foram pH após tratamento, absorbância no comprimento de onda máximo de cada corante presente na água residuária (Laranja Procion HER e Vermelho Procion HE-7B), cor, turbidez e DQO. Além destes, no teste para otimização da concentração de coagulante e tempo de sedimentação, avaliou-se a quantidade de lodo gerado em cada concentração estudada. Assim, os coagulantes orgânicos apresentaram resultado superior aos inorgânicos no tratamento da água residuária têxtil, com destaque para a MO-KCl, que apresentou remoção de 86,8% para absorbância do corante Laranja Procion HER, 75,65% para absorbância do corante Vermelho Procion HE-7B, 70,67% para cor aparente, 85,97% para DQO e 64,07% para turbidez. Com base nos resultados obtidos a MO-KCl pode ser considerada um coagulante promissor para o tratamento da água residuária têxtil.

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26

Wang, Jia. "Hydration mechanism of cements based on low-CO2 clinkers containing belite, ye’elimite and calcium alumino-ferrite." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10169/document.

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L’objectif de ce travail a été d’apporter une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes réactionnels de l’hydratation de ciments appartenant à la famille de ciment BCSAF afin de développer des schémas réactionnels simplifiés permettant d’optimiser les ciments à base d’un clinker BCSAF et d’autres constituants pour des applications spécifiques. Les ciments étudiés ont été réalisés à partir d’un clinker contenant 52% de belite, 33% de ye’elimite and 14% de ferrite et diverses quantités d’anhydrite et de calcaire. A partir de l’étude détaillée de l’hydratation d’un ciment contenant 95% de clinker et 5% d’anhydrite, il a été démontré que le mécanisme de l’hydratation est constitué de deux périodes successives : le début de l’hydratation est contrôlé par l’hydratation de la ye’elimite réagissant avec l’anhydrite, tandis que la suite de l’hydratation est contrôlée par les hydratations de la belite et de la ferrite qui réagissent avec certains des hydrates formés lors de la première période. La vitesse de nucléation de la strätlingite contrôle le début de l’hydratation de la belite. Le principal paramètre qui contrôle cette dernière est la concentration en sulfate de la phase aqueuse qui doit être très faible. Ainsi C-S-H n’est pas formé au début de l’hydratation de la belite certainement à cause de l’inhibition de sa nucléation par de trop fortes quantités d’aluminate en solution. Par conséquence, c’est indirectement la concentration en sulfate de la solution qui contrôle le début de l’hydratation de la belite and ainsi les réactions conduisant à sa réduction à travers la précipitation de phase notamment lors de l’hydratation de la ye’elimite pour former de l’ettringite. Ainsi d’une façon générale, la strätlingite commence à nucléer quand la ye’elimite a complètement réagi. D’autre part, une synergie entre les hydratations de la belite et de la ferrite permet de former des hydrogrenats et des C-S-H à des temps longs au détriment de la strätlingite formée auparavant. Un mécanisme d’hydratation similaire a été trouvé pour les ciments contenant des quantités plus importantes d’anhydrite à l’exception de ceux qui contiennent une quantité d’anhydrite supérieure que la quantité théorique permettant de faire réagir toute la ye’elimite en ettringite. Toutefois pour le premier type de ciments, une augmentation de la quantité d’anhydrite allonge à la fois le temps d’apparition de la seconde période et la durée des différentes étapes de cette dernière. Donc l’hydratation est globalement plus lente. Pour le second type de ciment, contenant de fortes quantités d’anhydrite, le mécanisme d’hydratation est assez différent car l’hydratation de la belite commence dès le début de l’hydratation et conduit à la formation, soit d’ettringite contenant Si, soit de C-S-H. L’effet de 15% de calcaire a également été étudié pour le ciment contenant 95% de clinker et 5% d’anhydrite. Les résultats ont montré que le calcaire ne change pas la première période de l’hydratation mettant en jeu principalement la ye’elimite et l’anhydrite. Par contre la seconde période, durant laquelle la belite et la ferrite s’hydratent, est fortement retardée à son début. Ceci peut être dû à un retard de la nucléation de la strätlingite à cause de concentrations en sulfate de la solution restant plus longtemps élevées par le fait que l’ettringite est stabilisée en présence de carbonate par la formation de phases AFm carbonatées qui inhibent la formation de monosulfoaluminate de calcium hydraté. Pour finir, des perspectives sont données notamment afin de réduire la durée de la première période de l’hydratation et ainsi permettre un démarrage plus rapide de l’hydratation de la belite et de la ferrite
The objective of this work was to better understand the hydration mechanisms of cements belonging to the family of BCSAF cement in order to develop simple mechanistic models which can help us to optimise mixtures of BCSAF clinker and other compounds for specific applications. The studied cements were made from a clinker containing 52% of belite, 33% of ye’elimite and 14% of a ferrite phase and various amounts of anhydrite and limestone. From the Detailed investigation of the hydration of cement containing 95% of clinker and 5% of anhydrite, it has been demonstrated that the mechanism of hydration has two main successive periods of hydration: the beginning of hydration is controlled by ye’elimite and anhydrite, while the remaining of hydration is governed by belite and the ferrite phase that react with some of the hydrates formed during the first period. It is C2ASH8 nucleation rate that governs the beginning of the hydration of belite. The main parameter that governs the nucleation rate of strätlingite is [SO4]2- that has to be low. C-S-H does not form as the initial hydrate for belite hydration due to the inhibition effect of high aluminate concentration on C-S-H nucleation. As a consequence, this is indirectly the sulphate concentration that controls the beginning of belite hydration and thus the reactions leading to its reduction, mainly the hydration of ye’elimite to form ettringite. Globally it is once ye’elimite has been completely reacted that strätlingite may nucleate. A synergy between the reactions of belite and ferrite is found to accelerate the formation of later hydrate, hydrogarnet and C-S-H at the expense of strätlingite.A similar mechanism of hydration has been found for cements having higher anhydrite contents at the exception of cements that have more anhydrite than the theoretical anhydrite content to consume all ye’elimite to form ettringite. For the former cements, more anhydrite can strongly delay the second period of the hydration where both belite and ferrite react. In the later cases, the mechanism of hydration is quite different as belite does start to react till the beginning of hydration certainly forming either a Si containing ettringite or C-S-H. The influence of 15% of limestone was investigated on the cement containing 95% of clinker and 5% of anhydrite. The results showed that limestone did not change the first period involving anhydrite and ye’elimite, but strongly delayed the beginning of the second period where both belite and ferrite hydrate. This may be due to a delayed nucleation of strätlingite induced by a longer period having higher [SO4]2- as ettringite is stabilised by the precipitation of carbonated AFm at the expense of calcium monosulfoaluminate hydrate, thanks to the carbonate ions brought by limestone. Finally some perspectives are given in order to reduce the duration of the first period and then to enable the hydration of both belite and ferrite more rapidly

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Bronk, John M. "Synthesis and characterization of poly (butyl vinyl ether) homopolymers and copolymers utilizing the aluminum hydrogen sulfate catalyst system." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08182009-040347/.

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Aissa, Rabha. "Coprécipitation d'ions FeII et FeIII par Na2CO3 en milieu sulfaté et synthèse de la rouille verte substituée aluminium." Nancy 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NAN10154.

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L'étude de la substitution des cations FeIII par les cations AlIII dans la structure de RV2(SO42-) montre qu'il est nécessaire d'introduire en solution un excès d'ions FeII par rapport à la formule chimique FeII4FeIII2(OH)12(SO4). 8H2O pour obtenir une seule phase de rouille verte sulfatée substituée aluminium. Ce nouveau composé se caractérise par une taille de cristaux de l'ordre de 50 nm et un spectre Mössbauer constitué par un doublet ferreux supplémentaire. La coprécipitation des ions FeII et FeIII en milieu sulfaté par la base faible Na2CO3 a été étudiée. Le taux d'alcalinisation et le temps de vieillissement des précipités sont les facteurs essentiels qui conditionnent la formation des rouilles vertes. Pour des taux d'alcalinisation croissant, la rouille verte sulfatée précède la formation de la rouille verte carbonatée {RV1(CO32-)}. Les rouilles vertes alors obtenues sont instables vis-à-vis d'un mélange de magnétite et de sidérite et nécessitent une analyse immédiate après synthèse. Cette transformation est inhibée par la présence d'anions silicate dans le milieu réactionnel qui réagissent avec la surface des rouilles vertes empêchant ainsi leur dissolution
Formation of sulphated green rust {RV2(SO42-)} is preceded by precipitation of a sulphated ferric basic salt and a badly crystallized ferric oxyhydroxyde. The study of the substitution of the FeIII cations by the AlIII cations in the structure of RV2(SO42-) shows that it is necessary to introduce an excess of FeII ions in solution as required for the stoichiometry of the green rust to obtain a single phase aluminium substituted sulphated green rust. This new compound is characterized by a crystal size of about 50 nm and the Mössbauer spectrum is characterised additional ferrous doublet. The coprecipitation of the FeII ions and FeIII in sulphated medium by the weak Na2CO3 was studied. Green rusts then obtained are unstable and require immediate analysis after synthesis. This transformation is inhibited by the presence of silicate anions in the reaction medium which react with the surface of green rusts thus preventing their dissolution. The transformation of the RV2(SO42-) in RV1(CO32-) is carried out by exchange of anions

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Barrera, Ávalos Kamila María. "Síntesis de silicatos de calcio nano-estructurados modificados con Al(III) y Fe(III) a emplear como adsorbentes de iones arseniatos, sulfatos, y metales pesados desde soluciones acuosas ácidas que simulan drenajes ácidos de mina (DAM)." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/145816.

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Tesis presentada para optar al grado de Magíster en Química área de Especialización en Químico Minero Metalúrgico y Memoria para optar al Título de Químico
En esta Tesis de Magíster se estudió la síntesis y caracterización de nuevos adsorbentes de bajo costo correspondientes a silicatos de calcio nano-estructurados modificados con hierro (FeNanoCSH) y aluminio (AlNanoCSH), en los cuales se reemplaza una fracción del calcio contenido por átomos de Fe y Al. Estos adsorbentes fueron aplicados en soluciones acuosas ácidas para remover algunos contaminantes inorgánicos propios de las aguas de mina. La síntesis del adsorbente modificado con Fe(III) se logró mediante la reacción química de hidróxido de calcio, Ca(OH)2, una solución acuosa de silicato de sodio (Na2SiO3) y la fuente de hierro, FeCl3 o Fe(OH)3. La modificación con aluminio siguió un procedimiento similar empleando como fuente de Al(III), policloruro de aluminio (PAC) o aluminato de sodio (NaAlO2). Las síntesis fueron rápidas, eficientes y reproducibles. Sin embargo se observó un límite en el reemplazo de átomos de Ca, al aumentar el riesgo de pérdida de la nano-estructura del sólido. Los adsorbentes fueron caracterizados empleando diversas metodologías. Resultaron ser amorfos con tendencia a la aglomeración de partículas que incluyen micro, meso y macroporos, presentan un gran área superficial, conformando una estructura en la cual se disponen un gran número de sitios activos disponibles para la adsorción. Se evidenció mediante FTIR y DSC la presencia de moléculas de agua libres en su estructura y la presencia de enlaces OH- propios de los grupos silanoles y la presencia de los enlaces O-Si-O y Al-O. Los análisis químicos reflejaron contenidos de Ca entre un 22% y un 26%, una presencia de hierro variable entre 2,6% y 6,2% y contenidos de silicio variables entre 19% y 22%. Los adsorbentes presentaron una adecuada estabilidad química al contactarlos con soluciones acuosas ácidas. El adsorbente modificado con Fe, particularmente aquel preparado con FeCl3, presentó un excelente comportamiento para remover As(V), independiente de la acidez de la solución acuosa tratada, generándose silicatos de calcio y hierro muy insolubles y estables, al actuar el adsorbente como un buffer que mantiene la solución en medio fuertemente alcalino. Se observó también una excelente co-adsorción de los iones metálicos Cu(II), Zn(II) y Cd(II), en base a la formación de los hidróxidos respectivos con los OH- de los grupos polisilanoles e hidróxidos de los nano-silicatos, los cuales se formarían sobre la superficie de las partículas de los silicatos o bien como partículas discretas en la propia solución. El adsorbente modificado con Al presentó también una eficiente capacidad de remover iones sulfatos, mediante la formación de etringita, Ca6[Al(OH)6]2(SO4)3.26H2O, una sal doble básica muy insoluble, de alto peso molecular, que precipita en medio alcalino generando un sólido granular y muy estable. También se observó con estos adsorbentes modificados con Al(III) una excelente co-adsorción de los iones metálicos anteriormente señalados. El adsorbente modificado con PAC resultó ser mejor adsorbente que el preparado al modificarlo con NaAlO2. Se midieron capacidad de carga variable entre 80 y 140 mg SO4-2/g de silicato, las cuales permiten generar refinos que cumplen con la norma de descarga a cuerpos de aguas superficiales. Se realizaron pruebas de equilibrio y de cinética de adsorción para As(V) y iones SO42- empleando los adsorbentes modificados con Fe y Al, respectivamente. Los resultados experimentales de equilibrio de adsorción de As(V) y de iones sulfato con el adsorbente modificado con PAC ajustaron bien al modelo de la isoterma de Redlich-Peterson, obteniéndose una buena correlación entre los valores de capacidad de carga de los contaminantes “q” calculados por el modelo y los observados experimentalmente. Sin embargo, para los experimentos de equilibrio de adsorción de iones sulfatos con el adsorbente modificado con NaAlO2, fue el modelo de Langmuir el que mejor ajustó los datos experimentales. La cinética de adsorción de As(V) con los adsorbentes modificados con Fe(III) y la de iones sulfatos con el adsorbente modificado con policloruro de aluminio en todos los casos es muy rápida y siguen un modelo teórico de pseudo-segundo-orden, dependiente de los sitios disponibles para la adsorción
In this Thesis is studied the synthesis and characterization of new low-cost adsorbents consisting in nano-structured calcium silicates modified with Fe (FeNanoCSH) and Al (AlNanoCSH), in which a fraction of the calcium content are replaced by Fe or Al atoms. These adsorbents were applied in acid aqueous solutions in order to remove some inorganic contaminants normally found in mine waters. The synthesis of the Fe-modified adsorbent was conducted by means of the chemical reaction between calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) , an aqueous solution of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and as Fe-source, FeCl3 o Fe(OH)3. The modification with Al(III) was carried out using a similar procedure but employing aluminium polychloride (PAC) or sodium aluminate (NaAlO2). The synthesis were fast, efficient and reproducibles, however, it was observed a maximum extent for replacing Ca atoms by Fe and Al, since over that limit, a risk of loss of the nano-structure of the solid can occur. The adsorbents were characterized using diverse methodologies. They are amorphous showing tendency to agglomeration of particles that include micro, meso and macroporous, having a high surface area, generating a structure full of available active adsorption sites. FTIR and DSC analysis confirmed the presence of free-water molecules in its structure as well as the existence of OH- groups associated to the polysilanol groups of the silicate. O-Si-O and Al-O bond signals were also observed. The chemical analysis indicated for the adsorbents, calcium contents between 22% and 26%, iron contents variable between 2,6 % and 6,2 % and silicon levels variable around 19 % and 22 %. The adsorbents showed a suitable chemical stability towards acid aqueous solutions. The Fe-modified adsorbent, especially that prepared using FeCl3, showed an excellent behavior for removing As(V), adsorption that was independent of the acidity of the aqueous solution, being produced very insoluble and stable calcium and iron arsenate precipitates, acting the adsorbent as buffer keeping a strong alkaline medium. It was also observed a great co-adsorption of the metallic ions Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II), in a mechanism based on the formation of hydroxides with the OH- ions of polysilanols groups of the nanostructured silicates, which would be formed on the surface of the silicate particles or as discrete hydroxides species in the aqueos solution. The Al-modified adsorbent also showed and effucient capability to remove sulphate ions by means of the formation of etringite Ca6[Al(OH)6]2(SO4)3.26H2O, a double basic salt very insoluble of high molecular weight, that tends to precipitat in alkaline medium generating a granular and very stable solid. It was also observed with this type of adsorbent, a very high co-adsorption of the above indicated metallic ions. However, the adsorbent modified with PAC was better than that modified with NaAlO2. It were measured sulphate loading capacities around 80 and 140 mg SO4-2/g of silicate, what allows producing raffinates that accomplish with the environmental discharge norms to supperficial water bodies. Several tests of As(V) and SO42- adsorption equilibrium and kinetics were conducted using the silicated adsorbent modified with Fe and Al, respectively. The experimental results of As(V) and sulphates ions adsorption equilibrium were well explained by using the Redlich-Peterson isotherm model, be obtained a good correlation of the adsorption loading capacities “q” values experimentally observed and those calculated by the equilibrium model. However, the experimental results of the adsorption equilibrium of sulphate ions using the adsorbent modified with NaAlO2, were well fitted using the Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption kinetics of As(V) with the adsorbent modified with Fe and the adsorption kinetics of the sulphate ions with the adsorbent modified with PAC were very fast in all cases, whose experimental results were explained through a theoretical pseudo-second-order-kinetic model, which is highly dependent of the available adsorption sites
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31/12/2019

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30

Hajiha, Reza. "A Novel Method in Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Matrix Composites with Ceramic Reinforcement by Thermal Decomposition of Aluminum Sulfate." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10838545.

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Metal matrix composites (MMCs) microstructure consists of a metallic alloy and a particular reinforcing component, ceramic in the case of this research. They are of high interest due to their high temperature strength, improved thermal stability, improved friction and wear resistant. Defining a low-cost additive manufacturing process that can fabricate high-quality MMC parts will combine the benefit of additive manufacturing and MMC together, which is highly desirable in today’s manufacturing.

This research introduces a novel method to fabricate MMC by introduction of uniformly distributed and dispersed ultra-fine ceramic particles within a metal substrate to form metal-ceramic composite during bulk sintering and to further develop three dimensional printing for fabrication of MMC structures reinforced by ceramic particles. This novel process is capable to fabricate metal-ceramic composite structures with a lower cost and shorter lead time in manufacturing compared to other existing additive manufacturing processes.

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Ferrari, Jean Vicente. "Etude de la corrosion localisée de l'alliage d'aluminium 7475 T621 par spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique globale et locale en milieu sulfate de sodium." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066287.

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La microstructure des alliages d'aluminium est caractérisée par la présence d'un grand nombre de particules intermétalliques (IM) dont l'activité électrochimique est différente de celle de la matrice environnante conduisant à l'apparition de phénomènes de corrosion localisée. Le but de ce travail est l’étude la corrosion localisée de l’alliage Al 7475-T761, utilisé pour ses propriétés mécaniques dans les avions, en milieu sulfate au moyen de la spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique locale (SIEL) associée à la caractérisation microstructurale par MEB/EDS. Les résultats obtenus ont confirmé que le pH local augmente à l'interface matrice/IM en raison de la réaction cathodique sur les particules qui est la cause la plus importante de corrosion localisée de l'alliage. Ce processus conduit à la dissolution locale de la couche passive et à une dépolarisation importante de la réaction d'oxydation de l’aluminium. D'autre part, une étude mettant en œuvre l'électrode à disque tournant (RDE) a révélé que les ions sulfate augmentent les performances anti corrosion de la couche passive et sont particulièrement agressifs à linterface IM/Cu. En ce qui concerne les études avec la technique SIEL, elles ont été effectuées en utilisant un couple modèle Al 7475/Cu afin de simuler la réactivité électrochimique de l'interface IM/alliage. Une autre originalité de ce travail concernant la technique SIEL, est l’utilisation d’une tri-électrode pour acquérir les diagrammes d'impédance locale. Ce système permet la mesure simultanée des composantes normale et radiale de la densité de courant locale et rend possible une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes locaux interfaciaux.

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32

Kolan, Nilgün Kayahan, and Eser Eke Bayramoğlu. "A Research on the Use of Aluminum Sulphate in Parchment Production and its Effects on Ageing and Color - 202." Verein für Gerberei-Chemie und -Technik e. V, 2019. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34259.

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Content: In this study, different proportions 2.5%, 5%, 10% of aluminum sulfate were used as tanning agents during parchment production. The research was carried out on goat skin and also there were no usage of any tanning agents as control groups. Finished leathers have been exposed to ageing conditions. Before and after ageing color measurements on all finished leathers have been conducted with Konica Minolta CM-3600d brand spectrophotometer. The impacts of the aluminum sulfate utilized in the research on light fastness were also inspected by using an ATLAS-XENOTEST ALPHA+ test instrument. Visible whitening on the color of parchment was observeded when tanning process with aluminum sulphate was performed. Take-Away: -Aluminum sulfate has tanning effects -Aluminium gave white color to the parchment -Aluminum sulfate changed collagen structure.

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Marsac, Sylvie. "Corrosion sous contrainte des alliages aluminium-lithium 2091 et 8090 en milieux neutres chlorurés : influence de l'addition de sulfate et de nitrate." Toulouse, INPT, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPT027G.

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La sensibilite a la corrosion sous contrainte des alliages aluminium lithium 8090-t851, 2091-t851 et 2091-t8x en milieux neutres chlorures avec ou sans addition de sulfate ou de nitrate de sodium a ete determinee a l'aide des techniques de traction a faible vitesse de deformation en immersion totale et de contrainte constante en immersion-emersion alternee. Dans les solutions chlorurees, seul l'alliage 2091-t851 montre une certaine sensibilite alors qu'aucune rupture n'est observee pour les alliages 8090-t851 et 2091-t8x pendant les essais (un mois). L'adition de sulfate provoque une acceleration de la fissuration: cet effet est maximum pour une tres faible concentration (8 ppm) et decroit lorsque la concentration augmente. Les nitrates ont un effet comparable mais pour une tenur beaucoup plus critique. Simultanement a la corrosion sous contrainte, d'autres types d'attaques se produisent: corrosion par piqures, corrosion intergranulaire et exfoliation. Les ions sulfates et nitrates sont connus pour leur action inhibitrice de la corrosion par piqures des alliages d'aluminium. On observe une correlation entre la variation de potentiel de germination des piqures et la vairation de la sensibilite a la corrosion sous contrainte lorsque la teneur en sulfate ou nitrate varie. Ceci montre que la corrosion par piqures est impliquee dans les processus de corrosion sous contrainte. Afin de preciser le role joue par les ions sulfate et nitrate sur les mecanismes de formation et de degradation des films passifs, des mesures d'impedance electrochimique ont ete realisees

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HAMA, PATRICIA. "Estudo da influencia da chuva acida na concentracao de aluminio em solos proximos a uma termoeletrica a carvao." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2001. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10951.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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Bazer-Bachi, Adnane Robert. "Influence de la qualite d'une eau sur l'efficacite de la coagulation par le sulfate d'aluminium." Toulouse, INSA, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ISAT0007.

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Etude sur eau synthetique (annees de base fournies pour une etude hydrologique de la gasconne) de la cinetique de la coagulation et de la floculation. Deux modeles sont ensuite proposes pour prevoir la dose optimale de coagulant pour une qualite d'eau brute donnee: le premier, a quatre variables, s'applique aux eaux peu turbides et le second, a cinq variables, s'adapte au cas des periodes de crues

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36

Gonzalez, Cesar. "Effect of Three Different Contamination Removal Methods on Bond Strength of Ceramic To Enamel Contaminated With Aluminum Chloride and Ferric Sulfate." Thesis, NSUWorks, 2018. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_cdm_stuetd/74.

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Background: The need to control moisture and contamination is crucial in adhesive dentistry, especially when rubber dam isolation is not feasible. Hemostatic contamination can negatively affect adhesion to tooth substrate. To achieve better outcomes, hemostatic agents should be rinsed off properly using a method that will remove the contamination and will not affect the μ-SBS. Objective: To evaluate and compare the effect of three different aluminum chloride and ferric sulfate contamination removal methods on the μ-SBS of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic bonded to enamel and to compare the type of fracture between samples. Material and Methods: Lithium disilicate blocks (IPS e.max CAD) were cut into samples of 2 mm in diameter and 3mm in height. Thirty-five human molar teeth were collected and separated into seven groups (n=17) Groups: G1(control): No contamination. G2: Contamination with aluminum chloride and removal by 30 seconds water-rinse. G3: Contamination with aluminum chloride, removal by re-etching (37.5% phosphoric acid), water-rinse. G4: Contamination with aluminum chloride, removal with 18% EDTA G5: Contamination with ferric sulfate, removal with water-rinse. G6: Contamination with ferric sulfate, removal by re-etching (37.5% phosphoric acid), water-rinse and dried. G7: Contamination with ferric sulfate, removal with 18% EDTA. The enamel surface was etched, then contaminated with aluminum chloride and ferric sulfate, cleaned using 3 different methods, previously described. Ceramic samples were etched with HF acid, silanated then bonded to enamel surface using Optibond FL, Variolink veneer cement and the Elipar S10 curing light, to avoid oxygen inhibition restoration margins were cover with a glycerin to complete polymerization of 10 -30 seconds each side. Specimens were stored in deionized water for 7 days, then subjected to μ-SBS testing, fractured specimens were examined with a stereomicroscope to determine the type of fracture, and five sample of each group were selected for SEM. To compare differences for the outcome a general linear mode ANOVA was created, and data recorded. Results: There were statistically significant differences among the studied groups for the μ-SBS (p< 0.05). The G6 (Ferric sulfate- Re-etching) was the closest mean μ-SBS (10.75 MPa) to the G1(control group).μ-SBS (16.24 MPa), the lowest μ-SBS (6.13 MPa) for the G4 (Aluminum chloride-EDTA). The groups using ferric sulfate as a cleaning method presented higher μ-SBS MPa than the groups using aluminum chloride as a cleaning method. The type of fracture on groups with higher μ-SBS (MPa), G6 - 10.75 MPa (ferric sulfate-reetching), G5 - 9.21 μ-SBS(MPa) (Ferric sulfate-water) presented more cohesive fractures, while groups with lower μ-SBS(MPa), G4 – 6.13 MPa (Aluminum chloride- EDTA), G3 – 6.27 (aluminum chloride- re- etching) presented more mixed fractures. Conclusions: The present study sought to investigate the effect of three different contamination removal methods on bond strength of ceramic to enamel contaminated with aluminum chloride and ferric sulfate. Ferric sulfate hemostatic agent showed higher μ-SBS in all contamination removal methods when compare to aluminum chloride hemostatic agent. But all the contamination removal methods in both groups failed to increase the bond strength on enamel to the level of the control group. Further research is required before we can make definitive conclusions

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Jenkins, Andre' L. Kramer Timothy L. "Conditions contributing to poor coagulation and sedimentation performance in municipal water treatment." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1310.

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Alaydamee, Hussein Hantoosh. "Coagulation Treatment to Remove Denatonium Benzoate from Water." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1492814062682689.

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FEDERICO, CLAUDIO A. "Medida do perfil de dose no aluminio, irradiado com raios gama de captura de neutrons termicos, utilizando o dosimetro termoluminescente CaSO sub(4):Dy." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2002. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11024.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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40

Johnson, William J. "The Effect of Chemical Composition of Blast-Furnace Slag on Compressive Strength and Durability Properties of Mortar Specimens." Scholar Commons, 2017. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7410.

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In an effort to make structures more sustainable and durable, supplementary cementitious materials are often used to replace cement. Ground granulated blast furnace slag, for instance, is an industrial by-product of iron refinement and is frequently used in concrete mixture design to not only reduce cost, but also increase later-age strength as well as durability. However, published literature indicates that slags with a high alumina content may have a detrimental effect when concrete is exposed to a sulfate environment. ASTM standard C989 does not suggest any information or guidelines regarding using slags with an alumina content between 11-18%. Therefore, the objective of this study was to fill in the gap of this standard by studying slags of variable alumina content as high as 16 percent. This study presents data collected for compressive strengths of mortar cubes exposed to lime and 5 percent sodium sulfate solution at ages of 7, 28, 91, and 182 days from the date of mixing as well as expansion data for mortar bar specimens exposed to 5 percent sodium sulfate solution up to 120 days. Slag replacement levels used here were 0, 30, 50, and 70%. Mortar bar specimens showing deterioration were analyzed using x-ray diffraction coupled with Rietveld refinement to assess the mechanism of deterioration. Cubes were stored in lime and sulfate solutions abiding by ASTM C1012 in order to analyze the resistance to sulfate attack. Sulfate resistance was measured in terms of decalcification of the CSH gel as well as expansion. The results suggest using high alumina slags at a low percentage adversely affects sulfate resistance since the acquired strength at 182 days fell below that of 28 day strength, which is often used in the industry as the parameter which constitutes whether a mixture is adequate. It was also seen that increasing alumina content of the slag resulted in increased expansion. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that the mechanism of deterioration, of the control as well as the blended mortar, is due to secondary gypsum and secondary ettringite formation. Therefore, it is recommended that slags having a high alumina content should be further analyzed in laboratory tests to examine their performance especially if concrete will be subjected to a sulfate environment during its service life.

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Yonge, David. "A Comparison of Aluminum and Iron-based Coagulants for Treatment of Surface Water in Sarasota County, Florida." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5584.

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In this research, five different coagulants were evaluated to determine their effectiveness at removing turbidity, color and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from a surface water in Sarasota County, Florida. Bench-scale jar tests that simulated conventional coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation processes were used. Iron-based coagulants (ferric chloride and ferric sulfate) and aluminum-based coagulants (aluminum sulfate, polyaluminum chloride (PACl) and aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH)) were used to treat a highly organic surface water supply (DOC ranging between 10 and 30 mg/L), known as the Cow Pen Slough, located within central Sarasota County, Florida. Isopleths depicting DOC and color removal efficiencies as a function of both pH and coagulant dose were developed and evaluated. Ferric chloride and ACH were observed to obtain the highest DOC (85% and 70%, respectively) and color (98% and 97%, respectively) removals at the lowest dose concentrations (120 mg/L and 100 mg/L, respectively). Ferric sulfate was effective at DOC removal but required a higher concentration of coagulant and was the least effective coagulant at removing color. The traditional iron-based coagulants and alum had low turbidity removals and they were often observed to add turbidity to the water. PACl and ACH had similar percent removals for color and turbidity achieving consistent percent removals of 95% and 45%, respectively, but PACl was less effective than ACH at removing organics. Sludge settling curves, dose-sludge production ratios, and settling velocities were determined at optimum DOC removal conditions for each coagulant. Ferric chloride was found to have the highest sludge settling rate but also produced the largest sludge quantities. Total trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) was measured for the water treated with ferric chloride and ACH. As with DOC removal, ferric chloride yielded a higher percent reduction with respect to THMFP.
M.S.Env.E.
Masters
Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engineering

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42

Aubertin, Nadine. "Caractérisation d'une nouvelle série d'oxysels à base de ferrate (VI) et application dans le traitement des eaux." Nancy 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NAN10015.

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Cette étude montre dans un premier temps qu'il est possible, à température ambiante et à l'état solide, de stabiliser le groupement feo#4#2# par substitution de fe(VI) par un atome x (x=s(+VI), cr(+VI), p(+V) et al(+III), par formation d'une solution solide k#2(fe#1##x,x#x)o#4. Nous avons montré que chromates et ferrates pouvaient constituer des solutions solides continues; avec les sulfates également, le sel de fer à oxyder a une incidence sur la teneur en fe(VI) du matériau fini; ainsi avec la jarosite, nous avons obtenu un mélange titrant a plus de 10% de fe(VI), alors qu'avec le sulfate ferreux, la teneur en fe(VI) n'excédait pas 7%. Les phosphates et aluminates sont moins favorables à la substitution des ferrates du fait de la charge différente des groupements tétraédriques. Au cours de ces différentes synthèses, nous avons également mis en évidence l'existence d'un nouveau sel ferrique de formule k#2feo(oh)#3 hydroscopique. Nous nous sommes intéressés, dans un deuxième temps, aux propriétés du sulfato-ferrate de potassium et plus particulièrement à sa stabilité thermique et sa stabilité en solution aqueuse. Nous avons dans un troisième temps, étudié l'efficacité des sulfato-ferrates de potassium dans le traitement des eaux usées urbaines d'une part et a potabilité d'autre part, en comparaison avec des réactifs couramment utilisés dans ce domaine, à savoir le chlorure ferrique et le sulfate d'aluminium hydrate. Les résultats obtenus quant à l'abattement de la D. C. O. , M. E. S. T. , phosphates, coliformes, métaux lourds, cyanures, pesticides et hydrocarbures sont de matière à envisager des tests à une plus grande échelle et ouvrent ainsi la voie à de nouvelles techniques de traitement des eaux

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43

Federico, Claudio Antonio. "Medida do Perfil de Dose no Alumínio Irradiado com Raios Gama de Captura de Nêutrons Térmicos Utilizando o Dosímetro Termoluminescente CaSO4:Dy." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-31102011-090842/.

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Radiação gama com energias maiores que 1,25 MeV são usualmente encontradas em ambientes de reatores, aceleradores de partículas e campos de radiação de origem cósmica. Nestas energias, a resposta de um dosímetro varia fortemente com a espessura de material absorvedor, até atingir um valor máximo conhecido como espessura de equibl^rio de partículas carregadas. O objetivo principal do presente trabalho foi a determinação experimental do perfil de dose absorvida por uma amostra de alumínio, para várias energias de feixes de raios gama, de forma a obter uma relação entre a energia média do campo de radiação gama e a espessura de equilíbrio de partículas carregadas para o alumínio. Os dosímetros foram irradiados com radiação gama produzida pela captura de neutrons térmicos em 23 materiais alvos no arranjo experimental montado no canal tangencial do reator do IPEN-CNEN/SP. Na determinação da camada de equilíbrio de partículas carregadas, foi ajustada aos dados experimentais uma função semi-empirica que permitiu obter a espessura de ETPC (Equilíbrio Transitório de Partículas Carregadas) para cada espectro de radiação gama utilizado neste trabalho, com energia média variando no intervalo de 3,26 a 7,85 MeV. Os resultados experimentais do presente trabalho permitiram obter uma relação entre a energia média do campo de radiação gama e a espessura de ETPC, que apresenta uma excelente concordância com o alcance corrigido dos elétrons gerados naquela energia.
Gamma radiation with energies greater than 1.25 MeV are usually produced in reactor environments, particle accelerators and in cosmic radiation fields. For these energies, the response of a dosimeter heavily vary with the absorber material thickness, up to attain a maximum value named as charged particle equilibrium thickness. The main gol of this paper was the experimental determination of the absorbed dose profile in an aluminum sample for several energies of gamma ray beam, in order to obtain a relationship between the average energy of the gamma radiation field and the charged particle equilibrium thickness. The dosimeters were irradiated with gamma radiation produced by thermal neutron capture in 23 target materials in the experimental arrangement mounted at the tangential beam hole of the BPEN-CNEN/SP reactor. For the determination of the charged particle equilibrium thickness, it was fitted to the experimental data a semi-empirical fimction which allowed to obtain the thickness of CTPE ( Charged Particle Transient Equilibrium ) for each gamma radiation spectrum used in this work, with average energy varying in the interval from 3.26 to 7.85 MeV. The experimental results of the present paper allowed to obtain a relationship between average energy of the radiation field and the CTPE thickness, which presents an excellent agreement with the corrected range for electrons produced in that energy.

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Luz, Caroline Angulski da. "Comportamento do cimento sulfo-aluminoso (CSA) e da cinza pesada (CZP) no tratamento de resíduos: fosfogesso e lodo galvânico." Florianópolis, SC, 2005. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/103058.

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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil.
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Em diversos países do mundo crescentes quantidades de resíduos industriais são geradas anualmente. Dependendo das características do resíduo, o mesmo pode tornar-se uma importante fonte de matéria-prima em substituição aos materiais convencionais. O processo de Solidificação/Estabilização (S/E) é uma tecnologia de gerenciamento de resíduos industriais bastante empregada em países desenvolvidos. O sucesso do tratamento depende da interferência causada pelo resíduo e, principalmente, da fixação dos eventuais poluentes tóxicos no produto final obtido. Neste estudo o cimento sulfo-aluminoso (CSA) e a cinza pesada (CZP) foram empregados no tratamento do lodo galvânico (LDG), o qual apresenta o Cr como principal poluente. Os produtos obtidos da S/E foram avaliados quanto ao tempos de pega, à resistência mecânica, à solubilização e ao potencial de lixiviação de contaminantes. As modificações ocorridas durante o processo de hidratação do CSA, em função da presença do LDG e da CZP foram investigadas fazendo-se uso de técnicas analíticas para investigar a formação do principal composto de hidratação (a etringita) e o consumo das principais fase mineralógicas do CSA (yelimita e a gipsita). A eficiência deste cimento quanto à retenção do Cr também foi investigada, empregando sais sintéticos. Os resultados mostraram que a presença do LDG nos cimentos CSA reduziu inicialmente o consumo de sulfato de cálcio (gipsita) e, conseqüentemente, reduziu a formação da etringita. A yelimita e a gipsita foram totalmente consumidas quando a cinza pesada foi empregada. O encapsulamento do Cr nas fases hidratadas formadas e nas partículas de CZP foi verificado. Nos ensaios com sais sintéticos ocorreu a formação da fase U em função da presença do Na no sal empregado e constatou-se que a retenção do Cr está mais relacionada às condições de formação de etringita do que da quantidade formada.
ABSTRACT Every year increasing amounts of industrial waste are generated in the whole world. Thus, researches that study the treatment and ways to reuse the by-products are becoming even more important. Depending on the characteristics of the waste, it can be an important source of raw material in order to replace the natural ones. The success of the treatment depends on the interference of the waste in the properties of the product, and, especially, the fixation of possible pollutants on the final product. In this study the sulfoaluminate cement and the bottom ash were used for the treatment of the galvanic sludge (LDG), which presents Cr as the main pollutant. Two ways of valorization had been studied. In the first one this waste was incorporated to CSA, in the quantity of 25%, by weight, to compose new CSA cement (CSA’) with 25% LDG and 75% CSA. In second one the sulfoaluminate cement was added to the bottom ash, in order to treat the galvanic sludge. The setting time, the compressive strength, the hydrated phases formed and leaching were determined. The efficiency of the CSA to retain Cr, in both oxidation states were also investigated, using synthetic salts. The results show that the presence of the galvanic sludge (LDG) in cements CSA reduced the calcium sulphate consumption (gypsum) and consequently reduced the formation of the ettringite (main hydrated phase of cement CSA). In solid matrices MS, the main phase of the CSA was consumed and the bottom ash served as alumina source for the formation of the ettringite. The retention of the Cr in the hydrated phases of the CSA' and the MS also was verified. In the tests with synthetic salts, the formation of U phase was verified according to the presence of Na in the utilized salt and it showed that the retention of the metal is more related to the conditions of formation than the amount of ettringite formed.

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Masy, Jean-Claude. "Agglomération d'un solide divisé en suspension dans un milieu liquide." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 1991. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00844676.

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Cette étude a été consacrée à l'analyse du processus d'agglomération du sulfate de potassium et de l'alumine dans un milieu liquide turbulent. La turbidité constitue une technique tout à fait adaptée à la caractérisation de l'agglomération dont les effets sont ressentis essentiellement au niveau de la distribution granulométrique de la phase dispersée. Elle permet de quantifier et d'interpréter l'effet des différents paramètres qui interviennent au cours du développement du processus: - Paramètres hydrodynamiques : La cinétique d'agglomération est conditionnée par le mécanisme de rencontre des particules, lui-même dépendant des conditions hydrodynamiques; la morphologie des agglomérats peut témoigner de cette dépendance ; - Paramètres physico-chimiques : Lorsque les particules se rencontrent les interactions interviennent et assurent ou non la cohésion de l'amas formé. Il est nécessaire, enfin, de tenir compte de l'agglomération lorsque le comportement d'un système diphasique est influencé par l'évolution de la distribution granulométrique de la phase dispersé : C'est le cas dans la plupart des procédés de cristallisation.

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L?do, Patr?cia Guilhermina da Silva. "Flota??o por ar dissolvido na clarifica??o de ?guas com baixa turbidez utilizando sulfato de alum?nio e sementes de Moringa oleifera como coagulantes." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2008. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15886.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
This work aims to investigate the process of Dissolved air Flotation (DAF) for clarifying water samples with low turbidity using aluminum sulphate and Moringa oleifera seeds as coagulants. The experimental procedure was carried out in a bench scale flotation unit. The influences on the pre-treatment conditions (coagulant dosage and flocculation time) and flotation parameters (superficial application rate and recirculation rate) were evaluated considering the efficiency of the process. The efficiency was evaluated by determining the turbidity of the untreated and treated water samples. The results obtained showed that turbidity reduction can be obtained very efficiently by using DAF and the latter coagulant in low turbidity water. Using aluminum sulphate in pH?s 5.0 and 6.0 better efficiencies were obtained with low concentrations (15 mg/L), achieving values of 92% of turbidity reduction. In the case of use of Moringa oleifera better efficiencies of reduction of turbidity were reported when using a concentration of 50 mg/L in all range of pH?s, achieving 86% of reduction. The zeta potential was also determined, in an attempt to aid comprehension of the coagulation mechanisms involved. The coagulation mechanisms with Moringa oleifera seeds were shown to be adsorption and charge neutralization, as well as adsorption and bridging. Concerning aluminum sulphate, the predominant mechanisms are adsorption and charge neutralization and enmeshment in a precipitate. The results indicate that for low turbidity water, Moringa oleifera seeds could potentially be a viable substitute for aluminum sulphate
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar o processo da flota??o por ar dissolvido sob press?o - FAD para clarifica??o de ?guas com baixa turbidez utilizando sulfato de alum?nio e sementes de Moringa oleifera como coagulantes. O procedimento experimental foi realizado em uma unidade de flota??o em escala de bancada. Foram avaliadas as influ?ncias das condi??es do pr?-tratamento (dosagem de coagulante e tempo de flocula??o) e par?metros de processo da flota??o (taxa de aplica??o superficial e taxa de recircula??o) na efici?ncia do processo. A efici?ncia foi avaliada pela determina??o de turbidez nas amostras de ?gua bruta e tratada. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que elevadas efici?ncias de redu??o da turbidez podem ser conseguidas com o uso da FAD em ?guas com baixa turbidez utilizando estes coagulantes. Para o sulfato de alum?nio, nos pHs 5,0 e 6,0 as melhores efici?ncias foram alcan?adas com baixas dosagens (15 mg/L), alcan?ando valores de at? 92% de redu??o. Para a Moringa oleifera, as melhores efici?ncias de redu??o de turbidez foram ? dosagem aproximada de 50 mg/L para todos os pHs, alcan?ando valores de 86% de redu??o. Determinou-se tamb?m o potencial zeta, com o objetivo de auxiliar na compreens?o dos mecanismos envolvidos na coagula??o. Os mecanismos de coagula??o com sementes de Moringa oleifera indicam ser adsor??o e neutraliza??o de cargas e adsor??o e forma??o de pontes. No que diz respeito ao sulfato de alum?nio os mecanismos predominantes s?o adsor??o e neutraliza??o de cargas e varredura. Os resultados indicam que para ?guas de baixa turbidez, as sementes de Moringa oleifera podem ser um substituto potencialmente vi?vel em rela??o ao sulfato de alum?nio

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47

BELDJOUDI, TAYEB. "Etude electrochimique du role de l'aluminium dans le comportement a la corrosion des alliages magnesium-aluminium en milieu neutre sulfate de sodium. Caracterisation des films superficiels formes au cours du temps." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA112477.

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La premiere partie du travail est consacree a l'etude du role de l'aluminium dans les mecanismes de corrosion des alliages magnesium-aluminium en milieu neutre sulfate de sodium. L'etude du processus de corrosion apres trois heures d'immersion, selon des methodes electrochimiques stationnaires et transitoires et des methodes de dosage en solution des ions magnesium, montre que les mecanismes des reactions anodique et cathodique sont modifies par l'addition d'aluminium au magnesium, ainsi que par la presence de dioxygene dissous dans le milieu corrosif. Il est par ailleurs montre que la dissolution electrochimique du magnesium et de ses alliages est un mecanisme a un electron. Des equations cinetiques sont proposees pour decrire les resultats experimentaux. Un suivi temporel de l'evolution des systemes par l'utilisation conjointe de la methode impedancemetrique et du dosage en solution des ions magnesium a permis de mettre en evidence l'etroite correlation entre ph du milieu et stabilite des couches protectrices superficielles. Dans une deuxieme partie, la caracterisation et l'analyse de compositions des couches de produits de corrosion formees sur le magnesium et les alliages magnesium-aluminium ont ete effectuees en fonction du temps d'immersion. Les resultats ont montre egalement un net effet benefique de l'aluminium. Les couches de produits de corrosion formees sur les alliages sont fortement enrichies en aluminium et indiquent que la croissance des films s'effectue selon un mecanisme de dissolution selective du magnesium. L'analyse des sections transversales de ces couches montre par ailleurs que l'epaisseur des films formes est en relation avec la teneur en aluminium dans l'alliage. Les composes formes sont des produits mixtes magnesium-aluminium, parmi lesquels la manasseite apparait etre le produit majoritaire

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48

Nookala, RamaKrishna. "Mechanistic Study of Silane Assisted Rubber to Brass Bonding and the Effect of Alkaline Pre Treatment of Aluminum 2024 T3 on Silane Performance." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1148065049.

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49

Chahboun, Najat. "Compréhension des mécanismes de colmatage des couches anodisées sur alliages d’aluminium aéronautiques et développement de nouvelles formulations de colmatage." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0318.

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La faible masse volumique et les bonnes propriétés mécaniques des alliages d’aluminium en font des matériaux de structure de choix dans l’industrie aéronautique. Ils présentent une microstructure polyphasée qui crée des discontinuités électrochimiques et une sensibilité accrue à la corrosion. Un système de revêtements protecteurs composé de chromate Cr(+VI) est traditionnellement formé à la surface de ces alliages. Néanmoins, les directives environnementales REACH imposent leur remplacement en raison de la cancérogénicité des chromates. L'objectif des travaux a été le développement d'un nouveau traitement constitué d’une Oxydation Anodique Sulfurique (OAS) et d’un colmatage aux sels de sulfate de chrome et de fluorozirconate (Cr3+ / ZrF62-). L’étude du procédé électrochimique d’OAS a permis de faire le lien entre la microstructure des alliages et la morphologie poreuse de la couche anodique développée à leur surface. Le traitement de colmatage Cr3+ / ZrF62- est réalisé par simple immersion dans la solution. Il est démontré que le colmatage est le fait d’une alcalinisation locale de la surface de la couche anodique qui mène à la précipitation des sels de Cr3+ et ZrF62-. Ces derniers forment un film de colmatage de 300 nm d’épaisseur très recouvrant des pores nanométriques. Le colmatage des couches anodiques permet d’améliorer considérablement la tenue à la corrosion des alliages anodisés en formant une barrière supplémentaire contre les agents corrosifs et en cicatrisant les départs de corrosion. Le traitement développé permet à la fois d’atteindre les performances des traitements aux Cr(+VI) sur une large gamme d’alliages et de satisfaire aux exigences environnementales
Aluminium alloys are very used in the aircraft industry as structural materials because of their low density and their good mechanical properties. They have a polyphase microstructure that is causing electrochemical discontinuities and increasing sensitivity to corrosion. A system of protective coatings containing chromate Cr(+VI) is traditionally formed at the surface of these alloys. However, the REACH environmental guidelines impose Cr(+VI) surface treatments replacement because of chromate carcinogenicity. The aim of the thesis work has been the development of a new surface treatment constituted of a sulfuric acid anodizing (SAA) and a sulfate chromium and fluorozirconate salts sealing (Cr3+/ ZrF62-). The study of the SAA electrochemical process linked the alloys microstructure and the anodic layer porous morphology developed at their surface. The Cr3+ / ZrF62- sealing treatment is realized by a simple immersion of the anodized alloy in the solution. It is demonstrated that the sealing is caused by a local alkalinization of the anodized coating surface that leads to the precipitation of the Cr3+ and ZrF62- salts. These ones are forming a sealing film of about 300 nm thick, very covering of the nanometric pores. The anodic layers sealing greatly improves the corrosion resistance of the anodized alloys by forming an additional barrier against corrosive agents and by healing the corrosion initiation. The developed treatment allows both to achieve Cr(+VI) treatments performance over a wide range of alloys and to satisfy the environmental requirements

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Buvignier, Amaury. "Caractérisation du rôle de l'aluminium dans les interactions entre les microorganismes et les matériaux cimentaires dans le cadre des réseaux d'assainissement." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ISAT0022/document.

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Abstract:

Une part importante de la détérioration des réseaux d’assainissement en matériau cimentaire est d’origine biologique. Dans ce contexte, les matériaux à base de ciment alumineux ont montré une meilleure durabilité que ceux à base de ciment Portland ordinaire, couramment utilisés. Les hypothèses de la littérature qui expliqueraient cette meilleure résistance sont centré sur l’aluminium (présent à plus de 50% dans les ciments alumineux pour seulement 5% dans les ciments Portland). L’objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser et hiérarchiser les mécanismes de résistance des matériaux cimentaires lors de la biodétérioration. Cela permettra de comprendre le rôle de l’aluminium dans les interactions entre les microorganismes et les matériaux cimentaires. Après des études en réacteur et des tests de biodétérioration de pâte de ciments en laboratoire, il semblerait que la principale cause de résistance est due à la réactivité des matrices cimentaires plus qu’à un effet inhibiteur de l’aluminium ou du matériau sur les microorganismes
An important part of the deterioration observed in concrete sewer networks is due to biological activity. In this context, calcium aluminate cement (CAC) based material has shown a better durability than ordinary Portland cement, usually used in such context. In literature, hypothesis explaining the better resistance are focused on aluminium. The aim of the project is to characterize the role of aluminium in the interactions between cementitious material and microorganisms. Reactor study and Lab scale aggressive biodeterioration protocol of cementitious material revealed that the better resistance of CAC is due to their lower reactivity and not to a bacteriostatic effect of the material on the microorganisms

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sulfato de Aluminio'

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