Journal articles: 'Sulfides. Mineralogy Ores'

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Reichel, Susan, Mirko Martin, Christopher G. Bryan, Cristina Vila, António Fiúza, and Wolfgang Reimer. "Innovative Biohydrometallurgical Approaches in the EU Project FAME." Solid State Phenomena 262 (August 2017): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.262.307.

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The FAME (Flexible and Mobile Economic Processing Technologies) project targets the development of flexible and economic processing technologies for small and low-grade European ore deposits with complex mineralogy, targeting greisen, skarn and pegmatite ores. Amongst the valuable elements to be recovered are W, Sn, Li and minor constituents like In, Ge, Ga, Nb or Ta. To improve the processing of by-product sulfides to recover critical elements like In or Ga and to develop innovative processing strategies for raw materials, biohydrometallurgical technologies are investigated. There are different approaches in FAME for the biohydrometallurgical recovery of valuable metals from low grade ores: 1) the extraction of Li from zinnwaldite and lepidolite, 2) the heap leaching of low grade sulfide ore unsuitable for conventional processing to recover Zn and In, and 3) the bioleaching of sulfide concentrates in a two-stage tank process for recovery of Zn and Cu. So far the most promising results were achieved for heap-leaching of low-grade Zn-In ores achieving 7.4 ppm In in the leaching solution and for Li extraction (28%) from zinnwaldite.

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Tzamos, Evangelos, Platon N. Gamaletsos, Giovanni Grieco, Micol Bussolesi, Anthimos Xenidis, Anastasios Zouboulis, Dimitrios Dimitriadis, Yiannis Pontikes, and Athanasios Godelitsas. "New Insights into the Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Sb Ores from Greece." Minerals 10, no. 3 (March 6, 2020): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10030236.

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Antimony is a common metalloid occurring in the form of Sb-sulfides and sulfosalts, in various base and noble metal deposits. It is also present in corresponding metallurgical products (concentrates) and, although antimony has been considered a penalty element in the past, recently it has gained interest due to its classification as a critical raw material (CRM) by the European Union (EU). In the frame of the present paper, representative ore samples from the main Sb-bearing deposits of Greece (Kilkis prefecture, Chalkidiki prefecture (Kassandra Mines), and Chios Isl.) have been investigated. According to optical microscopy and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) data, the Greek ores contain stibnite (Sb2S3), boulangerite (Pb5Sb4S11), bournonite (PbCuSbS3), bertherite (FeSbS4), and valentinite (Sb2O3). Bulk analyses by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) confirmed, for the first time published, the presence of a significant Hg content in the Kilkis Sb-ore. Furthermore, Kassandra Mines ores are found to contain remarkable amounts of Bi, As, Sn, Tl, and Se (excluding Ag, which is a bonus element). The above findings could contribute to potential future exploration and exploitation of Sb ores in Greece.

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Duff, Deanne, Charles Hurich, and Sharon Deemer. "Seismic properties of the Voisey’s Bay massive sulfide deposit: Insights into approaches to seismic imaging." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): WC59—WC68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0483.1.

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Seismic methods offer significant potential advantages for minerals exploration over more traditional geophysical techniques because of the comparatively high resolution of seismic imaging. This is particularly true as minerals exploration is required to explore deeper to find resources. However, adaptation of seismic imaging techniques to the complex crystalline targets common in the mining environment requires a thorough understanding of the physical properties of the specific combination of ore and host rocks under consideration to choose an appropriate imaging technique. Analysis of the sulfide ores and associated host rocks from the Voisey’s Bay nickel-copper-cobalt deposit indicates that in the pyrrohotite-pentlandite-rich but pyrite-poor assemblage at Voisey’s Bay, seismic velocities are significantly lower ([Formula: see text]) than either the felsic or mafic host rocks ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]). This observation is in contrast with pyrite-rich massive sulfide ores that have velocities that are significantly higher than typical host rocks. The large velocity contrast between the Voisey’s Bay ores and their host rocks makes them good targets for tomographic imaging. However, due to the trade-off between the low velocities and high densities of the Voisey’s Bay sulfides, acoustic impedance contrasts can be quite modest making them less attractive for seismic reflection imaging. Detailed analysis of two different mineralized zones at Voisey’s Bay further demonstrated that, depending on the limiting signal-to-noise ratio, the choice of an effective seismic imaging technique is not universal across a mineral deposit and may be affected by subtle variations in sulfide mineralogy and by the structural/magmatic setting. Our analysis clearly indicated that knowledge of physical properties and geologic setting is critical to the choice of which seismic technique to apply in a given exploration setting.

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Emerson, D. W., and H. K. Welsh. "Low‐frequency permittivities of skarns and associated rocks." GEOPHYSICS 53, no. 9 (September 1988): 1233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442564.

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The lossy dielectric properties of dry heterogeneous skarns and associated rocks vary significantly when the real (ε′) and quadrature (ε″) permittivity responses are measured between 1 Hz and 160 kHz. Ores containing iron oxides and/or sulfides show very large permittivity values and high loss tangents with some dc conductivity. Unmineralized skarns manifest large ε′ and moderate ε″ values. Country rock, limestones, and granitoids show relatively low permittivities. The dielectric responses are ascribed generally to Maxwell‐Wagner mechanisms. No clear, convincing correlations are apparent between petrological characteristics and dielectric properties, but as iron and titanium content increases, so does the imaginary permittivity. Both real and imaginary permittivities are strongly influenced by density, and this effect must be removed before the effects of mineralogy can be observed.

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Lemos, Mariana, Teresa Valente, Paula Marinho Reis, Rita Fonseca, Itamar Delbem, Juliana Ventura, and Marcus Magalhães. "Mineralogical and Geochemical Characterization of Gold Mining Tailings and Their Potential to Generate Acid Mine Drainage (Minas Gerais, Brazil)." Minerals 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11010039.

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For more than 30 years, sulfide gold ores were treated in metallurgic plants located in Nova Lima, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and accumulated in the Cocoruto tailings dam. Both flotation and leaching tailings from a deactivated circuit, as well as roasted and leaching tailings from an ongoing plant, were studied for their acid mine drainage potential and elements’ mobility. Detailed characterization of both tailings types indicates the presence of fine-grain size material hosting substantial amounts of sulfides that exhibit distinct geochemical and mineralogical characteristics. The samples from the ongoing plant show high grades of Fe in the form of oxides, cyanide, and sulfates. Differently, samples from the old circuit shave higher average concentrations of Al (0.88%), Ca (2.4%), Mg (0.96%), and Mn (0.17%), present as silicates and carbonates. These samples also show relics of preserved sulfides, such as pyrite and pyrrhotite. Concentrations of Zn, Cu, Au, and As are higher in the tailings of the ongoing circuit, while Cr and Hg stand out in the tailings of the deactivated circuit. Although the obtained results show that the sulfide wastes do not tend to generate acid mine drainage, leaching tests indicate the possibility of mobilization of toxic elements, namely As and Mn in the old circuit, and Sb, As, Fe, Ni, and Se in the tailings of the plant that still works. This work highlights the need for proper management and control of tailing dams even in alkaline drainage environments such as the one of the Cocoruto dam. Furthermore, strong knowledge of the tailings’ dynamics in terms of geochemistry and mineralogy would be pivotal to support long-term decisions on wastes management and disposal.

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Bouabdellah, Mohammed, Wissale Boukirou, Adriana Potra, Erik Melchiorre, Hassan Bouzahzah, Johan Yans, Khadra Zaid, et al. "Origin of the Moroccan Touissit-Bou Beker and Jbel Bou Dahar Supergene Non-Sulfide Biomineralization and Its Relevance to Microbiological Activity, Late Miocene Uplift and Climate Changes." Minerals 11, no. 4 (April 11, 2021): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11040401.

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Through integration of Pb-Zn ± Cu non-sulfide mineralogy, texture, and stable isotope (C, O, S) geochemistry, the world-class Touissit- Bou Beker and Jbel Bou Dahar Mississippi Valley-type districts of the Moroccan Atlasic system have been investigated in order to gain insights into the origin and processes that contributed to the formation of the base metal non-sulfide mineralization. In both districts, direct replacement (“red calamine”) and wallrock replacement (“white calamine”) ores are observed. Based on the mineral assemblages, ore textures, and crosscutting relations, three distinct mineralizing stages are recognized. The earliest, pre-non-sulfide gossanous stage was a prerequisite for the following supergene stages and constituted the driving force that ultimately promoted the leaching of most base metals such as Zn and Cu and alkalis from their rock sources. The following two stages, referred to as the main supergene “red calamine” and late “white calamine” ore stages, generated the bulk of mineable “calamine” ores in the Touissit-Bou Beker and Jbel Bou Dahar districts. Stable isotope compositions (δ13CV-PDB, δ18OV-SMOW, δ34SCDT) support a three-stage model whereby metals were released by supergene acidic fluids and then precipitated by bacteria and archaea-mediated metal-rich meteoric fluids due to a decrease in temperature and/or increase of fO2. Oxygen isotope thermometry indicates decreasing precipitation temperatures with advancing paragenetic sequence from 33° to 18 °C, with wet to semi-arid to arid climatic conditions. The close spatial relationships between coexisting sulfide and non-sulfide mineralization along with stable isotope constraints suggest that the oxidation of sulfides occurred concurrently after the main stage of the Alpine orogeny between 15 Ma and the present. More importantly, the current data show for the first time the involvement of biologically controlled activity as the major driving process that triggered both oxidation and deposition of supergene mineralization at Jbel Bou Dahar and Touissit-Bou Beker districts. Conclusions drawn from this study therefore have implications for supergene Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) -derived non-sulfide deposits worldwide and account for the prominent role of biological processes in the genesis of this category of ore deposits.

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Dreier, John E. "Management of Copper Heap Leach Projects: A Geologist’s Perspective." SEG Discovery, no. 122 (July 1, 2020): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/geo-and-mining-08.

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Editor’s note: The Geology and Mining series, edited by Dan Wood and Jeffrey Hedenquist, is designed to introduce early-career professionals and students to a variety of topics in mineral exploration, development, and mining, in order to provide insight into the many ways in which geoscientists contribute to the mineral industry. Abstract Copper production by heap leaching, coupled with solvent extraction and electrowinning (SX-EW), is a well-established technology, with an annual output of about 3.7 million tonnes (Mt) of copper metal. Ores presently amenable to copper heap leaching include copper oxides and secondary copper sulfides. Most copper deposits amenable to acid sulfate heap leaching result from supergene processes within porphyry copper systems, although copper heap leaching has been applied to sandstone and shale-hosted deposits, among others. Copper heap leaching is a rate-dependent process sensitive to copper mineralogy (copper oxides > secondary sulfides > hypogene sulfides), driven by the pH of the leach solution, the activity of ferric iron (Fe3+ (aq)) dissolved in the leach solution, and temperature. Acid consumption, a principal operating cost item, depends on the pH of the leach solution; the presence of reactive gangue minerals, notably carbonates, Ca plagioclase, pyroxene, Fe-rich amphibole, and olivine; and the cumulative surface area of material in the heap. There are three basic approaches to commercial copper heap leaching—run-of-mine, dedicated pad, and on-off pad leaching, with variables that include crushing, acid/ferric agglomeration, solution application rate, and leach solution pH. These approaches affect copper leach kinetics, overall copper recovery, acid consumption, and capital and operating costs. A successful copper heap leach evaluation program requires a systematic approach, beginning with geologic mapping, then drilling and hydraulic and metallurgical testing, and concluding with financial analysis, engineering, and permitting. As geologists are the unique party in the process, with a thorough understanding of the overall deposit geology, including ore and gangue mineralogy, the domains that comprise the deposit, and the geochemistry of leaching, they must remain fully involved in the project throughout the evaluation. At the outset, geologists must manage the drilling program and define the grade-mineral domains. Later, they must participate in the metallurgical and hydraulic testing programs, including the evaluation of test results; then, during financial modeling, they must collaborate with all of the other specialists.

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Iurii, Erokhin, Zakharov Anatolii, and Leonova Liubov. "Slags of chromium cast iron production from Alapaevsky plant (composition and geoecology)." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Gornyi zhurnal, no. 5 (August 6, 2020): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2020-5-90-99.

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Relevance. The Ural region has been the metallurgical center of Russia for more than 300 years, and a huge amount of waste slag has accumulated here. The study of the material composition of the slag is an urgent task. Many slags are potential ores that can be further processed. 98 "Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal". No. 5. 2020 ISSN 0536-1028 Research aims to study of the mineral composition of slag from the Alapaevsky metallurgical plant, obtained in the production of chromium cast iron. Research methodology. The chemical composition of minerals was established using a JSM-6390LV Scanning Electron Microscope from Jeol with the INCA Energy 450 X-Max 80 energy-dispersive attachment from Oxford Instruments (IGG UB RAS, Ekaterinburg). For the analysis polished petrographic thin sections cut from pieces of slag were used. Originality. Slags material composition was studied from the point of view of classical mineralogy and with the use of modern mandatory nomenclature of the International Mineralogical Association. Findings. The mineralogy of the Alapaevsky plant chromium cast iron production slags has been studied for the first time. It has been established that they are composed of a periclase-larnite aggregate with a significant content of gehlenite, magnesiochromite and the Ti-analogue of schulamitite, as well as the constant presence of wustite, spinel, sulfides and cast iron. These slags are the waste products of low-alloy heat-resistant chromium cast iron and pose a geo-ecological threat to the environment. Practical relevance. These slags can be recycled, as they contain easily distinguishable magnetic chromium cast iron and wustite. Almost half of the rock consists of periclase, which is a refractory raw material, and spinel can be used as an abrasive material

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Diallo, Mamadoudjan, Mohammed Bouabdellah, Gilles Levresse, Johan Yans, Francesca Castorina, Andreas Klügel, Mohamed Mouhagir, Salim El Mouden, and Lhou Maacha. "Mineralogy, Fluid Inclusion, and C-O-Sr Isotope Geochemistry to Unravel the Evolution of the Magmatic-Hydrothermal System at the Igoudrane Silver-Rich Deposit (Imiter District, Eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco)." Minerals 11, no. 9 (September 12, 2021): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11090997.

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The Igoudrane mine with a total production of 700,000 t of ore grading 485 g/t Ag is currently one of the most productive mines in the Imiter district of the eastern Anti-Atlas in Morocco. The silver-rich ± base metal deposit occurs dominantly as vein- and hydrothermal breccia-hosted orebodies at the interface between the lower Ediacaran turbidites of the Saghro Group and the unconformably overlying, dominantly felsic volcanic, and volcaniclastic rocks of the late Ediacaran Ouarzazate Group. Higher-grade ores are lithologically hosted by the uppermost organic-rich black shale unit and structurally controlled by the intersection of subvertical NW- and NE-trending fault systems. Ore-related hydrothermal alteration includes, in order of decreasing abundance, carbonatization, silicification, sericitization, and chloritization. Three primary paragenetic stages of veining and associated silver ± base metal mineralization have been recognized: (1) early pyrite + quartz + Ag-bearing sulfides and sulfosalts; (2) main Ag-bearing sulfides and sulfosalts + calcite ± fluorite ± dolomite; and (3) late quartz + calcite + base-metal sulfides (galena, sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite). Irrespective of the ore stage, the dominant Ag-bearing ore minerals are Ag-Hg amalgam, argentite, freibergite, acanthite, polybasite, pyrargyrite, and proustite. Fluid inclusion data show a trend of decreasing temperatures with time, from the main silver stage (Th = 180 ± 12 °C) to late base-metal stage (Th = 146 ± 7 °C), consistent with fluid mixing, cooling, and/or dilution. The coexistence of aqueous-rich and vapor-rich fluid inclusions together with variations in bulk salinity (NaCl + CaCl2) of the mineralizing fluids during the main silver stage, at similar temperatures, indicate that boiling and subsequent degassing occurred during the main ore-forming event due to a pressure decrease. Calculated δ18Ofluid values along with REE+Y and Sr isotope constraints suggest that the ore-forming fluids originated from a predominantly magmatic source, although incursion of meteoric waters during collapse of the hydrothermal system could have contributed to deposition. The post-ore, base-metal quartz-carbonate-dominated mineralization was deposited from dilute Ca-Na-Cl-bearing fluids at temperature below 150 °C. Overall, fluid–rock interaction with the black shales along major faults and thin permeable horizons, boiling-degassing—with subsequent fluid mixing, cooling, and/or dilution—were the main mechanisms of silver deposition.

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Holwell, David A., Zeinab Adeyemi, Laura A. Ward, Daniel J. Smith, Shaun D. Graham, Iain McDonald, and Jennifer W. Smith. "Low temperature alteration of magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides as a source for hydrothermal Ni and PGE ores: A quantitative approach using automated mineralogy." Ore Geology Reviews 91 (December 2017): 718–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.08.025.

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Ayupova, N. R., V. V. Maslennikov, and K. A. Filippova. "REE geochemistry and mineralogy of ores from the Talgan Cu-Zn massive sulfide deposit, South Urals." Доклады Академии наук 487, no. 6 (September 10, 2019): 659–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-56524876659-662.

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The high REE contents (57,23-561,2 ppm) of thin-layered sulfide ores of the Talgan Cu-Zn massive sulfide deposit (South Urals) are related to the presence of REE minerals: galgenbergite, parisite, bastnesite, synchysite and xenotime, which were found for the first time in massive sulfide deposits of the Urals. These minerals occur in quartz-carbonate-chlorite matrix of sulfide layers, as well as pyrite nodules and sub- and euderal crystals. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns are enriched in LREEs relatively to HREEs and the presence of weak negative cerium and positive europium anomalies. The LREE contents decrease by an order of magnitude and the LREE and HREE contents become similar with decreasing amount of hyaloclastic material in sulfide layers. The REEs for the formation of REE minerals are derived from mixed carbonate-hyaloclastic and ore material during the formation of layered sulfide ores.

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Bachmann, Kai, Max Frenzel, Joachim Krause, and Jens Gutzmer. "Advanced Identification and Quantification of In-Bearing Minerals by Scanning Electron Microscope-Based Image Analysis." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, no. 3 (May 3, 2017): 527–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927617000460.

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AbstractThe identification and accurate characterization of discrete grains of rare minerals in sulfide base-metal ores is usually a cumbersome procedure due to the small grain sizes (typically <10 μm) and complex mineral assemblages in the material. In this article, a new strategy for finding and identifying indium minerals, and quantifying their composition and abundance is presented, making use of mineral liberation analysis (MLA) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The method was successfully applied to polymetallic massive sulfide ores from the Neves-Corvo deposit in Portugal. The presence of roquesite and sakuraiite could be systematically detected, their concentration quantified by MLA measurements, and their identity later confirmed by EPMA analyses. Based on these results, an almost complete indium deportment could be obtained for the studied samples. This validates the approach taken, combining automated mineralogy data with electron microprobe analysis. A similar approach could be used to find minerals of other common minor and trace elements in complex base-metal sulfide ores, for example Se, Ge, Sb, or Ag, thus permitting the targeted development of resource technologies suitable for by-product recovery.

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Spiridonov, E. M., E. A. Kulagov, A. A. Serova, I. M. Kulikova, N. N. Korotaeva, E. V. Sereda, I. N. Tushentsova, S. N. Belyakov, and N. N. Zhukov. "Genetic Pd, Pt, Au, Ag, and Rh mineralogy in Noril’sk sulfide ores." Geology of Ore Deposits 57, no. 5 (September 2015): 402–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1075701515050062.

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Mokka, J. R., H. K. Lin, and P. D. Rao. "Process mineralogy of ferric chloride leaching Delta District complex sulfide ores, Alaska." Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 8, no. 4 (November 1991): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03402957.

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Chopard, Marion, Mermillod-Blondin, Plante, and Benzaazoua. "Environmental Impact of Mine Exploitation: An Early Predictive Methodology Based on Ore Mineralogy and Contaminant Speciation." Minerals 9, no. 7 (June 28, 2019): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9070397.

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Mining wastes containing sulfide minerals can generate contaminated waters as acid mine drainage (AMD) and contaminated neutral drainage (CND). This occurs when such minerals are exposed to oxygen and water. Nowadays, mineralogical work—when it is done—is independently and differentially done according to the needs of the exploration, geotechnics, metallurgy or environment department, at different stages in the mine development process. Moreover, environmental impact assessments (EIA) are realized late in the process and rarely contain pertinent mineralogical characterization on ores and wastes, depending on countries’ regulations. Contaminant-bearing minerals are often not detected at an early stage of the mine life cycle and environmental problems could occur during production or once the mine has come to the end of its productive life. This work puts forward a more reliable methodology, based on mineralogical characterization of the ore at the exploration stages, which, in turn, will be useful for each stage of the mining project and limit the unforeseen environmental or metallurgical issues. Three polymetallic sulfide ores and seven gold deposits from various origins around the world were studied. Crushed ore samples representing feed ore of advanced projects and of production mines were used to validate the methodology with realistic cases. The mineralogical methodology consisted in chemical assays and XRD, optical microscopy, SEM and EPMA were done. Five of the ores were also submitted to geochemical tests to compare mineralogical prediction results with their experimental leaching behavior. Major, minor, and trace minerals were identified, quantified, and the bearing minerals were examined for the polluting elements (and valuables). The main conclusion is that detailed mineralogical work can avert redundant work, save time and money, and allow detection of the problems at the beginning of the mine development phase, improving waste management and closure planning.

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Liu, Si Qing, Bao Xu Song, Quan Jun Liu, and Wan Ping Wang. "Process Mineralogy of a Low Grade Cu-Ni-PGM Sulphide Ore and its Implications for Mineral Processing." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 1023–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.1023.

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Based on process mineralogical study of a low-grade Cu-Ni-platinum group metal(PGM) sulfide ore in SW China, the occurrence of Cu and Ni, the distribution of platinum group minerals (PGMs) and their relationships with other minerals are determined in detail, which provides scientific reference for forthcoming mineral processing and extractive metallurgy. The mineralogical results show that 18 individual PGMs containing all the 6 platinum group elements (PGEs) are investigated, and it can be concluded that the PGMs in the ores mainly occur as individual minerals. SEM images show that the PGMs are mainly disseminated in sulphides, most occur as inclusions or semi-inclusions, and part are inlayed along the other minerals to form coarse compound grains. Due to the the complex mineral composition and texture, processing the Cu-Ni-PGM ores by traditional flotation may be difficult to get a good processing performance.

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Halbach, Peter, Bernhard Pracejus, and Andreas Maerten. "Geology and mineralogy of massive sulfide ores from the central Okinawa Trough, Japan." Economic Geology 88, no. 8 (December 1, 1993): 2210–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.8.2210.

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Shadlun, T. N., N. S. Bortnikov, Yu A. Bogdanov, W. Tufar, K. G. Murav'yev, Ye G. Gurvich, G. N. Muravitskaya, Ye A. Korina, and T. Topa. "MINERALOGY, TEXTURES, AND FORMATION CONDITIONS OF MODERN SULFIDE ORES, MANUS BASIN RIFT ZONE." International Geology Review 35, no. 2 (February 1993): 127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206819309465518.

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Kumar, Haresh, Kirsi Luolavirta, Saad Ullah Akram, Hassan Mehmood, and Saija Luukkanen. "The Effect of Hydrodynamic Conditions on the Selective Flotation of Fully Liberated Low Grade Copper-Nickel Ore." Minerals 11, no. 3 (March 21, 2021): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11030328.

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Low grade sulfide ores are difficult to process due to their composite mineralogy and their fine grained dissemination with gangue minerals. Therefore, fine grinding of such ores becomes essential to liberate valuable minerals. In this research, selective flotation was carried out using two pitched blade turbine impellers with diameters of 6 cm and 7 cm to float copper and nickel. The main focus of this research was to generate optimum hydrodynamic conditions that can effectively separate nickel and copper from gangue minerals. In addition, we investigated the effects of superficial gas velocity, impeller speed, bubble size distribution, and bubble surface area flux on the flotation recovery and rate constant. The results demonstrated that a 7 cm impeller comparatively produced optimum hydrodynamic conditions that improved Cu-Ni recovery and the rate constant. The maximum copper and nickel recoveries in the 7 cm impeller tests were observed at 93.1% and 72.5%, respectively. However, a significant decrease in the flotation rate of nickel was observed, due to entrainment of nickel in copper concentrate and the slime coating of gangue minerals on the nickel particle surfaces.

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Mondillo, Nicola, Maria Boni, Giuseppina Balassone, Nigel Forrester, Francesco Putzolu, and Licia Santoro. "Mineralogy and Genesis of the Kihabe Zn-Pb-V Prospect, Aha Hills, Northwest Botswana." Minerals 10, no. 8 (July 31, 2020): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10080685.

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The Kihabe Zn-Pb-V > (Cu-Ag-Ge) prospect is located at the boundary between Namibia and Botswana (Aha Hills, Ngamiland District) in a strongly deformed Proterozoic fold belt, corresponding to the NE extension of the Namibian Damara Orogen. The Kihabe prospect contains Zn-Pb resources of 14.4 million tonnes at 2.84% zinc equivalent, Ag resources of 3.3 million ounces, and notable V-Ge amounts, still not evaluated at a resource level. The ores are represented by a mixed sulfide–nonsulfide mineralization. Sulfide minerals consist mainly of sphalerite, galena and pyrite in a metamorphic quartzwacke. Among the nonsulfide assemblage, two styles of mineralization occur in the investigated samples: A first one, characterized by hydrothermal willemite and baileychlore, and a second one consisting of supergene smithsonite, cerussite, hemimorphite, Pb-phosphates, arsenates and vanadates. Willemite is present in two generations, which postdate sulfide emplacement and may also form at their expenses. These characteristics are similar to those observed in the willemite occurrences of the nearby Otavi Mountainland, which formed through hydrothermal processes, during the final stages of the Damara Orogeny. The formation of the Kihabe willemite is likely coeval. Baileychlore is characterized by textures indicating direct precipitation from solutions and dissolution–crystallization mechanisms. Both processes are typical of hydrothermal systems, thus suggesting a hydrothermal genesis for the Kihabe Zn-chlorite as well. Baileychlore could represent an alteration halo possibly associated either with the sulfide or with willemite mineralization. The other nonsulfide minerals, smithsonite, cerussite, various Pb-phosphates and vanadates, are clearly genetically associated with late phases of supergene alteration, which overprinted both the sulfide and the willemite- and baileychlore-bearing mineralizations. Supergene alteration probably occurred in this part of Botswana from the Late Cretaceous to the Miocene.

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Wagner, T., and E. Jonsson. "MINERALOGY OF SULFOSALT-RICH VEIN-TYPE ORES, BOLIDEN MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSIT, SKELLEFTE DISTRICT, NORTHERN SWEDEN." Canadian Mineralogist 39, no. 3 (June 1, 2001): 855–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.39.3.855.

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Gaspar, O. C. "MINERALOGY AND SULFIDE MINERAL CHEMISTRY OF THE NEVES CORVO ORES, PORTUGAL: INSIGHT INTO THEIR GENESIS." Canadian Mineralogist 40, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 611–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.40.2.611.

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Lein, A. Yu, N. V. Ulyanova, A. A. Ulyanov, G. A. Cherkashev, and T. V. Stepanova. "Mineralogy and geochemistry of sulfide ores in ocean-floor hydrothermal fields associated with serpentinite protrusions." Russian Journal of Earth Sciences 3, no. 5 (December 6, 2001): 371–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2205/2001es000068.

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Ayupova, N. R., V. V. Maslennikov, and K. A. Filippova. "REE Geochemistry and Mineralogy in Ores of the Talgan Cu–Zn Massive Sulfide Deposit, Southern Urals." Doklady Earth Sciences 487, no. 2 (August 2019): 973–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x19080233.

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Gvozdev, V. I., D. G. Fedoseev, A. V. Gurikov, S. I. Sadkin, B. I. Semenyak, and V. V. Ratkin. "Mineralogy of accompanying elements in the ores of the Kordonnoe skarn scheelite-sulfide deposit in Primorsky Krai." Russian Journal of Pacific Geology 8, no. 3 (May 2014): 200–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1819714014030038.

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Tămaș, Călin Gabriel, and Mădălina-Paula Andrii. "Mineralogy of Skarn Ores from Băița-Bihor, Northern Apuseni Mountains, Romania: A Case Study of Cu-, Bi-, and Sn-minerals." Minerals 10, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10050436.

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The Antoniu, Antoniu North, and Blidar Contact orebodies from the Băița-Bihor skarn deposit, Romania have been investigated using optical and electron microscopy. Electron probe microanalyses were acquired on samples from the Blidar Contact orebody. Bornite is the most abundant Cu-sulfide and hosts native bismuth, joséite-B, emplectite, and wittichenite. Kësterite and ferrokësterite were identified for the first time in the Băița-Bihor deposit; the occurrence of stannite was also confirmed. Temperatures of ore deposition in the Blidar Contact orebody are constrained from the compositions of sphalerite-kësterite and sphalerite-ferrokësterite pairs at 287 ± 25 °C to 310 ± 35 °C, and 447 ± 17 °C to 503 ± 68 °C, respectively.

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Lee, Jaeheon, Sevket Acar, Denise L. Doerr, and James A. Brierley. "Comparative bioleaching and mineralogy of composited sulfide ores containing enargite, covellite and chalcocite by mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms." Hydrometallurgy 105, no. 3-4 (January 2011): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2010.10.001.

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Can, İlkay Bengü, Özlem Bıçak, Seda Özçelik, Metin Can, and Zafir Ekmekçi. "Sulphate Removal from Flotation Process Water Using Ion-Exchange Resin Column System." Minerals 10, no. 8 (July 23, 2020): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10080655.

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Water chemistry is one of the most important parameters affecting flotation performance. Various types of ions can dissolve and accumulate in process water depending on ore mineralogy, reagent scheme, grinding medium and chemistry of mine site water. Sulfur-based ions (sulfate, thiosulfate, polythionate) are generally observed in flotation of sulfide ores. High concentrations of these ions may reduce efficiency of the flotation process, causing scale problems. Removal of these ions from process water often requires complex water treatment plants with high capital and operating costs. In this study, partial cleaning of water was investigated as an alternative approach for decreasing high sulphate concentrations of 3000–3800 mg/L down to 1000–1500 mg/L, an acceptable concentration for most sulfide ore flotation plants, by using an ion-exchange resin. For this purpose, detailed adsorption tests were performed using a laboratory-scale column system to determine the most suitable type of resin for adsorption of sulfate and thiosalts, kinetics of adsorption and regeneration of the resins. A strong base anion ion exchange resin (Selion SBA2000) was used in the experiments. The findings from the laboratory scale studies were validated in a Cu-Pb-Zn Flotation Plant in an Iberian mine using a larger scale of column set-up. The results showed that 60–70% of sulphates could be successfully removed from process water. Adsorption capacity of the resin was determined as 80.3 mg SO4/g resin. Concentrations of thiosalts and polythionates were also reduced to nearly zero value from 500 mg/L and 1000 mg/L, respectively. Flowrate of water had a significant effect on adsorption performance. The resin could be regenerated successfully using 2% (w/v) NaOH solution and used multiple times for water treatment.

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Kim, Rina, and Ahmad Ghahreman. "The effect of ore mineralogy on the electrochemical gold dissolution behavior in various cyanide and oxygen concentrations; Effect of sulfidic ores containing heavy metals." Hydrometallurgy 184 (March 2019): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2018.12.022.

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Pho, Nguyen Van, Pham Tich Xuan, and Pham Thanh Dang. "Occurrence of supergene nickel ores in the Ha Tri Massive, Hoa An District, Cao Bang Province." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 40, no. 2 (January 19, 2018): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/2/11676.

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Nickel (Ni) laterites are regolith materials derived from ultramafic rocks and play an important role in the world's Ni production. Ni-laterite deposits are the supergene enrichment of Ni formed from the intense chemical and mechanical weathering of ultramafic parental rocks. In Vietnam, the weathering profile containing Ni laterite was first discovered in the Ha Tri massive (Cao Bang). This profile develops on the Ha Tri serpentinized peridotite rocks classified to the Cao Bang mafic-ultramafic complex (North Vietnam) and exhibits thick weathered zone (10 - 15m). This work carried out a detailed study of the weathering profile at the center of Ha Tri massive. Samples from different horizons of the profile were collected and analyzed in detail by XRF, XRD and SEM-EDX methods to establish the relationship between the Ni-rich supergene products and the parental peridotites (lherzolite) rocks in Ha Tri massive. The results show that the saprolite horizon is most Ni-rich in the weathering profile in Ha Tri. In this horizon, Ni-silicate minerals of garnierite group such as pimelite, nepouite and other Mg-Ni silicates have been found. The appearance of minerals of garnierite group is due to the exchange of Mg by Ni during weathering of peridotite minerals, especially olivine, which leads to the enrichment of the supergene Ni. The occurrence of Ni silicates suggests the existence of the supergene Ni ore in the weathering profile of the Ha Tri massive.References Bosio N.J., Hurst J.V., Smith R.L., 1975. Nickelliferousnontronite, a 15 Å garnierite, at Niquelandia, Goias Brazil. Clays Clay Miner., 23, 400-403. Brand N.W., Butt C.R.M., Elias M., 1998. Nickel Laterites: Classification and features. AGSO Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics, 17(4), 81-88. Bricker O.P., Nesbitt H.W. and Gunter W.D., 1973. The stability of talc. American Mineralogist, 58, 64-72. Brindley G.W. and Hang P.T., 1973. The nature of garnierites. Structures, chemical composition and color characteristics. Clay and Clay Minerals, 21, 27-40. Brindley G.W. and Maksimovic Z., 1974. The nature and nomenclature of hydrous nickel-containing silicates. Clay Minerals, 10, 271-277. Brindley G.W. and Wan H.M., 1975. Composition structures and thermal behavior of nickel containing minerals in thelizardite-ne´pouite series. American Mineralogist, 60, 863-871. Brindley G.W., Bish D.L. and Wan H.M., 1979. Compositions, structures and properties of nickel containing minerals in the kerolite-pimelite series. American Mineralogist, 64, 615-625. Cluzel D. and Vigier B., 2008. Syntectonic mobility of supergene nickel ores from New Caledonia (Southwest Pacific). Evidence from faulted regolith and garnierite veins. Resource Geology, 58, 161-170. Colin F., Nahon D., Trescases J.J., Melfi A.J., 1990. Lateritic weathering of pyroxenites at Niquelandia, Goais, Brazil: The supergene behavior ofnickel: Economic Geology, 85, 1010-1023. Das S.K., Sahoo R.K., Muralidhar J., Nayak B.K., 1999. Mineralogy and geochemistry of profilesthrough lateritic nickel deposits at Kansa,Sukinda, Orissa. Joural of Geoogical. SocietyIndia, 53, 649-668. Decarreau A., Colin F., Herbillon A., Manceau A., Nahon D., Paquet H., Trauth-Badaud D.,Trescases J.J., 1987. Domain segregation in NiFe-Mg-Smectites. Clay Minerals, 35, 1-10. Freyssinet P., Butt C.R.M. and Morris R.C., 2005. Oreforming processes related to lateritic weathering. Economic Geology, 100th aniversary volume, 681-722.Garnier J., Quantin C., Martins E.S., Becquer T., 2006. Solid speciation and availability of chromium in ultramafic soils from Niquelandia, Brazil. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 88, 206-209. Garnier J., Quantin C., Guimarães E., Becquer T., 2008. Can chromite weathering be a source of Cr in soils? Mineralogy Magazine, 72, 49-53. Gleeson S.A., Butt C.R. and Elias M., 2003. Nickel laterites: A review. SEG Newsletter, 54, 11-18. Gleeson S.A., Butt C.R., Wlias M., 2003. Nickellaterites: a review. SEG Newsletter, Society of Economic Geology, 54. Available from www.segweb.org. Golightly J.P., 1981. Nickeliferous laterite deposits. Economic Geology, 75th Anniversary volume, 710-735. Golightly J.P., 2010. Progress in understanding the evolution of nickel laterite. Society of Economic Geology, In Special Publication, 15, 451-485. Manceau A. and Calas G., 1985. Heterogeneous distribution of nickel in hydrous silicates from New Caledonia ore deposits. American Mineralogist, 70, 549-558. Nguyen Van Pho, 2013. Tropic weathering in Vietnam (in Vietnamese). Pubisher Science and Technology, 365p.Ngo Xuan Thanh, Tran Thanh Hai, Nguyen Hoang, Vu Quang Lan, S. Kwon, Tetsumaru Itaya, M. Santosh, 2014. Backarc mafic-ultramafic magmatism in Northeastern Vietnam and its regional tectonic significance. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 90, 45-60.Pelletier B., 1983. Localisation du nickel dans les minerais ‘‘garnieritiques’’ de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Sciences Ge´ologique: Me´moires, 73, 173-183.Pelletier B., 1996. Serpentines in nickel silicate ores from New Caledonia. In Grimsey E.J., and Neuss I. (eds): Nickel ’96, Australasian Institute of Miningand Metallurgy, Melbourne, Publication Series 6(9), 197-205. Proenza J.A., Lewis J.F., Galı´ S., Tauler E., Labrador M., Melgarejo J.C., Longo F. and Bloise G., 2008. Garnierite mineralization from Falcondo Ni-laterite deposit (Dominican Republic). Macla, 9, 197-198. Soler J.M., Cama J., Galı´ S., Mele´ndez W., Ramı´rez, A., andEstanga, J., 2008. Composition and dissolution kinetics ofgarnierite from the Loma de Hierro Ni-laterite deposit,Venezuela. Chemical Geology, 249, 191-202. Springer G., 1974. Compositional and structural variations ingarnierites. The Canadian Mineralogist, 12, 381-388. Springer G., 1976. Falcondoite, nickel analogue of sepiolite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 14, 407-409.Svetlitskaya T.V., Tolstykh N.D., Izokh A.E., Phuong Ngo Thi, 2015. PGE geochemical constraints on the origin of the Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide mineralization in the Suoi Cun intrusion, Cao Bang province, Northeastern Vietnam. Miner Petrol, 109, 161-180.Tran Trong Hoa, Izokh A.E., Polyakov G.V., Borisenko A.S., Tran Tuan Anh, Balykin P.A., Ngo Thi Phuong, Rudnev S.N., Vu Van Van, Bui An Nien, 2008. Permo-Triassic magmatism and metallogeny of Northern Vietnam in relation to the Emeishan plume. Russ. Geol. Geophys., 49, 480-491.Trescases J.J., 1975. L'évolution supergene des roches ultrabasiques en zone tropicale: Formation de gisements nikelifères de Nouvelle Caledonie. Editions ORSTOM, Paris, 259p.Tri T.V., Khuc V. (eds), 2011. Geology and Earth Resources of Vietnam. Publishing House for Science and Technology, 645p (in English). Villanova-de-Benavent C., Proenza J.A., GalíS., Tauler E., Lewis J.F. and Longo F., 2011. Talc- and serpentine-like ‘‘garnierites’’ in the Falcondo Ni-laterite deposit, Dominican Republic. ‘Let’s talk ore deposits’, 11th Biennial Meeting SGA 2011, Antofagasta, Chile, 3p.Wells M.A., 2003. Goronickel laterite deposit. New Caledonia. CRC LEME, p.3.

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Dare, S. A. S., S. J. Barnes, H. M. Prichard, and P. C. Fisher. "Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Cu-Rich Ores from the McCreedy East Ni-Cu-PGE Deposit (Sudbury, Canada): Implications for the Behavior of Platinum Group and Chalcophile Elements at the End of Crystallization of a Sulfide Liquid." Economic Geology 109, no. 2 (December 20, 2013): 343–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.109.2.343.

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32

Han, Yixiao, Yunhua Liu, and Wenyuan Li. "Mineralogy of Nickel and Cobalt Minerals in Xiarihamu Nickel–Cobalt Deposit, East Kunlun Orogen, China." Frontiers in Earth Science 8 (December 10, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.597469.

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Located in the East Kunlun Orogen, China, the Xiarihamu magmatic nickel–cobalt sulfide deposit is the country’s second largest deposit of this type. It was formed in special early Paleozoic with low copper grade (0.14 wt%) compared with other deposits of the same type. The mineralogy of nickel and cobalt minerals, which are direct carriers of these elements, can clearly reflect their behavior in the process of mineralization; however, such information for this deposit remains unreported. In the present study, we use an electron microscope and electron probe microanalyzer to delineate and analyze many nickel and cobalt minerals such as maucherite, nickeline, cobaltite, violarite, gersdorffite, parkerite, and arsenohauchecornite in various rocks and ores. With the increase in crustal material contamination, it can reach arsenide saturation locally in sulfide melt, then a separate Ni-rich arsenide (bismuth) melt exsolves somewhere. This melt will crystallize into nickeline, parkerite, arsenohauchecornite, and maucherite first. Second, most of nickel and cobalt tend to enter cobaltite and pentlandite phases, rather than existing in chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite phases as isomorphism during sufficient fractional crystallization of sulfide melt, which gathered nickel and cobalt elements widely. Also, more than one magma might result in the superposition of ore-forming elements. Later, the ore-forming elements redistribute limitedly through a hydrothermal process. The metallogenic mechanism model of nickel and cobalt established in the present study not only explains the process of nickel–cobalt mineralization in Xiarihamu but also can be applied to similar deposits and has a wide universal replicability.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sulfides. Mineralogy Ores'

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