Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sulfonated carbon

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Sulfonated carbon'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Sulfonated carbon"

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Anggoro, Didi Dwi, Purwanto Purwanto, and Rispiandi Rispiandi. "HIDROLISIS SELULOSA MENJADI GLUKOSA DENGAN KATALIS HETEROGEN ARANG AKTIF TERSULFONASI." Reaktor 15, no. 2 (October 22, 2014): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.15.2.126-131.

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CELLULOCE HYDROLYSIS TO GLUCOSE USING ACTIVE CARBON SULPHONATED HETEROGENOUS CATALYST. Enzimatic process and acid hydrolysis process are common process for conversion of cellulose to glucose. Unfornately, the two processes are expensive process and korosif process. Hence, the new process, that use sulfonaned active carbon catalyst is important to developing. The sulfonated active carbon is made from carbonated coconut sheel under temperature at 350oC. After carbonation, sulfonated active carbon soaked under sulphate acid 96% at 150oC until 15 hours. The result is then washed and dried, and tested catalyst characteristics in the form of H+ capacity, pore size catalysts by used BET surface area, functional groups by used FTIR, and morphology catalyst structure by used SEM. Catalyst performance was tested in an autoclave reactor through a hydrothermal process with difference of the catalyst amount and temperature. The results showed that the test characteristics of H+ capacity is 2.95 mmol/g, the pore size is 29 m2/gr. FTIR analyze showed that the presence of sulfonate groups read at a wavelength of vibration 1750 cm-1 and 1379 cm-1. By SEM analyze showed that the morphological structure of sulfonated active carbon is more open than other catalyst. By testing catalyst, the highest conversion of glucose is 87.2 %. Keywords: cellulose; glucose; sulfonate active carbon; thatch Abstrak Teknologi yang sudah digunakan dalam mengubah selulosa menjadi glukosa adalah dengan proses enzimatik dan hidrolisis asam. Kedua teknologi tersebut masih memiliki kendala teknis, yaitu harga enzim yang mahal, proses yang korosif dan menimbulkan limbah, sehingga diperlukan pengembangan teknologi baru salah satu diantaranya yaitu dengan metode katalis heterogen berupa karbon aktif tersulfonasi. Karbon aktif tersulfonasi ini dibuat dari tempurung kelapa yang dikarbonisasi pada temperatur 350oC, selanjutnya direndam dalam asam sulfat 96% pada temperatur 150oC selama 15 jam. Hasilnya kemudian dicuci dan dikeringkan, dilakukan uji karakteristik dan performance (kinerja ) katalis berupa kapasitas H+, ukuran pori katalis dengan BET, uji gugus fungsi dengan FTIR, dan uji struktur marfologi katalis dengan SEM. Kinerja katalis diuji dalam reaktor autoclave melalui proses hidrotermal dengan mevariasikan jumlah katalis, dan variasi temperatur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan untuk uji karakteristik kapasitas H+ sebesar 2,95 mmol/gr, untuk uji BET ukuran pori 29 m2/gr , untuk uji FTIR keberadaan gugus sulfonat terbaca pada vibrasi panjang gelombang 1750 cm-1 dan 1379 cm-1 , pada uji SEM struktur morfologi katalis yang lebih terbuka pada karbon aktif setelah proses sulfonasi. Kinerja katalis konversi tertinggi selulosa menjadi glukosa mencapai 87,2% pada jumlah alang-alang 2 gr, jumlah katalis 2 gr, dan temperatur 170oC selama 8 jam. Kata kunci : selulosa; glukosa; karbon aktif tersulfonasi; alang-alang
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Hu, Xiaotian, Lie Chen, Licheng Tan, Ting Ji, Yong Zhang, Lin Zhang, Di Zhang, and Yiwang Chen. "In situ polymerization of ethylenedioxythiophene from sulfonated carbon nanotube templates: toward high efficiency ITO-free solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 17 (2016): 6645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta00287k.

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Shi, Chenliang, Ling Lin, Yukun Yang, Wenjia Luo, Maoqing Deng, and Yujie Wu. "Synthesis of aminated polystyrene and its self-assembly with nanoparticles at oil/water interface." e-Polymers 20, no. 1 (June 17, 2020): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2020-0038.

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AbstractThe influence of density of amino groups, nanoparticles dimension and pH on the interaction between end-functionalized polymers and nanoparticles was extensively investigated in this study. PS–NH2 and H2N–PS–NH2 were prepared using reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization. Zero-dimensional carbon dots with sulfonate groups, one-dimensional cellulose nanocrystals with sulfate groups and two-dimensional graphene with sulfonate groups in the aqueous phase were added into the toluene phase containing the aminated PS. The results indicate that aminated PS exhibited the strongest interfacial activity after compounding with sulfonated nanoparticles at a pH of 3. PS ended with two amino groups performed better in reducing the water/toluene interfacial tension than PS ended with only one amino group. The dimension of sulfonated nanoparticles also contributed significantly to the reduction in the water/toluene interfacial tension. The minimal interfacial tension was 4.49 mN/m after compounding PS–NH2 with sulfonated zero-dimensional carbon dots.
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Jia, Rong, Jiawen Ren, Xiaohui Liu, Guanzhong Lu, and Yanqin Wang. "Design and synthesis of sulfonated carbons with amphiphilic properties." J. Mater. Chem. A 2, no. 29 (2014): 11195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta01836b.

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A new type of sulfonated carbon material with amphiphilic properties was synthesized by the hydrothermal carbonization of a mixture of furfural–sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate at 180 °C in an autoclave.
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TIAN, XIAO NING, LIJUAN LUO, ZHONGQING JIANG, and X. S. ZHAO. "SOLID SULFONIC ACID CATALYSTS BASED ON POROUS CARBONS AND CARBON–SILICA COMPOSITES." Surface Review and Letters 18, no. 06 (December 2011): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x11014606.

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Mesoporous carbons prepared using a templating method under different carbonization temperatures are sulfonated with concentrated H2SO4 . Without the moving of silica template carbon–silica composites were prepared, which can maintain the pore structure well during sulfonation reaction process. The resultant samples are characterized using nitrogen adsorption, transmission electron microscope, field-emission scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and elemental analysis techniques. The catalytic performances of the sulfonated carbons and composites are evaluated by esterification reaction of methanol with acetic acid. The results show that a low-temperature carbonization process is favorable for improving the reaction conversion of acetic acid. In addition, the sulfonated carbon–silica composites show a higher acetic acid conversion than the sulfonated mesoporous carbons.
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FRYE, MARSHALL, SHANGRADHANVA E. VASISTH, AMALIE ATASSI, DAVID MAZYCK, and JUAN C. NINO. "EFFECT OF DEGREE OF SULFONATION IN NANOCELLULOSE/CHITOSAN COMPOSITE ON ADSORPTION OF CATIONIC DYE AS OPIOID SIMULANT." Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 55, no. 1-2 (February 12, 2021): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.35812/cellulosechemtechnol.2021.55.09.

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In this study, the effect of nanocellulose sulfonate group content on adsorption of an opioid simulant was tested. The opioid simulant used was Victoria blue R, an amine dye. Nanocellulose filters were fabricated by crosslinking cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with chitosan to improve the mechanical stability of freeze-dried CNCs. Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed the filter’s thermal stability and operating temperatures. Conductometric titration, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to characterize the degree of nanocellulose functionalization. Lastly, the adsorption performance of the sulfonated nanocellulose filter was tested and fitted to kinetic models and adsorption isotherms. The adsorption of the dye by the sulfonated nanocellulose followed pseudo-second order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum adsorption of Victoria blue R dye by sulfonated nanocellulose (68.56 mg/g) is significantly higher than those of other adsorbents, like activated carbon (0.59-2.97 mg/g) and magnetic microparticles (40.98 mg/g). Thus, sulfonated cellulose nanocrystals are a promising material for the sequestration of opioids from water.
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Dian Halimah Batubara, Taslim, Seri Maulina, and Iriany. "HIDROLISIS SELULOSA MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS KARBON TERSULFONASI BERBASIS CANGKANG KEMIRI." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 7, no. 2 (August 13, 2018): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v7i2.1645.

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Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) contains cellulose which is convertible to glucose through hydrolysis by using inorganic liquid acid catalyst. However, the use of such catalyst leads to corrosion problem, environment pollution, and complex separation. To overcome this problem, a sulfonated carbon catalyst was proposed. This study aimed to evaluate candlenut shell as carbon source for catalyst support in sulfonated carbon catalyst, and its application in cellulose hydrolysis. Candlenut shell was carbonized at 300-550oC for 4 h. Resulting carbon was sulfonated at 120-150oC for 6 h. Sulfonated carbon was assessed for its H+ capacity/acidity. The carbon with highest acidity was applied as solid acid catalyst in cogon grass hydrolysis. Resulting glucose was analyzed by dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. Results suggest that sulfonated carbon from candlenut shell can be utilized as heterogeneous catalyst in cogon grass hydrolysis.
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Mardina, Primata, Chairul Irawan, Meilana Dharma Putra, Sylvera Bella Priscilla, Misnawati Misnawati, and Iryanti Fatyasari Nata. "Bioethanol Production from Cassava Peel Treated with Sulfonated Carbon Catalyzed Hydrolysis." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 24, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.24.1.1-8.

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A large amount of Cassava peel as biomass waste is generated by agricultural activities, and it led to a new pursuit to exploit the utilization of biomass waste. This research aimed to study the potential of Cassava peel as raw material for bioethanol production. This study was performed in 2 main processes, acid hydrolysis, and fermentation. The experiment was initiated by conducting acid hydrolysis (100°C and 60 min) on Cassava peel’s starch using sulfonated carbon catalyst palm oil empty fruit bunch (5%-w/v) to produce 13.53 g/L glucose. The glucose contained hydrolysates then continued to ferment at 30°C. The effect of fermentation time (h), pH, and shaking rate (rpm) of cassava peel’s starch fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae was analyzed. The best result was found at pH 4.5 and 50 rpm for a 24 h reaction with 3.75 g/L of bioethanol concentration. This study revealed that Cassava peel is a promising feedstock for biofuel production.
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Sharghi, Hashem, Pezhman Shiri, and Mahdi Aberi. "An overview on recent advances in the synthesis of sulfonated organic materials, sulfonated silica materials, and sulfonated carbon materials and their catalytic applications in chemical processes." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 14 (November 1, 2018): 2745–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.14.253.

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This review article discusses the progress related to the synthesis and catalytic applications of sulfonated organic materials, sulfonated silica materials, and sulfonated carbon materials for industrial and laboratory products. These catalysts are widely used in acid-catalyzed processes. Most of these acid catalysts are eco-friendly, reusable, and stable. Moreover, the discovery of unique catalysts is vital for developing new, efficient, and reusable catalysts for industrial and laboratory applications. The aim of this review article is to review the recent studies (2014–2018) in the field of the utility of sulfonated organic materials, sulfonated silica materials, and sulfonated carbon materials for developing acidic catalysts.
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Taslim, Dian Halimah Batubara, Seri Maulina, Iriany, and Okta Bani. "Preparation and Characterization of Sulfonated Carbon from Candlenut Shell as Catalyst for Hydrolysis of Cogon Grass Cellulose into Glucose." Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, no. 6 (2020): 1404–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22613.

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Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) is convertible into glucose by hydrolysis process, which usually requires a catalyst. A solid acid catalyst of sulfonated carbon was used in this work. This study aimed to observe the viability of candlenut shell as carbonaceous source in solid acid catalyst production and to characterize the sulfonated carbon. The carbonization was performed at 250-550 ºC for 4 h, while sulfonation was carried out at 100-180 ºC for 6 h. Sulfonated carbon was then characterized by H+ activity/acid density test, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Sulfonated carbon was then tested as a heterogeneous catalyst for hydrolysis reaction. The reaction was performed in a stainless steel batch reactor at 100 ºC for 6 h. Glucose formed by hydrolysis was measured by dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. Results of this study suggested that sulfonated carbon derived from candlenut shell may be used as a catalyst for cogon grass cellulose hydrolysis to produce glucose
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sulfonated carbon"

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Janaun, Jidon Adrian Bin. "Development of sulfonated carbon catalysts for integrated biodiesel production." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43140.

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The issues of energy security, climate change, and environmental protection attract the use of biodiesel as an alternative fuel worldwide despite several potential setbacks such as deforestation and escalating food prices. A better biodiesel production scheme is needed to reduce the setbacks, to increase the economical value, and to have a safer production process. The use of waste oil and fat as feedstock, and conversion of glycerol into fuel oxygenates are the key solutions in this scheme. Motivated by the high activity of the sugar catalyst, a low surface area and non-porous carbon-based catalyst, this study investigates the synthesis of mesoporous, high surface area and acidity carbon-based catalysts that are active for the conversion of oleic acid and glycerol into biodiesel and fuel oxygenates, respectively. The results showed that a silica templating technique, prepared via confined activation process, was effective for synthesizing mesoporous and high surface area catalyst, but low in total acidity. The technique of catalyst functionalization in liquid fuming sulfuric acid was effective, but destroyed the internal pores of the char. The activity of the mesoporous catalyst was lower than the sugar catalyst in esterification of oleic acid. The catalyst activity was dependant on the total acidity, but independent of surface area and porosity. Further investigation showed that multiple vapour phase sulfonation was effective in synthesizing higher acidity catalyst while maintaining the mesoporous and high surface area structure. Vapour phase sulfonation caused less pore destruction in the char compared with liquid phase sulfonation. Repeated vapour phase sulfonation was effective in loading increased functional groups on the catalyst at the expense of its surface area. Evaluation of the activities of carbon-based catalysts on esterification of oleic acid showed that it depended on density and accessibility of active sites, and catalyst deactivation. Evaluation of etherification of glycerol showed that all catalysts, despite having huge differences in surface area, had comparable activity per unit mass. The carbon-based catalysts had a high selectivity to di- and tri- glyceryl ethers. In conclusion, the carbon-based catalysts synthesized through multiple vapour phase sulfonation processes are promising catalysts for a better biodiesel production process.
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Gao, Renlong. "Synthesis and Properties of Ion-Containing Block and Segmented Copolymers and Their Composites." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77334.

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Ion-containing segmented polyurethanes exhibit unique morphology and physical properties due to synergistic interactions of electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions. A fundamental investigation on a series of well-defined ion-containing polyurethanes elucidated the influence of charge placement, charge density, and soft segment structure on physical properties, hydrogen bonding, and morphologies. An unprecedented comparison of poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)-based sulfonated polyurethanes containing sulfonate anions either in the soft segments or hard segments revealed that sulfonate charge placement dramatically influenced microphase separation and physical properties of segmented polyurethanes, due to altered hydrogen bonding and thermodynamic immiscibility between soft and hard segments. Moreover, studies on sulfonated polyurethanes with identical sulfonated hard segments but different soft segment structures indicated that soft segment structure tailored sulfonated polyurethanes for a wide range of mechanical properties. Sulfonated polyurethanes incorporated with ammonium-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) generated novel polyurethane nanocomposites with significantly enhanced mechanical performance. Modification of MWCNTs followed a dendritic strategy, which doubled the functionality by incorporating two ammonium cations per acid site. Complementary characterization demonstrated successful covalent functionalization and formation of surface-bound ammonium salts. Upon comparison with pristine MWCNTs, ammonium-functionalized MWCNTs exhibited significantly enhanced dispersibility in both DMF and sulfonated polyurethane matrices due to good solvation of ammonium cations and intermolecular ionic interactions between anionic polyurethanes and cationic MWCNTs. Segmented polyurethanes containing sulfonated PEO-based soft segments and nonionic hard segments were incorporated with various contents of room temperature ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate (EMIm ES), to investigate the influence of ionic liquid on physical properties, morphologies, and ionic conductivity. Results indicated that EMIm ES preferentially located in the sulfonated PEO soft phase, leading to significantly enhanced ionic conductivity and well-maintained mechanical properties. These properties are highly desirable for electromechanical transducer applications. Electromechanical actuators fabricated with sulfonated polyurethane/IL composite membranes exhibited effective response under a low applied voltage (4 V). However, in the case of an imidazolium-containing segmented polyurethane with imidazolium ionic hard segments and hydrophobic poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) soft segments, EMIm ES selectively located into the imidazolium ionic hard domains, as evidenced with a constant PTMO soft segment glass transition temperature (Tg) and systematically reduced imidazolium hard segment Tg. Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy demonstrated that ionic conductivity of imidazolium-containing segmented polyurethanes increased by five orders of magnitude upon incorporation of 30 wt% EMIm ES. Imidazolium-containing sulfonated pentablock copolymers were also investigated to elucidate the influence of imidazolium counter cation structures on solution rheology, morphology, and thermal and mechanical properties. Combination of living anionic polymerization and post functionalization strategies provided well-defined sulfonated pentablock copolymers containing structured imidazolium cations in sulfonated polystyrene middle block. Varying alkyl substitute length on imidazolium cations tailored physical properties and morphologies of sulfonated pentablock copolymers. Results indicated that long alkyl substitutes (octyl and dodecyl) on imidazolium cations significantly influenced solution rheological behavior, morphology, and water uptake properties of sulfonated pentablock copolymers due to the altered characteristic of imidazolium cations. Imidazolium-containing sulfonated pentablock copolymers exhibited systematically tailored mechanical properties due to the plasticizing effect of alkyl substitutes. In addition, incorporation of ionic liquids into sulfonated pentablock copolymers further tailored their mechanical properties and ionic conductivity, which made these materials suitable for electromechanical transducer applications. All sulfonated pentablock copolymers were successfully fabricated into actuator devices, which exhibited effective actuation under a low applied voltage (4 V).
Ph. D.
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Ngqongwa, Lundi Vincent. "Electrochemical characterization of nanostructured SnO2 and TiO2 for potential application as dielectric materials in sulfonated-polyaniline based supercapacitors." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2575.

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Magister Scientiae - MSc
In this research project, nanostructured composites based on Tin dioxide (SnO2) and Titanium dioxide (TiO2) with poly-4-styrene sulfonic acid (PSSA) doped polyaniline (PANI) conducting polymer has been investigated based on their structural, electrical and electrochemical properties. The synthesis of conducting polymers and their metal oxide or composites have been carried out chemically or electrochemically according to methods modified from the literature. Layer-by-layer construction of nano-Metal Oxide/PSSA doped polyaniline composites were successfully constructed by electroanalytical methods on the surface of a glassy carbon working electrode (GCE).
South Africa
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Xia, Yuzhen. "Carbone fonctionnalisé pour une meilleure performance des piles à combustible." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0116/document.

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Dans le contenu de l’amélioration des performances des piles à combustible, des catalyseurs Pt/Vulcan ont été greffés soit avec du polystyrène sulfonate (PSSA) soit avec de l'acide 4-phenysulfonique (PSA). L'influence du ratio du greffage, de la couche de diffusion de gaz et de la qualité de Nafion, sur les performances électrochimiques ont été étudiées en demi-pile et en assemblage membrane-électrodes (AME). La surface électrochimique du catalyseur a été améliorée en présence de la couche microporeuse sur le papier carboné en tant que couche de diffusion de gaz, aussi une densité de courant supérieure et une résistance de transfert de charge inférieure ont été observées. Pt/Vulcan catalyseurs ont été greffés des chaines PSSA avec 5, 10 et 20 wt.% 4-styrènesulfonate de sodium. Les résultats en demi-pile et en pile ont montré que des taux de sulfonation de 5 à 10 wt.% étaient optimaux. La sulfonation des catalyseurs a aussi été effectuée avec 5.8, 11.6, 18.0 et 23.3 wt.% PSA. Des résultats meilleurs ont été obtenus par la sulfonation. L'AME ayant 18.0 wt.% PSA a présenté une excellente stabilité pendant 3000 cycles de test de vieillissement accéléré. Moins de Nafion a entraîné une plus faible performance des demi-piles, aussi des AMEs ayant catalyseurs des greffé de 5 wt.% PSSA ou PSA. Cependant, celles contenant 10 et 20 wt.% de PSSA, ont montré un une densité de puissance élevé lors que la quantité de Nafion a diminué de 0.50 à 0.25 mg•cm-2
In the development of the performances of PEM fuel cell, sulfonated Pt/Vulcan catalysts were prepared by grafting with either polystyrene sulfonate (PSSA) or with 4-phenysulfonic acid (PSA). The influences of the graft ratio, the amount of Nafion and the gas diffusion layer, on the electrochemical performances were studied in a half-cell and membrane electrode assembage (MEA). Larger electrochemical surface area of the catalyst was obtained in the presence of microporous layer on the carbon paper, as well as higher ORR current and lower charge transfer resistance. PSSA was grafted onto Pt/Vulcan catalysts by in-situ radical polymerization with 5, 10 and 20 wt.% sodium styrene sulfonate. It was presented in the half-cell tests and fuel cell tests that the catalysts grafted with 5 and 10 wt.% sulfonated groups performed improved properties. Pt/Vulcan catalysts were also grafted with 5.8, 11.6 18.0 and 23.3 wt.% PSA. Compared with non-functionalized catalysts, significant developments were achieved because of the sulfonation. The MEA with 18.0 wt.% PSA was studied in accelerated durability tests and showed excellent durability after 3000 cycles. For half-cells and MEAs with catalysts grafted with 5wt.% PSSA or PSA groups, low Nafion addition resulted in to lower performances. However, the MEAs with 10 and 20 wt.% PSSA exhibited an enhanced performance than the counterparts with 0.50 mg•cm-2 Nafion
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Joseph, Ronald Matthew. "Synthesis and Characterization of High Performance Polymers for Gas Separation and Water Purification Membranes and as Interfacial Agents for Thermplastic Carbon Fiber Composites." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96219.

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This dissertation focuses on the synthesis and characterization of high performance polymers, specifically polybenzimidazoles (PBIs) for gas separation applications and polyimides (PI) for water purification and as interfacial agents for thermoplastic carbon fiber composites. Two methods for improving the gas transport properties (for H2/CO2 separation) of a tetraaminodiphenylsulfone (TADPS)-based polybenzimidazole were investigated. Low molecular weight poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) were incorporated as sacrificial additives that could be removed via a controlled heat treatment protocol. PBI films containing 7 and 11 wt% PPC (blend) and 13 wt% PEO (graft) were fabricated and the gas transport properties and mechanical properties after heat treatment were measured and compared to the PBI homopolymer. After heat treatment, the 7 wt% PPC blend exhibited the highest performance while retaining the toughness exhibited by the PBI homopolymer. Novel sulfonated polyimides and their monomers were synthesized for use as interfacial agents and water purification membranes. Polyimides are high performance polymers that have high thermal, mechanical, and chemical stability. The objective was to assess structure-property relationships of novel sulfonated polyimides prepared by direct polymerization of the diamine monomers. A series of sulfonated polyimides was synthesized using an ester-acid polymerization method with varying degrees of sulfonation (20%, 30%, and 50% disulfonated and 50% and 100% monosulfonated polyimides). The results showed that the toughness of the polyimides in the fully hydrated state was much better than current commercial cation exchange membranes. A 100% disulfonated polyimide (sPI) and poly(amic acid) salt (PAAS) using the same monomers used for the synthesis of Ultem® were utilized as suspending agents for the fabrication of coated sub-micron polyetherimide (PEI) particles. Sub-micron particles were obtained using 1 wt% PAAS and 4 wt% sPI to coat the PEI. The PEI particles were coupled onto ozone treated carbon fibers using a silane coupling agent. SEM images showed a significant amount of particle coating on the treated carbon fibers compared to the non-silane treated carbon fibers.
PHD
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King, Janice E. "Carbon-sulfur bond cleavage by environmental bacteria." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318772.

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von, Kraemer Sophie. "Membrane Electrode Assemblies Based on Hydrocarbon Ionomers and New Catalyst Supports for PEM Fuel Cells." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Tillämpad elektrokemi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9208.

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The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a potential electrochemicalpower device for vehicles, auxiliary power units and small-scale power plants. In themembrane electrode assembly (MEA), which is the core of the PEMFC single cell,oxygen in air and hydrogen electrochemically react on separate sides of a membraneand electrical energy is generated. The main challenges of the technology are associatedwith cost and lifetime. To meet these demands, firstly, the component expensesought to be reduced. Secondly, enabling system operation at elevated temperatures,i.e. up to 120 °C, would decrease the complexity of the system and subsequentlyresult in decreased system cost. These aspects and the demand for sufficientlifetime are the strong motives for development of new materials in the field.In this thesis, MEAs based on alternative materials are investigatedwith focus on hydrocarbon proton-conducting polymers, i.e. ionomers, and newcatalyst supports. The materials are evaluated by electrochemical methods, such ascyclic voltammetry, polarisation and impedance measurements; morphological studiesare also undertaken. The choice of ionomers, used in the porous electrodes andmembrane, is crucial in the development of high-performing stable MEAs for dynamicoperating conditions. The MEAs are optimised in terms of electrode compositionand preparation, as these parameters influence the electrode structure andthus the MEA performance. The successfully developed MEAs, based on the hydrocarbonionomer sulfonated polysulfone (sPSU), show promising fuel cell performancein a wide temperature range. Yet, these membranes induce mass-transportlimitations in the electrodes, resulting in deteriorated MEA performance. Further,the structure of the hydrated membranes is examined by nuclear magnetic resonancecryoporometry, revealing a relation between water domain size distributionand mechanical stability of the sPSU membranes. The sPSU electrodes possessproperties similar to those of the Nafion electrode, resulting in high fuel cell performancewhen combined with a high-performing membrane. Also, new catalystsupports are investigated; composite electrodes, in which deposition of platinum(Pt) onto titanium dioxide reduces the direct contact between Pt and carbon, showpromising performance and ex-situ stability. Use of graphitised carbon as catalystsupport improves the electrode stability as revealed by a fuel cell degradation study.The thesis reveals the importance of a precise MEA developmentstrategy, involving a broad methodology for investigating new materials both as integratedMEAs and as separate components. As the MEA components and processesinteract, a holistic approach is required to enable successful design of newMEAs and ultimately development of high-performing low-cost PEMFC systems.
QC 20100922
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Karaki, Mariam. "Matériaux à porosité contrôlée sulfonés : Synthèse, Caractérisation, Etude des propriétés catalytiques." Phd thesis, Université de Haute Alsace - Mulhouse, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01064374.

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La catalyse solide acide a été pendant longtemps l'objet d'activité de recherche intense, en particulier pour l'industrie pétrochimique. Aujourd'hui, les catalyseurs solides acides sont de plus en plus étudiés dans d'autres domaines et en particulier dans celles liées à la "chimie verte" et à la valorisation des bioressources, telles que la synthèse de biodiesel et la transformation des polysaccharides. L'objectif de la thèse est d'étudier le potentiel des matériaux poreux sulfonés ayant une porosité contrôlée dans des réactions catalysées par un acide en condition eau surchauffé telle que l'hydrolyse de la cellobiose. Dans une première partie, nous décrivons la préparation et la caractérisation des organosilicates mésoporeux périodiques sulfonés de type SBA-15, SBA-1 et KIT-6 par co-condensation de 1,4-bis (triéthoxysilyl) benzène (BTEB). Les matériaux ont été acidifiés suivant des voies différentes à l'aide de 3-mercaptopropyltriméthoxysilane (MPTMS)/H2O2 ou d'acide chlorosulfonique (ClSO3H). Leur propriété acide a été étudiée par adsorption d'NH3 suivie par calorimétrie et par la réaction de déshydratation d'isopropanol (IPA) comme réaction modèle en phase gazeuse. Contrairement à notre attente, l'adsorption d'NH3 suivie par calorimétrie a mis en évidence l'hétérogénéité de la force des sites suggérant la présence de sites distincts de la sulfonation. Les solides sulfonés avec l'acide chlorosulfonique ont une activité équivalente à celle de la résine sulfonée, Amberlyst 15, mais ils sont moins stables en raison de la libération des espèces de soufre. Les catalyseurs préparés en utilisant un groupement mercapto-propyle suivie d'une oxydation sont moins acides et ils ont donné des niveaux d'activité plus basse dans la réaction de déshydratation d'IPA. Pour l'hydrolyse de la cellobiose, de bonnes performances ont été obtenues à 150°C, mais, ces matériaux se sont montrés instables dans des conditions hydrothermales avec une lixiviation totale de soufre réalisant alors la réaction en phase homogène. Un lavage dans l'eau surchauffée des matériaux contenant des groupements propyles-SO3H conduit à une diminution de leur efficacité dans l'hydrolyse de la cellobiose, mais un gain de stabilité a été obtenu, permettant le recyclage de ces matériaux. Dans une deuxième partie, des répliques carbonées sulfonées par l'acide chlorosulfonique ou l'acide sulfurique ont été synthétisé. La sulfonation par l'acide sulfurique suivi par un lavage dans l'eau bouillante puis un prétraitement thermique à 300°C sous azote, de ces matériaux aboutissent au meilleur catalyseur en termes d'activité/stabilité.
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Onogbosele, Cyril Oziegbe. "Bioavailability of organic contaminants in rivers." Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/11050.

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In rivers, association of organic contaminants with dissolved organic carbon may limit freely dissolved or bioavailable fractions and toxicity of organic contaminants. Consequently, assessment of toxicity of organic contaminants on the basis of their total chemical concentrations may lead to overestimation of risks to organic contaminants. Therefore, to achieve reliable and accurate risks assessment for organic contaminants, determination of bioavailability is important. The influence of humic acid on the bioavailability of organic contaminants in rivers was studied, using three chemicals with different properties as model contaminants, which at the start of the study were detected in wastewater effluents. It was hypothesized that in the presence of dissolved organic carbon, a fraction of the total concentration of an organic contaminant would not be bioavailable in river water. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine bioavailability and its impact on toxicity. Bioavailability in the presence of humic acid was determined chemically and using a yeast estrogen screen assay. The chemical method comprised solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine freely dissolved and the fraction of the chemicals associated with dissolved organic carbon. The results indicated increased binding to dissolved organic carbon with the hydrophobicity of the test compounds except for perfluorooctane sulfonate. The dissolved organic carbon-water partition coefficient for ethinylestradiol was determined to be Log KDOC 2.36. Log KDOC values of 4.15 and 4.41 at 10 and 100 mg/L humic acid, respectively, were derived for hexabromocyclododecane indicating greater binding than ethinylestradiol due to the more hydrophobic character. The yeast estrogen screen was used as a biological method to measure the effect of humic acid on the bioavailability of ethinylestradiol and a more hydrophobic compound, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. Results of the yeast estrogen screen indicated that the presence of humic acid had no effect on bioavailability of either of the chemicals.
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Preus-Olsen, Gunnhild. "Combined Effects of two emerging Environmental Stressors (Perfluorooctane Sulfonate and Carbon Dioxide) on Estrogenic Responses of juvenile Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua)." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for biologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-21423.

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Predicted climate changes have been suggested to alter future distribution and toxicity of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Until now, little effort has been put into investigating such interactive effects between POPs and elevated CO2 levels (hypercapnia) in the aquatic environment. In the present study, juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were exposed to the emerging POP perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS; 0, 100 and 200 µg/L) for 1 hour/day in 5 days, followed by changes in elevated water CO2 saturation (0, 0.3 and 0.9%) for 3, 6 and 9 days. Endocrine disrupting potential of PFOS and elevated CO2 levels, both singly and in combination, were examined by analyzing levels of sex steroid hormones (E2, T, 11-KT) and transcript expression of estrogen responsive genes (ER-α, Vtg-α, Vtg-β, ZP-2, ZP-3), in addition to steroid and xenobiotic metabolism (CYP1A, CYP3A) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α). Elevated CO2 produced increased levels of sex steroid hormones (E2, T, 11-KT) with concomitant increases in transcriptional expression of estrogen responsive genes. PFOS produced a weak time- and dose-dependent estrogenic effect as measured in mRNA expression of estrogen responsive genes, but no effect on steroid hormone levels. Exposure to elevated CO2 and PFOS in combination produced gene expression patterns that are different from the effects observed for CO2 and PFOS alone, indicating interactive effects. These observations suggest that hypercapnia and emerging POPs such as PFOS in combination could modulate the estrogen signaling in juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), with potential consequences for sexual development and reproduction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report hypercapnia-induced sex steroid disruption in any fish species or lower vertebrate. These findings suggest a potential for adverse effects of increased anthropogenic CO2 emissions on sexual development and reproduction in fish. This also raises the question whether such interactive effects might be observed in other aquatic species and with other endocrine disrupters and POPs as well. Such findings could have implications for the accuracy of current risk assessments of emerging POPs, under changing climatic conditions.
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Book chapters on the topic "Sulfonated carbon"

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Hasegawa, George. "Fabrication of Activated Carbon Monoliths with Well-Defined Macropores Derived from Sulfonated Poly(divinylbenzene) Networks." In Springer Theses, 61–78. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54198-1_5.

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Nagar, Harsha, G. Anusha, and S. Sridhar. "Sulfonated Polyethersulfone/Torlon Blend Membrane Incorporated with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Energy Production from Kitchen Wastewater Using Microbial Fuel Cell." In Energy Engineering, 163–67. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3102-1_18.

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Winkelmann, J. "Diffusion of sodium 4-(4'-dimethylaminophenylazo)-benzene-1-sulfonate (1); carbon dioxide (2)." In Gases in Gases, Liquids and their Mixtures, 1749–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49718-9_1326.

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de Oliveira, S. B., D. Rabelo, and M. C. Rangel. "Monitoring the preparation of spherical activated carbon from sulfonated styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer." In Nanoporous Materials IV, Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Nanoporous Materials, 609–16. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(05)80263-0.

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Kumar Cheedarala, Ravi. "3D Ionic Networked Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Nano Channeled Triboelectric Nanogenerators." In Novel Nanomaterials. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95324.

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The power demand is increasing day by day owing to the diminishing of fossil fuel reserves on the globe. To overcome the future energy crises, there is a strong need to fulfill the energy loophole by novel technologies such as triboelectric nanogenerators to harvest miniature resources from renewable natural resources. Here, I discussed the synthesis and fabrication of novel triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) using highly reproducible power generators as electropositive surfaces from the monomers of naphthalene tetracarboxylic dianhydride, benzdiene diamine, and sulfonated polyimide (Bno-Spi), and modified nonwoven carbon fibers (Wcf) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) as electronegative TENG electrodes, respectively. Here, novel double characteristic hydrophilic and hydrophobic nano-channels concerned with Bno-Spi films were proposed through contact electrification process through ion and electron transfer by an electron-donor-acceptor complex mechanism. The proposed Bno-Spi-TENG system High triboelectric open circuit voltage 75 V (Voc) and short circuit current 1 μA (Jsc) have been achieved from Bno-Spi-TENGs, in particular, and for SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENG at 6 Hz. Besides that, we used improved knitted woven carbon fiber composite (wcf-COOH), as one of the TENGs to generate a greater open-circuit voltage (Voc), and short circuit current (Isc). Also, I aimed the contact and separation mode TENG which is using spring structure through oxidation of Wcf into Wcf-COOH followed by coupling of aniline through and one-step oxidative polymerization to get woven carbon fiber-polyaniline emraldine salt (Wcf-Pani.Es). The Wcf-PANI.Es composite film (thickness ~ 100 nm) shows the surface resistivity of 0.324 Ω m, and functions as a rubbing surface to produce charges through harvesting of energy using vertical contact-separation mode TENG. The vibrant exchanges of novel Wcf-Pani.Es, and PVDF membrane produced higher Voc of 95 V, and Isc of 180 μA, correspondingly. In specific, Wcf-Pani.Es -TENG is shown an enhancement of 498% of Voc concerning Wcf-COOH-TENG due to the availability of the Pani.Es layer. The novel Bno-Spi-TENGs and Wcf-Pani.Es are the potential candidates for fulfilling the need for improved energy harvesting devices as an alternate substantial choice for contact-separation mode TENGs.
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Cicchi, S., and F. M. Cordero. "With Methyl Sulfonates." In Three Carbon-Heteroatom Bonds: Amides and Derivatives; Peptides; Lactams, 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-022-00322.

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Subramanian, L. R. "Displacement of Aryl Sulfonates." In Three Carbon-Heteroatom Bonds: Nitriles, Isocyanides, and Derivatives, 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-019-00142.

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Subramanian, L. R. "Displacement of Alkyl Sulfonates." In Three Carbon-Heteroatom Bonds: Nitriles, Isocyanides, and Derivatives, 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-019-00140.

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Subramanian, L. R. "Displacement of Alkenyl Sulfonates." In Three Carbon-Heteroatom Bonds: Nitriles, Isocyanides, and Derivatives, 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-019-00141.

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Cicchi, S., and F. M. Cordero. "With Alkyl Sulfonates and Dialkyl Sulfates." In Three Carbon-Heteroatom Bonds: Amides and Derivatives; Peptides; Lactams, 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-022-00337.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sulfonated carbon"

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Seetharaman, S., K. Ramya, and K. S. Dhathathreyan. "Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide / sulfonated polyether ether ketone composite membrane for electrochemical applications." In CARBON MATERIALS 2012 (CCM12): Carbon Materials for Energy Harvesting, Environment, Nanoscience and Technology. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4810069.

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Dai, Ying, Haiping Hong, and Jeffry S. Welsh. "Reinforced membrane based on crosslink reaction between water soluble sulfonated carbon nanotubes and sulfonated polystyrene." In NanoScience + Engineering, edited by Geoffrey B. Smith and Akhlesh Lakhtakia. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.792933.

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Yadav, Vikrant, Prem P. Sharma, Abhishek Rajput, and Vaibhav Kulshrestha. "Thermal and mechanical analysis of PVA / sulfonated carbon nanotubes composite." In DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2017. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5028708.

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Ru, Jie, Yanjie Wang, Longfei Chang, Hualing Chen, Bo Li, and Shuhai Jia. "Preparation and characterization of sulfonated carbon nanotube/Nafion IPMC actuators." In SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, edited by Yoseph Bar-Cohen and Frédéric Vidal. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2219047.

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Rasanji, D. G. W. K. D., A. Z. Pamungkas, R. Wibowo, and Y. K. Krisnandi. "Synthesis of mesoporous carbon from sulfonated modified crude palm oil as adsorbents of heavy metal Cu2+ and Cd2+." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CURRENT PROGRESS IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCES 2020 (ISCPMS 2020). AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0058960.

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Cheng, Chin-Hsien. "Nano-Scale Transport Phenomena and Thermal Effect of the PEMFC Electrolyte." In ASME 2008 First International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat Transfer. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnht2008-52323.

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This paper employed molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to investigate the transport phenomena and thermal effect at nano-scale inside fuel cell electrolyte. The material of the electrolyte was chosen to be Nafion® which is the most commonly used material for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The transport of protons inside the electrolyte is one of the major issues that influencing the fuel cell performance. The structure of the Nafion® includes carbon-fluorine back bones and side chains (with SO3− attached at the end). Simulation results show that the transport of protons was confined to some specific regions. These specific regions (hydrophilic phase region) consist of water molecules, protons and sulfonated acid groups. Different hydration levels (3, 61.25, 9 and 15.375 H2O/SO3−) was also studied to test the sensitivity of the electrolyte water content on proton conduction. Higher water content shows greater proton mobility due to the larger water cluster size and more water clusters. The influence of the temperatures (333K, 343K and 353K) on proton mobility was due to different sizes of hydrophilic phase regions. Diffusion coefficients at various operation conditions were also evaluated and showed satisfactory agreement with the published experimental data.
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Lee, Seon Suk, Il Ho Kang, Sung Hun Jin, Deok Kyu Choi, and Dai Soo Lee. "Effect of Poly(4-Styrene Sulfonic Acid) on the Surface Resistivities of Sulfonated Poly(Styrene-B-Ethylenebutylene-B-Styrene) Filled with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWNTs) for Antistatic Coating and EMI Shielding." In 2007 Proceedings 57th Electronic Components and Technology Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ectc.2007.374066.

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Song, Haofeng, Pinaki Ghosh, and Kishore Mohanty. "Transport of Polymers in Low Permeability Carbonate Rocks." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206024-ms.

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Abstract Polymer transport and retention affect oil recovery and economic feasibility of EOR processes. Most studies on polymer transport have focused on sandstones with permeabilities (k) higher than 200 mD. A limited number of studies were conducted in carbonates with k less than 100 mD and very few in the presence of residual oil. In this work, transport of four polymers with different molecular weights (MW) and functional groups are studied in Edwards Yellow outcrop cores (k<50 mD) with and without residual oil saturation (Sor). The retention of polymers was estimated by both the material balance method and the double-bank method. The polymer concentration was measured by both the total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer and the capillary tube rheology. Partially hydrolyzed acrylamide (HPAM) polymers exhibited high retention (> 150 μg/g), inaccessible pore volume (IPV) greater than 7%, and high residual resistance factor (>9). A sulfonated polyacrylamide (AN132), showed low retentions (< 20 μg/g) and low IPV. The residual resistance factor (RRF) of AN132 in the water-saturated rock was less than 2, indicating little blocking of pore throats in these tight rocks. The retention and RRF of the AN132 polymer increased in the presence of residual oil saturation due to partial blocking of the smaller pore throats available for polymer propagation in an oil-wet core.
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Shi, Jinjun, Jiusheng Guo, and Bor Jang. "A New Type of High Temperature Membrane for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells." In ASME 2006 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2006-97043.

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The proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell operated at high temperature is advantageous than the current low temperature PEM fuel cell, in that high temperature operation promotes electro-catalytic reaction, reduces the carbon monoxide poisoning, and possibly eliminates methanol crossover in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC). However, current commercially viable membranes for PEMFC and DMFC, such as the de-facto standard membrane of Dupont Nafion membrane, only work well at temperatures lower than 80°C. When it is operated at temperatures of higher than 80°C, especially more than 100°C, the fuel cell performance degrades dramatically due to the dehydration. Therefore, high temperature proton exchange membrane material is now becoming a research and development focus in fuel cell industry. In this paper, a new type of high temperature PEM membrane material was investigated. This new type of membrane material was optimally selected from polyether ether ketone (PEEK)-based materials, poly (phthalazinon ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK). The performance of the sulfonated PPESK membrane with degree of sulfonation (DS) of 93% was studied and compared to that of Nafion (®Dupont) 117 membrane. The result showed SPPESK has a comparable performance to Nafion (®Dupont) 117 at low temperature (<80°C) and better performance at high temperature (>80°C). The other advantage of SPPESK is that it has much lower cost than that of Nafion. These characteristics make SPPESK an attractive candidate for high temperature proton exchange membrane material.
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Qu, Yan, Chaojie Zhang, Qi Zhou, Qiuju Li, Huaichen Wang, Haiyan Ni, and Wenjing Liu. "Adsorption Mechanism of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate on Granular Activated Carbon in Wastewater." In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5517682.

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