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Journal articles on the topic 'Sulfonated styrene'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Tsai, Bin-Hong, Tse-An Lin, Chi-Hui Cheng, and Jui-Che Lin. "Studies of the Sulfonated Hydrogenated Styrene–Isoprene–Styrene Block Copolymer and Its Surface Properties, Cytotoxicity, and Platelet-Contacting Characteristics." Polymers 13, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020235.

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Styrenic thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) consist of styrenic blocks. They are connected with other soft segments by a covalent linkage and are widely used in human life. However, in biomedical applications, TPEs need to be chemically hydrogenated in advance to enhance their properties such as strong UV/ozone resistance and thermal-oxidative stability. In this study, films composed of sulfonated hydrogenated TPEs were evaluated. Hydrogenated tert-butyl styrene–styrene–isoprene block copolymers were synthesized and selectively sulfonated to different degrees by reaction with acetyl sulfate. By controlling the ratio of the hydrogenated tert-butyl styrene–styrene–isoprene block copolymer and acetyl sulfate, sulfonated films were optimized to demonstrate sufficient mechanical integrity in water as well as good biocompatibility. The thermal plastic sulfonated films were found to be free of cytotoxicity and platelet-compatible and could be potential candidates in biomedical film applications such as wound dressings.
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2

Ghavidel Darestani, Nasim, Adrianna Tikka, and Pedram Fatehi. "Sulfonated Lignin-g-Styrene Polymer: Production and Characterization." Polymers 10, no. 8 (August 19, 2018): 928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10080928.

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Among sustainable alternatives for replacing fossil-based chemicals, lignin is widely available on earth, albeit the least utilized component of biomass. In this work, lignin was polymerized with styrene in aqueous emulsion systems. The reaction afforded a yield of 20 wt % under the conditions of 100 g/L lignin concentration, pH 2.5, 0.35 mol/L sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration, 5 mol/mol styrene/lignin ratio, 5 wt % initiator, 90 °C, and 2 h. The lignin-g-styrene product under the selected conditions had a grafting degree of 31 mol % of styrene, which was determined by quantitative proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The solvent addition to the reaction mixture and deoxygenation did not improve the yield of the polymerization reaction. The produced lignin-g-styrene polymer was then sulfonated using concentrated sulfuric acid. By introducing sulfonate group on the lignin-g-styrene polymers, the solubility and anionic charge density of 92 wt % (in a 10 g/L solution) and −2.4 meq/g, respectively, were obtained. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), static light scattering, two-dimensional COSY NMR, elemental analyses, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were also employed to characterize the properties of the lignin-g-styrene and sulfonate lignin-g-styrene products. Overall, sulfonated lignin-g-styrene polymer with a high anionicity and water solubility was produced.
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3

Weiss, R. A., S. R. Turner, and R. D. Lundberg. "Sulfonated polystyrene ionomers prepared by emulsion copolymerization of styrene and sodium styrene sulfonate." Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23, no. 2 (February 1985): 525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1985.170230226.

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4

Park, Hye-Seon, and Chang-Kook Hong. "Anion Exchange Membrane Based on Sulfonated Poly (Styrene-Ethylene-Butylene-Styrene) Copolymers." Polymers 13, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 1669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13101669.

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Sulfonated poly(styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene) copolymer (S-SEBS) was prepared as an anion exchange membrane using the casting method. The prepared S-SEBS was further modified with sulfonic acid groups and grafted with maleic anhydride (MA) to improve the ionic conducting properties. The prepared MA-grafted S-SEBS (S-SEBS-g-MA) membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared red (FT-IR) spectroscopy and dynamic modulus analysis (DMA). The morphology of the S-SEBS and S-SEBS-g-MA was investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. The modified membranes formed ionic channels by means of association with the sulfonate group and carboxyl group in the SEBS. The electrochemical properties of the modified SEBS membranes, such as water uptake capability, impedance spectroscopy, ionic conductivity, and ionic exchange capacity (IEC), were also measured. The electrochemical analysis revealed that the S-SEBS-g-MA anion exchange membrane showed ionic conductivity of 0.25 S/cm at 100% relative humidity, with 72.5% water uptake capacity. Interestingly, we did not observe any changes in their mechanical and chemical properties, which revealed the robustness of the modified SEBS membrane.
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5

Kowalczynska, H. M., and J. Kaminski. "Adhesion of L1210 cells to modified styrene copolymer surfaces in the presence of serum." Journal of Cell Science 99, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.99.3.587.

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The static adhesion of living L1210 cells (in serum-containing medium) to the surface of (styrene/methylmethacrylate) copolymers differing in styrene content (from 5% to 50% of styrene units) was investigated. The examination of wettability of the copolymer surfaces showed that the contact angle of water on the hydrophobic surfaces is an increasing linear function of styrene content in the copolymer. Cell adhesion to the unwettable surfaces is low (within 2–4%). A novel method of modification of the styrene copolymer surfaces was used to render these surfaces suitable for cell attachment. The modification consists of sulfonation of the surfaces with sulfur trioxide at the gas/solid interface. The contact angle of sulfonated copolymer surfaces is a decreasing linear function of styrene content in the copolymer. The contact angle decreases due to the increased number of highly hydrophilic sulfonic groups bonded to styrene. By acetylation of the sulfonated surfaces it was shown that cell adhesion to acetylated surfaces is not diminished and is at the same level as cell adhesion to sulfonated copolymer surfaces. Thus, it can be concluded that sulfonation of copolymer surfaces does not form hydroxyl groups. Cell adhesion to substrata of high wettability stabilizes after 30s. The relative number of cells adhering to the sulfonated copolymer surfaces is a decreasing linear function of the contact angle. For the copolymer surfaces containing 50% of styrene units the contact angle decreases sevenfold, due to sulfonation, and the number of adhering cells increases 40-fold. The results obtained show that for cell-substratum adhesive interaction the presence of sulfonic groups at the substratum surface is important.
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6

Piñón-Balderrama, Claudia, César Leyva-Porras, Roberto Olayo-Valles, Javier Revilla-Vázquez, Ulrich S. Schubert, Carlos Guerrero-Sanchez, and José Bonilla-Cruz. "Self-Assembly Investigations of Sulfonated Poly(methyl methacrylate-block-styrene) Diblock Copolymer Thin Films." Advances in Polymer Technology 2019 (April 1, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4375838.

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Poly(methyl methacrylate-block-styrene) block copolymers (BCs) of low dispersity were selectively sulfonated on the styrenic segment. Several combinations of degree of polymerization and volume fraction of each block were investigated to access different self-assembled morphologies. Thin films of the sulfonated block copolymers were prepared by spin-coating and exposed to solvent vapor (SVA) or thermal annealing (TA) to reach equilibrium morphologies. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed for characterizing the films, which exhibited a variety of nanometric equilibrium and nonequilibrium morphologies. Highly sulfonated samples revealed the formation of a honeycomb-like morphology obtained in solution rather than by the self-assembly of the BC in the solid state. The described morphologies may be employed in applications such as templates for nanomanufacturing and as cover and binder of catalytic particles in fuel cells.
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7

Shim, Sang-Yeon, and RA Weiss. "Sulfonated poly(ethylene-ran-styrene) ionomers." Polymer International 54, no. 8 (2005): 1220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.1836.

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8

Kumar, Vikash, Piyush Kumar, Arpita Nandy, and Patit Paban Kundu. "Crosslinked inter penetrating network of sulfonated styrene and sulfonated PVdF-co-HFP as electrolytic membrane in a single chamber microbial fuel cell." RSC Advances 5, no. 39 (2015): 30758–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra03411f.

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In the present study, semi-IPN membranes of sulfonated styrene (SS) and sulfonated PVdF-co-HFP membranes have been analyzed as a polymer electrolyte membrane in single chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs).
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9

Dickinson, L. Charles, R. A. Weiss, and Gary E. Wnek. "NMR Characterization of Sulfonation Blockiness in Copoly(styrene−sulfonated styrene)." Macromolecules 34, no. 9 (April 2001): 3108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma0016275.

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10

ASAKO, YOSHINOBU, SATORU ONO, RYUJI AIZAWA, and TOSHIHIRO KAWAKAMI. "PROPERTIES OF ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS CONTAINING SULFONATED POLY(STYRENE-CO-DIVINYLBENZENE) PARTICLES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 10, no. 23n24 (October 30, 1996): 3159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979296001598.

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Two series of sulfonated poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) particles (SSD), different in average particle diameter and in sulfonic acid substitution level were synthesized. The vertical sectional views of the SSD particles showed that the sulfonic acid groups were uniformly distributed all over the SSD particles. The electrorheological behavior of the suspensions of the SSD particles in silicone oil was investigated. Induced shear stress under an electric field increased with the increase of average particle diameter and sulfonic acid substitution level. The sedimentation velocity of the dispersed particles was monotonous with the average particle diameter and the sulfonic acid substitution level. Another series of sulfonated poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) particles (SSDH), different in sulfonic acid substitution level, was separately prepared. The vertical sectional views of the SSDH particles showed that the particles had sulfonated surface layer and unsulfonated core. The suspensions of the SSDH particles having the sulfonated layer of not less than 1.4 microns induced similar shear stress at the same electric field strength. The sedimentation velocity of the dispersed particles was lowered with diminishing the thickness of the sulfonated layer.
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11

Tsai, Bin-Hong, Yung-Han Chuang, Chi-Hui Cheng, and Jui-Che Lin. "Sulfonation and Characterization of Tert-Butyl Styrene/Styrene/Isoprene Copolymer and Polypropylene Blends for Blood Compatibility Applications." Polymers 12, no. 6 (June 15, 2020): 1351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061351.

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Hydrogenated styrenic block copolymers (HSBCs) have been used in medical tubing for many years due to their high clarity, flexibility, kink resistance, and toughness. However, when it comes to blood storage applications, HSBC compounds’ market has been limited because of their high hydrophobicity, which may trigger platelet adhesion when contacting with blood. HSBC needs to be physically or chemically modified in advance to make it blood compatible; however, HSBC has strong UV/ozone resistance, thermooxidative stability, and excellent processing capability, which increases the difficulty of the chemical modification process as unsaturated dienes has been converted to saturated stable midblocks. Moreover, medical HSBC-containing compounds primarily make up with the non-polar, hydrophobic nature and benign characteristics of other common ingredients (U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) grades of mineral oil and polypropylene), which complicates the realization of using HSBC-containing compounds in blood-contacting applications, and this explains why few studies had disclosed chemical modification for biocompatibility improvement on HSBC-containing compounds. Sulfonation has been reported as an effective way to improve the material’s blood/platelet compatibility. In this study, hydrogenated tert-butyl styrene (tBS)-styrene-isoprene block copolymers were synthesized and its blends with polypropylene and USP grades of mineral oil were selectively sulfonated by reaction with acetyl sulfate. By controlling the ratio of the hydrogenated tBS-styrene-isoprene block copolymer in the blend, sulfonated films were optimized to demonstrate sufficient physical integrity in water as well as thermal stability, hydrophilicity, and platelet compatibility.
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12

Noor, Nazia, Joachim Koll, Nico Scharnagl, Clarissa Abetz, and Volker Abetz. "Hollow Fiber Membranes of Blends of Polyethersulfone and Sulfonated Polymers." Membranes 8, no. 3 (August 2, 2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes8030054.

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Hollow fiber membranes (HFM) are fabricated from blend solutions of a polyethersulfone (PESU) with a sulfonated PESU (sPESU) or a sulfonated polyphenylenesulfone (sPPSU). The influence of different additives in the dope solution and different bore fluids on the HFM are studied. The addition of poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) (PSSNa)/ethylene glycol (EG) to the dope solution results in an increased water flux of the HFM compared to its counterparts without this additive system. The morphology of the hollow fibers is examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The inner surface of the hollow fibers is studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and it is found that water permeation through the hollow fiber membranes is facilitated due to the change in morphology upon the addition of the PSSNa/EG additive system, but not by the presence of hydrophilic sulfonic acid groups on the membrane surface.
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13

Huynh, Chau Minh, Dung Thi Thuy Pham, Khoa Quang Do, and Mai Anh Nguyen. "Sulfonated hypercrosslinked adsorbent – synthesis and application in analytical chemistry." Science and Technology Development Journal 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2013): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v16i2.1449.

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Chromatographic technique becomes more and more popular in analytical chemistry thanks to the diversity of stationary phases. Among the materials hypercrosslinked poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene-co-vinylbenzyl chloride) is of great interest because of its exceptional high surface area and chemical resistance. Despite the advantages the polymer, its applications are still limited. Its surface is too hydrophobic for hydrophilic analytes therefore several reactions have been used to modify this material. The most popular reaction is sulfonation in which sulfonate group is introduced on to the material surface. In this study chlorosulfonic acid was used as sulfonation reagent, the resulting polymer has two functional groups: sulfonate and sulfonyl chloride. Then sulfonyl chloride group was hydrolyzed by sodium hydroxide to form sulfonate group. The reaction conditions namely ratios of reagent to polymer and reaction time were investigated for high cation exchange capacity. The home-made sulfonated material was sucessfully used as solid phase extraction (SPE) sorbent with high static capacity (10 meqv/g), dynamic capacity (3.8 meqv/g), fast mass transfer, and high enrichment factor.
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14

Ruiz-Colón, Eduardo, and David Suleiman. "Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphonated Graphene Oxide and Sulfonated Poly(styrene-isobutylene-styrene) Composite Membranes." MRS Advances 3, no. 47-48 (2018): 2905–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.438.

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AbstractGraphene oxide (GO) and its phosphonated analogue (pGO) have been incorporated into sulfonated poly(styrene-isobutylene-styrene) (SO3H SIBS) to generate membranes with enhanced water retention. The polymer nanocomposite membranes (PNMs) were prepared per SIBS sulfonation level (i.e., 38, 61, and 90 mole %), filler type (i.e., GO and pGO) and filler loading (i.e., 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 wt.%). FT-IR and TGA confirmed the functionalization and incorporation of the fillers into SO3H SIBS. No significant changes were observed in the thermal stability or FTIR spectra of the PNMs after addition of the fillers. Dissimilar behaviors were observed for the water absorption capabilities (i.e., swelling ratio and water uptake) after incorporation of the fillers. The nanofillers enhanced the water absorption of the sulfonated polymer, possibly due to interconnections between the ionic groups. Therefore, the PNMs could not only potentially function as proton exchange membranes (PEMs) for several applications such as direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs).
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15

Rozo-Medina, Martha L., and Agnes M. Padovani. "Dielectric behavior of sulfonated poly(styrene-isobutylene-styrene) triblock copolymer thin films." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 135, no. 2 (August 12, 2017): 45662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.45662.

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16

Ghosh, Swapan K., Prajna P. De, Dipak Khastgir, and Sadhan K. De. "Zinc ionomer based on sulfonated maleated styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene block copolymer." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 20, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-3927(19990901)20:9<505::aid-marc505>3.0.co;2-f.

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17

Im, Soeun, Chanil Park, Wonseok Cho, Jooyoung Kim, Minseok Jeong, and Jung Kim. "Synthesis of Solution-Stable PEDOT-Coated Sulfonated Polystyrene Copolymer PEDOT:P(SS-co-St) Particles for All-Organic NIR-Shielding Films." Coatings 9, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9030151.

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We prepared poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-coated sulfonated polystyrene copolymer particles as efficient heat-shielding agents, which showed strong near-infrared (NIR) absorption, with high solid contents and good solution stability. The poly(styrene sulfonate-co-styrene) (P(SS-co-St)) copolymers were successfully synthesized via radical solution polymerization, and PEDOT-coated P(SS-co-St) (PEDOT:P(SS-co-St)) was synthesized via Fe+-catalyzed oxidative polymerization. PEDOT:P(SS-co-St) was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies. The particle size and morphology of PEDOT:P(SS-co-St) were examined using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential measurements. The maximum NIR-shielding efficiency of the film was 92.0% with 40% transmittance. The high solution stability of PEDOT:P(SS-co-St) make it an ideal candidate for heat-insulating materials that find application in semi-transparent heat-insulator-coated windows.
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18

Malik, Muhammad Arif. "Carbonyl Groups in Sulfonated Styrene−Divinylbenzene Macroporous Resins." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 48, no. 15 (August 5, 2009): 6961–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie900681n.

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19

Silva, V. F. L., J. L. Penariol, J. R. Dias, T. R. Theodoro, J. A. Carpegiani, and L. G. Aguiar. "Sulfonated Styrene–Dimethacrylate Resins with Improved Catalytic Activity." Kinetics and Catalysis 60, no. 5 (September 2019): 654–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0023158419050112.

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20

Pérez-Maciá, María A., David Curcó, Roger Bringué, Montserrat Iborra, and Carlos Alemán. "Atomistic simulations of the structure of highly crosslinked sulfonated poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) ion exchange resins." Soft Matter 11, no. 11 (2015): 2251–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4sm02417f.

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The microscopic structures of highly crosslinked sulfonated poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) resins have been modeled by generating atomistic microstructures using stochastic-like algorithms, which are subsequently relaxed using molecular dynamics.
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21

Kaur, S., G. Florio, and D. Michalak. "Cross-linking of sulfonated styrene–ethylene/butylene–styrene triblock polymer via sulfonamide linkages." Polymer 43, no. 19 (September 2002): 5163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00321-x.

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22

Orujalipoor, Ilghar, Kinyas Polat, Yen-Chih Huang, Semra İde, Murat Şen, U.-Ser Jeng, Gözde Koşarsoy Ağçeli, and Nilüfer Cihangir. "Partially sulfonated styrene-(ethylene-butylene)-styrene copolymers: Nanostructures, bio and electro-active properties." Materials Chemistry and Physics 225 (March 2019): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.12.029.

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23

Ruiz-Colón, Eduardo, Maritza Pérez-Pérez, and David Suleiman. "Transport properties of blended sulfonated poly(styrene-isobutylene-styrene) and isopropyl phosphate membranes." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 136, no. 5 (August 24, 2018): 47009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.47009.

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24

Avilés-Barreto, Sonia L., and David Suleiman. "Transport properties of sulfonated poly (styrene-isobutylene-styrene) membranes with counter-ion substitution." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 129, no. 4 (January 17, 2013): 2294–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.38952.

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25

Picchioni, Francesco, Ivan Giorgi, Elisa Passaglia, Giacomo Ruggeri, and Mauro Aglietto. "Blending of styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene copolymer with sulfonated vinyl aromatic polymers." Polymer International 50, no. 6 (June 2001): 714–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.692.

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26

Butkewitsch, Stephen, and Jerry Scheinbeim. "Dielectric properties of a hydrated sulfonated poly(styrene–ethylene/butylenes–styrene) triblock copolymer." Applied Surface Science 252, no. 23 (September 2006): 8277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.10.059.

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27

Ganguly, Anirban, and Anil K. Bhowmick. "Sulfonated Styrene-(ethylene-co-butylene)-styrene/Montmorillonite Clay Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Morphology, and Properties." Nanoscale Research Letters 3, no. 1 (December 18, 2007): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11671-007-9111-3.

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Hsu, Huang-Ming, Chun-Han Hsu, and Ping-Lin Kuo. "The intensively enhanced conductivity of polyelectrolytes by amphiphilic compound doping." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 14 (2015): 2717–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py01672f.

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A simple amphiphilic compound, pyrenesulfonic acid (PSA), interacts with the hydrophobic moiety of a copolymer (sulfonated poly(styrene-b-isoprene-b-styrene), s-SISH) and simultaneously provides hydrophiles of –SO3H. Doping 2% PSA to the membranes of s-SISH enhances its very low conductivity by 26 times from 2.0 × 10−3 S cm−1 to 5.3 × 10−2 S cm−1.
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Shi, Yue, Rui Rui Li, Hui Qin Lian, Xiu Guo Cui, and Yang Liu. "Preparation and Actuation of Electro-Active Artificial Muscle Based on Sulfonated SEBS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 440 (October 2013): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.440.47.

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In this study, electro-active artificial muscle was developed based on sulfonated poly (styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene) (S-SEBS). The S-SEBS membrane was prepared by a solution casting method using THF as solvent. The physical properties were tested in terms of ion-exchange capacity, water uptake and linear expansion. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) was used to study the composition of S-SEBS. The results showed that the S-SEBS exhibited electro-active property with blocking force about 2.3gf/g.
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30

Kawakami, Toshihiro, Ryuji Aizawa, Masayoshi Konishi, and Yoshinobu Asako. "ER Suspensions of Sulfonated Poly(Styrene-CO-Divinylbenzene) Particles." International Journal of Modern Physics B 13, no. 14n16 (June 30, 1999): 1721–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979299001727.

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Two ER suspensions (ERF1 and ERF2) containing highly sulfonated poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) particles (ERP) were newly prepared. The ERP concentration was 20 wt% in ERF1 and 40 wt% in ERF2. The ER properties of the suspensions were investigated in view of applications to practical devices. The investigated properties were zero-field viscosity, dispersion stability, induced shear stress, current density, response time, shear rate and temperature dependence of the induced shear stress and current density, response time, shear rate and temperature dependence of the induced shear stress and the current density. electrical durability. In the results, it was found that ERF1 and ERF2 had a very high potential for practical applicatons. The remarkable characteristic of ERF1 was the very low zero-field viscosity of 35 mPa·s at 25°C. The remarkable characteristic of ERF2 was very large induced shear stress and under applying DC 4 kV/mm at 25°C, the induced shear stress was 5.1 kPa. As an application example, the ERFs can be efficiently used for an ER Cutting Machine incorporating variable speed rodless cylinders. The machine has worked smoothly for one and a half years, although the characteristic of control slightly changed.
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31

Müller, Franciélli, Carlos A. Ferreira, Lourdes Franco, Jordi Puiggalí, Carlos Alemán, and Elaine Armelin. "New Sulfonated Polystyrene and Styrene–Ethylene/Butylene–Styrene Block Copolymers for Applications in Electrodialysis." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 116, no. 38 (September 19, 2012): 11767–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp3068415.

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32

Suleiman, David, Yossef A. Elabd, Eugene Napadensky, James M. Sloan, and Dawn M. Crawford. "Thermogravimetric characterization of sulfonated poly(styrene-isobutylene-styrene) block copolymers: effects of processing conditions." Thermochimica Acta 430, no. 1-2 (June 2005): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2005.01.030.

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33

Xiaohu, Yan, Yu Xuehai, and Cheng Rongshi. "Studies of the solution properties of sulfonated-(styrene-(ethyrene-CO-butylene)-styrene) block copolymer." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 36, no. 15 (November 15, 1998): 2677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0488(19981115)36:15<2677::aid-polb1>3.0.co;2-j.

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34

Wnek, Gary E. "New Hydrocarbon Proton Exchange Membranes Based on Sulfonated Styrene-Ethylene/Butylene-Styrene Triblock Copolymers." ECS Proceedings Volumes 1995-23, no. 1 (January 1995): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/199523.0247pv.

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35

Peddini, Sateesh K., Huy N. Pham, Leonard Spinu, James L. Weston, David E. Nikles, and Kenneth A. Mauritz. "Morphology and magnetic properties of sulfonated poly[styrene–(ethylene/butylene)–styrene]/iron oxide composites." European Polymer Journal 69 (August 2015): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.04.020.

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36

Barrios‐Tarazona, Karen, and David Suleiman. "Sulfonated poly(styrene‐isobutylene‐styrene) grafted with hexyl‐ and butyl‐imidazolium chloride ionic liquids." Journal of Polymer Science 59, no. 17 (July 2021): 1919–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.20210214.

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37

Qing, Yuan, Gui Bao Guo, and Sheng Li An. "Studies on Preparation and Properties of PVDF-PSSA Membrane." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 2003–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.2003.

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A proton exchange membrane, poly (vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF) blended polystyrene sulfonated acid(PSSA) was prepared by Blend polymerization method. Mechanical properties of membranes were investigated by the multi-functional material experiment machine.The influences of the content of the styrene on the proton conductivity and methanol permeability of the membranes were studied by the impedance analyzer and gas chromatography instrument. The results showed that Polystyrene is easily blended into PVDF and mechanical properties were improved, with increasing of the content of styrene, the proton conductivity of PVDF-PSSA membranes was increased, and arrived at maximum as the styrene content was 20%, correspondingly, methanol permeability became large gradually.
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38

Meng, Si Wei, Jin Zhang, Gui Wu Lu, Xiao Tong Li, Li Jia Xiao, Teng Fei Hou, Peng Feng Chen, and Rong Zhang. "Thickening Carbon Dioxide by Designing New Block Copolymer." Advanced Materials Research 1021 (August 2014): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1021.20.

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In a previous work researchers found that fluorinated acrylate (PHFDA)/styrene (PSt)/ sulfonated styrene (S) copolymer can enhance the viscosity of carbon dioxide (CO2) by factors greater than 100 at concentrations of 5 wt %. To further improve the efficiency of this copolymer, we apply the dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) method to investigate the link between copolymer molecular structure and the solution rheology. Results show that sulfonated copolymer molecules combine with each other and create self-assembly structures, which greatly thicken liquid CO2. We conclude that we should increase the sulfonation degree on the premise of a reasonable solubility. Using a further dissolving experiment, we finally fix the mole fraction of PHFDA, PSt and S on 60%, 24% and 16%, respectively. We test the viscosity of the improved copolymer with rheometer, results show that it can increase the solution viscosity 180-fold relative to neat CO2 at 334K and 28 MPa with a concentration of 2.5 wt %.
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39

Filice, S., G. Urzì, R. G. Milazzo, S. M. S. Privitera, S. A. Lombardo, G. Compagnini, and S. Scalese. "Applicability of a New Sulfonated Pentablock Copolymer Membrane and Modified Gas Diffusion Layers for Low-Cost Water Splitting Processes." Energies 12, no. 11 (May 30, 2019): 2064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112064.

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The aim of this work is to evaluate the possible use of Nexar™ polymer, a sulfonated pentablock copolymer (s-PBC), whose structure is formed by tert-butyl styrene, hydrogenated isoprene, sulfonated styrene, hydrogenated isoprene, and tert-butyl styrene (tBS-HI-SS-HI-tBS), as a more economical and efficient alternative to Nafion® membrane for proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis cells. Furthermore, we have studied a new methodology for modification of gas diffusion layers (GDL) by depositing Pt and TiO2 nanoparticles at the cathode and anode side, respectively, and a protective polymeric layer on their surface, allowing the improvement of the contact with the membrane. Morphological, structural, and electrical characterization were performed on the Nexar™ membrane and on the modified GDLs. The use of modified GDLs positively affects the efficiency of the water electrolysis process. Furthermore, Nexar™ showed higher water uptake and conductivity with respect to Nafion®, resulting in an increased amount of current generated during water electrolysis. In conclusion, we show that Nexar™ is an efficient and cheaper alternative to Nafion® as the proton exchange membrane in water splitting applications and we suggest a possible methodology for improving GDLs’ properties. These results meet the urgent need for low-cost materials and processes for hydrogen production.
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40

Wang, Xuan-Lun, Il-Kwon Oh, Jun Lu, Jinhun Ju, and Sunwoo Lee. "Biomimetic electro-active polymer based on sulfonated poly (styrene-b-ethylene-co-butylene-b-styrene)." Materials Letters 61, no. 29 (December 2007): 5117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2007.04.004.

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41

Blackwell, R. I., and K. A. Mauritz. "Dynamic mechanical properties of annealed sulfonated poly(styrene-b-[ethylene/butylene]-b-styrene) block copolymers." Polymer 45, no. 10 (May 2004): 3457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.02.010.

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42

Teruel-Juanes, R., B. Pascual-Jose, C. del Río, O. García, and A. Ribes-Greus. "Dielectric analysis of photocrosslinked and post-sulfonated styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymer based membranes." Reactive and Functional Polymers 155 (October 2020): 104715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104715.

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43

Jung, Jin-Young, and Il-Kwon Oh. "Novel Nanocomposite Actuator Based on Sulfonated Poly(styrene-b-ethylene-co-butylene-b-styrene) Polymer." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 3740–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.004.

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Ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) actuators were developed with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) and sulfonated poly(styrene-b-ethylene-co-butylene-b-styrene) (SSEBS) ionic polymers. MWNT with the diameter of 10 ∼ 15 nm and length of 10 ∼ 20 μm was used to enhance the mechanical and electrical performances of IPMC actuators. Ultrasonic treatment and high speed mixing were employed to disperse MWNTs homogeneously in SSEBS solution. The electroless plating method was used to make electrodes on the both side of the composite membrane. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images were taken to characterize the surface and micro-structures of the composite actuators. In this study, novel nano-composite actuators were fabricated with different weight ratio of the MWNT 0.5%, 1.5% and the bending actuation performance and electrical power consumptions were investigated.
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44

Palermo, Luiz Carlos Magalhães, Nelson Francisco Souza, Alexandre Carneiro Silvino, Denise Gentili Nunes, and Elizabete Fernandes Lucas. "Solubility behavior of amphiphilic sulfonated copolymers based on styrene-stearyl methacrylate and styrene-stearyl cinnamate." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 133, no. 15 (December 28, 2015): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.43112.

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45

Jung, Jin-Young, and Il-Kwon Oh. "Novel Nanocomposite Actuator Based on Sulfonated Poly(styrene-b-ethylene-co-butylene-b-styrene) Polymer." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 3740–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.18063.

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Ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) actuators were developed with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) and sulfonated poly(styrene-b-ethylene-co-butylene-b-styrene) (SSEBS) ionic polymers. MWNT with the diameter of 10 ∼ 15 nm and length of 10 ∼ 20 μm was used to enhance the mechanical and electrical performances of IPMC actuators. Ultrasonic treatment and high speed mixing were employed to disperse MWNTs homogeneously in SSEBS solution. The electroless plating method was used to make electrodes on the both side of the composite membrane. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images were taken to characterize the surface and micro-structures of the composite actuators. In this study, novel nano-composite actuators were fabricated with different weight ratio of the MWNT 0.5%, 1.5% and the bending actuation performance and electrical power consumptions were investigated.
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46

Zhu, Jin-Zhou, Xiao-Wei Xiong, Run Du, Ya-Jun Jing, Yuan Ying, Xiao-Ming Fan, Tian-Qi Zhu, and Rui-Yan Zhang. "Hemocompatibility of drug-eluting coronary stents coated with sulfonated poly (styrene-block-isobutylene-block-styrene)." Biomaterials 33, no. 33 (November 2012): 8204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.07.066.

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47

Serpico, J. M., S. G. Ehrenberg, J. J. Fontanella, X. Jiao, D. Perahia, K. A. McGrady, E. H. Sanders, G. E. Kellogg, and G. E. Wnek. "Transport and Structural Studies of Sulfonated Styrene−Ethylene Copolymer Membranes." Macromolecules 35, no. 15 (July 2002): 5916–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma020251n.

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48

Sungpet, A. "Facilitated transport of unsaturated hydrocarbons through crosslinked-poly(sulfonated styrene)." Chemical Engineering Journal 87, no. 3 (August 28, 2002): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1385-8947(01)00243-1.

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49

Fu, Zhisheng, Liang Zhu, Jian Deng, Junting Xu, Qi Wang, and Zhiqiang Fan. "Preparation and application of sulfonated poly(1-octene-co-styrene)." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 119, no. 2 (July 27, 2010): 677–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.32820.

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50

Torkkeli, Mika, Ritva Serimaa, Veli Etel�niemi, Minna Toivola, Kaija Jokela, Mikael Paronen, and Franciska Sundholm. "ASAXS study of styrene-grafted sulfonated poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 38, no. 13 (2000): 1734–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-0488(20000701)38:13<1734::aid-polb70>3.0.co;2-z.

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