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Journal articles on the topic 'Sulfosels'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Moelo, Yves, Olga Balitskaya, Nadia Mozgova, and Andrei Sivtsov. "Chloro-sulfosels de l'indice plombo-antimonifère des Cougnasses (Hautes-Alpes)." European Journal of Mineralogy 1, no. 3 (1989): 381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/1/3/0381.

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2

Mârza, Ioan, Călin Gabriel Tămaș, Romulus Tetean, Alina Andreica, Ioan Denuț, and Réka Kovács. "Epithermal Bicolor Black and White Calcite Spheres from Herja Ore Deposit, Baia Mare Neogene Ore District, Romania-Genetic Considerations." Minerals 9, no. 6 (2019): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9060352.

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White, black, or white and black calcite spheres were discovered during the 20th century within geodes from several Pb-Zn ± Au-Ag epithermal vein deposits from the Baia Mare ore district, Eastern Carpathians, Romania, with the Herja ore deposit being the maiden occurrence. The black or black and white calcite spheres are systematically accompanied by needle-like sulfosalts which are known by the local miners as “plumosite”. The genesis of epithermal spheres composed partly or entirely of black calcite is considered to be related to the deposition of calcite within voids filled by hydrothermal fluids that contain acicular crystals of sulfosalts, mostly jamesonite in suspension. The proposed genetic model involves gravitational concentration of sulfosalt acicular crystals towards the base of open spaces within paleochannels of epithermal fluid flow and the subsequent formation of calcite spheres by geochemical self organization of amorphous calcium carbonate that crystallized to calcite via vaterite.

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3

Roncato Júnior, Jorge Geraldo, Lydia Maria Lobato, Luiz Claudio Lima, Cecília Germano Porto, and Rosaline Cristina Figueiredo e. Silva. "Metaturbidite-hosted gold deposits, Córrego do Sítio lineament, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Geology 45, no. 1 (2015): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/23174889201500010001.

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A study of geology and rocks paragenesis has been conducted at the Córrego do Sítio auriferous lineament, containing the Cachorro Bravo, Laranjeiras and Carvoaria metaturbidite-hosted lode-gold deposits located in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero Region, Minas Gerais, Brazil. These representative deposits are described to illustrate the essentially similar general character of all the deposits of lineament as well as the wide compositional and mineralogical differences in the ore of the different deposits, where, for the Cachorro Bravo deposit, a geological mapping included two underground mine galleries. The Córrego do Sítio unit is a metamorphosed turbidite in an alternating sequence of metagraywackes and phyllites, with parallel to discordant metamafic dikes and sills. The ore zone is predominantly hosted at the stratigraphic break between metasedimentary and metamafic rocks. Four deformation events affected the mine sequence. Mineralized veins and veinlets are considered to have formed within a brittle-ductile shear-zone environment and occurred in multiple episodes. Different vein types are recognized, but the most important volumetrically is a S1-concordant type characterized by smoky and milky quartz-carbonate-sulfide ± sulfosalts veins. Veins are dominated by quartz, but locally they are characterized by carbonate and a large variety of sulfide and sulfosalt minerals. Pyrite is the commonest associated sulfide mineral, followed by arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite. An extensive mineralogical study of polished sections has confirmed different generations of sulfide minerals. The sulfides and sulfosalt minerals are interrelated in the veins and disseminated on wall rocks. The data are consistent with a genetic models related to other Archean lode-gold deposits.

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4

Damdinov, B. B. "Mineral types of gold deposits and regularities of their distribution in south-eastern part of the East Sayan." Геология рудных месторождений 61, no. 2 (2019): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-777061223-38.

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Based on the mineral composition, gold deposits of the south-eastern part of the East Sayan were typed. The most informative classification criterion for typing is the composition of the gold producing ore mineral associations which are specific to each of the selected types. Whereas using other criteria different structural, composition or genetic characteristics of deposits will necessarily overlap. Eight mineral types of deposits, characterizing the main gold-bearing ore mineral associations were identified: gold-polysulfide, gold-quartz, gold-telluride, gold-tetradymite, gold-stibnite, gold-bismuth-sulfosalt, gold-pyrrhotite and gold-fahlore types. Regional metallogenic divisions such as structural metallogenic zones, differ somewhat in the characteristics of mineralization. Thus, within the Bokson-Garganskaya metallogenic zone, gold-quartz, gold-polysulfide and gold-pyrrhotite types dominate, although gold-telluride and gold-bismuth-sulfosalt types are common in the western part of this zone. In the Ilchir zone, gold-fahlore type deposits are developed. Khamsarinskaya zone is characterized by gold-tetradimite and gold-antimonite deposits existence. It has been established that the mineral types of deposits formation depend on the enclosing rock complexes composition. Thus, gold-quartz, gold-polysulfide and gold-pyrrhotite types are formed in association with the ophiolites and rocks of the Archean crystalline basement. At the deposits associated with granitoid massifs, minerals of metalloids, such as bismuth-bearing sulfosalts, stibnite, tetradimite and tellurides, take a leading role in ores. In the carbonate strata, a gold-fahlore type is formed. The proposed classification allows typing all known gold deposits in the south-eastern part of the East Sayan and can be applied to adjacent regions.

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5

Orlandi, Paolo, Yves Moëlo, Alain Meerschaut, and Pierre Palvadeau. "Lead-antimony sulfosalts from Tuscany (Italy). I. Scainiite, Pb14Sb30S54O5, the first Pb-Sb oxy-sulfosalt, from Buca della Vena mine." European Journal of Mineralogy 11, no. 6 (1999): 949–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/11/6/0949.

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6

Slater, Evan, Jacob Hanley, Thomas Mulja, Marcos Zentilli, and Corwin Trottier. "Epithermal Mineralization in the Busang Southeast Zone, Indonesia: New Insight into the Au Prospect at the Center of the Bre-X Fraud." Minerals 10, no. 8 (2020): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10080698.

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The Busang mineral prospect in Kalimantan, Indonesia, was reported to host a large Au resource until 1997 when it was revealed that drill core samples had been deliberately and systematically contaminated (“salted”) with extraneous Au to falsify resource estimates. One month before the fraud was uncovered, Dr. G. Milligan, then professor emeritus of geology, visited the site to collect a suite of core samples for academic study that was deemed representative of the host rocks, alteration, and mineralization of the Busang Southeast Zone. These samples were re-examined here by optical microscopy, electron microprobe (EMPA), whole-rock geochemistry, and fluid inclusion microthermometry to characterize the subsurface geology and hydrothermal mineralization, and to assess reasons why the system is of uneconomic character. The host rocks were variably altered calc-alkaline porphyritic subvolcanic diorites, typical of the lithological units along the mineralized trend in the Kalimantan Gold Belt. Early hydrothermal mineralization with quartz-sulfide (pyrite, chalcopyrite, Cu-sulfosalts) stockwork veinlets associated with pervasive phyllic and propylitic alteration was overprinted by crudely banded quartz-carbonate-sulfide/sulfosalt (pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena, tennantite-tetrahedrite, bournonite-seligmannite) veins. The stockwork veins were associated with up to 140 ppb bulk rock Au, some of which was hosted by Cu-sulfosalts. Microthermometry on quartz-hosted aqueous fluid inclusion assemblages (FIA; n = 13) and single inclusions (non-FIA; n = 20) in quartz-carbonate-sulfide/sulfosalt veins yielded an overall range in homogenization temperatures (Th) between 179 °C and 366 °C and bulk salinities between 1.1 wt.% to 8.6 wt.% NaCl equivalent, with much smaller data ranges for individual FIA (e.g., FIA 3; 239.1 °C to 240.5 °C and 0.5 wt.% to 1.4 wt.% NaCl equivalent). Primary FIA along growth zones in quartz were identified, providing constraints on fluid characteristics at the time of quartz growth. Carbonate-hosted FIA (n = 3) and single inclusions (non-FIA; n = 3) in the same veins yielded Th between 254 °C and 343 °C and bulk salinities of 1.1 wt.% to 11.6 wt.% NaCl equivalent. Likewise, data ranges for individual FIA were much smaller. Many of the geological characteristics of the Busang Southeast Zone were compatible with a telescoped, intermediate-sulfidation epithermal system, having formed from diluted magmatic fluids that precipitated weak base metal mineralization. However, the system was unproductive with respect to Au and Ag, at least within the studied area. Of note, vein textures and fluid inclusion characteristics indicative of boiling or efficient fluid mixing—processes both considered critical for the formation of economic lode gold deposits—were absent in the samples.

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7

Orlandi, Paolo, Yves Moë lo, Alain Meerschaut, and Pierre Palvadeau. "Lead-antimony sulfosalts from Tuscany (Italy). III. Pillaite, Pb9Sb10S23ClO0.5, a new Pb-Sb oxy-chloro-sulfosalt, from Buca della Vena mine." European Journal of Mineralogy 13, no. 3 (2001): 605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2001/0013-0605.

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8

Orlandi, Paolo, Yves Moëlo, Alain Meerschaut, Pierre Palvadeau, and Philippe Leone. "Lead-antimony sulfosalts from Tuscany (Italy). VI. Pellouxite, ~ (Cu,Ag)2Pb21Sb23S55ClO, a new oxy-chloro-sulfosalt from Buca della Vena mine, Apuan Alps." European Journal of Mineralogy 16, no. 5 (2004): 839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2004/0016-0839.

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9

Orlandi, Paolo, Yves Moëlo, Italo Campostrini, and Alain Meerschaut. "Lead-antimony sulfosalts from Tuscany (Italy). IX. Marrucciite, Hg3Pb16Sb18S46, a new sulfosalt from Buca della Vena mine, Apuan Alps: Definition and crystal structure." European Journal of Mineralogy 19, no. 2 (2007): 267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2007/0019-1718.

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10

Kilias, S. P., M. Gousgouni, A. Godelitsas, et al. "ANTIMONY FIXATION IN SOLID PHASES AT THE HYDROTHERMAL FIELD OF KOLUMBO SUBMARINE ARC-VOLCANO (SANTORINI): DEPOSITION MODEL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 50, no. 4 (2017): 2200. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.14276.

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Antimony, an emergent global contaminant, that is hydrothermally discharged along with other epithermal metals(-loids) (Au, As, Hg, Ag, Tl, Ag) onto Kolumbo volcano’s shallow (<500 m water depth) crater seabed, is fixed either in pyrite, orpiment-like As-sulfides, and ferrihydrite-like Fe-oxy(hydro)oxides, or forms independent Pb(Zn)- Sb sulfosalts, of layered Sb-rich (up to 2.2 wt%) chimneys. High concentrations of Sb (≤ 27.2 wt%) are found in early colloform chemically-zoned hydrothermal pyrite, and later orpiment (As2S3)-type As sulfide phases(≤16.09 wt %), along individual micronscale growth zones. Antimony in pyrite may occur in the relatively more toxic trivalent (or lower valence) (Sb3+) rather than pentavalent (Sb5+) forms. Lead (Pb) always occurs with Sb in growth zones where the abundances of Sb and Pb vary inversely with Fe and S, suggesting that Sb and Pb occur either as homogeneously distributed sulfosalt nanoparticles of Sb and Pb and/or lattice bound trace elements. These findings indicate the solid phases that fix Sb on the seafloor are crucial for high- grade concentration during shallow-water hydrothermal polymetallic mineralization, and reducing the high hydrothermal flux of this notorious environmental toxin to seawater, near the fishing area of Santorini that is also one of the most popular tourist places in the world.

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11

Biagioni, C., Y. Moëlo, and P. Orlandi. "Lead-antimony sulfosalts from Tuscany (Italy). XV. (Tl-Ag)-bearing rouxelite from Monte Arsiccio mine: occurrence and crystal chemistry." Mineralogical Magazine 78, no. 3 (2014): 651–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2014.078.3.13.

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AbstractA third world occurrence of rouxelite, ideally Cu2HgPb22Sb28S64(O,S)2, has been identified from the baryte-pyrite-Fe oxides ore of Monte Arsiccio mine, near Sant’Anna di Stazzema (Apuan Alps, Tuscany, Italy). Rouxelite occurs as mm-sized acicular crystals, black in colour, with bluish-violet iridescence, in vugs of carbonate + baryte + quartz veins embedded in dolostones from the Sant’Olga tunnel. It is associated with Tl-bearing chovanite, sphalerite and valentinite. Its X-ray powder diffraction pattern gives unit-cell parameters a = 43.10(2), b = 4.060(2), c = 37.88(2) Å, β = 117.33(2)°, V = 5889(5) Å3. Electron-microprobe data reveal a complex chemistry, with additional minor elements (wt.%): Tl (0.6–1.7), Ag (0.4–0.6), As (0.2–0.6) and Bi (≤0.05). This indicates a widespread substitution of Hg by Ag, according to Hg + Pb = Ag + Sb and incorporation of Tl, with some Ag, according to 2Pb = Sb + (Tl, Ag). The occurrence of mixed (Hg, Ag) and (Hg, Cu) sites in natural sulfides and sulfosalts is briefly reviewed. The Tl-content of the samples studied is a characteristic fingerprint agreeing with the Tl-rich nature of the mineral assemblage from Monte Arsiccio. Rouxelite therefore constitutes a new example of a Tl-bearing sulfosalt.

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12

Kilias, S. P., J. Naden, M. Paktsevanoglou, et al. "Multistage alteration, mineralization and ore–forming fluid properties at the Viper (Sappes) Au–Cu–Ag–Te ore body, W. Thrace, Greece." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 47, no. 4 (2016): 1635. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11007.

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The mineralogy of ore and hydrothermal alteration of the high-sulfidation enargite–Au–Ag–Te Viper (Thrace) orebody, and fluid inclusions, were studied in drillcore samples. The hydrothermal system has evolved through several stages from pre-ore advanced argillic I+vuggy silica alteration, ore-stage advanced argillic II+vuggy silica alteration and silicification that has developed to argillic alteration (sericite)+silicification through pH increase, and a return to acid conditions as crosscutting post-ore advanced argillic alteration III+silicification. Ore is characterized by early barren pyrite I corroded by: (i) enargite–Au± complex Pb–Bi–Cu sulfosalts, tellurides and selenides, coexisting with euhedral quartz, and (ii) zoned pyrite II distinguished by anomalous concentrations of Au, Cu, As, Te, Bi, Pb, Se, within vuggy quartz. High-grade gold ore is also intergrown with late brecciacementing and vein-type epithermal-like banded quartz+ pyrite. These alteration and mineralization observations are consistent with the changing composition, water fugacity, and density of an expanding column of metal-laden magmatic vapor, combined with changes in structural permeability. Part of the enargite─Au─ quartz assemblages have been probably quenched from sulfosalt melt at high─temperatures (>575°C). End product of the enargite–sulfhide–silica crystallization sequence is the formation of high-grade epithermal quartz-gold colloformbanded ore during cooling and/or dilution/mixing down to ~200°C.

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13

Vakh, A. S., O. V. Avchenko, V. I. Gvozdev, N. A. Goryachev, А. А. Karabtsov та E. A. Vakh. "Minerals of the Pb-As-Sb-S и Cu-Pb-As-Sb-S systems in the ores of berezitovoe gold-polymetallic deposit (Upper Amur region, Russia)". Геология рудных месторождений 61, № 3 (2019): 64–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-777061364-84.

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Composition and genesis of arsenium-antimony sulfosalts of lead from the gold-bearing ores of the Berezitovoe deposit located in the eastern part of Mongol-Okhotsk orogenic belt (Upper Amur Area) were considered. Lead sulfosalts (Cu and Pb) are presented by tsugaruite, dufrenoysite, boulangerite, menehinite, bismuthic menehinite (with Bi up to 11.5 mass%), as well as minerals of jordanite-geocronite and bournonite-seligmannite series. The studies have revealed basic features of the lead sulfosalts relationship with ore and silicate minerals in different mineral association of vain ores and regularities in their composition variations. It was found that the composite arsenium-antimony sulfosalts form quasicontinuous series of solid compounds strongly differing from each other by the rate of semimetals as well as semimetals-Pb ratio in their composition. The suggestion has been made that the main typomorphic features of composition of the arsenium-antimony sulfosalts of lead from ores of the Berezitovoe deposit were determined by the specific processes of partial melting of sulfides under the high temperature metamorphism of primary polymetallic ores.

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14

Bindi, Luca, and Cristian Biagioni. "A crystallographic excursion in the extraordinary world of minerals: the case of Cu- and Ag-rich sulfosalts." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 74, no. 6 (2018): 527–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520618014452.

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Copper and silver are common constituents in natural sulfosalts and can be present as minor or major components. Owing to the different kinds of coordination they can assume, these elements give rise to a number of sulfosalts that are usually quite complex to describe from a structural point of view because of the presence of twinning, disorder, polytypism and sometimes incommensurate modulation. Moreover, it is common to find them in different, partially occupied split sites, favoring the presence of strong ionic conductivity that can be related to a number of interesting technological properties. In this regard, a series of Cu- and Ag-rich sulfosalts showing an excess of these cations with respect to As, Sb and Bi is particularly interesting. Their crystal structures as well as their potential interest for materials science and solid-state physics are outlined. Copper- and mixed (Cu, Ag)-sulfosalts belonging to the wittichenite, tetrahedrite, galkhaite, routhierite and nowackiite series are discussed, together with some related compounds. Whereas in the wittichenite series Cu has either a trigonal planar or tetrahedral coordination, in members of the other series this element forms three-dimensional tetrahedral frameworks giving rise to cavities hosting other cations and anions. More difficult is the description of Ag-rich sulfosalts owing to the highly variable coordination environments shown by this element. Structural features of selected Ag sulfosalts together with members of the argyrodite series are discussed, highlighting the particular properties derived from the behavior of Ag.

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15

Dittrich, Herbert, Andreas Stadler, Dan Topa, Hermann-Josef Schimper, and Angelika Basch. "Progress in sulfosalt research." physica status solidi (a) 206, no. 5 (2009): 1034–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200881242.

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16

Radosavljevic, Slobodan, Jovica Stojanovic, Aleksandar Pacevski, Ana Radosavljevic-Mihajlovic, and Vladan Kasic. "A review of Pb-Sb(As)-S, Cu(Ag)-Fe(Zn)-Sb(As)-S, Ag(Pb)-Bi(Sb)-S and Pb-Bi-S(Te) sulfosalt systems from the Boranja orefield, West Serbia." Annales g?ologiques de la Peninsule balkanique, no. 77 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gabp1677001r.

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Recent mineralogical, chemical, physical, and crystallographic investigations of the Boranja orefield showed very complex mineral associations and assemblages where sulfosalts have significant role. The sulfosalts of the Boranja orefield can be divided in four main groups: (i) Pb-Sb(As)-S system with ?Fe and ?Cu; (ii) Cu(Ag)-Fe(Zn)-Sb(As)-S system; (iii) Ag(Pb)-Bi(Sb)-S; (iv) and Pb-Bi-S(Te) system. Spatially, these sulfosalts are widely spread, however, they are the most abundant in the following polymetallic deposits and ore zones: Cu(Bi)-FeS Kram-Mlakva; Pb(Ag)-Zn-FeS2 Veliki Majdan (Kolarica-Centralni revir-Kojici); Sb-Zn-Pb-As Rujevac; and Pb-Zn-FeS2-BaSO4 Bobija. The multi stage formation of minerals, from skarnhydrothermal to complex hydrothermal with various stages and sub-stages has been determined. All hydrothermal stages and sub-stages of various polymetallic deposits and ore zones within the Boranja orefield are followed by a variety of sulfosalts.

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17

Orlandi, P., A. Meerschaut, Y. Moelo, P. Palvadeau, and P. Leone. "LEAD ANTIMONY SULFOSALTS FROM TUSCANY (ITALY). VIII. ROUXELITE, Cu2HgPb22Sb28S64(O,S)2, A NEW SULFOSALT FROM BUCA DELLA VENA MINE, APUAN ALPS: DEFINITION AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE." Canadian Mineralogist 43, no. 3 (2005): 919–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.43.3.919.

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18

Kasatkin, Anatoly V., Emil Makovicky, Jakub Plášil, et al. "Chukotkaite, AgPb7Sb5S15, a new sulfosalt mineral from Eastern Chukotka, Russia." Canadian Mineralogist 58, no. 5 (2020): 587–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.2000036.

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ABSTRACT The new sulfosalt chukotkaite, ideally AgPb7Sb5S15, was discovered in the valley of the Levyi Vulvyveem river, Amguema river basin, Iultin District, Eastern Chukotka, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, North-Eastern region, Russia. The new mineral forms anhedral grains up to 0.4 × 0.5 mm intergrown with pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena, stannite, quartz, and Mn-Fe-bearing clinochlore. Other associated minerals include arsenopyrite, benavidesite, diaphorite, jamesonite, owyheeite, uchucchacuaite, cassiterite, and fluorapatite. Chukotkaite is lead-grey and has metallic luster and a grey streak. It is brittle and has an uneven fracture. Neither cleavage nor parting were observed. Mohs hardness is 2–2½. Dcalc. = 6.255 g/cm3. In reflected light, chukotkaite is white, moderately anisotropic with rotation tints varying from bluish-grey to brownish-grey. No pleochroism or internal reflections are observed. The chemical composition of chukotkaite is (wt.%; electron microprobe) Ag 3.83, Pb 53.67, Sb 24.30, S 18.46, total 100.26. The empirical formula based on the sum of all atoms = 28 pfu is Ag0.93Pb6.78Sb5.22S15.07. Chukotkaite is monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 4.0575(3), b = 35.9502(11), c = 19.2215(19) Å, β = 90.525(8)°, V = 2803.7(4) Å3, and Z = 4. The strongest lines of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern [d, Å (I, %) (hkl)] are: 3.52 (100) (045), 3.38 (50) (055), 3.13 (50) (065), , 2.82 (25) (066), 1.91 (50) (0 1 10). The crystal structure of chukotkaite was refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data to R = 0.0712 for 3307 observed reflections with Iobs &gt; 3σ(I). Chukotkaite belongs to the group of rod-based sulfosalts. The new mineral is named after the region of its type locality: Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, North-Eastern Region, Russia.

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Crespo, Jorge, Martin Reich, Fernando Barra, et al. "Occurrence and Distribution of Silver in the World-Class Río Blanco Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposit, Central Chile." Economic Geology 115, no. 8 (2020): 1619–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4778.

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Abstract Porphyry Cu-Mo deposits (PCDs) are the world’s major source of Cu, Mo, and Re and are also a significant source of Au and Ag. Here we focus on the world-class Río Blanco PCD in the Andes of central Chile, where Ag is a by-product of Cu mining. Statistical examination of an extensive multielemental inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry data set indicates compositional trends at the deposit scale, including Ag-Cu (r = 0.71) and Ag-In (r = 0.53) positive correlations, which relate to Cu-Fe sulfides and Cu sulfosalts in the deposit. Silver is primarily concentrated in Cu ores in the central core of the deposit, and significant variations in the Ag concentration are related to the different hydrothermal alteration types. The concentration of Ag is highest in the potassic core (avg 2.01 ppm) and decreases slightly in the gray-green sericite (phyllic) zone (avg 1.72 ppm); Ag is lowest in the outer propylitic alteration zone (avg 0.59 ppm). Drill core samples from major hydrothermal alteration zones were selected for in situ analysis of Ag and associated elements in sulfide and sulfosalt minerals. To ensure representativeness, sample selection considered the spatial distribution of the alteration types and ore paragenesis. Chalcopyrite is the most abundant Cu sulfide in Río Blanco, with Ag concentration that ranges from sub-parts per million levels to hundreds of parts per million. The highest concentration of Ag in chalcopyrite is associated with the high-temperature potassic alteration stage. Bornite is less abundant than chalcopyrite but has the highest Ag concentration of all studied sulfides, ranging from hundreds of parts per million up to ~1,000 ppm. The Ag concentration in bornite is higher in lower-temperature alteration assemblages (moderate gray-green sericite), opposite to the behavior of Ag in chalcopyrite. Pyrite has the lowest Ag content, although concentrations of other critical elements such as Co, Ni, and Au may be significant. The highest Ag concentrations, i.e., thousands of parts per million up to weight percent levels, were detected in late-stage Cu sulfosalts (enargite, tennantite, and tetrahedrite). The Ag content in these sulfosalts increases with increasing Sb concentrations, from the Sb-poor enargite to the Sb-rich tetrahedrite. The earliest Ag mineralization event is related to the potassic alteration stage represented by early biotite and transitional early biotite-type veinlets and where the predominant sulfides are chalcopyrite and bornite. Silver mineralization during this stage was predominantly controlled by crystallization of Cu-Fe sulfides. The second Ag mineralization event at Río Blanco is associated with the transitional Cu mineralization stage, which is represented by the gray-green sericite alteration (C-type veinlets). In this alteration type, Ag was partitioned preferentially into chalcopyrite, bornite, and to a lesser extent pyrite. The last Ag mineralization event is related to the late quartz-sericite alteration stage, characterized by D- and E-type veinlets with pyrite-chalcopyrite and enargite-tennantite-tetrahedrite. Our data indicate that Ag was associated with several Cu mineralization episodes at Río Blanco, with Ag concentration apparently controlled by cooling, changes in pH, fO2 and fS2 of the hydrothermal fluids, and the intensity of alteration. Overall, our results provide information on critical metal partitioning between sulfides, plus the distribution of critical element resources at the deposit scale. Knowledge of the mineralogical occurrence of critical metals in PCDs is necessary to better assess their resources and evaluate the potential for their recovery.

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20

Yakubovich, O. V., A. M. Gedz, I. V. Vikentyev, A. V. Kotov, and B. M. Gorokhovskii. "Migration of radiogenic helium in the crystal structure of sulfides and prospects of their isotopic dating." Петрология 27, no. 1 (2019): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-590327165-86.

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The migration of helium from the crystal lattices of sulfides (pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, bornite, and sphalerite) and sulfosalts (tennantite and tetrahedrite) was studied. It was shown that helium occurs in submicrometer inclusions of uranium- and thorium-bearing minerals. The curves of helium thermal desorption from the sulfide and sulfosalts were obtained by the step-heating method and analyzed on the basis of the single-jump migration model. The interpretation of these data led to the conclusion on the possibility of the U-Th-He dating of pyrite. It was shown that the migration parameters of helium in the other sulfides and sulfosalts are not suitable for their potential use as U-Th-He mineral geochronometer. Based on a comparison of data on helium migration in various minerals, it was suggested that high helium retentivity in some sulfides and arsenides (pyrite and sperrylite) is related to the type of their crystal lattice, packing density, and specific electric resistivity.

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21

Makovicky, Emil. "Modular Crystal Chemistry of Thallium Sulfosalts." Minerals 8, no. 11 (2018): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8110478.

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Complex sulfides of thallium with As, Sb, or Bi and with other cations (‘thallium sulfosalts’) are a large group of crystal structures with extreme variability. Incorporation of the large Tl+ cation in them is solved in several different ways: housing of Tl in columns of capped trigonal coordination prisms, which form separate walls in the structure (in different combinations with Pb and/or Sb), regular alternation of large Tl with small cations (As), presence of structural arrays of Tl coordination polyhedra paralleled by arrays of As coordination pyramids with a frequency ratio 1:2, omission derivatives with cavities for Tl accommodation and formation of layer structures with thallium concentrated into separate (inter)layers of different types. The first principle leads to a large family of sartorite homologues and rare lillianite homologues, as well as to the chabournéite group. The second one to the hutchinsonite family, omission derivatives form the routhierite and galkhaite groups, and the 1:2 periodicity ratio principle results in several outstanding structures from different groups. Layer structures consist of two-component and three-component layer combinations. Close cation-cation interactions are present but rare.

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22

IMAFUKU, Masayuki, Izumi NAKAI, and Kozo NAGASHIMA. "Synthesis of a new sulfosalt, KHgSbS3." NIPPON KAGAKU KAISHI, no. 7 (1985): 1498–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/nikkashi.1985.1498.

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23

Ghosal, Subhabrata, and Richard O. Sack. "AsSb energetics in argentian sulfosalts." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59, no. 17 (1995): 3573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00223-m.

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24

Moh, G. H. "Mutual Pb2+/Sn2+ substitution in sulfosalts." Mineralogy and Petrology 36, no. 3-4 (1987): 191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01163259.

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25

Moëlo, Yves, Emil Makovicky, Nadejda N. Mozgova, et al. "Sulfosalt systematics: a review. Report of the sulfosalt sub-committee of the IMA Commission on Ore Mineralogy." European Journal of Mineralogy 20, no. 1 (2008): 7–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2008/0020-1778.

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26

Biagioni, Cristian, and Yves Moëlo. "Lead-antimony sulfosalts from Tuscany (Italy). XIX. Crystal chemistry of chovanite from two new occurrences in the Apuan Alps and its 8 Å crystal structure." Mineralogical Magazine 81, no. 4 (2017): 811–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2016.080.134.

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AbstractTwo new occurrences of the lead oxy-sulfosalt chovanite have been identified at the Monte Arsiccio and Pollone mines, Apuan Alps, Tuscany, Italy. Chovanite from Monte Arsiccio occurs as black acicular crystals, up to 5 mm long, associated with rouxelite, robinsonite, sphalerite, valentinite,baryte, dolomite, quartz and Ba-rich K-feldspar ('hyalophane') in metadolostone vugs. Its unit-cell parameters are a = 48.38(5), b = 4.11(4), c = 34.18(4) Å, β = 106.26(2)°, V = 6521(64) Å3, space group C2/m. Very weakreflections indicate the doubling of the b parameter. Electron-microprobe data gave (wt.%): Ag 0.28, Tl 1.51, Pb 45.57, Sb 31.00, As 1.09, S 19.73, Se 0.05, Cl 0.02, sum 99.25. On the basis of ∑Me = 58 apfu, its formula is Ag0.30Tl0.86Pb25.56Sb29.59As1.69S71.52Se0.07Cl0.05.Adding one oxygen atom, it is close to the formula TlPb26(Sb,As)31S72O. Chovanite from Pollone occurs as thick black acicular crystals, up to 1 cm long, associated with baryte and quartz. The high-diffraction quality of the available material allowed the solutionand refinement of the 8 Å crystal structure in the space group P21/c, with unit-cell parameters a = 34.052(3), b = 8.2027(7), c = 48.078(4) Å, β = 106.258(4)°, V = 12891.9(19) Å3. The refinement convergedto R1 = 9.14% on the basis of 19,853 observed reflections with Fo > 4σ(Fo). Electron-microprobe data gave (wt.%): Ag 0.12, Tl 0.54, Pb 48.34, Bi 0.20, Sb 26.71, As 3.37, S 20.23, Cl 0.07, sum 99.57. It corresponds to the formulaAg0.13Tl0.30Pb26.94Bi0.10Sb25.33As5.20S72.85Cl0.20, close to the idealized formula Pb28(Sb,As)30S72O, with a single oxygen atom bound to two (Sb/As) atoms alternating witha vacancy along b as in scainiite and in other Pb oxy-sulfosalts. The crystal chemistry of this 8 Å crystal structure is detailed, taking into account its modular description, the (Sb,As)mSn polymerization, its topological derivation from pellouxite,and the oxygen non-stoichiometry.

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27

Mumme, W. G., E. Makovicky, B. Lindquist, R. W. Gable, and N. Wilson. "CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF SYNTHETIC GOLD-BEARING SULFOSALTS." Canadian Mineralogist 50, no. 5 (2012): 1347–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.50.5.1347.

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28

Dittrich, H., D. Topa, A. Stadler, J. Stöllinger, A. Pachler, and G. Aigner. "Crystallography, physical properties and applications of sulfosalts." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 67, a1 (2011): C126—C127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767311096917.

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29

Balić-Žunić, Tonči, Konstantin Mariolacos, Karen Friese, and Emil Makovicky. "Structure of a synthetic halogen sulfosalt, Cu3Bi2S3I3." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 61, no. 3 (2005): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768105008530.

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Cu3Bi2S3I3 was crystallized during an attempt to synthesize Cu–Pb–Bi sulfosalts with iodine as the transport medium. The crystal structure was solved from a black needle-like crystal on a four-circle diffractometer with a CCD detector. The solution was obtained by direct methods and subsequent difference-Fourier syntheses. S and I atoms are arranged in a systematically distorted cubic eutaxy (close packing). Bi atoms have monocapped trigonal prismatic coordinations, while Cu atoms occupy coordination sites which vary from trigonal planar to distorted tetrahedral. A prominent feature is the distribution of Cu atoms over many closely spaced sites in the structure, the majority of them being only partly occupied, which strengthens the case for mobile Cu atoms during crystal growth at elevated temperatures. In this respect, Cu3Bi2S3I3 represents an extreme example of a statistical distribution of Cu in the structure; a frequently observed property of this element in sulfosalts.

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30

Shugurov, Sergey M., Andrej I. Panin, Sergey I. Lopatin, and Alexandra Yu Pulyalina. "Thermochemical study of gaseous indium–arsenic sulfosalt." Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 33, no. 23 (2019): 1826–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.8544.

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31

Pérez-Priede, M., X. Xolans Huguet, D. Moreiras Blanco, and S. García Granda. "Going inside fettelite, a Hg-sulfosalt mineral." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 61, a1 (2005): c380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s010876730508390x.

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32

Ghosal, S. "Bi-Sb Energetics in Sulfosalts and Sulfides." Mineralogical Magazine 63, no. 5 (1999): 723–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1999.063.5.09.

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33

Stojanovic, Jovica, Slobodan Radosavljevic, Radule Tosovic, et al. "A review of the Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag-Bi-W polymetallic ore from the Rudnik orefield, Central Serbia." Annales g?ologiques de la Peninsule balkanique 79, no. 1 (2018): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gabp1879047s.

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The Rudnik orefield is one of the well-known skarn-replacement and high-temperature hydrothermal Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag-Bi-W polymetallic sulfide deposits, and is a part of the Sumadija Metallogenic District, Serbia. It comprises ore bodies grouped into several major ore zones. The pseudostratified and platelike ore bodies have relatively high content of valuable metals. The average content varies in wide ranges: Pb (0.94-5.66 wt%), Zn (0.49-4.49 wt%), Cu (0.08-2.18 wt%), Ag (50-297 ppm), Bi (~100-150 ppm), and Cd (~100-150 ppm). Generally, a complex mineral association has been determined. Iron sulfides, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena and sulfosalts are abundant minerals in the ore. Carrier minerals of Bi and Ag are Bi-sulfosalts, such as galenobismutite, cosalite, Ag-bearing aschamalmite, vikingite, schirmerite and gustavite. Copper, Ag and Pb-Sb sulfosalts have been found only locally. Complex Ni-minerals (sulfides, arsenides and sulfoarsenid?s) with Fe, Co and Ag were formed under to the influence of present serpentine rocks and their yield of Ni, Co and Cr in the hydrothermal ore-bearing solutions. Significant scheelite mineralizations have been found in the Nova Jama, Gusavi Potok and Azna ore zones. The presence of Bi-sulfosalts and argentopentlandite suggests formation temperatures higher than 350, and lower than 445?C, respectively. Therefore, the mineralization was formed in the temperature range 350 to 400?C. The continuity of pyrite, pyrrhotite and siderite colloform bands in relic aggregates shows frequent changes of fS2 and fO2 in hydrothermal solutions. Isotopic composition of sulfur also confirms that the source of the ore-bearing fluids was magmatic. In addition, the enrichment of Bi and Ag indicates a magmatic origin. The appearance of Biminerals represents a significant genetic indicator for detection of increased Ag concentrations within the ore mineralizations. Typical gangue minerals are quartz, silicates, carbonates, oxides and different oxy-hydroxides. Special attention is given to the paragenetic relationships and the genetic significance of mineral associations as indicators of ore-forming conditions.

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34

Makovicky, E., and Tonči Balić-Žunić. "Contributions to the crystal chemistry of thallium sulfosalts. IV. Modular description of Tl-As-Sb sulfosalts rebulite and jankovicite." Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen 174, no. 2 (1998): 181–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njma/174/1998/181.

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35

Quan, Hong Ping, Hong Sheng Lu, Shan Shan Dai, Tai Liang Zhang, Shi Yuan Chen, and Ya Lu Yu. "The Study of Performance Evaluation of Alkylphenol Polyoxyethylene Ether Sulfosalt." Applied Mechanics and Materials 161 (March 2012): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.161.172.

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In this paper, the performance of alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether sulfosalt that were specially APESO and AESO was evaluated from CMC, interfacial tension, foamability and adsorption. Then these features were analyzed at different conditions, including temperature, time and concentration.

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36

Wagner, Thomas, Adrian J. Boyce та Anthony E. Fallick. "Laser combustion analysis of δ34S of sulfosalt minerals". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66, № 16 (2002): 2855–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(02)00891-8.

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37

Berlepsch, Peter, Emil Makovicky, and Tonči Balić-Žunić. "Crystal chemistry of sartorite homologues and related sulfosalts." Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen 176, no. 1 (2001): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njma/176/2001/45.

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38

Pažout, Sejkora, and Šrein. "Ag-Pb-Sb Sulfosalts and Se-rich Mineralization of Anthony of Padua Mine near Poličany—Model Example of the Mineralization of Silver Lodes in the Historic Kutná Hora Ag-Pb Ore District, Czech Republic." Minerals 9, no. 7 (2019): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9070430.

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Significant selenium enrichment associated with selenides and previously unknown Ag-Pb-Sb, Ag-Sb and Pb-Sb sulfosalts has been discovered in hydrothermal ore veins in the Anthony of Padua mine near Poličany, Kutná Hora ore district, central Bohemia, Czech Republic. The ore mineralogy and crystal chemistry of more than twenty silver minerals are studied here. Selenium mineralization is evidenced by a) the occurrence of selenium minerals, and b) significantly increased selenium contents in sulfosalts. Identified selenium minerals include aguilarite and selenides naumannite and clausthalite. The previously unknown sulfosalts from Kutná Hora are identified: Ag-excess fizélyite, fizélyite, andorite IV, andorite VI, unnamed Ag-poor Ag-Pb-Sb sulfosalts, semseyite, stephanite, polybasite, unnamed Ag-Cu-S mineral phases and uytenbogaardtite. Among the newly identified sulfides is argyrodite; germanium is a new chemical element in geochemistry of Kutná Hora. Three types of ore were recognized in the vein assemblage: the Pb-rich black ore (i) in quartz; the Ag-rich red ore (ii) in kutnohorite-quartz gangue; and the Ag-rich ore (iii) in milky quartz without sulfides. The general succession scheme runs for the Pb-rich black ore (i) as follows: galena – boulangerite (– jamesonite) – owyheeite – fizélyite – Ag-exces fizélyite – andorite IV – andorite VI – freieslebenite – diaphorite – miargyrite – freibergite. For the Ag-rich red ore (ii) and ore (iii) the most prominent pattern is: galena – diaphorite – freibergite – miargyrite – pyragyrite – stephanite – polybasite – acanthite. The parallel succession scheme progresses from Se-poor to Se-rich phases, i.e., galena – members of galena – clausthalite solid solution – clausthalite; miargyrite – Se-rich miargyrite; acanthite – aguilarite – naumannite. A likely source of selenium is in the serpentinized ultrabasic bodies, known in the area of “silver” lodes in the South of the ore district, which may enable to pre-concentrate selenium, released into hydrothermal fluids during tectonic events. The origin of the studied ore mineralization is primarily bound to the youngest stage of mineralization of the whole ore district, corresponding to the Ag-Sb sequence of the ´eb´ ore type of the Freiberg ore district in Saxony (Germany) and shows mineralogical and geochemical similarities to low-sulfidation epithermal-style Ag-Au mineralization.

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39

Makovicky, E., and D. Topa. "Lillianites and andorites: new life for the oldest homologous series of sulfosalts." Mineralogical Magazine 78, no. 2 (2014): 387–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2014.078.2.11.

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AbstractThe current state of the lillianite homologous series is presented, with its two branches − the lillianite branch of the predominantly Pb-Bi-Ag sulfosalts and the andorite branch of predominantly Pb-Sb-Ag sulfosalts. Both the natural and synthetic members are discussed, especially from the structural and compositional point of view and the related, chemically distinct and structurally more complicated members of the series are described. A number of new published, or hitherto unpublished observations is given, together with fairly exhaustive tables of data. Relationships between the complex structures of different ‘andorite’ species and principal structural features of ‘oversubstituted’ As-Sb and Bi-Sb species are discussed. Contrary to many studies of this subject, synthetic phases form an integral part of the paper. It is concluded that research in this long-known homologous series still supplies new interesting phases, especially in the fields of synthetic products and in its andorite branch.

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40

Borodaev, Y. S., A. Garavelli, C. Garbarino, et al. "RARE SULFOSALTS FROM VULCANO, AEOLIAN ISLANDS, ITALY. IV. LILLIANITE." Canadian Mineralogist 39, no. 5 (2001): 1383–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.39.5.1383.

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41

Agha, Eva C., Christos D. Malliakas, Jino Im, et al. "LiPbSb3S6: A Semiconducting Sulfosalt with Very Low Thermal Conductivity." Inorganic Chemistry 53, no. 2 (2014): 673–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic402262z.

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42

Moelo, Y., T. Balic-Zunic, and R. F. Martin. "SULFOSALTS AND MUCH MORE... A TRIBUTE TO EMIL MAKOVICKY." Canadian Mineralogist 50, no. 2 (2012): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.50.2.177.

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43

Abdelkader, D., M. Ben Rabeh, N. Khemiri, and M. Kanzari. "Investigation on optical properties of SnxSbySz sulfosalts thin films." Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 21 (May 2014): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2014.01.027.

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44

Tesfaye, Fiseha, Dmitry Sukhomlinov, Daniel Lindberg, Mykola Moroz, Pekka Taskinen, and Leena Hupa. "High-Temperature Oxidation of Bismuth- and Antimony-Based Sulfosalts." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 40, no. 1 (2018): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2018.1481061.

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45

Shuyi, Liang, and Xia Hongyuan. "Silver and sulfosalt minerals in tungsten deposits, South China." Chinese Journal of Geochemistry 8, no. 2 (1989): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02840437.

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46

Imafuku, Masayuki, Izumi Nakai, and Kozo Nagashima. "The crystal structure of a new synthetic sulfosalt, KHgSbS3." Materials Research Bulletin 21, no. 4 (1986): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(86)90016-4.

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47

Monterrubio, S., J. Martínez Frías, G. De Vicente, and E. Vindel. "Tectónica y procesos metalogénicos de la zona Tamajón-Campillo de Rana. Sistema Central." Estudios Geológicos 43, no. 1-2 (1987): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/egeol.87431-2567.

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En este trabajo se analizan las características mineralógicas. texturales y estructurales de la mineralización de Tamajón-Campillo de Ranas y su relación con el yacimiento argentífero principal (Zona de Hiendelaencina). Se establece una correlación paragenética de los sulfuros y sulfosales de ámbas zonas y se plantea una formación conjunta. dentro de un mismo encuadre geotectónico.

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48

Ryzhkova, Yu A., and I. A. Blinov. "Precious metal mineralization of a promising area of the Rashad region, Republic of Sudan." МИНЕРАЛОГИЯ (MINERALOGY), no. 3 (December 2020): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35597/2313-545x-2020-6-4-4.

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The paper presents the frst data on ore mineralization in rocks of the promising area near the town of Rashad, Republic of Sudan. The metasomatic rocks contain pyrrhotite, pentlandite, pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, hematite, magnetite, anglesite, leucoxene, Ag sulfosalts (freibergite, pyrargyrite), Ag and Pb tellurides (hessite and altaite), native gold and bismuth. The fneness of gold varies from low to high.

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49

Topa, Dan, and Emil Makovicky. "The crystal structure of veenite." Mineralogical Magazine 81, no. 2 (2017): 355–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2016.080.141.

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AbstractThe crystal structure of veenite is reported for the first time from a sample from the type locality of Madoc (Ontario, Canada). It has been solved and refined by X-ray single-crystal diffraction on the basis of 4973 observed reflections (with Fo > 4σ(Fo)) with a final R1 = 0.0396. Veenite is monoclinic P21, with unit-cell parameters a = 8.429(2), b = 26.069(5), c = 8.962(2) Å, β = 117.447(2)o. The bulk veenite composition is Ag0.15Pb16.029Sb8.836As6.99S39.95 (for Z = 1) corresponding to N = 4.09 (Me8NS8N + 8, theoretical value is 4.0), with the percentage of the Ag-(As,Sb) substituted end-member only equal to 3.51 mol.%, i.e., a nearly pure Pb-Sb-As sulfosalt. The crystal structure is typical for the N = 4 sartorite homologue, with zig-zag walls of trigonal coordination prisms of Pb which separate slabs of diagonally oriented double-layers populated by Sb and As with partial Pb substitution. Orientation of three-membered crankshaft chains formed by strong (As,Sb) – S bonds on the two surfaces of double-layers differs substantially from that in dufrénoysite, which is a pure Pb-As (N = 4) sulfosalt.

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50

Torró, Lisard, Joan Melgarejo, Laura Gemmrich, et al. "Spatial and Temporal Controls on the Distribution of Indium in Xenothermal Vein-Deposits: The Huari Huari District, Potosí, Bolivia." Minerals 9, no. 5 (2019): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9050304.

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The Huari Huari deposit, Potosí Department in SW Bolivia, hosts polymetallic stratiform and vein mineralization of Miocene age with significant concentrations of the critical metal indium (In). Vein mineralization records document early crystallization of quartz and cassiterite followed by prominent associations of sulfides and sulfosalts. The earliest sulfide was arsenopyrite, followed by pyrrhotite, and progressively giving way to pyrite as the main iron sulfide, whereas Cu–Ag–Pb sulfosalts constitute late hypogene associations. Sphalerite is the chief ore mineral, and its crystallization is extended during most of the mineralization lifespan as evidenced by its initial cocrystallization with pyrrhotine, then with pyrite, and finally with Ag–Pb sulfosalts. The composition of sphalerite varies from early to late generations with a continuous decrease in FeS that attests to a decrease in temperature, which is constrained to vary from ~450 to <200 °C, and/or an increase in f(S2), both congruent with the described paragenetic sequence. Indium concentrated mostly in the structure of Fe-rich sphalerite (up to 3.49 wt. %) and stannite (up to 2.64 wt. %) as limited solid solutions with roquesite in the (Zn,Fe)S–Cu2FeSnS4–CuInS2 pseudoternary system. In sphalerite, In shows a strong positive correlation with Cu at Cu/In = 1, suggesting its incorporation via a (Cu+ + In3+) ↔ 2Zn2+ coupled substitution, and it does not correlate with Fe. In stannite, In shows a moderate, negative correlation with Cu and Sn, and an In3+ ↔ (Cu+ + ½ Sn4+) coupled substitution is suggested. Coexisting sphalerite and stannite yielded the highest In concentrations and crystallized at temperatures between 350 and 250 °C. Copper activity probably played a major role in the accumulation of In in the structure of sphalerite since In-bearing sphalerite coexisted with the deposition of stannite, shows high concentrations of Cu (up to 0.13 atoms per formula unit (a.p.f.u.)) in its structure, and hosts exsolutions of stannite and chalcopyrite. Distribution on the district scale of In suggests an input of hydrothermal fluids richer in Cu in the central position of the mineralizing system, represented by the Antón Bravo vein.

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