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Journal articles on the topic 'Sum of absolute difference (SAD)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Jaya, Koshta Kavita Khare and M.K Gupta. "EFFICIENT ABSOLUTE DIFFERENCE CIRCUIT FOR SAD COMPUTATION ON FPGA." International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.10, No.2, April 2019 10, no. 2 (2019): 01–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3442142.

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Video Compression is very essential to meet the technological demands such as low power, less memory and fast transfer rate for different range of devices and for various multimedia applications. Video compression is primarily achieved by Motion Estimation (ME) process in any video encoder which contributes to significant compression gain.Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) is used as distortion metric in ME process.In this paper, efficient Absolute Difference(AD)circuit is proposed which uses Brent Kung Adder(BKA) and a comparator based on modified 1’s complement principle and conditional

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Madhuri, G. M. G., S. Padmavathi, P. Jhansi, and N. Sai Kumar. "REDUCTION OF MEMORY REQUIREMENTS USING SUM OF ABSOLUTE DIFFERENCES(SAD)." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 04, no. 12 (2020): 619–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2020.v04i12.111.

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Hamzah, Rostam Affendi, Muhd Nazmi Zainal Azali, Zarina Mohd Noh, Madiha Zahari, and Adi Irwan Herman. "Development of depth map from stereo images using sum of absolute differences and edge filters." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 25, no. 2 (2022): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v25.i2.pp875-883.

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This article proposes a framework for the depth map reconstruction using stereo images. Fundamentally, this map provides an important information which commonly used in essential applications such as autonomous vehicle navigation, drone’s navigation and 3D surface reconstruction. To develop an accurate depth map, the framework must be robust against the challenging regions of low texture, plain color and repetitive pattern on the input stereo image. The development of this map requires several stages which starts with matching cost calculation, cost aggregation, optimization and refinement sta

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Hamzah, Rostam Affendi, Muhd Nazmi Zainal Azali, Zarina Mohd Noh, Madiha Zahari, and Adi Irwan Herman. "Development of depth map from stereo images using sum of absolute differences and edge filters." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 25, no. 2 (2022): 875–83. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v25.i2.pp875-883.

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This article proposes a framework for the depth map reconstruction using stereo images. Fundamentally, this map provides an important information which commonly used in essential applications such as autonomous vehicle navigation, drone’s navigation and 3D surface reconstruction. To develop an accurate depth map, the framework must be robust against the challenging regions of low texture, plain color and repetitive pattern on the input stereo image. The development of this map requires several stages which starts with matching cost calculation, cost aggregation, optimization and refineme

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Abreu, Brunno Alves, Mateus Grellert, Guilherme Paim, et al. "Exploring Absolute Differences Arithmetic Operators for Power and Area-Efficient SAD Hardware Architectures." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 15, no. 1 (2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v15i1.88.

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Managing the energy requirements of video encoders has been an important research topic throughout the latest years, given the limited resources of battery-powered systems. Sum of Absolute Differences (SAD) stands out among the most costly steps in the video encoding process compliant with the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard. This metric is mainly used to explore temporal redundancies during the inter prediction stage of the encoder, and it is applied by adding the absolute differences of the colocalized pixels of two video blocks, as a means of measuring the similarity between th

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Mohamed, Sejai, Mansouri Anass, Bennani Dosse Saad, and Ruichek Yassine. "Parallel field programmable gate array implementation of the sum of absolute differences algorithm used in the stereoscopic system." TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control) 20, no. 6 (2022): 1307–16. https://doi.org/10.12928/telkomnika.v20i6.22852.

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Stereo vision is a popular method for an artificial vision-based environment perception system used in various applications such as intelligent transportation. With two cameras, the disparity map is calculated to find the distance and depth of objects in front of a moving vehicle. The key element of the stereoscopic system is based on the sum of absolute differences (SAD) algorithm, which is the most repeated operation in the stereo matching subsystem; however, this algorithm requires a very intensive processing time, statistical analysis show that the SAD block can consume more than 80%

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Abubacker, K. A. Shaheer, J. Sutha, and K. A. Shahul Hameed. "A simple multi-feature based stereoscopic medical image retrieval system." Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering 25, no. 2 (2019): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjmpe-2019-0017.

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Abstract This paper describes a method of retrieving stereoscopic medical images from the database that consists of feature extraction, similarity measure, and re-ranking of retrieved images. This method retrieves similar images of the query image from the database and re-ranks them according to the disparity map. The performance is evaluated using the metrics namely average retrieval precision (APR) and average retrieval rate (ARR). According to the performance outcomes, the multi-feature based image retrieval using Mahalanobis distance measure has produced better result compared to other dis

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Tariq, Junaid, Sam Kwong, and Hui Yuan. "HEVC intra mode selection based on Rate Distortion (RD) cost and Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD)." Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation 35 (February 2016): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvcir.2015.11.013.

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Ge, Jia, Jia Song Wu, Zhi Fang Dong, and Hua Zhong Shu. "Video Block Motion Estimation Based on Walsh-Hadamard Projection Kernels." Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (June 2014): 1847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.1847.

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In modern video coders, motion is estimated using an algorithm that calculates the distance and direction of motion on a block-by-block basis. In this paper, a new motion estimation scheme is proposed. This scheme uses the sum of absolute difference between the Walsh-Hadamard projections of two blocks as measurement. And integral image is used to perform the scheme. Different from other methodologies using WH projections, the method proposed in this paper does not require iteration over every position to effectively calculate the WH projections of a block at any location. And the complexity of

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10

Hamzah, Rostam Affendi, M. G. Yeou Wei, and N. Syahrim Nik Anwar. "Development of stereo matching algorithm based on sum of absolute RGB color differences and gradient Matching." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 3 (2020): 2375. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i3.pp2375-2382.

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This paper proposes a new stereo matching algorithm which uses local-based method. The Sum of Absolute Differences (SAD) algorithm produces accurate result on the disparity map for the textured regions. However, this algorithm is sensitive to low texture areas and high noise on images with high different brightness and contrast. To get over these problems, the proposed algorithm utilizes SAD algorithm with RGB color channels differences and combination of gradient matching to improve the accuracy on the images with high brightness and contrast. Additionally, an edge-preserving filter is used a

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Rostam, Affendi Hamzah, G. Yeou Wei M., and Syahrim Nik Anwar N. "Development of stereo matching algorithm based on sum of absolute RGB color differences and gradient matching." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 3 (2020): 2375–82. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i3.pp2375-2382.

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This article presents local-based stereo matching algorithm which comprises a development of an algorithm using block matching and two edge preserving filters in the framework. Fundamentally, the matching process consists of several stages which will produce the disparity or depth map. The problem and most challenging work for matching process is to get an accurate corresponding point between two images. Hence, this article proposes an algorithm for stereo matching using improved Sum of Absolute RGB Differences (SAD), gradient matching and edge preserving filters. It is Bilateral Filter (BF) t

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Hariyama, Masanori, and Michitaka Kameyama. "Stereo Vision VLSI Processor Based on Pixel-Serial and Window-Parallel Architecture." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 12, no. 5 (2000): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2000.p0521.

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This article presents a stereo-matching algorithm to establish reliable correspondence between images by selecting a desirable window size for SAD (Sum of Absolute Differences) computation. In SAD computation, parallelism between pixels in a window changes depending on its window size, while parallelism between windows is predetermined by the input-image size. Based on this consideration, a window-parallel and pixel-serial architecture is proposed to achieve 100% utilization of processing elements. Performance of the VLSI processor is evaluated to be more than 10,000 times higher than that of

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Kai, Chiharu, Satoshi Kondo, Tsunehiro Otsuka, et al. "Development of a Subtraction Processing Technology for Assistance in the Comparative Interpretation of Mammograms." Diagnostics 14, no. 11 (2024): 1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14111131.

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A comparative interpretation of mammograms has become increasingly important, and it is crucial to develop subtraction processing and registration methods for mammograms. However, nonrigid image registration has seldom been applied to subjects constructed with soft tissue only, such as mammograms. We examined whether subtraction processing for the comparative interpretation of mammograms can be performed using nonrigid image registration. As a preliminary study, we evaluated the results of subtraction processing by applying nonrigid image registration to normal mammograms, assuming a comparati

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El, Ansari Abdessamad, Bahri Nejmeddine, Mansouri Anass, Masmoud Nouri, and Ali Ahaitouf. "Area and power efficient VLSI architecture of mode decision in integer motion estimation for HEVC video coding standard." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 4 (2019): 2469–80. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i4.pp2469-2480.

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In this paper, we propose a new parallel hardware architecture for the mode decision algorithm, that it is based on the Sum Absolute of the Difference (SAD) for compute the motion estimation, which is the most critical algorithm in the recent video encoding standard HEVC. In fact, this standard introduced new large variable block size of the motion estimation algorithm and therefore the SAD require a more reduced execution time in order to achieve the real time processing even for the ultra-high resolution sequences. The proposed accelerator executes the SAD algorithm in a parallel way for all

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15

Abdessamad, EL Ansari, Nejmeddine Bahri, Anass Mansouri, Nouri Masmoud, and Ahaitouf Ali. "Area & Power Efficient VLSI Architecture of Mode Decision in Integer Motion Estimation for HEVC Video Coding Standard." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 4 (2019): 2469. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i4.pp2469-2480.

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<span lang="EN-US">In this paper, we propose a new parallel hardware architecture for the mode decision algorithm, that it is based on the Sum Absolute of the Difference (SAD) for compute the motion estimation, which is the most critical algorithm in the recent video encoding standard HEVC. In fact, this standard introduced new large variable block sizes for the motion estimation algorithm and therefore the SAD requires a more reduced execution time in order to achieve the real time processing even for the ultra-high resolution sequences. The proposed accelerator executes the SAD algorit

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N., Sridevi, and M. Meenakshi. "Efficient reconfigurable architecture for moving object detection with motion compensation." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 2 (2021): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i2.pp802-810.

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The detection and tracking of object in large data surveillance requires a proper motion estimation and compensation techniques which are generally used to detect accurate movement from video stream. In this paper, a novel hardware level architecture involving motion detection, estimation, and compensation is proposed for real-time implementation. The motion vectors are obtained using 16×16 sub-blocks with a novel parallel D flip flop architecture in this work to arrive at an optimised architecture. The sum of absolute difference (SAD) is then calculated by optimized absolute difference and ad

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N., Sridevi, and M. Meenakshi. "Efficient reconfigurable architecture for moving object detection with motion compensation." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 2 (2021): 802–10. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i2.pp802-810.

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The detection and tracking of object in large data surveillance requires a proper motion estimation and compensation techniques which are generally used to detect accurate movement from video stream. In this paper, a novel hardware level architecture involving motion detection, estimation, and compensation is proposed for real-time implementation. The motion vectors are obtained using 16×16 sub-blocks with a novel parallel D flip flop architecture in this work to arrive at an optimised architecture. The sum of absolute difference (SAD) is then calculated by optimized absolute difference

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18

Sudarsanam, Arvind, Aravind Dasu, and Karthik Vaithianathan. "Analysis and Design of a Context Adaptable SAD/MSE Architecture." International Journal of Reconfigurable Computing 2009 (2009): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/789592.

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Design of flexible multimedia accelerators that can cater to multiple algorithms is being aggressively pursued in the media processors community. Such an approach is justified in the era of sub-45 nm technology where an increasingly dominating leakage power component is forcing designers to make the best possible use of on-chip resources. In this paper we present an analysis of two commonly used window-based operations (sum of absolute differences and mean squared error) across a variety of search patterns and block sizes (, , etc.). We propose a context adaptable architecture that has (i) con

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19

Shah, Nehal N., Harikrishna Singapuri, and Upena D. Dalal. "Hardware Efficient Architecture with Variable Block Size for Motion Estimation." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5091519.

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Video coding standards such as MPEG-x and H.26x incorporate variable block size motion estimation (VBSME) which is highly time consuming and extremely complex from hardware implementation perspective due to huge computation. In this paper, we have discussed basic aspects of video coding and studied and compared existing architectures for VBSME. Various architectures with different pixel scanning pattern give a variety of performance results for motion vector (MV) generation, showing tradeoff between macroblock processed per second and resource requirement for computation. Aim of this paper is

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20

Fatin, Natasya Shuhaimi, Jamil Nursuriati, and Hamzah Raseeda. "Evaluations of Internet of Things-based personal smart farming system for residential apartments." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 6 (2020): 2477–83. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i6.2496.

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Urban farming is popularly accepted by communities living in cities as they are more health-conscious and to help support the high cost of living. Unfortunately, farming takes a considerable amount of time specially to monitor the plant"s growth. Therefore, smart farming using Internet of Things (IoT) should be adopted to realize urban farming. In this study, two IoT-based smart farming system designs for personal usages in a residential apartment were proposed and evaluated. As the design was meant for beginners, two utmost parameters for maintaining plant growth was evaluated, that are humid

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Aguilar-González, Abiel, Miguel Arias-Estrada, and François Berry. "Depth from a Motion Algorithm and a Hardware Architecture for Smart Cameras." Sensors 19, no. 1 (2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19010053.

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Applications such as autonomous navigation, robot vision, and autonomous flying require depth map information of a scene. Depth can be estimated by using a single moving camera (depth from motion). However, the traditional depth from motion algorithms have low processing speeds and high hardware requirements that limit the embedded capabilities. In this work, we propose a hardware architecture for depth from motion that consists of a flow/depth transformation and a new optical flow algorithm. Our optical flow formulation consists in an extension of the stereo matching problem. A pixel-parallel

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Wang, Bin Rui, Yin Xu, Ying Lian Jin, and M. Cheng. "Adaptive Searching and Kalman Filter Vision Compensation during Mobile Robot Docking Operation." Key Engineering Materials 474-476 (April 2011): 592–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.474-476.592.

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Based on affine transformation image kinematics and recurrence relations, the sub-region KLT feature extract with was designed and rules were given. Optimization of sum of absolute difference was used to match feature points. Diamond search template was adapted to make matching fast, and adaptive varying template size scheme was proposed to solve the problem the minimum SAD is not exclusive, and detailed procedure were described. In order to ensure that extracted feature points are on background, not on moving robot, adaptive iterative scheme was proposed and algorithm was designed. Through so

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Lai, Xiaobo, Xiaomei Xu, Jinyan Zhang, Ying Fang, and Zihe Huang. "An Efficient Implementation of a Census-Based Stereo Matching and Its Applications in Medical Imaging." Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics 9, no. 6 (2019): 1152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jmihi.2019.2705.

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Compared to most conventional efficient stereo matching algorithms that based on NCC (Normalized Cross-Correlation) or SAD (Sum of Absolute Difference), stereo matching based on census transform is robust to radiometric distortion. Thus, in the paper we propose a census-based efficient implementation stereo algorithm for medical imaging. Firstly, census-based stereo matching is investigated, and its specific implementation process is analyzed in detail. Secondly, in order to simplify the calculation process and improve the efficiency, the moving window and memory organization optimized techniq

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Bai, Tao, Jian Wei, Wangwang Yang, and Qiang Huang. "Multi-Objective Parameter Estimation of Improved Muskingum Model by Wolf Pack Algorithm and Its Application in Upper Hanjiang River, China." Water 10, no. 10 (2018): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101415.

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In order to overcome the problems in the parameter estimation of the Muskingum model, this paper introduces a new swarm intelligence optimization algorithm—Wolf Pack Algorithm (WPA). A new multi-objective function is designed by considering the weighted sum of absolute difference (SAD) and determination coefficient of the flood process. The WPA, its solving steps of calibration, and the model parameters are designed emphatically based on the basic principle of the algorithm. The performance of this algorithm is compared to the Trial Algorithm (TA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Results

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Prasanthi, Tammineni Shanmukha, Swarajya Madhuri Rayavarapu, Yenneti Laxmi Lavanya, et al. "Performance Analysis of Different Applications of Image Inpainting Based on Exemplar Technique." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, no. 4 (2023): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i4.6393.

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In this age of rapidly developing image processing, inpainting has been a popular and practical art. Researchers have paid considerable attention to image inpainting throughout the years due to its enormous significance and effectiveness in a wide range of image processing applications, including the removal of scratches, the elimination of objects, and the modification of faces. It is one of the most challenging issues in image processing, demanding a comprehensive understanding of the image's texture and structure. The quality of inpainted image is a crucial factor which determines how close

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Gutiérrez, D. "MULTIVARIATE TIME-VARYING AUTOREGRESSIVE MODELING OF FETAL SYMPATHO-VAGAL BALANCE THROUGH GESTATION." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 25, no. 01 (2013): 1350014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237213500142.

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A processing framework is proposed to model relative changes in fetal sympatho-vagal balance at equally spaced gestational periods. The proposed method is based on a multivariable time-varying autoregression (TVAR) of the beat-to-beat time differences obtained from non-invasive fetal electrocardiographic (ECG) or magnetocardiographic (MCG) measurements. In order to quantify the sympatho-vagal balance at each measured gestational period, the ratio between the standard deviation of normal-to-normal (SDNN) beat intervals and the sum of absolute differences (SAD) is computed. While the SDNN quanti

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Chen, Mengyuan, and Wenchao Hu. "Research on BatSLAM Algorithm for UAV Based on Audio Perceptual Hash Closed-Loop Detection." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 33, no. 01 (2018): 1959002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021800141959002x.

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This research is aimed at the optimization of a two-dimensional (2D) empirical graph under a certain height and dark conditions for a UAV, using the bionic sonar system to replace the visual sensor’s BatSLAM mode and audio perceptual hash closed-loop detection. The BatSLAM model uses Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) image processing methods to update the bionic sonar template. This method only judges whether the appearance of the two cochlear images is consistent and does not have geometric processing and feature extraction. Because the cochlear images produce various noises during the acquisi

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Nindam, Somsawut, Seung-Hoon Na, and Hyo Jong Lee. "MultiFusedNet: A Multi-Feature Fused Network of Pretrained Vision Models via Keyframes for Student Behavior Classification." Applied Sciences 14, no. 1 (2023): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14010230.

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This research proposes a deep learning method for classifying student behavior in classrooms that follow the professional learning community teaching approach. We collected data on five student activities: hand-raising, interacting, sitting, turning around, and writing. We used the sum of absolute differences (SAD) in the LUV color space to detect scene changes. The K-means algorithm was then applied to select keyframes using the computed SAD. Next, we extracted features using multiple pretrained deep learning models from the convolutional neural network family. The pretrained models considere

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Chai, Zhilei, Shen Li, Qunfang He, Mingsong Chen, and Wenjie Chen. "FPGA-Based ROI Encoding for HEVC Video Bitrate Reduction." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 29, no. 11 (2020): 2050182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126620501820.

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The explosive growth of video applications has produced great challenges for data storage and transmission. In this paper, we propose a new ROI (region of interest) encoding solution to accelerate the processing and reduce the bitrate based on the latest video compression standard H.265/HEVC (High-Efficiency Video Coding). The traditional ROI extraction mapping algorithm uses pixel-based Gaussian background modeling (GBM), which requires a large number of complex floating-point calculations. Instead, we propose a block-based GBM to set up the background, which is in accord with the block divis

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Zahari, Madiha, Rostam Affendi Hamzah, Nurulfajar Abd Manap, and Adi Irwan Herman. "Stereo matching algorithm for autonomous vehicle navigation using integrated matching cost and non-local aggregation." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 12, no. 1 (2023): 328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v12i1.4122.

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Stereo matching algorithm plays an important role in an autonomous vehicle navigation system to ensure accurate three-dimensional (3D) information is provided. The disparity map produced by the stereo matching algorithm directly impacts the quality of the 3D information provided to the navigation system. However, the accuracy of the matching algorithm is a challenging part to be solved since it is directly affected by the surrounding environment such as different brightness, less texture surface, and different image pair exposure. In this paper, a new framework of stereo matching algorithm tha

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Henao-Londoño, J. C., J. C. Riaño-Rojas, J. B. Gómez-Mendoza, and E. Restrepo-Parra. "3D Stereo Reconstruction of SEM Images." Modern Applied Science 12, no. 12 (2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v12n12p57.

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In this work is proposed a new fully automated methodology using computer vision and dynamic programming to obtain a 3D reconstruction model of surfaces using scanning electron microscope (SEM) images based on stereovision. The horizontal stereo matching step is done with a robust and efficient algorithm based on semi-global matching. The cost function used in this study is very simple since the brightness and contrast change of corresponding pixels is negligible for the small tilt involved in stereo SEM. It is used a sum of absolute differences (SAD) over a variable pixel size window. Since i

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Cancellier, Luiz Henrique, André Beims Brascher, Ismael Seidel, André Beims Brascher, José Luis Güntzel, and Luciano Agostini. "Exploring Optimized Hadamard Methods to Design Energy-Efficient SATD Architectures." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 10, no. 2 (2015): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v10i2.412.

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State-of-the-art video coding tools are submitted to severe performance and energy consumption requirements resulting from high complexity of video standards and from limited energy budgets of portable mobile devices. While providing most of the compression gains, inter frame and intra frame prediction techniques are the most demanding steps, since they compare a huge number of blocks. In such a process, the similarity metric employed affects both the quality of compression and the calculation effort. In this paper we propose the use of Hadamardbased Sum of Absolute Transformed Differences (SA

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33

Shuhaimi, Fatin Natasya, Nursuriati Jamil, and Raseeda Hamzah. "Evaluations of internet of things-based personal smart farming system for residential apartments." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 6 (2020): 2477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i6.2496.

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Urban farming is popularly accepted by communities living in cities as they are more health-conscious and to help support the high cost of living. Unfortunately, farming takes a considerable amount of time specially to monitor the plant’s growth. Therefore, smart farming using Internet of Things (IoT) should be adopted to realize urban farming. In this study, two IoT-based smart farming system designs for personal usages in a residential apartment were proposed and evaluated. As the design was meant for beginners, two utmost parameters for maintaining plant growth was evaluated, that are humid

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Idris, Fayez, Zaher Abu, Rashad Rasras, and Emary El. "Building an advanced invariant real-time human tracking system." Computer Science and Information Systems 4, no. 1 (2007): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis0701057i.

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Real-time human tracking is very important in surveillance and robot applications. We note that the performance of any human tracking system depends on its accuracy and its ability to deal with various human sizes in a fast way. In this paper, we combined the presented works in [1, 2] to come with new human tracking algorithm that is robust to background and lighting changes and does not require special hardware components. In addition this system can handle various scales of human images. The proposed system uses sum of absolute difference (SAD) with thresholding as has been described in [2]

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CHEW, LI WERN, WAI CHONG CHIA, LI-MINN ANG, and KAH PHOOI SENG. "HIGH PERFORMANCE, LOW-COMPLEXITY LINE-BASED MOTION ESTIMATION ALGORITHM WITH SMOOTHING AND PREPROCESSING." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 23, no. 01 (2009): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001409006990.

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This paper introduces a smoothing and preprocessing (S+P) technique for a line-based one-bit-transform (1BT) motion estimation scheme. In the proposed algorithm, a smoothing threshold ( Threshold S) is incorporated into the 1BT convolutional kernel. By using the smoothing threshold, scattering noise which is a common problem in most 1BT images can be greatly reduced. After the transformation, the 1BT images for the current and reference frames are divided into a number of macroblocks. The macroblock in the current frame is first compared with the macroblock at the same position in the referenc

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Seidel, Ismael, André Beims Bräscher, Bruno George De Moraes, Marcio Monteiro, and José Luis Güntzel. "Analysis of Pel Decimation and Technology Choices to Reduce Energy on SAD Calculation." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 9, no. 1 (2014): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v9i1.388.

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As the number of pixels per frame tends to increase in new high definition video coding standards such as HEVC and VP9, pel decimation appears as a viable means of increasing the energy efficiency of Sum of Absolute Differences (SAD) calculation. First, we analyze the quality costs of pel decimation using a video coding software. Then we present and evaluate two VLSI architectures to compute the SAD of 4x4 pixel blocks: one that can be configured with 1:1, 2:1 or 4:1 sampling ratios and a non-configurable one, to serve as baseline in comparisons. The architectures were synthesized for 90nm, 65

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KUMAR, S. SRINIVAS, and B. N. CHATTERJI. "STEREO MATCHING ALGORITHMS BASED ON FUZZY APPROACH." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 16, no. 07 (2002): 883–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001402002040.

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Stereo matching is the central problem of stereovision paradigm. Area-based techniques provide the dense disparity maps and hence they are preferred for stereo correspondence. Normalized cross correlation (NCC), sum of squared differences (SSD) and sum of absolute differences (SAD) are the linear correlation measures generally used in the area-based techniques for stereo matching. In this paper, similarity measure for stereo matching based on fuzzy relations is used to establish the correspondence in the presence of intensity variations in stereo images. The strength of relationship of fuzzifi

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Sairam, S. Karthik, and P. Muralidhar. "A Motion Estimation based Algorithm for Encoding Time Reduction in HEVC." Defence Science Journal 72, no. 1 (2022): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.72.16733.

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   High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is a video compression standard that offers 50% more efficiency at the expense of high encoding time contrasted with the H.264 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) standard. The encoding time must be reduced to satisfy the needs of real-time applications. This paper has proposed the Multi- Level Resolution Vertical Subsampling (MLRVS) algorithm to reduce the encoding time. The vertical subsampling minimizes the number of Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) computations during the motion estimation process. The complexity reduction algorithm is also

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Deng, Zhaopeng, Maoyong Cao, Yushui Geng, and Laxmisha Rai. "Generating a Cylindrical Panorama from a Forward-Looking Borehole Video for Borehole Condition Analysis." Applied Sciences 9, no. 16 (2019): 3437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9163437.

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Geological exploration plays a fundamental and crucial role in geological engineering. The most frequently used method is to obtain borehole videos using an axial view borehole camera system (AVBCS) in a pre-drilled borehole. This approach to surveying the internal structure of a borehole is based on the video playback and video screenshot analysis. One of the drawbacks of AVBCS is that it provides only a qualitative description of borehole information with a forward-looking borehole video, but quantitative analysis of the borehole data, such as the width and dip angle of fracture, are unavail

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Porto, Marcelo, André Silva, Sergo Almeida, Eduardo Da Costa, and Sergio Bampi. "Motion Estimation Architecture Using Efficient Adder-Compressors for HDTV Video Coding." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 5, no. 1 (2010): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v5i1.312.

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This paper presents real time HDTV (High Definition Television) architecture for Motion Estimation (ME) using efficient adder compressors. The architecture is based on the Quarter Sub-sampled Diamond Search algorithm (QSDS) with Dynamic Iteration Control (DIC) algorithm. The main characteristic of the proposed architecture is the large amount of Processing Units (PUs) that are used to calculate the SAD (Sum of Absolute Difference) metric. The internal structures of the PUs are composed by a large number of addition operations to calculate the SADs. In this paper, efficient 4-2 and 8-2 adder co

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Agha, Shahrukh, Farmanullah Jan, Haroon Ahmed Khan, Muhammad Kaleem, and Mansoor Khan. "Efficient motion estimation and discrete cosine transform implementation using the graphics processing units." PLOS ONE 19, no. 8 (2024): e0307217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0307217.

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Motion Estimation (ME) and the two-dimensional (2D) discrete cosine transform (2D-DCT) are both computationally expensive parts of HEVC standard, therefore real-time performance of the HEVC may not be free from glitches. To address this issue, this study deploys the graphics processing units (GPUs) to perform the ME and 2D-DCT tasks. In this concern, authors probed into four levels of parallelism (i.e., frame, macroblock, search area, and sum of the absolute difference (SAD) levels) existing in ME. For comparative analysis, authors involved full search (FS), test zone search (TZS) of HEVC, and

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Gao, Xiujing, Xinzhi Lin, Fanchao Lin, and Hongwu Huang. "Segmentation Point Simultaneous Localization and Mapping: A Stereo Vision Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Method for Unmanned Surface Vehicles in Nearshore Environments." Electronics 13, no. 16 (2024): 3106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13163106.

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Unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) in nearshore areas are prone to environmental occlusion and electromagnetic interference, which can lead to the failure of traditional satellite-positioning methods. This paper utilizes a visual simultaneous localization and mapping (vSLAM) method to achieve USV positioning in nearshore environments. To address the issues of uneven feature distribution, erroneous depth information, and frequent viewpoint jitter in the visual data of USVs operating in nearshore environments, we propose a stereo vision SLAM system tailored for nearshore conditions: SP-SLAM (Segme

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Fsian, Hamid, Vahid Mohammadi, Pierre Gouton, and Saeid Minaei. "Comparison of Stereo Matching Algorithms for the Development of Disparity Map." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 23 (March 31, 2023): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v23i.9390.

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Stereo Matching is one of the classical problems in computer vision for the extraction of 3D information but still controversial for accuracy and processing costs. The use of matching techniques and cost functions is crucial in the development of the disparity map. This paper presents a comparative study of six different stereo matching algorithms including Block Matching (BM), Block Matching with Dynamic Programming (BMDP), Belief Propagation (BP), Gradient Feature Matching (GF), Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) and Fixed-Window Aggregated Cost (FWAC). In addition, three cost functions, n

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Hua, Guoxiang, Guo Chen, Qingxin Luo, and Jiyuan Yan. "Research on Target Ranging Method for Live-Line Working Robots." Symmetry 16, no. 4 (2024): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym16040487.

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Due to the operation of live-line working robots at elevated heights for precision tasks, a suitable visual assistance system is essential to determine the position and distance of the robotic arm or gripper relative to the target object. In this study, we propose a method for distance measurement in live-line working robots by integrating the YOLOv5 algorithm with binocular stereo vision. The camera’s intrinsic and extrinsic parameters, as well as distortion coefficients, are obtained using the Zhang Zhengyou calibration method. Subsequently, stereo rectification is performed on the images to

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Cieśluk, Jakub, and Zdzisław Gosiewski. "A Stereovision System for Real Time Obstacle Avoidance by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle." Solid State Phenomena 198 (March 2013): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.198.159.

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The necessary hardware and stereovision obstacle avoidance algorithm used by UAV (unmanned aerial vehicles) are described in this paper. The algorithm bases on method of matching the areas of image by using the standard SAD (sum of absolute differences) as a measure of fit. The rapid machining of the image is done by compare the windows areas. Method didn't check individual pixels what is important feature. The application target is operating in unknown environment with the changing light conditions which may disturb the proper operation of the obstacle avoidance algorithm. To reduce the refle

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Ajayi, Oluibukun Gbenga, and Ifeanyi Jonathan Nwadialor. "ACCURACY ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FEATURE DESCRIPTORS ON THE AUTOMATIC CO-REGISTRATION OF OVERLAPPING IMAGES." Geodesy and cartography 50, no. 1 (2024): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/gac.2024.18199.

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This research seeks to assess the effect of different selected feature descriptors on the accuracy of an automatic image registration scheme. Three different feature descriptors were selected based on their peculiar characteristics, and implemented in the process of developing the image registration scheme. These feature descriptors (Modified Harris and Stephens corner detector (MHCD), the Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) and the Speeded Up Robust Feature (SURF)) were used to automatically extract the conjugate points common to the overlapping image pairs used for the registration. Ran

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Ge, Luzhen, Zhilun Yang, Zhe Sun, et al. "A Method for Broccoli Seedling Recognition in Natural Environment Based on Binocular Stereo Vision and Gaussian Mixture Model." Sensors 19, no. 5 (2019): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051132.

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Illumination in the natural environment is uncontrollable, and the field background is complex and changeable which all leads to the poor quality of broccoli seedling images. The colors of weeds and broccoli seedlings are close, especially under weedy conditions. The factors above have a large influence on the stability, velocity and accuracy of broccoli seedling recognition based on traditional 2D image processing technologies. The broccoli seedlings are higher than the soil background and weeds in height due to the growth advantage of transplanted crops. A method of broccoli seedling recogni

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Sanket B. Kasturiwala. "A Nonlinear Analytical Approach for Video Compression in Telecommunication." Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis 32, no. 6s (2025): 356–61. https://doi.org/10.52783/cana.v32.3301.

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Introduction: The shift from analog to digital video has revolutionized communication by offering noise resistance, clarity, ease of transmission, and interactive user experiences. Digital video supports greater content capacity, catering to diverse viewer preferences and enhancing multimedia consumption. A nonlinear analytical approach for video compression techniques, such as transform coding, predictive coding, motion compensation, and entropy coding, play a vital role in applications like video conferencing and live streaming, enabling real-time transmission while efficiently utilizing net

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Merkulova, Ekaterina, Alexander Savostyanov, Andrey Bocharov, Ekaterina Proshina, and Gennady Knyazev. "Test–Retest Reliability of a Social Interaction Task." Behavioral Sciences 8, no. 10 (2018): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs8100097.

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Accurate repeatability of experimental data is the basis of professional scientific research. In this study we analyzed three consecutive experiments: The subjects had to complete a questionnaire three times under similar conditions within a 2–3 week interval to ensure reproducibility of the original data from experiment to experiment, using the method of test–retest reliability. Absolute reliability was assessed by the standard error of measurement (SEM) and smallest real difference (SRD). The relative reliability was estimated by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC3,1) (

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Atia, Naoual, Amir Benzaoui, Sébastien Jacques, et al. "Particle Swarm Optimization and Two-Way Fixed-Effects Analysis of Variance for Efficient Brain Tumor Segmentation." Cancers 14, no. 18 (2022): 4399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14184399.

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Segmentation of brain tumor images, to refine the detection and understanding of abnormal masses in the brain, is an important research topic in medical imaging. This paper proposes a new segmentation method, consisting of three main steps, to detect brain lesions using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the first step, the parts of the image delineating the skull bone are removed, to exclude insignificant data. In the second step, which is the main contribution of this study, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is applied, to detect the block that contains the brain lesions. The

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