Academic literature on the topic 'Sumatran rhinoceros'

AbstractThe Sumatran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis is on the brink of extinction. Although habitat loss and poaching were the reasons of the decline, today's reproductive isolation is the main threat to the survival of the species. Genetic studies have played an important role in identifying conservation priorities, including for rhinoceroses. However, for a species such as the Sumatran rhinoceros, where time is of the essence in preventing extinction, to what extent should genetic and geographical distances be taken into account in deciding the most urgently needed conservation interventions? We propose that the populations of Sumatra and Borneo be considered as a single management unit.

Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) is a browser animal or shrub and foliage eaters that has wide needs and variety types of feed. The purpose of the research is to identify the feed types and the palatability of sumatran rhinoceros feed. Data was collected using Direct Observation method. The object of research was a female sumatran rhinoceros " aged named “Ratu”. The results shows that there were founded 61 feed species of rhinoceros in Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary. Those feeds were clasified in 30 different families. The drop-in feed was dominated by Moraceae and Rubiaceae was dominated the natural feed. Leaves were the most eaten part by sumatran rhinoceros both in drop-in feed (75%) or in natural feed (83%). The amount of feed which Sumatran rhinoceros could consumed in one day was 36-47 kg of the total supply as much as ± 100 kg/day. The most eaten quantites and the most prefered feed of sumatran rhinoceros were jack tree (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and merremia (Merremia peltata).Keywords: Sumatran Rhinoceros, Feed , Palatability, Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary

The Sumatran Rhinoceros is approaching extinction. A few dozen animals remain, dispersed in dwindling Indonesian rainforest with only a few years of likely survival time. Eight rhinos belonging to two subspecies are in controlled breeding centres. The Sumatran Rhinoceros differs markedly from the other four species of Rhinocerotidae and requires management according to specific protocols. Several Sumatran Rhinoceros have died in zoos, owing to lack of knowledge concerning their particular dietary requirements and their high sensitivity to anthropogenic activities. Recently more positive results, including successful births, have been achieved with the aid of scientific research, which continues to examine factors required for successful conservation and accommodation efforts.

Two species of rhinoceros—the Javan and the Sumatran—once inhabited Vietnam but the Sumatran rhinoceros apparently became extinct there early this century and by the late 1960s it was feared that the Javan rhinoceros probably no longer occurred there either. Then, in November 1988, a hunter shot an adult female rhinoceros about 130 km north-east of Saigon. He was arrested when he tried to sell the horn and hide. In early 1989 the authors were conducting wildlife surveys near where the killing took place and they took this opportunity to check the status of the species. They found evidence that perhaps 10–15 Javan rhinoceros still survive in Vietnam. As a result of this discovery the Vietnamese Government has set up a Rhinoceros Conservation Group.

The family Rhinocerotidae is distinct and well defined, but systematic relationships among the four genera evaluated on the basis of geographical distribution of the different genera. The purpose of the research is to find out the genetic distance of rhinos in the world. Samples of Sumatran rhinoceros (Indonesia) are from SRS (Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary) Way Kambas National Park, while for Indian rhinoceros and white African rhinos. Amplification of cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) genes in mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) uses a specific primer for COI. The two primary pairs are Primer to amplify the partial CO1 sequence (RHCO1F & RHCO1R). CO1 amplification process PCR conditions used are: predenaturation at 940C, followed by the main cycle denaturation stage at 940C for 45 seconds, primary annealing stage (annealing) at 580C. analyzed provides genetic distance ranging from (0.016) to (0.147) for each species. Analysis of 711 bp of rhino DNA sequences can be shown in the form of a matrix of genetic differences. The genetic distance of the white African rhinoceros (Ceratorium simum) with the Sumatran torgamba rhinoceros is (0.142), while with the Indian rhinoceros (0.147) and the genetic distance between the Sumatran rhinos themselves there is a difference that the Sumatran rhino Bina differs by (0.136-0.147) with the other three individuals, while Torgamba has a genetic distance with Rosa of (0.014) but with a very close genetic distance (0.007), and Andalas (0.017), while the genetic distance is close to Bina (0.014) with Rosa (0.014).

The historical distribution of the Sumatran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis stretched from the foothills of the eastern Himalaya in Bhutan and north-eastern India, through Myanmar and Indo-China to Borneo and Sumatra. However, because of poaching and habitat loss the species is now struggling for survival in a few pockets of Myanmar, Thailand, the Malay peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo (Khan, 1989).

AbstractThe Critically Endangered Sumatran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis formerly ranged across South-east Asia. Hunting and habitat loss have made it one of the rarest large mammals and the species faces extinction despite decades of conservation efforts. The number of individuals remaining is unknown as a consequence of inadequate methods and lack of funds for the intensive field work required to estimate the population size of this rare and solitary species. However, all information indicates that numbers are low and declining. A few individuals persist in Borneo, and three tiny populations remain on the Indonesian island of Sumatra and show evidence of breeding. Rhino Protection Units are deployed at all known breeding sites but poaching and a presumed low breeding rate remain major threats. Protected areas have been created for the rhinoceros and other in situ conservation efforts have increased but the species has continued to go locally extinct across its range. Conventional captive breeding has also proven difficult; from a total of 45 Sumatran rhinoceros taken from the wild since 1984 there were no captive births until 2001. Since then only two pairs have been actively bred in captivity, resulting in four births, three by the same pair at the Cincinnati Zoo and one at the Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary in Sumatra, with the sex ratio skewed towards males. To avoid extinction it will be necessary to implement intensive management zones, manage the metapopulation as a single unit, and develop advanced reproductive techniques as a matter of urgency. Intensive census efforts are ongoing in Bukit Barisan Selatan but elsewhere similar efforts remain at the planning stage.

BackgroundAncient protein sequences are increasingly used to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships between extinct and extant mammalian taxa. Here, we apply these recent developments to Middle Pleistocene bone specimens of the rhinoceros genusStephanorhinus. No biomolecular sequence data is currently available for this genus, leaving phylogenetic hypotheses on its evolutionary relationships to extant and extinct rhinoceroses untested. Furthermore, recent phylogenies based on Rhinocerotidae (partial or complete) mitochondrial DNA sequences differ in the placement of the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). Therefore, studies utilising ancient protein sequences from Middle Pleistocene contexts have the potential to provide further insights into the phylogenetic relationships between extant and extinct species, includingStephanorhinusandDicerorhinus.MethodsZooMS screening (zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry) was performed on several Late and Middle Pleistocene specimens from the genusStephanorhinus, subsequently followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to obtain ancient protein sequences from a Middle PleistoceneStephanorhinusspecimen. We performed parallel analysis on a Late Pleistocene woolly rhinoceros specimen and extant species of rhinoceroses, resulting in the availability of protein sequence data for five extant species and two extinct genera. Phylogenetic analysis additionally included all extant Perissodactyla genera (Equus,Tapirus), and was conducted using Bayesian (MrBayes) and maximum-likelihood (RAxML) methods.ResultsVarious ancient proteins were identified in both the Middle and Late Pleistocene rhinoceros samples. Protein degradation and proteome complexity are consistent with an endogenous origin of the identified proteins. Phylogenetic analysis of informative proteins resolved the Perissodactyla phylogeny in agreement with previous studies in regards to the placement of the families Equidae, Tapiridae, and Rhinocerotidae.Stephanorhinusis shown to be most closely related to the generaCoelodontaandDicerorhinus. The protein sequence data further places the Sumatran rhino in a clade together with the genusRhinoceros, opposed to forming a clade with the black and white rhinoceros species.DiscussionThe first biomolecular dataset available forStephanorhinusplaces this genus together with the extinct genusCoelodontaand the extant genusDicerorhinus. This is in agreement with morphological studies, although we are unable to resolve the order of divergence between these genera based on the protein sequences available. Our data supports the placement of the genusDicerorhinusin a clade together with extantRhinocerosspecies. Finally, the availability of protein sequence data for both extinct European rhinoceros genera allows future investigations into their geographic distribution and extinction chronologies.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
The Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) is on the verge of extinction. Once found throughout Southeast Asia, it stands now with less than 100 individuals scattered mainly in three national parks in Sumatra. The IZW-Berlin has been collaborating with BORA/SWD through the use of advanced imaging and assisted reproduction techniques in wild-caught Bornean rhinoceroses (D. s. harrissoni) held at the BRS. Ultrasonographic examinations and reproductive procedures conducted between 2005 and 2015 in 2 male and 3 female rhinoceroses were retrospectively analysed in order to infer on reproductive condition and its evolution, outcome of procedures and impact of interventions. Furthermore, the study aimed at developing a detailed description of ultrasonographic findings and identify evidence to further elucidate on the estrous cycle of the species. A total of 17 working visits were included in the descriptive analysis with 56 reproductive assessments by ultrasonography, 8 semen collections by electroejaculation, 10 hormonal treatments, 1 artificial insemination, 5 oocyte collections, 3 intracytoplasmic sperm injections, 4 techniques for the removal of endometrial cysts and 1 hydrosalpinx aspiration. The detailed description of findings provides new technical information on numerous anatomical structures of both males and females, and constitutes the first report of various procedures in the species. Notably, several hypotheses are considered and put forward for future investigation. Results revealed that no animal suffered negative consequences from the repeated and sometimes invasive interventions. While the older female was found to have entered early reproductive senescence, the two young females were reproductively active but showed a severely impaired reproductive tract, namely affected by endometrial cystic hyperplasia and uterine leiomyomas. These findings were associated to the phenomenon of asymmetric reproductive ageing and a presumptive relationship with lack of breeding and low densities in the wild is reported. Ultrasonography further revealed interesting and novel findings on estrous cyclicity, which in combination with observed pathological changes may explain the lack of success of most reported procedures. In regard to the males, semen collections were successful but semen quality proved to be very low, and hypotheses of this being related to husbandry issues and/or pathological changes are reported.
RESUMO - Programa de Reprodução do Rinoceronte de Sabah: maneio reprodutivo do rinoceronte-de-Sumatra do Bornéu (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni) criticamente ameaçado de extinção, como conduzido pelo IZW-Berlim entre 2005 e 2015 - O rinoceronte-de-Sumatra (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) encontra-se à beira da extinção. Outrora presente em todo o sudeste asiático, está agora reduzido a menos de 100 indivíduos separados por três parques nacionais na Sumatra. O IZW-Berlim tem colaborado com a BORA/SWD através do uso de técnicas avançadas de imagem e reprodução assistida nos rinocerontes do Bornéu (D. s. harrissoni) capturados do meio selvagem e mantidos no BRS. Exames ultrassonográficos e procedimentos reprodutivos realizados entre 2005 e 2015 em 2 machos e 3 fêmeas foram analisados retrospetivamente para inferir sobre condição reprodutiva e sua evolução, resultado dos procedimentos e impacto das intervenções. Adicionalmente, procurou-se desenvolver uma descrição detalhada dos achados ecográficos e identificar evidências que ajudem a compreender o ciclo éstrico da espécie. Um total de 17 visitas foram incluídas na análise descritiva com 56 avaliações reprodutivas por ultrassonografia, 8 recolhas de sémen por electroejaculação, 10 tratamentos hormonais, 1 inseminação artificial, 5 recolhas de oócitos, 3 injeções intracitoplásmicas de espermatozóides, 4 técnicas para a remoção de quistos endometriais e 1 aspiração de hidrossalpinge. A descrição detalhada dos achados fornece nova informação técnica sobre numerosas estruturas anatómicas de machos e fêmeas, e constitui o primeiro registo de diversos procedimentos na espécie. Notavelmente, várias hipóteses são avançadas para investigação futura. Os resultados revelaram que nenhum animal sofreu consequências negativas das intervenções repetidas e por vezes invasivas. Enquanto a fêmea mais velha se encontrava em senescência reprodutiva precoce, as duas fêmeas mais jovens exibiam atividade reprodutiva mas também um aparelho reprodutivo extremamente afetado por hiperplasia quística do endométrio e leiomiomas uterinos. Estes achados foram associados ao fenómeno do envelhecimento reprodutivo assimétrico, e uma relação presuntiva com ausência de atividade reprodutiva e baixas densidades em meio selvagem é reportada. A ultrassonografia revelou ainda novos achados em relação ao ciclo éstrico, que em conjugação com as alterações patológicas observadas poderão explicar a falta de sucesso da maioria dos procedimentos relatados. Em relação aos machos, recolhas de sémen foram realizadas com sucesso mas revelaram uma qualidade muito baixa, e hipóteses desse facto estar relacionado com problemas de maneio e/ou alterações patológicas são reportadas.
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Thesis (M.Sc.)--York University, 2003. Graduate Programme in Biology.
Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-120). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pMQ86299

The Bornean subspecies of the Sumatran rhino is at imminent risk of extinction. During the last quarter century, concerted efforts have been made to counteract that risk. Despite early efforts that focussed on ex situ conservation, the situation did not improve and consequently the international Asian rhino conservation strategy changed its focus in the mid 1990s to in situ conservation. This strategy appears to have stabilised the situation for the present. This thesis examines the reasons for lack of progress in Bornean rhino population recovery. It argues that the current population stasis is unsatisfactory, and that a far more comprehensive analysis of the situation is required, one that accounts for, in broad terms, the human dimension to conservation in a regional context where human population density and growth, modification of moist tropical forest habitat, poverty, demand for animal parts used in folk medicines—and future challenges such as global climate change—conspire to perpetuate pressures conducive to the subspecies' extinction. The thesis concludes by identifying the need for a more detailed and comprehensive conservation planning process—open to peer review, and which identifies options for inclusion of human development issues—to be included in any future revision of the current 1997 Action Plan for Asian Rhinos, published by the IUCN's Asian Rhino Action Group.

While we should celebrate the bicentennial of naming the Sumatran rhinoceros (SR), the only extant population on earth might be on the island of Sumatra. Since Strien's 1986 study in Mamas Valley, Leuser, very little more has been learned about how this species distributed and what factors are influencing its extirpation. This study is the first conducted in Sumatra at an Island-wide scale. Using hierarchical models, I estimate the occurrence rates (%) and indices of abundance of SR on three remaining population areas: Leuser Landscape (LL) in 2007 (2.77%, 26 (CI 12-61)), Way Kambas (WK) in 2008 (33.58%, 27 (CI 14-50)) and Bukit Barisan Selatan (BBS) in 2010 (36.4%, 31 (CI 19-66)). Primary dry land forest and rivers are factors affecting SR occurrence in LL, but the index of abundance also is affected by deforestation, roughness of terrain, and and a vegetation index. The index of abundance in WK is more affected by major roads, and brush and savannah cover types, and the occurrence there is additionally affected by deforestation. Secondary dry land forest, regular roads, and deforestation is affecting both the occurrence rate and index of abundance of SR in BBS. The identification of these environmental and disturbance factors is translated into spatially explicit map that can be used to update the IUCN distribution map. In LL, by comparison to the historical distribution based on Strien (1986), the small population in Bendahara Mountain might still persist outside the core population in Mamas Valley.