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Journal articles on the topic 'Sumerian'

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1

Hassan, Alttabi Furat Jamal, Xiang Yang Bian, and Xiao Yu Xin. "Artistic Influences Analysis of Iraqi National Costumes." Advanced Materials Research 821-822 (September 2013): 735–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.821-822.735.

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There were signs of the first civilization known to humanity for more than 6000 years BC in the north of Iraq have disappeared this civilization to appear after 500 years in southern Iraq, the Sumerian civilization, which was considered as the opinion of scientists or civilizations, exceeds the impact to Asia and the countries that had been in contact (Sumerians) and see them today in other towns and villages. In subsequent periods of time appeared distinct personalities to their nature, religious, social, special clothing with clothes seem especially long. And usually dress is made from raw wool material making them in the Sumerian era. Put the garment on the body and leaves the top of the right shoulder with the survival of an open hand. There are of special clothing used by the clergy in the exercise of religious mourning rituals .There are traditional clothes to the clergy of other faiths. The clothing we see in the beginning of the third millennium BC has gained status in society in general, and was also the head cover. The animals have for centuries symbolized the signs of a divinity that we see hanging on the walls of some temples in northern Iraq. Centuries have been mentioned in the history of the Arabian were animal horns in Sumerian times to symbolize the moon in the Sumerian language .
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2

Anor, Netanel. "Joseph Halévy, Racial Scholarship and the “Sumerian Problem”." Philological Encounters 2, no. 3-4 (August 16, 2017): 321–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519197-12340033.

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This article deals with the different racial approaches that influenced the academic debate known as “The Sumerian problem”. The so-called “problem” under discussion was the racial affiliation of the inventors of the first writing system, the cuneiform script. The notion of ‘race’, which tied religion, language and culture into one essence, played a key role here. Some scholars were eager to prove the “non-Semitic character” of such a major invention. Others were convinced that only “Semites” inhabited ancient Babylonia and thus were the only possible inventors of writing. The focus of this paper is Joseph Halévy, who was the determined leader of the “anti-Sumerist” camp. This article will show that Halévy shared many essentialist views with his anti-Semitic protagonists. He did this by applying a ‘pro-Semitic’ approach to the ‘Sumerian-problem’.
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3

Osterman, Jasmina. "From ki-en-gi to Šumerum: how Sumer was Created?" Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest Filozofskoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu 54, no. 3 (December 15, 2022): 39–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17234/radovizhp.54.20.

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This paper deals with the gradual formation of the Sumerian tradition, about which most information came from Old Babylonian sources (first quarter of the second millennium BC). In these sources, the territory, people, language and tradition are named šumerum, and according to bilingual texts (Babylonian-Sumerian), the Sumerian compound that corresponds to that name is ki-en-gi. I analyzed the texts in which the Sumerian name appears, from the Early Dynastic I-II period (around 2700 BC) until the end of third third millennium BC. My intention was to see how the meaning of ki-en-gi transformed over the course of 700 years until it was eventually equated with šumerum. Along with the change in the meaning and orthography of that Sumerian name, I also investigate the socio-political changes in Southern Mesopotamian society that influenced the creation of a special Sumerian tradition. Within the Babylonian culture, Sumerian became a unique culture that is understood as the origin of urban life in the Mesopotamian kingdoms, and Sumerian acquired the status of the language of culture and education.
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4

Bartash, Vitali. "Sumerian “Child”." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 70, no. 1 (January 2018): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5615/jcunestud.70.2018.0003.

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5

Karahashi, Fumi, and Dietz Otto Edzard. "Sumerian Grammar." Journal of the American Oriental Society 124, no. 3 (July 2004): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4132297.

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6

Brown, Ashley, and A. R. Ammons. "Sumerian Vistas." World Literature Today 62, no. 2 (1988): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40143640.

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7

Szarzyńska, Krystyna. "Archaic Sumerian Standards." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 48, no. 1 (January 1996): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1359766.

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8

Szarzyńska, Krystyna. "Archaic Sumerian Tags." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 46, no. 1 (January 1994): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1359935.

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9

Jacobsen, Thorkild, and Marie-Louise Thomsen. "Sumerian Grammar Today." Journal of the American Oriental Society 108, no. 1 (January 1988): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/603251.

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10

Nurmikko-Fuller, Terhi. "Ancient Sumerian online." XRDS: Crossroads, The ACM Magazine for Students 21, no. 1 (October 14, 2014): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2659837.

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11

Talib, Moahaimen, and Jamila Harbi S. "Sumerian Character Extraction by Using Discrete Wavelet Transform and Split Region Methods." Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research 2, no. 3 (August 27, 2017): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24017/science.2017.3.20.

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this paper proposed a new method to extract characters from Sumerian Texts in Sumerian cuneiform tablets from the Ur III period. The work was confronted by the challenges posed by the fact that Sumerian is not a well understood language and it is not similar to any other ancient or modern language, so we offered a new method for extracting characters from Sumerian tablets,it has an accurate results and better time consuming than other methods, taking many tablet images and applying preprocessing methods to enhance and segment the image and then discrete wavelet transformation and we extract characters for each tablet image by split region algorithm, this work will be very helpful to Cuneiforms and scholars in their field.
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12

Samsonia, Nino. "Enguri basin toponyms in cuneiform texts." Pro Georgia 33, no. 1 (August 10, 2023): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.61097/12301604/pg33/2023/147-160.

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In studying the semantic and phonetic coincidences of Abzu-Engur, we focused on the Sumerian word Laḫama, which is also related to the Svan toponyms Laḫamula and the river Enguri. 50 Laḫama of Engur, as well as Abzu-Engur is found in many Sumerian and Babylonian texts from the third millennium BC and is usually associated with the Engur, Abzu waters, or the abode of wisdom. The article presents and discusses the Sumerian cuneiform texts from III millenium BC., including the ancient Babylonian period, where the Sumerian word Lahama and the Akkadian equivalent Laḫmu are recorded. Analysis of the cuneiform texts shows that the Laḫama / Laḫmu are the guardians and inseparable beings of Engur. The Sumerian word Engur (Sum. Engur), which in Sumerian means underground river, is the abode of Enki (Akk.Ea), the god of wisdom, in all cuneiform texts, guarded by the Laḫama deities. Laḫama is also found in Sumerian texts to refer to a figure of a guardian statue standing at the gates of large temples. Such as E-KUR in Nippur and E-ninu in Girsu. They are also called “Abzu -Laḫama”. (Ancient Akkadian laḫmu, probably meaning “hairy” shaggy). Laḫmu – the guardian deity associated with Enki (Akk. Ea). The Akkadian tradition was associated with Marduk. Appeared with long hair and a beard, sometimes with 4 or 6 curls. In art he is called a naked hero. Was associated with the human-bull figure. In the Babylonian creation myth, “Enuma Eliš” Laḫmu and Laḫamu are a female and a male couple, and are mentioned among the original creatures together with Anšar-Kišar. They derive from a common root (muddy). In the myth of the Babylonian creation – Enuma Eliš, Tiamat gives birth to 11 monsters. Among them is Laḫamu – a long-haired “hero”. As it is known from Ancient Mesopotamoan iconography, glower bowl with trickling water is an attribute of Enki, the god of wisdom, which is occupied by Enki in Akkadian (XXIV-XXII BC) and New Sumerian (XXI-XX BC). ) In the iconography of the period is, who is sometimes replaced by Laḫmu. Laḫama – deities are associated with Abzu-Engur and the city of Eridu. La-ḫa-ma (Sum.). According to the interpretation of the Sumerian cuneiform signs,he appears as a noble mythical creature – a creature of gratitude, merciful essential water creature. Our paper presents the Sumerian word Laḫama phonetic study, search for different meanings of cuneiform signs, which should be interesting for the study of the Kartvelian, in particular the Svan toponym Laḫamula. The article substantiates the coincidence of the Svan toponym with Laḫamula, which is directly related to the Enguri River, and which is confirmed by the Engur- Laḫama semantic and phonetic coincidences in the cuneiform texts. The root of the Svan toponym Lahamula is based on a basic study of the Sumerian lexical units: Engur and la-ḫa-ma. In the Sumerian language, the Engur is the abode of the god of wisdom, Enki (Akk. Ea). The word Apsu’s root in Georgian is also related to the flow of water (eg the river Supsa, Psou, etc.). The study presented by us is based on a general analysis of Sumerian texts and iconography and combines chronologically with the completely ancient period (IIII mill. BC), which gives us a basis for the etymology of the Svan toponyms – Enguri and Laḫamula as a matter of Mesopotamian civilization. It is also another clear proof of the cultural relations between the Ancient Near East and the Caucasus.
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13

فرح حسين كاظم. "The aesthetics of sculptural and functional creativity in the art of carving Sumerian cylinder seals." Basrah Arts Journal, no. 27 (November 30, 2023): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.59767/2023.11/27.5.

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The current research dealt with (the aesthetic of sculptural and functional creativity in the art of carving Sumerian cylindrical seals) through the study of the aesthetic of sculptural and functional creativity in the art of carving Sumerian cylindrical seals and the Sumerian era, so the researcher sought in the first chapter to clarify the research problem, its importance and the need for it, as well as the goal of the research, which It is represented by the following: defines "the aesthetic of sculptural and functional creativity in the art of carving Sumerian cylindrical seals." Then the researcher concluded the aforementioned chapter by defining the terms that are directly related to the title and objectives of the research. As for the second chapter, it included a presentation of the theoretical framework and previous studies. It consisted of two chapters. In the first chapter, it was established that the emergence and development of cylindrical seals in Sumerian society. As for the second topic, it dealt with the Sumerian sculptural creativity of the seals aesthetically and functionally. The third chapter specialized in monitoring the research community and the tool that included collecting information, so samples were adopted from it in an intentional manner, and it amounted to (3) sculptural works that covered the limits of the research by adopting the descriptive analytical approach for the purpose of analyzing it according to the indicators of the theoretical framework of the research that the researcher relied on.
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14

EMELIANOV, VLADIMIR V. "B.A. TURAEV AND THE STRUGGLE FOR SUMEROLOGY IN RUSSIAN SCHOLARSHIP AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY." Study of Religion, no. 3 (2020): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2072-8662.2020.3.5-18.

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The article studies the circumstances of the emergence of Sumerology in Russia based on the personal archives of B.A. Turaev and P.K. Kokovtsov. It was stated that: a) Turaev, who studied Assyriology in Berlin, was the first Russian Sumerologist and strongly supported W.G. Schileico in his desire to study the history and religion of the Sumerians; b) the “father of Russian Assyriology” M.V. Nikolsky at the beginning of the century doubted the existence of the Sumerians and was ready to side with the position of J. Halévy and Kokovtsov, who considered the Sumerian writing to be an allography of the Babylonian priests; c) together with Schileico, the future coptologist P.V. Jernstedt was engaged in Assyriology, who was forced to withdraw from cuneiform classes as a result of a poorly thought out training program by Kokovtsov; d) it was Nikolsky who recommended the first articles by Schileico on the history of the Sumerians to European journals; e) the whole history of Russian Assyriology could have gone differently if Nikolsky in 1908, despite Kokovtsov’s discontent, had been elected professor at St...
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15

Revesz, Peter Z. "Using Data Mining Algorithms to Discover Regular Sound Changes among Languages." MATEC Web of Conferences 292 (2019): 03018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929203018.

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This paper presents a method of using association rule data mining algorithms to discover regular sound changes among languages. The method presented has a great potential to facilitate linguistic studies aimed at identifying distantly related cognate languages. As an experimental example, this paper presents the application of the data mining method to the discovery of regular sound changes between the Hungarian and the Sumerian languages, which separated at least five thousand years ago when the Proto-Sumerian reached Mesopotamia. The data mining method discovered an important regular sound change between Hungarian word initial /f/ and Sumerian word initial /b/ phonemes.
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16

Galiba Hajiyeva. "THE HISTORICAL TRACES OF ANCIENT SUMERIAN LANGUAGE IN DIALECT LEXIS OF AZERBAIJAN AND TURKISH LANGUAGE." International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science, no. 8(20) (November 30, 2019): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijitss/30112019/6821.

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National affiliation of ancient Sumerian language is one of problematic problems create serious conflict in the world linguistics. These are the serious fact putan end to conflicts modern Turkic languages ancient Sumerian and dialect of the comparative investigation. The historical dialectological facts is shows being specific place all-Turkish languages and dialects between the dialects of Nakhchivan and Eastern Anatoly. The efficient situation in the dialects modern Nakhchivan and Eastren Anatolyan dialects is one of defining basic factors of the ancient Sumerian language Orhon inscriptions, eposes of the "Kitabi Dede Korkut", in the İbn Muhenna dictionary, in the "Oğuzname", in the work "Divany lugat-it Türk", of the Turkish folk-lore, the century XIX of the literary works and modern Turk dialects classic until words developed is one of defining basic factors position the between all-Turkish dialect and dialects of the Nakhchivan and Eastren Anadolyan dialects. The comparison Sumerian language of the Nakhchivan and Eastern Anatolyan dialects is being affirms of the dictionaries prepared on the basis of the ancient Turkish language.The phonetic, lexical facts be reflected of the ancient Sumerian language in the works Sturtevantin "A Hittite Glossory ve Suppelment to a Hittite Glossary" and the work “The historical connection of the Sumer and Turkic languages by about age of the Turkish” Osman Nedim Tunaʼs, “The Sumerian language is decisively the Turkish” and the work A.Caliloğluʼs to work according to with elucidating passed up to this day and the comparison Nakhcivan and Anatolyan dialects affirms being the most ancient language of the Turkish. Many words in the ancient Sumerian language involves for the attention by the same phonetic composition and semantic meaning adjoining by dialects of Nakhchivan and Anatoly dialects by words in the language of the other ancient Turk monuments: yağı, yu, kul, yığın, yig, çağa, çak, köğüs, gid, fani, yogun, qalın, tügün, bağlam, çin, doğru, eke, üz, kəsmək, süz, tuş, öl, teηri, taη, neη, isig, azuk, sürüg, asgu, kapkacak, kaç, kuru, neme, korı, toku, togıra, dengüş, zevzek, dingilde, cengel, qaqa//qağa, gim, kalıη, ku, öbür and other. The interesting side like is involves for the attention in Sumerian language for instance, kıdık//kidik qidiyh koduk, kuzu, köşək, küçük of the animal names develop in the Nakhchivan and Anatoly dialects.
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17

Berezovskiy, Andriy, Tetiana Fotina, Yevheniia Vashchyk, Olga Bobrytska, Nataliia Seliukova, Sergiy Shtrygol’, Andriy Zakhariev, and Ruslan Dubin. "Effectiveness of environmentally safe products «VetOks-1000», «Sumerian silver» for the prevention of pseudomonosis of poultry embryos associated with bacteriosis." ScienceRise: Biological Science, no. 3(36) (September 30, 2023): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2519-8025.2023.288228.

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The aim: study of the effectiveness of environmentally safe means «Vetoks-1000», «Sumerian silver» for the prevention of pseudomonosis of poultry embryos, associated with bacteriosis. Materials and methods. The effectiveness of the preparations «VetOks-1000», «Sumerian silver» in relation to E. coli, P. aeruginos, S. aureus, S. typhimurium was determined by the method of researching antimicrobial activity on test objects: galvanized iron, wooden bars (painted and unpainted), red brick and plaster cut-outs, 10 x 10 cm, and a hatching egg. The effectiveness of «VetOks-1000», «Sumerian silver» solutions compared to formaldehyde for disinfection of hatching eggs and incubation cabinets for the purpose of preventing pseudomonosis of poultry embryos was carried out in the production conditions of the hatchery, where P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. аureus, were periodically isolated from asphyxiated embryos and from the carcasses of chicks of the first 10 days of life by comparing the hatching rate of chicks in the experimental and control groups. Results. It was established that the «Sumerian silver» had an antimicrobial effect against the causative agents of pseudomonosis and the main bacterioses of poultry in concentrations of 1–3 %, and the drug «VetOx-1000»was effective in concentrations of 0.024 %–0.03 % after exposure for 1-4 hours in depending on the type of surface. The number of conditioned young birds, obtained with the use of environmentally safe means «VetOks-1000», «Sumerian silver», was higher by (1.1-1.7) % compared to the number of young birds in the control group using formalin. Conclusions. The proposed method of prevention of associated pseudomonosis of poultry embryos by rotation of environmentally safe means in established bactericidal concentrations (3 % «Sumerian silver» solution and 0.03 % «VetOks 1000» solution) ensures a 1.1–1.7 % higher hatching of young birds compared to control using formalin
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18

Zólyomi, Gábor. "Genitive Constructions in Sumerian." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 48, no. 1 (January 1996): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1359768.

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19

Taylor, Jon. "The Sumerian proverb collections." Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 99, no. 1 (2005): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/assy.099.0013.

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20

BALKE, Thomas E. "About Sumerian Personal Names." Onoma 32 (January 1, 1995): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ono.32.0.2003512.

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21

Viano, Maurizio. "Sumerian Hymn from Boǧazköy." Die Welt des Orients 42, no. 2 (November 2012): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/wdor.2012.42.2.231.

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22

Postgate, J. N. "J.A. HALLORAN, Sumerian Lexicon: A Dictionary Guide to the Ancient Sumerian Language." Journal of Semitic Studies 54, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 255–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgn055.

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23

Ebeling, Jarle. "The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature." Corpora 2, no. 1 (May 2007): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2007.2.1.111.

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With invaluable help from and in close co-operation with colleagues from around the world, the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature project at the University of Oxford has compiled, lemmatised and made publicly available a large body of Sumerian literature. Building a corpus of literary compositions originally written on clay tablets in the cuneiform script, and dating back nearly four thousand years, poses special challenges, not least with regard to mark-up and automatic processing of data. Some of these challenges are discussed in this paper together with issues relating to the fact that Sumerian is a language isolate and lacks resources we take for granted when working with other languages, modern or extinct, such as a standardised sign list and a comprehensive dictionary.
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24

Worthington, Martin. "Of Sumerian Songs and Spells." Altorientalische Forschungen 46, no. 2 (November 6, 2019): 270–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2019-0018.

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Abstract The paper explores the uses of the Sumerian expression ser3-ku3, with a view to clarifying its sense.The paper arises from my study of Babylonian šerkugû, which I argue to have the meaning ‘incantation’ (see fn. 16). This is a loan from Sumerian *ser3-ku3-ga. The form with -ga (arising from the addition of the ‘adjectival a’ to ku3.g ‘holy, pure’) is not currently attested in Sumerian. (I thank Pascal Attinger, pers. comm., for the observation that apparent attestations of ser3-ku3-ga, e.g. in Martu A 58, are in fact locatives in -a). It does however occur in spellings of Babylonian šerkugû (CAD Š/2, 316b). It argues that there are two main uses, ‘incantation’ and ‘hymn’, probably correlating respectively with one-word (‘univerbated’) and two-word incarnations of the expression. This hypothesis finds support in the phrase’s loan and translation into Babylonian.
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Zhang, Jiarui. "Quotation as a Basis for Intertextuality in Sumerian Cult Lyric and City Laments." DABIR 9, no. 1 (November 30, 2022): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/29497833-00901010.

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This short communication investigates the concept of intertextuality in Sumerian literary texts, by studying the use of quotations in cult lyric and so-called City Laments. These text genres exhibit a series of intertextual borrowings, and the aim of this study is to discuss some examples of the use of quotations in these texts, as one of the most basic and important features of intertextuality in Sumerian literature.
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Deubelbeiss, Irene. "New Light on the Sumerian Literary Letter Abaindasa to Sulge." Altorientalische Forschungen 47, no. 2 (November 5, 2020): 143–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2020-0008.

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AbstractThe first part of this article offers a structural analysis of the literary letter of petition Abaindasa to Sulge, one of the most unstable OB literary compositions that has posed considerable problems to scholars in the past. Both the difficult reconstruction of the text and questions as to its connection to other Sumerian literary letters will be analyzed. A close examination of the sources and identification of intertextual relations will help our understanding of its textual reconstruction and its place among different subgroups of Sumerian literary letters. The second part of the article will be dedicated to the edition of a previously unpublished duplicate of this letter in the Musée d’art et d’histoire, Geneva, supplemented by a comparison to another tablet with a Sumerian literary letter in the same museum, which might have been written by the same scribe.
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Liu, Changyu. "Twenty-Three Ur III Texts from Detroit Institute of Arts." Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 98, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/bjrl.98.2.1.

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The twenty-three Ur III cuneiform texts presented in this article are housed in the collections of the Detroit Institute of Arts. This article publishes thirteen Neo-Sumerian tablets from Puzriš-Dagan which primarily deal with animals, and a further ten texts from Umma, including five messenger texts. The aim of the article is to offer an edition and an updated catalogue of these texts, with a special focus on the Neo-Sumerian administration.
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28

Geller, M. J. "Notes on Lugale." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 48, no. 2 (June 1985): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00033310.

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The method of editing Sumerian literary texts has been the subject of heated debate in recent years. It used to be that Sumerian text editions followed the practice of classical philologists, giving the text with an apparatus criticus of manuscript variants, but this method has an inherent flaw: the editor must either choose to use as his main text an ‘eclectic text’ combining the best readings of all the manuscripts, or select one manuscript as the best version. Moreover, although the apparatus may reveal manuscript variants, it often does not inform the reader of how much of any one line is preserved in any one text. Since Sumerian literary texts may show a considerable number of variants between duplicates, the Partitur format has been proposed and utilized, in which every line of every manuscript is given in full, although the system has been opposed on grounds of waste of space.
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29

Rubio, Gonzalo. "Reading Sumerian Names, II: Gilgameš." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 64, no. 1 (January 2012): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5615/jcunestud.64.0003.

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30

Ali Abdullah, Muhammad Amin, and Shanaz Ibrahim Mahmood. "Myth and the Sumerian Mythology." Journal of University of Raparin 8, no. 4 (December 28, 2021): 167–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(8).no(4).paper8.

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Myth and the Sumerian Mythology has been entitled to this study, which is a scientific attempt to stand upon the concept of Legendary. Legendary is a literary genre that has been narrated amongst generations respectively. This study includes some truths which reflects realities in primitive communities. The truths and realities reflect human beliefs, opinions, the way of thinking and consciousness who considered as GOD and heroes of natural forces at that time. Their willingness and needs were above all things. Working on legendary is different from other subjects such as story, superstition and relation to history. Narrating or describing Sumerian Legendary and comparing to the realities of societies and their roles in directing peoples´ life at that time. Except the abstract,and its translation in languages Kurdish, Arabic and introduced and results the study and its abstract have been dealt with intensively in the framework of four sections.
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31

Zólyomi, Gábor. "Paratactic relative clauses in Sumerian." Hungarian Assyriological Review 1, no. 1 (2020): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.52093/hara-202001-00001-000.

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32

Mander, Pietro. "Sumerian Personal Names in Ebla." Journal of the American Oriental Society 108, no. 3 (July 1988): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/603871.

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Black, J. A., I. L. Finkel, and M. J. Geller. "Sumerian Gods and Their Representations." Journal of the American Oriental Society 119, no. 4 (October 1999): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/604860.

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34

Schwemer, D. "EDZARD, D. O.: Sumerian Grammar." Kratylos 52, no. 1 (2007): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29091/kratylos/2007/1/26.

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35

Emelianov, Vladimir V. "Sumerian ezen: ideography and etymology." Indo-European Linguistics and Classical Philology XXIV (June 2020): 1157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30842/ielcp230690152463.

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36

Tinney, Steve. "Notes on Sumerian Sexual Lyric." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 59, no. 1 (January 2000): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/468765.

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37

Ferrara, A. J. "Reading Sumerian Poetry. Jeremy Black." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 61, no. 4 (October 2002): 285–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/469047.

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38

Delnero, Paul. "On the Sumerian Liturgical Tradition." Orientalistische Literaturzeitung 108, no. 3 (July 2013): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/olzg.2013.0023.

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39

Foxvog, Daniel A. "Sumerian Brands and Branding-Irons." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 85, no. 1 (1995): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zava.1995.85.1.1.

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40

Balke, Thomas E. "The Sumerian Ternary Numeral System." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 62, no. 1 (January 2010): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jcs41103870.

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41

Verderame, Lorenzo. "The sea in Sumerian literature." Water History 12, no. 1 (March 2020): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12685-020-00244-6.

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42

Hallo, William W. "Biblical Abominations and Sumerian Taboos." Jewish Quarterly Review 76, no. 1 (July 1985): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1454539.

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43

Chen, Y. S. "The Flood Motif as a Stylistic and Temporal Device in Sumerian Literary Traditions." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 12, no. 2 (2012): 158–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692124-12341236.

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Abstract Recent scholarship suggests the Flood motif and its literary representations may have emerged and developed relatively late in Sumerian literary traditions. To investigate how the Flood motif gained its entry in the literary traditions, the current study traces the dissemination of the temporal expression eĝir a-ma-ru ba-ur3-ra-ta “After the Flood had swept over . . .” and its variants in Sumerian mythological and chronographic sources during the Old Babylonian period. This study seeks to demonstrate that when the Flood motif first emerged explicitly in Sumerian literary traditions it manifested as an innovative stylistic and temporal device for introducing the primeval time of origins as well as for marking the (re-)beginning of time. Coming to grips with this initial stage of development of the Flood motif will shed important light on some key conceptual and literary processes through which the Flood motif and its mythological and chronographic representations formed and evolved during the Old Babylonian period.
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44

Jordan, Delila, and Sebastian Fink. "Scribal Identities, Renaissances, and Dead Languages: From Barber Sumerian to Kitchen Latin." Studia Orientalia Electronica 11, no. 2 (May 16, 2023): 30–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.23993/store.129805.

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This article is an investigation of the role of the knowledge of dead languages, namely Latin and Sumerian, for scribal or scholarly identities. While at first glance there is no obvious reason why a “dead language” should be part of the curriculum of people who were about to become the foremost administrators of their time, knowledge of one or more dead languages seems to be a pillar of scholarly self-consciousness in many periods. The three groups under study are Mesopotamian scribes in general, especially those of the Old Babylonian schools; the galas/kalûs, professional lamentation singers that became scribes over the course of time; and Renaissance scholars, for whom a perfect grasp of Latin was of utmost importance. Those who did not meet the expectations of their colleagues were accused of speaking “Barber Sumerian” or “Kitchen Latin” and thereby excluded from the exclusive scholarly circles—or, as the Sumerian school texts put it, from becoming a true member of humanity.
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ESPAK, Peeter. "Genesis 11, 1–9 and its Sumerian Predecessors in Comparative Perspective: Early Views on “National Culture” and its Nature." STUDIA ANTIQUA ET ARCHAEOLOGICA 27, no. 2 (2021): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saa-2021-27-2-2.

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The paper discusses some key texts from Ancient Mesopotamian and also Hebrew mythologies which may have had several indications and contained many ancient understandings about the early views on the modern notions of a nation, national culture and the role of language on these beliefs. The possible connection of the Sumerian epic tale Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta is discussed in context with the Enuma Eliš myth in context with Hebrew Genesis’ the Tower of Babel story and the character of these text and the nature of their evolution is analysed. Based on some Sumerian royal correspondence, hymns, and epic literature and the worldview presented in Sumerian literature it is concluded that that certainly and especially a sort of a language based cultural and also ethnical understanding about a “distinct nation” culturally separate from “other” nations already existed more than 4000 years ago; reflected in many ways similarly also in the stories of Hebrew Genesis.
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46

Chiarcos, Christian, Ilya Khait, Émilie Pagé-Perron, Niko Schenk, Jayanth, Christian Fäth, Julius Steuer, William Mcgrath, and Jinyan Wang. "Annotating a Low-Resource Language with LLOD Technology: Sumerian Morphology and Syntax." Information 9, no. 11 (November 19, 2018): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info9110290.

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This paper describes work on the morphological and syntactic annotation of Sumerian cuneiform as a model for low resource languages in general. Cuneiform texts are invaluable sources for the study of history, languages, economy, and cultures of Ancient Mesopotamia and its surrounding regions. Assyriology, the discipline dedicated to their study, has vast research potential, but lacks the modern means for computational processing and analysis. Our project, Machine Translation and Automated Analysis of Cuneiform Languages, aims to fill this gap by bringing together corpus data, lexical data, linguistic annotations and object metadata. The project’s main goal is to build a pipeline for machine translation and annotation of Sumerian Ur III administrative texts. The rich and structured data is then to be made accessible in the form of (Linguistic) Linked Open Data (LLOD), which should open them to a larger research community. Our contribution is two-fold: in terms of language technology, our work represents the first attempt to develop an integrative infrastructure for the annotation of morphology and syntax on the basis of RDF technologies and LLOD resources. With respect to Assyriology, we work towards producing the first syntactically annotated corpus of Sumerian.
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Benzel, Kim. "Technologies of Jewelry at Ur: the Physics & Metaphysics of Skilled Crafting." METALLA 22, no. 1 (July 8, 2016): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/metalla.v22.2016.i1.107-112.

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In this brief examination of Pu-abi’s jewelry, several technical aspects must reiterated and stressed because they have as much conceptual as technological significance. The goldsmith must have been an expert at his or her craft. As one has seen, the amount of hammering required considerable knowledge of the mechanics of the metal and a feel for knowing where to begin and how to hammer the gold. The primary components of hammering are thus feel and time – technical elements that are not evident in the final result but requiring as much, if not more, expertise as fanciful decorative techniques. In other words, the expertise involved in hammering is largely hidden but far from insignificant. Of particular interest is the design decision to favor flat sheet over ornamental details, which produced surfaces that actively enhanced the sheen of the gold being used. On a more theoretical level, this approach created in technique the semantic equivalent to the sumerian word for “shine” that formed part of the Sumerian term for “gold”. Furthermore, the Sumerian sign indicating “shine” could also signify “holy” or “sacred,” so the two concepts were often equated.
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Lafont, Bertrand. "Harriet Crawford (dir.), The Sumerian World." Syria, no. 92 (June 1, 2015): 446–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/syria.3245.

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49

MAEKAWA, Kazuya. "Battle Formation of the Sumerian Phalanx." Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan 46, no. 2 (2003): 28–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5356/jorient.46.2_28.

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50

Bauer, Josef, Åke W. Sjöberg, and Ake W. Sjoberg. "The Sumerian Dictionary Volume 2 (B)." Journal of the American Oriental Society 107, no. 2 (April 1987): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/602843.

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